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Montréal Durant L'ère Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales Une ville bien arrosée : Montréal durant l’ère de la prohibition (1920-1933) par Michael Hawrysh Département d’histoire Faculté des arts et sciences Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maîtrise des arts (M.A.) en histoire Juin 2014 © Michael Hawrysh, 2014 Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales Ce mémoire intitulé : Une ville bien arrosée : Montréal durant l’ère de la prohibition (1920-1933) Présenté par : Michael Hawrysh a été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : David Merren, président-rapporteur Michèle Dagenais, directrice de recherche Jarret Rudy, membre du jury i Résumé Au début des années 1920, la ville de Montréal se retrouve dans une situation assez unique. À l’époque, les États-Unis et toutes les provinces canadiennes à l’exception du Québec ont adopté la prohibition de la vente d’alcool. Mais même au Québec, environ la moitié de la population de la province est alors touchée par des prohibitions locales (votées au niveau municipal), des prohibitions qui ont largement perduré tout au long de la période à l’étude. Durant cette ère de prohibition de l’alcool nord-américaine, Montréal est la plus grande ville, et une des seules sur le continent non régie par une loi sur la prohibition. C’est aussi celle qui dispose des lois les plus libérales envers l’alcool des deux côtés du 49ème parallèle grâce à la création de la Commission des Liqueurs de Québec (CLQ), le premier système de contrôle gouvernemental de l’alcool en Amérique du Nord. C’est dans ce contexte que Montréal devient une rare oasis dans un continent assoiffé et le plus grand cobaye du modèle de contrôle gouvernemental de l’alcool. Ce mémoire examine les impacts de cette conjoncture sur le développement de cette ville, de son industrie touristique, de sa vie nocturne et de sa réputation. En premier lieu, le mémoire présente une mise en contexte de la situation aux États-Unis, au Canada et au Québec afin de faire ressortir le caractère unique de Montréal pendant cette période. En deuxième lieu, l’essor du tourisme dit « de liqueur » et de la vie nocturne montréalaise, à la fois légale et illicite, est exploré. En dernier lieu, le mémoire met au jour l’impact que cette conjoncture a eu sur la construction de la réputation de la ville à travers l’examen des écrits des anti- et pro-prohibitionnistes qui ont chacun propagé des visions idéalisées et démonisées de cette ville « bien arrosée », ainsi que des documents associés à l’essor du tourisme, tels que les chansons, les guides touristiques et les récits de voyage, qui, pour leur part, ont présenté un image plus romancée de la métropole et associée à un refuge festif de la prohibition. Malgré leurs différences, ces trois visions de Montréal l’ont néanmoins associée à la liberté, que ce soit une liberté ordonnée, dangereuse ou bien émancipatrice. Ainsi, à partir de l’expérience de la prohibition et du tourisme de liqueur, Montréal devient connue comme une ville « ouverte », dans ses acceptions à la fois positives et négatives. Mots clé : Montréal, prohibition, alcool, histoire urbaine, histoire du tourisme, Commission des Liqueurs de Québec, vie nocturne, réputation, guides de voyage. ii Abstract At the beginning of the 1920s, the city of Montreal found itself in a rather unique situation. At the time, the United States and every Canadian province with the exception of Quebec had adopted prohibition of alcohol. Yet even in Quebec, about half of the population of the province was under local prohibitions (voted at the municipal level) since the beginning of the 20th century, prohibitions which persisted for the most part throughout the period under study. During this era of prohibition of alcohol in North America, Montreal was the largest city, and one of the only on the continent, not under prohibition. It was also the city living under the most liberal alcohol laws on both sides of 49th parallel thanks to the creation of the Quebec Liquor Commission (QLC), the first system of government control of alcohol in North America. Thus, Montreal became a rare oasis in a continent left parched by prohibition and the largest guinea pig of the government control model. This thesis examines the impacts of this conjuncture on the development of the city, specifically of its tourism industry, its nightlife, and its reputation. The thesis begins with a contextualization of prohibition in the United States, in Canada and in Quebec in order to reveal the uniqueness of Montréal during this period. Next, the rapid expansion of « liquor tourism » as well as the city’s nightlife, both legal and illicit, are explored. Lastly, this thesis explores the impact that this conjuncture had on the construction of the city’s reputation throughout the writings of anti- and pro-prohibitionists, who propagated both idealised and demonised views of the city, as well as the documents associated with the tourism boom, such as songs, tourist guides and travel writing, which presented a more romanticized vision of the city as a festive refuge from prohibition. Despite their differences, these three visions all associated Montreal with liberty, whether it is one that is well managed by the government, dangerous and out of control, or emancipating. Thus, through the era of prohibition and the phenomenon of liquor tourism, Montreal came to be known as an “open” city, in both a positive and a negative sense. Keywords : Montreal, prohibition, alcohol, urban history, tourism history, Quebec Liquor Commission, nightlife, reputation, travel guides. iii Table des matières Résumé...........................................................................................................................i Abstract .........................................................................................................................ii Table des matières ........................................................................................................iii Liste des images............................................................................................................iv Liste des figures.............................................................................................................v Remerciements .............................................................................................................vi Introduction ...................................................................................................................1 Chapitre 1 : L’ère des prohibitions en Amérique du Nord : mise en contexte ...............13 Introduction .................................................................................................................13 1.1 La prohibition aux États-Unis.................................................................................15 1.2 La prohibition au Canada .......................................................................................19 1.3 La prohibition au Québec .......................................................................................28 Conclusion...................................................................................................................41 Chapitre 2 : Les retombées de la prohibition : l’émergence d’une oasis .......................43 Introduction .................................................................................................................43 2.1 Une ruée vers l’alcool : l’afflux de touristes, d’artistes et d’enquêteurs ..................44 2.2 La croissance des lieux de consommation d’alcool et l’essor de la vie nocturne .....52 2.2.1 La croissance des lieux de consommation d’alcool ..................................53 2.2.2 La géographie de la vie nocturne montréalaise : zones humides et zones arides ...............................................................................................................59 2.3 La vie nocturne illicite : les débits clandestins et la contrebande d’alcool ..............65 2.3.1 Les débits clandestins et la vie nocturne illicite .......................................65 2.3.2 L’alcool de contrebande ..........................................................................70 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................73 Chapitre 3 : Construire la ville « ouverte » : Montréal, la prohibition et sa réputation ..75 Introduction .................................................................................................................75 3.1 Idéaliser le contrôle gouvernemental : les anti-prohibitionnistes ............................76 3.2 Ternir la réputation de Montréal : les pro-prohibitionnistes et les enquêtes ............83 3.3 Romancer la métropole : Montréal, la « Mecque » des touristes ............................92 Conclusion...................................................................................................................99 Conclusion générale...................................................................................................101 Bibliographie .............................................................................................................108 iv Liste des images Image 1 : Carte postale canadienne pendant la prohibition ..........................................48 Image 2 : Montreal YMCA Survey, Eastern Section 1925, Commercialized Amusements, etc .........................................................................................................62
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