Environment Impact Assessment Report

Client ST HELENA DEVELOPMENTS LTD Project ESTABLISHMENT OF TRADE WINDS OCEAN VILLAGE ON PARCEL NO 186, BLOCK 1, THOMPSONS HILL, ST HELENA ISLAND

Date FEBRUARY 2021

ST HELENA DEVELOPMENTS LTD

ESTABLISHMENT OF TRADE WINDS OCEAN VILLAGE ON PARCEL NO 186, BLOCK 1, THOMPSONS HILL, ST HELENA ISLAND

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

______Lourens de Villiers Managing Director and Environmental Assessment Practitioner Plot 24 Haakdoornboom AH Soutpan Road (M35) Pretoria North

Cell: 082 789 6525

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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ...... 6 LIST OF TABLES ...... 6 APPENDICES ...... 7 REFERENCES ...... 7 DEFINITIONS ...... 9 ABBREVIATIONS ...... 13 NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY ...... 14 ST HELENA ISLAND - LAND PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT CONTROL (ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT) REGULATIONS, 2013 ...... 23 DESCRIPTION OF THE EIA PROCESS...... 23 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 24 1.1 BACKGROUND ...... 24 1.2 TERMS OF REFERENCE ...... 25 1.2.1 Applicant Details ...... 25 1.2.2 Environmental Assessment Practitioner Details ...... 25 2. SCHEME DESCRIPTION ...... 26 2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE ACTIVITIES TO BE UNDERTAKEN ...... 26 2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS ...... 30 2.3 MOTIVATION FOR THE NEED AND DESIRABILITY OF THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT ...... 31 2.3.1 Development Need and Objectives ...... 31 3. PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ...... 32 3.1 ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED ...... 32 3.1.1 Location ...... 33 3.1.2 Design and Layout ...... 33 3.1.3 Technological ...... 33 3.1.4 Input ...... 34 3.1.5 Scale and Magnitude ...... 34 3.1.6 “No-Go Option” ...... 34 4 APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT...... 35 4.1 OVERVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS ...... 35 4.2 PROCESS FOLLOWED FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS...... 36 4.2.1 Screening and Scoping Checklist ...... 36 4.2.2 Public Participation ...... 41 4.2.2.1 Public Review of Scoping Report ...... 41 4.2.2.2 Summary of Issues Raised by Interested and Affected Parties (I&AP) ...... 41 4.3 SCOPING REPORT ...... 41 4.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT ...... 42 5 POLICY CONTEXT ...... 43 5.1 ST HELENA ISLAND LEGISLATION ...... 43 5.1.1 Constitution of St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cuncha, 2009 ...... 43 5.1.2 Agriculture and Livestock Improvement Ordinance, 1940 ...... 43 5.1.3 Animal Trespass Ordinance, 1982 ...... 43 5.1.4 Animal Diseases Ordinance, 1944 ...... 43 5.1.5 Bees Ordinance, 1995 ...... 43 5.1.6 Birds Protection Ordinance, 1996...... 43 5.1.7 Building Control Ordinance, 2013...... 43

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5.1.8 Electricity Ordinance, 1961 ...... 44 5.1.9 Environmental Protection Ordinance, 2016 ...... 44 5.1.10 Health and Safety Ordinance, 1977 ...... 44 5.1.11 Land Planning and Development Control Ordinance, 2013...... 44 5.1.12 Plants Protection Ordinance, 1938 ...... 44 5.1.13 Protection of Animals Ordinance, 1969 ...... 44 5.1.14 Water Ordinance, 1978 ...... 44 6 LAND USE & ACCESS ...... 45 6.1 LAND USE ...... 45 6.1.1 Current Land Use ...... 45 6.1.2 Proposed Land Use ...... 45 6.1.3 Surrounding Land Uses ...... 46 6.2 ACCESS ...... 46 6.2.1 Current Access ...... 46 6.2.2 Proposed Access ...... 46 6.2.3 Traffic ...... 46 7 LANDSCAPE & VISUAL AMENITY ...... 47 7.1 LANDSCAPE ...... 47 7.1.1 Topography ...... 47 7.1.2 Vegetation ...... 47 7.2 VISUAL ...... 49 7.2.1 Building Design ...... 49 7.2.2 Surface Drainage ...... 49 7.2.3 Storm Water Routing ...... 49 8 ECOLOGY ...... 50 8.1 FAUNA ...... 50 8.1.1 Mammals ...... 50 8.1.2 Birds ...... 51 8.1.3 Invertebrates ...... 53 8.2 FLORA ...... 54 8.2.1 Trees ...... 54 8.2.2 Flowers and Shrubs ...... 54 8.2.3 Ferns ...... 54 8.2.4 Lichen ...... 55 9 HERITAGE ...... 58 9.1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE ...... 58 10 AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE ...... 59 10.1 AIR QUALITY ...... 59 10.1.1 Electricity ...... 59 10.2 CLIMATE ...... 59 10.2.1 Rainfall...... 59 10.2.2 Temperature ...... 59 10.2.3 Wind ...... 60 11 HYDROLOGICAL ...... 61 11.1 WATER SERVICES ...... 61 11.1.1 Bulk Water Availability ...... 61 11.2 WATER DRAINAGE ...... 61 11.2.1 Surface Drainage ...... 61 11.2.2 Storm Water Routing ...... 62 12 GEOGRAPHICAL ...... 63 12.1 GEOLOGY AND SOIL ...... 63

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12.1.1 Geology ...... 63 12.1.2 Soil...... 63 13 WASTE MANAGEMENT ...... 64 13.1 SEWERAGE ...... 64 13.2 REFUSE AND SOLID WASTE ...... 64 14 COMMUNITY ...... 65 14.1 SOCIAL ...... 65 14.2 ECONOMIC ...... 65 15 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS (PROCESS UNDERTAKEN TO IDENTIFY, ASSESS, RANK AND MITIGATE THE IMPACTS THAT THE PROPOSED ACTIVITY AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES AND INFRASTRUCTURE WILL IMPOSE ON THE PREFERRED DEVELOPMENT FOOTPRINT) ...... 66 15.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS (ISSUES) AND RISKS IDENTIFIED ...... 66 15.2 POSSIBLE MITIGATION MEASURES TO APPLY ...... 71 15.3 METHODOLOGY USED IN DETERMINING AND RANKING THE NATURE, SIGNIFICANCE, CONSEQUENCES, EXTENT, DURATION AND PROBABILITY OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ALTERNATIVES 88 15.4 IMPACT ASSESSMENT [ASSESSMENT OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF EACH IMPACT (ISSUE) AND RISK AND AN INDICATION OF THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE ISSUE AND RISK COULD BE AVOIDED OR ADDRESSED BY THE ADOPTION OF MITIGATION MEASURES] ...... 89 15.5 SUMMARY OF THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE IMPACTS AND RISKS OF THE PROPOSED ACTIVITY AND IDENTIFIED ALTERNATIVES ...... 124 15.6 ASPECTS CONDITIONAL TO THE FINDINGS OF THE ASSESSMENT (EITHER BY THE EAP OR SPECIALISTS) AND TO BE INCLUDED AS CONDITIONS OF AUTHORISATION...... 127 15.7 DESCRIPTION OF ASSUMPTIONS, UNCERTAINTIES AND GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE WHICH RELATE TO THE ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES PROPOSED ...... 127 15.8 REASONED OPINION WHETHER PROPOSED ACTIVITY SHOULD OR SHOULD NOT BE AUTHORISED (IF THE OPINION IS THAT IT SHOULD BE AUTHORISED, ANY CONDITIONS THAT SHOULD BE MADE IN RESPECT OF THAT AUTHORISATION) ...... 127 16 SPECIALIST REPORTS ...... 128 17 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PRACTITIONER UNDERTAKING ...... 131 APPENDIX A – PLANS AND MAPS ...... 132 APPENDIX B - PHOTOGRAPHS ...... 136 APPENDIX C – PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ...... 137 APPENDIX D – SPECIALIST REPORTS ...... 158 APPENDIX E – OTHER INFORMATION ...... 200

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: St Helena Island Map Location (ResearchGate.net, 2018) ...... 24 Figure 2: Site locality map ...... 27 Figure 3: Site Development Plan ...... 28 Figure 4: St Helena's Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure (Procedural Manual for Environmental Impact Assessment on St Helena, 2010) ...... 35 Figure 5: St Helena Topographic Map (topographic-map.com, n.d.) ...... 47 Figure 6:St Helena Island habitat Map (Abstracted from: Mapping St Helena’s Biodiversity and Natural Environment July 2018, Version 1.02)...... 48 Figure 7: Log home unit (Abstracted from: Environmental Scoping Report, 2020)...... 49 Figure 8: Wirebird (Charadrius sancthelenae) (sthelenaisland.info) ...... 52 Figure 9: St Helena Ebony (Trochetiopsis ebenus) (sthelenaisland.info) ...... 54 Figure 10: Xanthoparmelia beccae (iNaturalist.ca)...... 55 Figure 11: Boer Prisoners Campsite (sthelenatourism.com) ...... 58 Figure 12: Prevailing wind direction for St Helena Island (http://sainthelenaisland.info/weather.htm) ...... 60 Figure 13: St Helena Overall Soil Quality (Abstracted from: Mapping St Helena’s Biodiversity and Natural Environment July 2018, Version 1.02)...... 63

LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Summary of Construction Impacts ...... 17 Table 2: Summary of Operational Impacts ...... 20 Table 3: Land Parcel and Property Details ...... 26 Table 4: Listed activities triggered by the proposed development ...... 30 Table 5: Alternative Types ...... 32 Table 6: Screening and Scoping Checklist, in terms of the Procedural Manual for Environmental Impact Assessment ...... 37 Table 7: Land use differentiation and density units for the proposed Trade Winds Ocean Village ...... 45 Table 8: Unit type differentiation and density units for the proposed Trade Winds Ocean Village ...... 46 Table 9: Birds Observed during Site Survey in December 2020 ...... 51 Table 10: Impacts and Risks Identified for the Preferred Alternative ...... 66 Table 11: Possible Mitigation Measures ...... 72

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APPENDICES Appendix A - Plans and Maps Appendix B - Photographs Appendix C - Public Participation Appendix D - Specialist Studies Appendix E - Other Information

REFERENCES

Environmental Systems Limited, 2018. DPLUS052: Mapping St Helena’s Biodiversity and Natural Environmental, Remote sensing, monitoring & ecosystem service mapping, Version No. 1.02.

Geology of Saint Helena. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Saint_Helena#Terrain

“History and Heritage.” St Helena Tourism, www.sthelenatourism.com/history-and-heritage/. Accessed 19 Nov. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/place/Saint-Helena-island-South-Atlantic-Ocean/History https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-location-of-St-Helena-Google-Maps-2018_fig1_332425833 https://www.sainthelena.gov.sh/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Appendix-4.pdf https://www.sainthelena.gov.sh/directorates/environment-natural-resources-planning/ https://sthelenaisland.info/fauna/

Land Planning and Development Control Board, 2010. A Procedural Manual for Environmental Impact Assessment on St Helena.

LM Environmental Consulting, 2012. Environmental Impact Assessment and Management Plan for the construction of an additional six wind turbines at Deadwood Plain, Saint Helena Island.

Ramboll UK Limited, 2019. Environmental Impact Assessment in UK Overseas Territories – An Overview.

Rock Shield Lichens. iNaturalist.ca. Available at: https://inaturalist.ca/taxa/60724-Xanthoparmelia

Samuels, D. (2018). Cape--Helena: An Exploration of Nostalgia and Identity through the Cape Town --St. Helena Migration Nexus. [online] Available at: https://etd.uwc.ac.za/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11394/6542/samuels_ma_arts_2018.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

St Helena Island, Climate. Available at: http://sthelenatourism.com/climate/ sainthelenaisland.info. (n.d.). Endemic Species | Saint Helena Island Info: All about St Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean. [online] Available at: http://sainthelenaisland.info/endemics.htm.

St Helena, Environmental Protection Ordinance, 2016, as amended 2017.

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St Helena Island 10 Year Plan, 2017-2027. Available at: https://www.sainthelena.gov.sh/wp- content/uploads/2012/08/Draft-10-Year-Plan-27052016.pdf

St Helena, Land Planning and Development Control Ordinance, 2013, as amended 2017.

St Helena Population and Housing Census, 2016. Available at: https://www.sainthelena.gov.sh/wp- content/uploads/2016/06/Census-2016-summary-report.pdf

St Helena’s Sustainable Economic Development Plan, 2018-2028.

St Helena’s Sustainable Economic Development Plan. (2018). .

St Helena Social Policy Plan, 2013-2018. Available at: https://www.sainthelena.gov.sh/wp- content/uploads/2012/08/Social-Policy-Plan-Final-291113-2.pdf

The Wirebird. Available at: https://sthelenaisland.info/the-wirebird/ topographic-map.com. (n.d.). Saint Helena Island topographic map, elevation, relief. [online] Available at: https://en- gb.topographic-map.com/maps/9v5/Saint-Helena-Island/.

Trade Winds Ocean Village, St Helena, 2019. Planning and Design Statement.

Trochetiopsis ebenus, St Helena ebony. Royal Botanic Gardens. Available at: https://temperate.house/plant/st-helena- ebony/

Weather and Climate. Available at: http://sainthelenaisland.info/weather.htm www.sthelenatourism.com. (2020). Nature - St Helena Tourism. [online] Available at: http://www.sthelenatourism.com/nature/.

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DEFINITIONS

Alternatives In relation to a proposed activity, means different means of meeting the general purpose and requirements of the activity, which may include alternatives to the- a) property on which or location where the activity is proposed to be undertaken; b) type of activity to be undertaken; c) design or layout of the activity; d) technology to be used in the activity; or e) operational aspects of the activity; and includes the option of not implementing the activity.

Application An application for an Environmental Authorisation (EA).

Applicant An individual or organisation responsible for submitting the Application for Development Permission.

Archaeology The scientific study of historic/pre-historic people and their cultures through analysis of artefacts, inscriptions, monuments and other such remains.

Biodiversity The variability amongst living organisms which includes variability within species, between species and ecosystems.

Buffer Area Unless specifically defined, a strip of land with a use, function or zoning specifically designed to protect one area of land against impacts of another.

Conservation Area An area of special interest which is desirable to preserve or enhance.

Cumulative Impact In relation to an activity, means the past, current and reasonably foreseeable future impact of an activity, considered together with the impact of activities associated with that activity, that in itself may not be significant, but may become significant when added to the existing and reasonably foreseeable impacts eventuating from similar or diverse activities.

Development The building, erection, construction or establishment of a facility, structure or infrastructure, including associated earthworks or borrow pits, that is necessary for the undertaking of a listed or specified activity, including any associated post development monitoring, but excludes any modification, alteration or expansion of such a facility, structure or infrastructure, including associated earthworks or borrow pits, and excluding the redevelopment of the same facility in the same location, with the same capacity and footprint.

Development footprint Any evidence of physical alteration as a result of the undertaking of any activity.

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EAP An environmental assessment practitioner.

Ecology The study of the relationships between living organisms and between organisms and their environment.

EMPr An environmental management programme contemplated in Section 30(4) of the Land Planning and Development Control Ordinance, 2008.

Endemic Fauna and flora that only exists in one geographical region.

Environment The surroundings (biophysical, social and economic) within which humans exist and that are made up of: (i) the land, water and atmosphere of the earth; (ii) micro-organisms, plant and animal life; (iii) any part or combination of (i) and (ii) and the interrelationships among and between them; and (iv) the physical, chemical, aesthetic and cultural properties and conditions of the foregoing that influence human health and wellbeing.

Environmental Impact A change in the existing environment caused directly or indirectly by a development.

Environmental Impact Assessment A systematic process of identifying, assessing and reporting environmental impacts associated with an activity and includes Scoping and Environmental Impact Reporting.

Environmental Impact Assessment - Type A Developments Developments which are likely to have a wide range significant effects by virtue of their scale, location and physical and operational characteristics. Environmental Statements must be submitted with type A developments.

Environmental Impact Assessment - Type B Developments Developments from which significant effects may result, but where the associated impacts are likely to be few and limited in severity and extent. Basic Assessment Reports must be submitted with type B developments.

Fauna The animals of a specified area.

Flora The plants of a specified area.

Groundwater Water beneath the earth’s surface.

Habitat The environment in which species live at any stage of its life cycle.

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Independent In relation to an EAP, a specialist or the person responsible for the preparation of an environmental audit report, means- a) that such EAP, specialist or person has no business, financial, personal or other interest in the activity or application in respect of which that EAP, specialist or person is appointed in terms of the EIA Regulations; or b) that there are no circumstances that may compromise the objectivity of that EAP, specialist or person in performing such work; excluding - (i) normal remuneration for a specialist permanently employed by the EAP; or (ii) fair remuneration for work performed in connection with that activity, application or environmental audit.

Indigenous Vegetation Vegetation consisting of indigenous plant species occurring naturally in an area, regardless of the level of alien infestation and where the topsoil has not been lawfully disturbed during the preceding ten years.

Interested and Affected Party Any St Helena resident, stakeholder group or organisation.

Residential Complex Means any complex comprising of a building or buildings, having more than one single residential unit.

Mitigation To anticipate and prevent negative impacts and risks, then to minimise them, rehabilitate or repair impacts to the extent feasible.

Native Fauna and flora occurring naturally in a particular region, ecosystem or habitat without human introduction.

Phased Activities An activity that is developed in phases over time on the same or adjacent properties to create a single or linked entity.

Planning Officer A public officer appointed by the Governor and employed by the St Helena Government.

Protected Area Area of land and/or sea dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biodiversity and of natural and associated cultural resources and which is managed through legal or other effective means.

Residual Impacts Environmental impacts remaining after mitigation measures have been implemented.

Scoping Phase Used by the Applicant to seek opinion of the Planning Officer on content and approach of the EIA.

S&EIR The scoping and environmental impact reporting process contemplated in Section 30(4) of the Land Planning and Development Control Ordinance, 2008.

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Significant Impact An impact that may have a notable effect on one or more aspects of the environment or may result in non-compliance with accepted environmental quality standards, thresholds or targets and is determined through rating the positive and negative effects of an impact on the environment based on criteria such as duration, magnitude, intensity and probability of occurrence.

Specialist A person that is generally recognised within the scientific community as having the capability of undertaking, in conformance with generally recognised scientific principles, specialist studies or preparing specialist reports, including due diligence studies and socio-economic studies.

Watercourse (a) a river or spring; (b) a natural channel in which water flows regularly or intermittently; and (c) a wetland, pan, lake or dam into which, or from which, water flows.

Wetland Land which is transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or near the surface, or the land is periodically covered with shallow water, and which land in normal circumstances supports or would support vegetation typically adapted to life in saturated soil.

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ABBREVIATIONS

ANRD - Agriculture and Natural Resource Department CBA - Critical Biodiversity Areas CRR - Comments and Response Report DEPD - Development and Economic Planning Department EA - Environmental Authorisation EAP - Environmental Assessment Practitioner EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment ESA - Ecological Support Areas ER - Environmental Report EMP - Environmental Management Programme ENRP - Environment, Natural Resources and Planning Directorate EPO - Environmental Protection Ordinance I&AP - Interested and Affected Party IBA - Important Bird Area IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature IWBA - Important Wirebird Area LDCP - Land Development Control Plan LPDCA - Land Planning and Development Control Agency LPDCB - Land Planning and Development Control Board LPDCO - Land Planning and Development Control Ordinance MSDS - Material Data Safety Sheets NPA - National Protected Area R - Regulation SHG - St Helena Government S&EIR - Scoping and Environmental Impact Reporting

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NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY

Project Need and Desirability The remoteness of St Helena Island and its remarkable history and environment, has led to numerous tourists visiting the island. Tourism has been identified in the Sustainable Development Plan as a key to economic development, making tourism development an important priority in the island’s overall national vision. One of the objectives outlined in the Tourism Strategy is to “Support the tourism sector (including private sector and non-governmental organisations) deliver improvements in standards and range of facilities as well as capacities and skill sets, and support appropriate government planning and infrastructure”. The main objective of the proposed development is to establish an upmarket residential estate to encourage foreign investment into St Helena Island whilst creating facilities to accommodate tourists and ultimately take advantage of the opportunities created by the new St Helena’s Airport. The proposed development will aid in the increase of the island’s national wealth, stimulate tourism on the island and at the same time create employment opportunities to local residents.

Project Outline The proposed project location is situated approximately 1km north of Head O’Wain, Thompsons Hill, and west of Lemon Tree Valley. The project property is 105 acres (42 hectares) in extent and the area of land that will be developed is 105 acres (42 hectares). The project site consists of an existing community amenity area of approximately 4 acres (1.6 hectares) with the remaining area classified as undeveloped and natural areas. There is a scientific structure namely one seismic observatory and a geomagnetic measurement station located adjacent to the proposed development area. The proposed development will be undertaken in two main phases:

Phase 1:  Re-establishment of the Saints Communal Facility – This will include camping and picnic sites, BBQ areas, children’s playground areas, parking area and ablution facilities.  Existing trails will be improved to create access to all areas of the site along with specific view-points to take in the natural surrounding environments.

Phase 2:  A residential standalone and self-contained complex.  The residential units will be composed of well-established and proven pre-fabricated timber building systems (log homes) which will be imported in “kit form” out of South Africa and assembled onsite.  The development will include 4, 3 and 2 bedroom units consisting of 6 different design types.  A total of 150 units will be constructed on the project site and divided into sub-phases for development.  Communal facilities for residents inclusive of a swimming pool and club house, tennis court, residents parking area and service area (reception, manager’s house, laundry and back of house store, maintenance and operations facility) will form part of the proposed project.  This development will also include the provision of water, storm water, electricity, and sewerage plus road infrastructure.

 Access The primary access road to the proposed project site will be from Head O’Wain where an existing public road extends to the south and main entrance of the property. Vehicular access will be limited to the entrance of the proposed development, thus the inclusion of a parking area adjacent to the proposed main entrance. Transport onsite will be limited to electric operated buggies available for use by residents and similar types of buggies will be used for operational activities such as housekeeping, laundry etc. All existing roads will be upgraded as per inputs and drawings provided by the Department of Roads.

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 Water Services & Drainage Water supply to the residential units will be from water stored onsite by means of Rainwater Harvesting Systems. Harvested rainwater will be stored in plastic tanks allocated to each residential unit, and will include pressurised bulk water ring main supply throughout the development as a secondary supply to these tanks governed by mechanical float switches. It is proposed that each residential unit be equipped with a seamless, aluminium gutter system that will be installed to the perimeter of the building at fascia level to capture rainwater running from the roof. Water will then be redirected to various downpipes along the length of the gutters, which will be connected to a serious of PVC pipes below the suspended timber floor structure leading into a 5000L plastic water storage tank installed at ground level below the residential unit. The sloping ground conditions across the site contributes significantly to the drainage of surface water. Surface water will drain freely from the site via the use of low earth beams and stone pitching (medium sized rock set into mortar) mechanisms. The safe routing of storm water is vital and as such will receive special attention. Stormwater routing will be done through the use of existing gradients and slopes and by adding low earth berms and “stone pitching” mechanisms.

 Electrical Services Housing units are planned to be energy efficient primarily utilising a mix of connected mains and solar. The use of energy efficient systems on the proposed project site will include LED lighting, gas or energy efficient cookers, energy efficient appliances, energy efficient aircons, day/night sensor type external light fittings, solar water heating and external solar path lighting and external lighting with low light-pollution design. The development will be supplied from a 11kV, 1MW, bulk metering unit agreed to be supplied by “Connect”. After the bulk metering unit, a ring main unit will be installed that will feed 2 off Mini subs via a 35mm x 3 Core PILC 11 / 6,35kV underground cable. Mini subs will be 1 off 500kVA, and 1 off 315kVA, both with built in ring main unit and copper wound transformers and LV compartments. This will feed a network of PVC/SWA/PVC/PVC copper 4 core underground cables via glass fibre kiosks, complete with Mains switch / Buss bars / tariff breakers and kWhr meters.

 Fauna and Flora A site survey done in December 2020 indicated that a total number of six donkeys were observed on the proposed project site. However, the proposed project site takes up a minor area of the feral donkey range which spreads from Head O’Wain down the cliffs and across from Lemon Valley on to Thompson’s Valley side of High Hill. Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and mice (Mus musculus) were also observed. Cat scat was found on the proposed project site although no cats were observed during the survey and it was noted that feral cats (Felis catus) are common in the area. Mitigation measures for the effective management of mammals occurring (or might occur) on the proposed project site, are outlined in the Environmental Management Programme attached to this Report under Appendix E. One Wirebird was observed on the proposed project site (after 4 searches totalling up to 16 hours) and a clear procedure for the management of Wirebirds is outlined in the Environmental Management Programme. One native invertebrate was observed and included the endemic blushing snail (Succinea sanctaehelenae). Non-native invertebrate species observed during the site survey included the honeybee (Apis mellifera), grass webworm (Herpetogramma licarsisalis), long tailed blue (Lampides boeticus) and various ant species (Biological Survey Report, 2020). Mitigation measures for the management of invertebrates found on the site is outlined in the Environmental Management Programme attached under Appendix E of this Report.

According to Malan (2021), vegetation identified on the proposed project site is in a disturbed state as a result of current land use activities, land grazing by animals and the introduction and spread of alien invasive species. However, rocky outcrops within the Scrubland vegetation provides favourable conditions for ecologically valuable bryophytes and native annuals. 61 vascular plant species were recorded on the proposed project site, and of which four are considered to be native to St Helena Island. The four native species included bayonet grass (Tribolium obliterum), purslane (Portulaca oleracea), spotted tongue fern (Pleopeltis macrocarpa) and neglected sedge (Bulbostylis neglecta). The spotted tongue fern and neglected sedge are listed in Schedule 2 of the Environmental Protection Ordinance as protected species.

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Vegetation found on the proposed project site consisted of four vegetation types: landscapes, ruderal, scrubland and dry woodland. Mitigation measures for the management of flora species found on the site is outlined in the Environmental Management Programme attached under Appendix E of this Report.

 Heritage Resources An Old Stone wall boundary and two ruins are present on the proposed project (Environmental Scoping Report, 2020). According to the Museum of St Helena, a small natural hollow is present on the project site covered by a thick stone, “WATER” engraved slab and surrounded by broken bottles from the 19th century. Mitigation measures has been outlined in the Environmental Management Programme (attached under Appendix E) for the effective identification, protection and management of Archaeological and Cultural significant objects/sites.

 Waste Management Wastewater is treated and processed in a pre-manufactured Bio system, and gravity fed into below ground irrigation systems with the benefit of homeowners developing gardens. This will ensure more efficient management and least disturbance of the proposed project site, and digester systems installed on a larger scale will support multiple units as opposed to the installation of a single unit per home. A dedicated refuse area for each residential unit will be constructed and refuse areas will be serviced by an operational team for the effective collection and storage at a bulk holding facility, located at the service area of development.

Impact Assessment Summary Construction Impacts All the impacts that may occur as part of the construction phase is outlined in the table below. The most significant negative impacts are:  Runoff of contaminated stormwater.  Loss of fauna habitat (Donkeys, Wirebird -Charadrius sanctaehelenae, Fairy Tern – Gygis alba & Blushing Snail – Succinea sanctaehelenae).  Loss of flora habitat to native, endemic and protected species (Bryophyte species – liverworths – Plagiochasma rupestre, Cololejeunea minutissima and Exormotheca pustulosa and mosses – Trichosomum brachydontium, Tortula atrovires and Weissia spp, bayonet grass (Tribolium obliterum), purslane (Portulaca oleracea), spotted tongue fern (Pleopeltis macrocarpa), fishbone grass (Eragrostis cilianensis), rock spike rush (Isolepisa marginata), fine rush (Isolepisa antartica) and neglegted sedge (Bulbostylis neglecta).  Loss of ecological function of the natural vegetation areas.  Destruction of archaeological and cultural resources.  Generation of dust by vehicles.  Release of emissions from vehicles.  Increased traffic volumes.

Positive impacts that may occur as part of the construction phase include:  Stimulation of the local economy through procurement of local suppliers on St Helena Island.  Generation of employment opportunities to St Helenians.  Restoration of the Stone Wall present on the proposed project site will increase St Helenians knowledge on the history of the site.  Loss of exotic species, declared weeds and invader plants.

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Table 1: Summary of Construction Impacts

Construction Ext Dur Mag Pro Significance Ext Dur Mag Pro Significance Impacts Rating Rating Surface and 2 2 2 3 18 - Medium 1 2 1 2 8 – Low groundwater pollution due to release of pollutants, such as chemicals. Surface and 2 2 3 2 14 - Medium 2 1 2 1 5 – Low groundwater pollution due to incorrect management, storage and disposal of waste (general and hazardous waste). Surface and 2 2 3 2 14 – Medium 2 1 3 1 6 – Low groundwater pollution due to incorrect management of chemical substances. Wastage of water 3 2 2 2 14 – Medium 3 1 1 1 5 – Low resources. Runoff of 3 2 2 3 21 – High 2 2 2 1 6 – Low contaminated stormwater. Hydrocarbon spillages 3 3 3 2 18 – Medium 1 2 2 1 5 – Low from vehicles. Spillages from 2 3 2 2 14 – Medium 1 1 2 1 4 – Low chemical toilets. Mixing of concrete. 3 2 2 2 14 – Medium 1 1 2 1 4 – Low Loss of exotic N/A N/A N/A N/A Positive N/A N/A N/A N/A Positive species, declared weeds and invader plants. Loss of fauna habitat 1 3 3 3 21 – High 1 1 2 2 8 – Low (Mammals -Donkeys). Loss of fauna habitat 1 3 3 3 21 – High 1 1 2 2 8 – Low (Birds -Wirebird & Fairy tern). Loss of fauna habitat 1 3 3 3 21 – High 1 1 2 2 8 – Low (Invertebrate - Blushing snail). Habitat fragmentation. 2 3 3 2 16 – Medium 1 1 2 1 4 – Low Disturbance of fauna 1 2 2 3 15 – Medium 1 1 1 2 6 – Low species onsite (mammals, birds & invertebrate). Provision of artificial N/A N/A N/A N/A Positive N/A N/A N/A N/A Positive habitat. Destruction of natural 1 2 3 3 18 – Medium 1 1 1 2 6 – Low vegetation. Construction activities 1 3 3 3 21 – High 1 2 1 1 4 – Low in the Scrubland vegetation where bryophyte (liverworths and mosses) species may occur.

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Destruction of natural 1 2 3 3 18 – Medium 1 1 2 2 8 – Low vegetation areas and deterioration of the natural area vegetation. Loss/destruction of 1 3 3 3 21 – High 1 1 2 2 8 – Low endemic and native flora species (bayonet grass, purslane, spotted tongue fern, fish bone grass, rock sike rush fine rush and neglected sedge). Possible increase in 1 2 3 3 18 – Medium 1 2 1 1 4 – Low exotic and invasive vegetation. Loss of the ecological 2 2 3 3 21 – High 1 2 2 2 10 – Medium function of the natural vegetation areas. Deterioration of 1 2 3 2 12 – Medium 1 1 2 1 4 – Low natural vegetation and eventual loss. Establishment and 1 2 3 3 18 – Medium 1 1 1 2 6 – Low spread of alien invasive vegetation (onsite and surrounding areas). Disturbance or 3 3 2 3 24 – High 1 3 2 1 6 – Low destruction of cultural, architectural and heritage resources (Stone Wall). Generation of dust by 2 2 2 3 18 – Medium 1 2 1 2 8 – Low vehicles. Release of vehicle 3 3 1 3 21 – High 1 2 1 2 8 – Low emissions. Generation of 2 2 2 3 18 – Medium 1 2 1 2 8 – Low nuisance and noise from vehicles, machinery and maintenance activities. Land Use- N/A N/A N/A N/A Positive N/A N/A N/A N/A Positive Construction of residential units, vehicle parking areas, roads etc. Land Use- Current 1 2 2 3 15 – Medium 1 2 1 3 12 – Medium land use to cease completely until structures are removed. Contamination of soil 1 2 2 2 10 – Medium 1 1 1 1 3 – Low from fuel or oil spillages. Possible soil erosion 1 2 3 2 12 – Medium 1 1 1 1 3 - Low at exposed building footprints due to

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higher runoff. Construction of 1 3 3 3 21 – High 1 3 1 2 10 - Medium structures that cover the soil surface by means of concrete, tar or paving. Soil contamination as 3 3 3 2 18 – Medium 1 2 2 1 5 – Low a result of hydrocarbon spillages or leakages from vehicles. Soil pollution as a 2 3 2 2 14 – Medium 1 1 2 1 4 – Low result of spillages from chemical toilets. Soil pollution from the 2 2 2 2 12 – Medium 1 2 2 1 5 – Low mixing of concrete. Soil erosion due to the 1 2 3 3 18 – Medium 1 1 2 2 8 – Low clearance of vegetation. Possible soil erosion 1 2 2 3 15 – Medium 1 2 1 2 8 – Low at exposed building footprints due to higher runoff. Degradation of topsoil. 1 2 3 2 12 – Medium 1 1 1 1 3 – Low Soil pollution due to 3 3 2 2 16 – Medium 1 2 2 1 5 – Low incorrect management, storage and disposal of waste (general and hazardous waste). Generation of N/A N/A N/A N/A Positive N/A N/A N/A N/A Positive employment opportunities. Stimulation of the N/A N/A N/A N/A Positive N/A N/A N/A N/A Positive economy and tourism sector. Potential increase in 1 2 3 2 12 – Medium 1 1 2 1 4 – Low crime due to influx of workers. Increase in traffic 2 2 2 3 18 – Medium 1 2 1 2 8 – Low volumes to the site.

Operational Impacts All the impacts that may occur as part of the operational phase is outlined in the table below. The most significant negative impacts are:  Loss of the ecological function of the natural vegetation areas.  Generation of dust by vehicles.  Release of vehicle emissions.  Increased traffic volumes.

All of the negative impacts identified as part of the proposed project can be readily mitigated using the mitigation measures as outlined in the Environmental Management Programme attached under Appendix E of this Report. Positive impacts that may occur as part of the operational phase include:  Utilization of undeveloped land.

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 Stimulation of the economy and tourism sector.  Generation of employment opportunities.  Investor attraction.

Table 2: Summary of Operational Impacts

Operational Impacts Ext Dur Mag Pro Significance Ext Dur Mag Pro Significance Rating Rating Surface and 2 2 2 2 12- Medium 2 1 2 1 5 – Low groundwater pollution due to potential release of wastewater (sewage). Surface and 2 2 2 2 12 – Medium 2 1 1 1 4 – Low groundwater pollution due to incorrect management, storage and disposal of waste (general and hazardous waste). Wastage of water 3 2 2 2 14 – Medium 3 1 1 1 5 – Low resources. Runoff of 3 3 3 2 18 - Medium 1 2 1 2 8 – Low contaminated stormwater. Hydrocarbon spillages 3 3 3 2 18 – Medium 1 1 2 1 4 – Low from vehicles. Surface and 3 2 3 2 16 – Medium 1 1 2 1 4 – Low groundwater pollution as a result of leakages from sewerage network (pipelines) onsite. Habitat fragmentation. 2 3 3 2 16 – Medium 1 1 2 1 4 – Low Disturbance of fauna 1 3 3 2 14 – Medium 1 1 1 2 6 – Low species onsite (mammals, birds & invertebrate). Provision of artificial N/A N/A N/A N/A Positive N/A N/A N/A N/A Positive habitat. Possible increase in 1 3 3 2 14 – Medium 1 1 2 1 4 – Low exotic and invasive vegetation. Loss of the ecological 2 3 3 3 24 – High 1 2 2 2 10 - Medium function of the natural vegetation areas. Deterioration of 1 3 3 2 14 – Medium 1 2 2 1 5 - Low natural vegetation and eventual loss. Establishment and 2 3 3 2 16 – Medium 1 1 2 1 4 - Low spread of alien invasive vegetation (onsite and surrounding areas). Disturbance or 1 3 3 2 14 – Medium 1 3 2 1 6 – Low destruction of cultural, architectural and

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heritage resources (Stone Wall). Generation of dust by 2 3 2 3 21 – High 1 3 1 2 10 - Medium vehicles. Release of vehicle 3 3 1 3 21 – High 1 3 1 2 10 - Medium emissions. Generation of 2 3 1 3 18 – Medium 1 3 1 2 10 - Medium nuisance and noise from vehicles, machinery and maintenance activities. Possible soil erosion 1 3 3 2 12 – Medium 1 2 2 1 5 - Low at exposed building footprints due to higher runoff. Use and maintenance N/A N/A N/A N/A Positive N/A N/A N/A N/A Positive of residential units, vehicle parking areas, roads etc. Hydrocarbons 3 3 3 2 18 – Medium 1 1 2 1 4 - Low spillages or leakages from vehicles. Soil pollution as a 3 2 3 2 16 – Medium 1 1 2 1 4 - Low result of leakages from sewerage network (pipelines) onsite. Soil pollution due to 3 3 3 2 18 – Medium 1 2 2 1 5 - Low incorrect management, storage and disposal of waste (general and hazardous waste). Generation of N/A N/A N/A N/A Positive N/A N/A N/A N/A Positive employment opportunities. Stimulation of the N/A N/A N/A N/A Positive N/A N/A N/A N/A Positive economy and tourism sector. Increase in traffic 2 3 2 3 21 – High 1 3 1 2 10 - Medium volumes to the site.

From the tables above, it can be seen that a few “High” significant impacts exist relating to the proposed development. These include the loss and destruction of native, endemic fauna and flora, disturbance or destruction of heritage resources, construction of permanent structures, runoff of contaminated stormwater, dust generation and release of emissions by vehicles and the increase in traffic to the proposed site and surrounding areas. Mitigation measures outlined in the Environmental Management Programme (Attached under Appendix E), includes measures to effectively manage these impacts to “Medium” and even “Low” significance. Other “Medium” significant impacts identified in the construction and operational phases of the proposed project can be reduced to “Low” significance with effective implementation of mitigation measures as outlined in the Environmental Management Programme (Attached under Appendix E).

The proposed residential development will have a significant benefit for St Helena island through stimulation of the economy and tourism sector, generation of employment opportunities and for the attraction of investors. The applicant,

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St Helena Developments Ltd, commits to implementing mitigation actions contained in the Environmental Management Programme to ensure that the environmental impacts from the proposed development are minimised.

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ST HELENA ISLAND - LAND PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT CONTROL (ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT) REGULATIONS, 2013

Description of the EIA process According to the Land Planning and Development Control (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations, 2013, an EIA Report under Section 19 of the Ordinance shall include-

a) A description of the physical characteristics of the development including land-use requirements. b) A description of construction and operational processes including the nature and quantity of materials to be used. c) For each of the environmental issues included in any Scoping Opinion: (i) A quantified assessment of expected positive and negative impacts on the environment, resulting from both the constructional phase, operational phase and where appropriate the decommissioning phase of the development. (ii) A statement of the data used, including baseline survey information, to identify and assess the impacts which the development is likely to have, including cumulative impacts where relevant. (iii) A description of the measures to be implemented to avoid, minimise and mitigate negative impacts and maximise positive impacts; and the expected residual impacts after such measures have been

implemented. (iv) Procedures to be adopted to ensure effective monitoring and reporting to the Planning Officer on

implementation of the measures referred to in item (iii). d) An outline of any alternatives studied by the applicant and the reasons for choice of the proposed development including the environmental effects. e) A non-technical summary of the information provided under paragraphs (a) to (d). f) An indication of assumptions made and constraints (including technical deficiencies or lack of knowledge)

encountered by the applicant when compiling the EIA report.

The quality and level of detail of the EIA report shall be such as to allow the environmental impact of the development to be adequately assessed by the Land Development Control Authority and the Governor in Council as appropriate.

An EIA report required under section 19 of the Ordinance shall be prepared at the applicant's expense.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background St Helena Island (which forms part of the British overseas territory), is situated in the South Atlantic Ocean approximately 1200 miles (1950 km) from the South-west coast of Africa and 1800 miles (2900 km) from the South American coast. The island has a maximum length of 10.5 miles (17 km), southwest-northeast, and a maximum breadth of 6.5 miles (10 km). St Helena Island was discovered in May 1502 by João da Nova, a Spanish navigator in the service of Portugal, and the exact date of the discovery has been given as the 21st of May 1502.

Figure 1: St Helena Island Map Location (ResearchGate.net, 2018)

The land itself has much volcanic ash and many prominent rock features with perpendicular cliffs on the eastern, northern and western side reaching between 1600 to 2300 feet (490 to 700 metres). The island’s population is mainly of mixed European (mostly British), South and East Asian, and African origin, and around 4000 people reside on the island.

The island has a good anchorage for ships in Jamestown, and there is passenger and cargo services via the ocean to Ascension Island, the United Kingdom and South Africa. In November 2011, the Department for International Development (DFID), the Government of the United Kingdom (UK) of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, granted the development of an International Airport on Prosperous Bay Plain, which is near the island’s eastern coast, and is fully operational.

A Tourism Strategy (2012-2016), has been endorsed by the Civil Society, Tourism and Leisure Committee and the Executive Council of St Helena Government. St Helena’s Tourism Strategy operates under the Vision, Goals and Objectives of St Helena Government with the main principle to “develop a desirable, sustainable tourist destination and maximise the visitor experience, thus supporting the wider vision for St Helena”. The remoteness of St Helena Island and its remarkable history and environment, has led to numerous tourists visiting the island. Tourists enter the island either via flight to the International Airport on Prosperous Bay Plain, the RMS St Helena Shipping Service or occasional cruise ships. However, one of the biggest tourism constraints experienced on the island, is the lack of serviced accommodation that meets the international visitor expectations (SHG Tourism Strategy, 2012-2016).

St Helena Government (SHG), has established an overall vision for the St Helena Island as part of the National Strategy which is laid out in the Sustainable Development Plan (2018-2028). The vision is set out as follows:

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“a prosperous, peaceful and democratic society for all achieved through sustainable economic, environmental, and social development leading to healthy and eventually financially independent St Helena’.

Tourism has been identified in the Sustainable Development Plan as a key to economic development, making tourism development an important priority in the island’s overall national vision. One of the objectives outlined in the Tourism Strategy is to “Support the tourism sector (including private sector and non-governmental organisations) deliver improvements in standards and range of facilities as well as capacities and skill sets, and support appropriate government planning and infrastructure”.

1.2 Terms of Reference Labesh (Pty) Ltd, has been appointed by the applicant (refer to Applicant Details below), to conduct an Environmental Impact Assessment Report. The proposed development prompts the need for an Environmental Impact Assessment to support the LPDCO application. The Chief Planning Officer, Mr Ismail Mohammed, for SHG has confirmed that an EIA process is required for the proposed project.

Consultant, Ms. A van Neel, conducted an Environmental Scoping Report, in February 2020, and Consultant, Mr. L Malan, conducted a Biological Survey Report in January 2021, as part of the proposed project. Both reports are attached to this Environmental Impact Assessment Report.

1.2.1 Applicant Details

Applicant Name St Helena Developments Ltd Contact Person Paul O’Sullivan Postal Address 26 Willingdon Road, London N22 6SB, United Kingdom

7 Janine Road, Sandown, Johannesburg PO Box 78200, Sandton 2146, South Africa Telephone Number +27 82 821 1666 Fax Number +27 86 689 2315 Email Address [email protected]

1.2.2 Environmental Assessment Practitioner Details

Environmental Assessment Practitioner Company Labesh (Pty) Ltd Contact Person Lourens de Villiers Postal Address Postnet Box 469, Private Bag X504, Sinoville, 0129 Telephone Number +27 82 789 6525 Fax Number Email Address [email protected] Qualifications B.Sc Earth Science (North West University) Hons B.Sc Geography and Environmental Studies (North West University) M.Sc Water Resource Management (University of Pretoria) Relevant experience 18 years’ experience conducting Environmental Impact Assessment processes

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2. SCHEME DESCRIPTION 2.1 Description of the Activities to be Undertaken The proposed project location is situated approximately 1km north of Head O’Wain, Thompsons Hill, and west of Lemon Tree Valley. The proposed project entails a high value tourism facility development for the promotion of international investors on the St Helena Island and ultimately contribute to the local economy. The following property will be used for the proposed development:

Table 3: Land Parcel and Property Details Property/Land Parcel GPS Coordinates Parcel No 186, Block 1, Thompsons Hills, St Helena 15°57'24.57"S; 5°44'51.53"W Island

The project property is 105 acres (42 hectares) in extent. The area of land that will be developed is therefore 105 acres (42 hectares). A locality map and photographs, provided on the next page, shows the location of the project property, at an appropriate scale and gives an indication of the current status of the project properties.

The project site consists of an existing community amenity area of approximately 4 acres (1.6 hectares) with the remaining area classified as undeveloped and natural areas. There is a scientific structure namely one seismic observatory and a geomagnetic measurement station located adjacent to the proposed development area. Buffer zones associated to these structures were considered and incorporated into the project design.

The proposed development will be undertaken in two main phases:

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Figure 2: Site locality map

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Figure 3: Site Development Plan

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The following photos give an indication of the current status of the project properties. More photographs are given under Appendix B.

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2.2 Environmental Requirements The following triggers are applicable to the proposed development and therefor require Environmental Authorisation, in terms of the Land Planning and Development Control Ordinance, 2013 and the Environmental Protection Ordinance, 2016.

Table 4: Listed activities triggered by the proposed development Government Wording as per the Ordinance Description as per the project description Notice / relating to each ordinance Ordinance Environmental Any activity that is likely to disturb protected Endemic flora species visible onsite are limited Protection species or habitats as listed within Schedule 2 to a few micro populations of Barn Fern, lichens Ordinance, (Section 19) of the EPO 2016 will require a license and mosses mainly localised to small boulder 2016. under Part 6 of the Ordinance. and rock face formations.

The project site has previously supported a declining number of the island’s endangered and only endemic land bird, the Charadrius sancthelenae (Wire Bird).

The above mentioned species/habitats may be disturbed as part of the proposed development. Land Planning A development of this size and scale would prompt The area of land that will be developed is +/- 105 and the need for Environmental Impact Assessment acres (42 hectares) and consists of the Development (EIA) to support the LPDCO application. The Chief development of: Control Planning Officer, Mr Ismail Mohammed, for St  Approximately 150 high-end residential Ordinance, Helena Government has confirmed that an EIA homes, together with reception, tennis 2013 process is required for the Project. court, swimming pool, manager’s house and associated buildings; and  Approximately 8 acres of a public country park, picnic and camping area with children’s playground and ablution facilities.

The proposed development prompts the need for an Environmental Impact Assessment to support the LPDCO application. The Chief Planning Officer, Mr Ismail Mohammed, for SHG has confirmed that an EIA process is required for the proposed project.

Any activity that is likely to disturb protected species or habitats as listed within Schedule 2 (Section 19) of the EPO 2016 will require a license under Part 6 of the Ordinance.

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2.3 Motivation for the Need and Desirability of the Proposed Development According to the St Helena’s Sustainable Economic Development Plan (2018 -2028), one of the goals identified to increase national wealth is through “encouraging the provision of tourist infrastructure required for a variety of visitors needs from hotels, restaurants and attractions serviced by a skilled and customer focused workforce”.

2.3.1 Development Need and Objectives The main objective of the proposed development is to establish an upmarket residential estate to encourage foreign investment into St Helena Island whilst creating facilities to accommodate tourists and ultimately take advantage of the opportunities created by the new St Helena’s Airport. The proposed development will aid in the increase of the island’s national wealth, stimulate tourism on the island and at the same create employment opportunities to local residents.

Furthermore, the proposed development is considered desirable due to:  Accessibility to the site is easily reachable via local roads (the primary access road to the proposed project site will be from Head O’Wain where an existing public road extend to the south and main entrance);  The nature and scale of the proposed development will fit into the general character of the area;  The development intends making use of well-established and proven pre-fabricated timber building system which will be imported in a “kit form” from South Africa and as a result will create social-upliftment possibilities as local labourers will be trained and skilled-up to assemble the units;  The proposed building material (timber) will aid in the stimulation and development of the carpentry industry on St Helena Island;  The proposed development is intended to be self-sustainable as far as practically possible, and will seek to utilise renewable energy and green technologies;  Existing natural resources on the proposed project site will be conserved and protected; and  The preferred site area is a desirable place for this type of development as it combines economic, tourism and social amenities.

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3. PROJECT ALTERNATIVES 3.1 Alternatives Considered The following alternatives have been assessed as part of the proposed development:

Table 5: Alternative Types

Alternative Type Explanation/Examples Location Refers to both alternative properties as well as alternative sites on the same property. Activity Incineration of waste rather than disposal at a landfill site/Provision of public transport rather than increasing the capacity of roads. Design or Design: e.g. Different architectural and or engineering designs Layout Site Layout: Consideration of different spatial configurations of an activity on a particular site (e.g. siting of a noisy plant away from residences). Technological Consideration of such alternatives is to include the option of achieving the same goal by using a different method or process (e.g. 1 000 megawatt of energy could be generated using a coal-fired power station or wind turbines. Demand Arises when a demand for a certain product or service can be met by some alternative means (e.g. the demand for electricity could be met by supplying more energy or using energy more efficiently by managing demand). Input Input alternatives are applicable to applications that may use different raw materials or energy sources in their process (e.g. industry may consider using either high sulphur coal or natural gas as a fuel source). Routing Consideration of alternative routes generally applies to linear developments such as power line servitudes, transportation and pipeline routes. Scheduling and Where a number of measures might play a part in an overall programme, but the order in which Timing they are scheduled will contribute to the overall effectiveness of the end result. Scale and Activities that can be broken down into smaller units and can be undertaken on different scales (e.g. Magnitude for a housing development there could be the option of 10, 15 or 20 housing units. Each of these alternatives may have different impacts). “No-Go Option” This is the option of not implementing the proposed activity.

Alternative Assessments must always include the “No-Go Option” as the baseline against which all other alternatives must be measured. The following alternatives could be considered for the proposed project:

 Location – Alternative properties  Design/Layout;  Technological;  Input;  Scale and Magnitude; and  “No-Go Option”.

Alternatives were considered in a qualitative manner.

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3.1.1 Location

Alternative properties As the applicant owns the property relevant to this application, and also only wishes to develop this property, no property alternatives could be considered. The suitability and feasibility of the project property for the proposed project is demonstrated by the following:

 The primary access road to the proposed project site will be from Head O’Wain where an existing public road extend to the south and main entrance;  The Horse Pasture area is considered to be undeveloped privately owned land with few existing infrastructure on the parcels;  The properties are situated in reasonable proximity to existing townships (Jamestown & Longwood); and  Given the proximity to existing townships, this development can be seen as a tourism infrastructure development, situated outside of the urban edge resulting in minimal disturbance to local communities.

As a result of the topography and location, the proposed property is the most suitable for the residential development as it consists of an ocean view which will enhance tourist investment on St Helena Island.

Alternative sites No site alternatives were identified, since the development of 150 residential units on the proposed project property, has been done by taken into consideration environmental factors, and the layout plan amended accordingly. High sensitivity areas have been considered, as far as possible and practical, and where protection is not possible, relocation procedures will be followed.

It was also indicated in the Environmental Scoping Report (2020), that apart from the 4 acre existing community amenity space, the remaining area is classified as undeveloped and natural areas.  3.1.2 Design and Layout The layout plan for the proposed development was influenced by the following factors:

 Providing access to the proposed development from Head O’Wain where an existing public road extend to the south and main entrance;  Ensuring adequate surface storm water drainage;  The layout plan makes provision for 150 residential units inclusive of 4, 3 or 2 bedroom units;  The residential units will be composed of well-established and proven pre-fabricated timber building systems (log homes) which will be imported in “kit form” out of South Africa and assembled onsite;  Provision of adequate open recreational spaces, inclusive of park and children’s play areas;  Identifying areas of ecological importance (endemic fauna and flora species) and prohibiting development within the identified areas; and  Adequate communal facilities provision had to be designed considering the number of residential units.

3.1.3 Technological The proposed development is intended to be as self-sustainable as far as possible in its functionality and operation, and therefore seeks to utilise renewable energy and green technologies. This include:

The use of energy efficient systems on the proposed project site will include: . LED lighting;

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. Gas or energy efficient cookers; . Energy efficient appliances; . If A/C of consideration by the buyer then of energy efficient inverter type; . Day/Night sensor type external light fittings; and . Solar water heating and external solar path lighting; . All external lighting to be low light-pollution design.

3.1.4 Input As part of the input alternatives, the use of well-established and proven pre-fabricated timber building system imported in “kit form” from South Africa and constructed/assembled by local residents of St Helena Island will be used as the housing model.

These input alternatives were considered as trees are a renewable resource, long lasting, fit the land and known to be super energy efficient.

3.1.5 Scale and Magnitude In terms of scale and magnitude, two alternatives have been considered for the proposed development, as discussed below:

First alternative considered As the project property is +/- 105 acres (42 hectares) in size, the first alternative would have been to propose the development of the entire 105 acres for the proposed development. This would have comfortably yielded a development of 300 residential units. From a purely economic point of view, this alternative could have been promoted as it would have allowed a larger development to be constructed, which could have potentially resulted in higher economic returns for the developer. However, planning to develop the entire extent of the property would not have taken the environmental factors of the property into account and this alternative has therefore been deemed to be less sustainable.

Second alternative considered The second alternative in terms of scale and magnitude is the preferred alternative, the development of 150 residential units, where the environmental factors have been taken into consideration and the layout plan amended accordingly.

Is intended that construction of the development will be implemented in phases such as to allow for earliest occupation of completed homes thus contributing additional tourist beds to the market, sooner rather than later.

If the open spaces cannot be adequately preserved, then the plants of conservation concern should be removed (where survival is possible) and relocated, after the necessary permits have been obtained. High sensitivity areas have been considered, as far as possible and practical, and where protection is not possible, relocation procedures will be followed.

3.1.6 “No-Go Option” The No-Go Option would be where the project site is not developed and remain as vacant land. The No-Go Option is not considered to be a reasonable alternative as this would mean that the land is under-utilised in terms of its potential for residential development and in particular, tourism development on St Helena Island.

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4 APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 4.1 Overview of Environmental Impact Assessment Process The diagram below provides a breakdown of the main stages in the EIA procedure that are required by the Land Planning and Development Control Ordinance, 2013, as amended.

No EIA Required

Figure 4: St Helena's Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure (Procedural Manual for Environmental Impact Assessment on St Helena, 2010)

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4.2 Process Followed for the Environmental Impact Assessment Process Since the development is likely to have a wide range of significant effects by virtue of its scale, location, physical and operational characteristics, an Environmental Impact Assessment Report must be submitted for the proposed development and is the development categorised as a Type A development. The Chief Planning Officer, Mr Ismail Mohammed, for SHG has confirmed that an EIA process is required for the proposed project.

4.2.1 Screening and Scoping Checklist In accordance with Section 30(4) of the Land Planning and Development Control Ordinance, a Procedural Manual for Environmental Impact Assessment on St Helena was published in December 2010, and serves as a guideline on the implementation of the requirements for Environmental Impact Assessment. The Procedural Manual for Environmental Impact Assessment on St Helena outlines a Screening and Scoping checklist to identify environmental issues that may arise as a result of the proposed development.

The Screening and Scoping, as outlined in the Procedural Manual for Environmental Impact Assessment on St Helena, was used to aid in the identification of environmental issues and to assess which environmental issues are of potential concern and which are not.

All phases of the development (pre-construction, construction, operation, post-construction and rehabilitation, and where relevant, decommissioning) were considered during the use of the Screening and Scoping checklist.

The table below outlines the Screening and Scoping checklist.

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Table 6: Screening and Scoping Checklist, in terms of the Procedural Manual for Environmental Impact Assessment

Topic Area Yes / No / Uncertain Effect Likely to be Significant or Not Significant? General Is the proposed development site within or close to a ‘sensitive area’ (i.e. Conservation Area, No Not Significant. Greenheartland, Coastal Zone, designated or proposed National Protected Area (NPA)) Will the proposed development Intensify existing uses? No Not Significant. Is the proposed development large scale? Yes If mitigation measures as outlined in the EMP be implemented, the effect is likely to be Not Significant. Biodiversity Would it affect the wirebird or its habitat? Yes If mitigation measures as outlined in the EMP be implemented, the effect is likely to be Not Significant. Would it affect endemic and native flora and fauna? Yes If mitigation measures as outlined in the EMP be implemented, the effect is likely to be Not Significant. Would it interfere with other wildlife conservation objectives? No Not Significant. Landscape and Visual Amenity Will the development be visually prominent for example would the development sit on the No Not Significant. skyline? Would it affect a landscape of high quality? No Not Significant. Would it affect the views on, to, or the visual amenity of a landscape nearby, particularly a No Not Significant. Conservation Area, NPA, and /or Greenheartland or Coastal Zone? Would it create or cause scaring or erosion of hillsides? No Not Significant. Cultural Heritage and Archaeology Would it cause loss, disturbance to or damage to archaeology or heritage features? No Not Significant.

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Topic Area Yes / No / Uncertain Effect Likely to be Significant or Not Significant? Would it affect the setting of a feature of heritage importance? Yes If mitigation measures as outlined in the EMP be implemented, the effect is likely to be Not Significant. Would any demolition of features, structures, buildings or remains be required? No Not Significant. Water Environment Could it result in flooding or affect drainage? No Not Significant. Would it lead to a significant increase in demand for water resources either temporarily during Yes If mitigation measures as outlined in construction or permanently during operation/occupation? the EMP be implemented, the effect is likely to be Not Significant. Could it lead to a deterioration in surface water flows, or groundwater availability, or quality of No Not Significant. water? Would there be any direct or indirect discharges to watercourses or groundwater either No Not Significant. temporarily during construction or permanently during operation/occupation? Air Quality and Green House Gas Emissions Would it result in emissions that would affect local air quality? No Not Significant. Would it generate greenhouse gas emissions? Yes If mitigation measures as outlined in the EMP be implemented, the effect is likely to be Not Significant. Would it generate dust? Yes If mitigation measures as outlined in the EMP be implemented, the effect is likely to be Not Significant. Would it create odour? No Not Significant. Noise and Vibration Would it affect nearby residents or other sensitive receptors including schools, hospital, known Yes If mitigation measures as outlined in wildlife sites such as Wirebird habitat etc? the EMP be implemented, the effect

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Topic Area Yes / No / Uncertain Effect Likely to be Significant or Not Significant? is likely to be Not Significant. Would the development make use of potentially noisy activities during construction? Yes If mitigation measures as outlined in the EMP be implemented, the effect is likely to be Not Significant. Would the development lead to potentially noisy activities during operation/occupation including No Not Significant. any equipment or plant which might be installed? Would operating/opening hours be outside normal working hours? Yes If mitigation measures as outlined in the EMP be implemented, the effect is likely to be Not Significant. Would the development increase traffic significantly? Yes If mitigation measures as outlined in the EMP be implemented, the effect is likely to be Not Significant. Traffic and Access Would the development lead to an increase in vehicle numbers, vehicle speeds or types of Yes If mitigation measures as outlined in vehicles (e.g. heavier delivery vehicles) visiting the area during construction or the EMP be implemented, the effect operation/occupation? is likely to be Not Significant. Would it obstruct or divert footpaths temporarily or permanently? No Not Significant. Would the development require a new access? If so include the details of the route? No Not Significant. Land Use and Other Assets Would it result in the loss of agricultural land or interfere with agricultural practices e.g. require No Not Significant. temporary or permanent interruption of access to land? Would it result in erosion? No Not Significant. Would it displace residents? No Not Significant. Would it lead to a permanent or temporary increase in population e.g. during construction? Yes If mitigation measures as outlined in the EMP be implemented, the effect

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Topic Area Yes / No / Uncertain Effect Likely to be Significant or Not Significant? is likely to be Not Significant. Would it displace or interfere with local businesses? No Not Significant. Would the development interfere with recreational or tourism uses—land-based and marine No Not Significant. based activities? Would the development generate waste? Yes If mitigation measures as outlined in the EMP be implemented, the effect is likely to be Not Significant. Would the development generate special wastes? Yes If mitigation measures as outlined in the EMP be implemented, the effect is likely to be Not Significant. Would the development disturb potentially contaminated land? No Not Significant. Could the development exacerbate rockfall potential or undermine rock stability? No Not Significant. Marine and Coastal Environment Would the development affect the marine environment? No Not Significant. Would the development be visible from the coastal waters? Uncertain If mitigation measures as outlined in the EMP be implemented, the effect is likely to be Not Significant. Would the development interfere with navigation? No Not Significant. Would the development indirectly or directly interfere with marine wildlife? No Not Significant. Would the development lead to a change in coastal processes e.g. tidal flows, sediment No Not Significant. movements and/or wave patterns? Would the development affect marine archaeology or geology e.g. the sites of wrecks or other No Not Significant. underwater features?

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4.2.2 Public Participation The following potentially Interested and Affected Parties were identified as part of the proposed development’s Environmental Impact Assessment process:

 St Helena Government, Chief Planning Officer – Mr I. Mohammed  St Helena Government, Chief Environmental Officer – Ms I. Peters  St Helena Government, Agriculture and Natural Resource Directorate – Mr D. Duncan  Saint Helena National Trust – Ms T. Suttcliffe  Saint Helena Nature Conservation Group – Mr L. Malan  Museum of Saint Helena – Mr A. Sizeland  Research Institute – Ms R. Cairns-Wick  Adjacent Landwoners  Local Community of St Helena Island

4.2.2.1 Public Review of Scoping Report For the initial Public Participation Process (notification of potentially Interested and Affected Parties), online consultation ran for two months at https://tradewindsplc.com/ocean-village/. The online link was also provided in The St Helena Independent newspaper of 2019-12-06. Radio (Saint FM) advertisements were also placed to encourage participation from a wider audience than simply the adjacent landowners. Thereafter, public participation meetings were conducted on various dates during January 2020 (newspaper advertisements were placed on 2020-01-10 to inform of meeting dates), whereby background information on the proposed development was given to all Interested and Affected Parties and comments and concerns addressed.

Proof of the above mentioned initial Public Participation Process is attached under Appendix C

4.2.2.2 Summary of Issues Raised by Interested and Affected Parties (I&AP) Comments received from Interested and Affected Parties from the Public Participation Process, and how comments were addressed and incorporated into the Environmental Impact Assessment Process, are attached under Appendix C.

4.3 Scoping Report An Environmental Scoping Report was concluded by consultant, Ms. A van Neel in February 2020. The Scoping Report aimed at analysing the development from an ecological, landscape and visual, social, air quality and greenhouse emissions, resources and transport, and access perspectives. Anticipated risks, consequences and impacts associated with the proposed development were also identified.

The Scoping Report, after assessment, identified several discussion points that may arise as part of the development proposal, and included (as per the wording of the Scoping Report):  Density and size of the proposed development;  Negative impacts on the character of the area;  Additional traffic and particularly the potential impact of increased traffic and visitors along the main road which is not suitable for high loads or traffic and not well maintained;  Concern about water supply and the impact it may have on other users in the area including agriculture sector;  Benefit of creating additional employment opportunities through the revival and additions of the tourist activities;  The proposal of alien invasive vegetation clearance as part of the Applicant’s programme of restoring the natural features on the property, compared to the lack of management by the previous owner over many years,

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this will be considered a significant improvement on the current status quo as alien clearing is an expensive exercise and the clearing will create employment opportunities.

The above mentioned Environmental Scoping Report is attached under Appendix D.

4.4 Environmental Impact Assessment Report An Environmental Impact Assessment Report was compiled during March 2020, by Labesh (Pty) Ltd, and included the information required as it is set out in the Land Planning and Development Control Ordinance, 2013.

The Environmental Impact Assessment Report includes, but is not limited to:  A description of the development, inclusive of physical characteristics, land use requirements, characteristics of the production processes, expected residues and emissions.  An outline of main alternatives considered for the proposed development, whilst considering any environmental effects.  A description of any aspects of the environment that is likely to be affected by the proposed development, and includes: fauna, flora, water, soil, air, climatic factors, heritage and population (St Helena community).  Description and methods used to assess effects on the environment.  A description of mitigation measures envisaged to help prevent, minimise and where possible, offset any significant adverse impacts.

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5 POLICY CONTEXT The Environment, Natural Resources and Planning Directorate’s (ENRP’s) are responsible for the management of natural resources, environmental management and protection and land planning, and building control. The ENRP’s overall vision is to ensure that:

“St Helena’s natural environment is managed in a sustainable manner and is providing for the needs of the Island. Our food production is increasing and the development of our natural and built environment remains central to a vibrant economy.”

The Directorate comprises of the three divisions: Agriculture and Natural Resources, Environmental Management and Planning and Building Control.

5.1 St Helena Island Legislation

5.1.1 Constitution of St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cuncha, 2009 In force 1 September 2009 (G.N. 84/2009), with no amendments to 1 November 2017.

5.1.2 Agriculture and Livestock Improvement Ordinance, 1940 Ordinance 5 of 1940, Amended by Ordinances 4 of 1956, 11 of 1961, 3 of 1974, 13 of 2012, L.N. 4/1967.

This Ordinance makes provision for “the preservation and protection of the soil and for the control and improvement of crop production and livestock and the marketing of them”.

5.1.3 Animal Trespass Ordinance, 1982 Ordinance 13 of 1982, Amended by Ordinances 6 of 1993, 8 of 1994, 9 of 1995, and L.N. 13/1992.

This Ordinance makes provision for the “prevention of trespass by animals”.

5.1.4 Animal Diseases Ordinance, 1944 Ordinance 3 of 1944, Amended by L.N. 4/1967, Ordinances, 2 of 1972, 2 of 2001, 7 of 2003, 15 of 2011, 6 of 2016.

This Ordinance makes provision for the “control of contagious diseases in animals”.

5.1.5 Bees Ordinance, 1995 Ordinance 1 of 1995, Amended by Ordinance 16 of 2011.

This Ordinance makes provision for the “control of pests and diseases affecting bees”.

5.1.6 Birds Protection Ordinance, 1996 Ordinance 8 of 1996, Amended by Ordinance 1 of 2016.

This Ordinance makes provision for the “protection of birds”.

5.1.7 Building Control Ordinance, 2013 Ordinance 10 of 2013, Amended by L.N. 21/2013.

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This Ordinance makes provision for “building regulations; and for the appointment of building inspectors; and for connected incidental matters”.

5.1.8 Electricity Ordinance, 1961 Ordinance 8 of 1961, Amended by Ordinances 7 of 1995, 1 of 1996, 3 of 2013, 14 of 2017 and L.N. 11/2010.

This Ordinance “regulates the generation, distribution, supply and use of electricity”.

5.1.9 Environmental Protection Ordinance, 2016 Ordinance 1 of 2016, Amended by Ordinance 14 of 2016; L.N. 5/2016.

This Ordinance makes provision for the “protection of the environment, including the conservation of biodiversity, the regulation of trade in endangered species and the control of pollution, hazardous substances, litter and waste; and for connected and incidental matters”.

5.1.10 Health and Safety Ordinance, 1977 Ordinance 7 of 1977, Amended 1 November 2017.

This Ordinance makes provision for the “securing of health, safety and welfare of persons at work, for protecting others against risks to health or safety howsoever arising; for controlling the keeping and use and preventing the unlawful acquisition, possession and use of dangerous substances; and for connected purposes”.

5.1.11 Land Planning and Development Control Ordinance, 2013 Ordinance 9 of 2013, Amended by Ordinance 6 of 2016, 14 of 2017.

This Ordinance makes provision for “the planning and regulation of the development and use of land, and for connected or incidental matters”.

5.1.12 Plants Protection Ordinance, 1938 Ordinance 8 of 1938, Amended by Ordinances 2 of 2001, 7 of 2003, 19 of 2011.

This Ordinance makes provision for “the protection of plants in St Helena”.

5.1.13 Protection of Animals Ordinance, 1969 Ordinance 6 of 1969, Amended by Ordinances 9 of 1972, 13 of 1972, 1 of 2001.

This Ordinance makes provision for the “protection of domestic and captive animals against cruelty”.

5.1.14 Water Ordinance, 1978 Ordinance 15 of 1978, Amended by Ordinances 17 of 1987, 2 of 1989, 15 of 2007, 3 of 2013 (in force 1 April 2013). Amended by L.N. 26/2009, L.N. 11/2010.

This Ordinance “regulate water supplies and wastewater disposal”.

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6 LAND USE & ACCESS

6.1 Land Use 6.1.1 Current Land Use The property selected for the proposed development is the Horse Pasture, which is approximately 1km north of Head O’ Wain and to the west of the Lemon Tree Valley. The Horse Pasture is privately owned land, and currently considered to be undeveloped.

Some existing infrastructure present on the land include:  A large, unutilized community picnic and camping amenity area, approximately 4 acres (1.6 hectares), with pit latrines. However, the picnic and camping amenity areas are both poorly maintained.  A scientific structure, namely one seismic observatory and a geomagnetic measurement station, located adjacent to the proposed development area.  2 Household ruins.  Stone boundary wall.

The remaining areas on the site are classified as undeveloped and natural areas.

6.1.2 Proposed Land Use The proposed development will consist of the following land uses and the allocation towards the different land uses is given in Table 7: Land use differentiation and density units for the proposed Trade Winds Ocean Village  Residential Units;  Managers House;  Service and Maintenance Building;  Laundry;  Club House and Swimming Pool;  Private Roads; and  Public country park and picnic and camping area with hiking trails, ablution facilities, playground, dish wash and carpark.

Table 7: Land use differentiation and density units for the proposed Trade Winds Ocean Village Proposed uses Quantity Size (m2) Height Building Coverage (%) Residential Units 150 33 000 1 Storey Managers House 1 58 1 Storey Service and 1 131 1 Storey Maintenance Building 8% Laundry 1 128 1 Storey Club House and 1 369 1 Storey Swimming Pool Private Roads N/A N/A N/A N/A Public country park and picnic camping area with hiking trails, 32 375 N/A N/A N/A ablution facilities, (8 Acres) playground, dish wash and carpark

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Table 8: Unit type differentiation and density units for the proposed Trade Winds Ocean Village Proposed uses Number of Units Size (m2) Height Coverage Residential A1 198.67 1 Storey Residential A2 254.10 1 Storey 150 units 33 000m2 Residential B 285.00 1 Storey (Unit types (150 homes at Residential C 213.63 1 Storey subject to sales) average of 220m2) Residential D 188.53 1 Storey Residential E 177.00 1 Storey

6.1.3 Surrounding Land Uses Near and adjacent to the project property are the following land uses:  North: Vacant, Natural Surrounds  East: Lemon Tree Valley.  South: Head O’Wain, Thompsons Hill  West: Vacant, Natural Surrounds

6.2 Access 6.2.1 Current Access The primary access road to the proposed project site will be from Head O’Wain where an existing public road extends to the south and main entrance of the property. The site, in current form, consist of various existing public roads which extends to the south and main entrance of the property.

6.2.2 Proposed Access A fairly simple, managed, ‘Green’ approach will be applied to the proposed development taking into consideration the nature and topography of the project site. Vehicular access will be limited to the entrance of the proposed development, thus the inclusion of a parking area adjacent to the proposed main entrance. Transport onsite will be limited to electric operated buggies available for use by residents. Similar types of buggies will be used for operational activities such as housekeeping, laundry etc. Primary access roads will be retained as part of the proposed development for construction purposes. Periodic bulk maintenance operations such as a network of limited vehicular roads, interlinking with cart paths will be adopted. All existing ground accessing roads will be used as the ‘backbone’ of the proposed new road network.

It is anticipated that primary vehicle roads will be composed of gravel / stone surface with cart paths (taking into consideration topography and nature of project site) being composed of a combination of suspended timber, concrete strips and compacted gravel surfaces. Existing roads will be upgraded as per inputs and drawings provided by Mr Deon Robbertse from the Department of Roads (Road Improvement Suggestion Drawings are attached under Appendix E).

6.2.3 Traffic Existing roads will be upgraded as per inputs and drawings provided by Mr Deon Robbertse from the Department of Roads (Road Improvement Suggestion Drawings are attached under Appendix E).

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7 LANDSCAPE & VISUAL AMENITY

7.1 Landscape 7.1.1 Topography St Helena Island is known for its rugged, volcanic terrain. The highest point on the island is Diana’s Peak with an altitude of 818 masl (2 684ft). The island consists of scattered plateaus and plains and is the Prosperous Bay Plain the largest area of levelled ground (Wikipedia.org).

Site

Figure 5: St Helena Topographic Map (topographic-map.com, n.d.)

7.1.2 Vegetation According to the Environmental Scoping Report (2020), and the Mapping Saint Helena’s Biodiversity and Natural Environment Map, the area is classified “Introduced Natural and Planted Stands” with a low to medium soil quality type. Trees visible on the proposed project site (on the south western boundary) includes: Pittosporum viridiflorum, Acacia longifolia and Schinus terebinthifolius. It is also indicated that the site area contains a thicket of almost impenetrable Optunia elatior, Optunia ficus-indica and Lantana camara. There are evidence of historic attempts of softening the landscape with visible patches of Pennisetum clandestinum (Kikuyu Grass) and Agapanthus praecox (African lily) found around the communal picnic area.

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Site

Figure 6:St Helena Island habitat Map (Abstracted from: Mapping St Helena’s Biodiversity and Natural Environment July 2018, Version 1.02)

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7.2 Visual 7.2.1 Building Design The layout plan makes provision for 150 residential units inclusive of 4, 3 or bedroom units. The residential units will be composed of well-established and proven pre-fabricated timber building systems a.k.a log homes. The pre-fabricated timber building systems will be imported from South Africa in a “kit form” and assembled onsite (See: Figure 7: Log home unit).

Figure 7: Log home unit (Abstracted from: Environmental Scoping Report, 2020) Materials used for the construction of log homes are both environmentally and ecologically friendly. Not only is less energy used during wood harvesting, but is greenhouse gas emissions also limited as a result of minimal concrete use. Log cabins will also be built by keeping in mind the surrounding environment (views, local environment and associated habitat).

7.2.2 Surface Drainage The sloping ground conditions across the site contributes significantly to the drainage of surface water. Surface water will drain freely from the site via the use of low earth beams and stone pitching (medium sized rock set into mortar) mechanisms. Considering that the proposed construction methodology is of a low impact and does not require complete site clearance or any form of bulk excavations, it is anticipated that existing vegetation on open areas will remain intact and effectively rehabilitated.

7.2.3 Storm Water Routing The safe routing of storm water is vital and as such will receive special attention. According to the Environmental Scoping Report (2020), the sloping topography of the site surface storm water will need to be considered and effectively managed. This will be done through the use of existing gradients and slopes and by adding low earth berms and “stone pitching” mechanisms.

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8 ECOLOGY 8.1 Fauna 8.1.1 Mammals There are no native mammals on St Helena Island and the several mammals which were introduced over the centuries, have gone feral. Some of the mammals found to be roaming the Island include cats, dogs, rabbits, rats, mice, donkeys and goats (http://www.sthelenatourism.com/nature/).

 Donkeys Donkeys on St Helena Island forms part of the Island’s history. In the time of the flax industry more than 1600 donkeys were roaming the island, but in the year 2016 only 50 donkeys resided on the island. As a result, the St Helena Donkey Sanctuary was established on the island to aid in the conservation of the donkey population by providing safe habitat, shelter and care (St Helena and Jamestown Tourism, 2016).

A site walk over conducted by Ms A. van Neel (Environmental Consultant) and Mr N. George (Construction Manager) on the 9th of December 2019, indicated that a population of donkeys were present on the proposed project site. It was indicated that a consultation with a Donkey Society will be conducted for the effective management/removal of the donkeys onsite.

As per the Biological Survey Report by L. Malan, January 2021 (Attached under Appendix D) According to a site survey done by Mr Lourens Malan in December 2020, a total number of six donkeys were observed on the proposed project site on separate days. However, the proposed project site takes up a minor area of the feral donkey range which spreads from Head O’Wain down the cliffs and across from Lemon Valley on to Thompson’s Valley side of High Hill.

Donkey Welfare and Management The donkeys on St Helena Island are an important part of the history of the island. As such, steps will be taken to ensure that no activity adversely impacts on their way of life. Consultations have been had with the SPCA, Vet and ANDR Director.

All persons working on the property during construction, as part of their pre-employment orientation, will be given a short discussion about the importance of the welfare of the donkeys that may be roaming on the property.

New homeowners will be subject to Home Owner Association rules, that will incorporate the protection of the donkeys should any wander onto the developed property.

The employee orientation and Home Owner Rules, will include at least the following:

1. Not to approach, chase, enclose, capture, attempt to ride, or feed the donkeys. 2. Not to leave anything lying around that might be picked up by, or may injure any of the donkeys. 3. Not to do anything that may interfere with any water supply of the donkeys. 4. Should they see any donkey in distress for any reason, to immediately call the SPCA or the Vet.

During construction works, any construction pits or excavations will be fenced off. When the dry stone wall is refurbished at the completion of the works, the donkeys will no longer have direct access to the property, as set out in the report by Lourens Malan. The reinstatement of the dry stone wall will not rob the donkeys of a significant part of their range and as such the impact will be negligible.

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*A clear procedure for the management of donkeys are outlined in the Environmental Management Programme attached to this Report (and includes mitigation measures as outlined in the Biological Survey Report by L. Malan, January 2021).

 Other Mammals According to the Biological Survey Report (2021), both rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and mice (Mus musculus) were observed during the site survey done by Mr Lourens Malan in December 2020. Cat scat was found on the proposed project site although no cats were observed during the survey. It is however noted that feral cats (Felis catus) are common in the area. No other mammals were observed during the survey. Mr Lourens Malan outlines the fact that rats (Rattus spp.) can be expected to occur on the proposed project site. Mitigation measures for the effective management of mammals occurring (or might occur) on the proposed project site, are outlined in the Environmental Management Programme attached to this Report.

8.1.2 Birds St Helena Island used to have a variety of endemic birds and of all the endemic birds, all but one is extinct. The Wirebird (Charadrius sanctaehelenae) which is the only remaining endemic bird is well known on St Helena Island and is also named the National Bird of the island (https://sthelenaisland.info/fauna/).

According to the Biological Survey Report (2021), the following birds were observed during the site survey done by Mr Lourens Malan in December 2020:

Table 9: Birds Observed during Site Survey in December 2020 Scientific Name Common Name Status Protected Under EPO 2016, as amended 2017. Chukar patridge NN – Non-native permanent No Alectoris chukar resident Peaceful dove NN – Non-native permanent No Geopelia striata resident Indian myna NN – Non-native permanent No Acridotheres tristis resident Madagascar fody NN – Non-native permanent No Faudia madagascariensis resident Common waxbill NN – Non-native permanent No Estrilda astrild resident Yellow canary NN – Non-native permanent No Serisnus flaventris resident Charadrius Wirebird NE – Native endemic Yes sanctaehelenae Gygis alba Fairy tern N – Native Yes Pheasant NN – Non-native permanent No Phasianus colchicus resident

 Wirebird According to the Environmental Scoping Report (2020), the land is not zoned as a National Conservation Area, but it did support a declining number of the Island’s endangered and endemic Wirebird (Charadrius sanctaehelenae). A census conducted by the Saint Helena National Trust on the number of wirebirds in the area, indicated that from 22 birds visible in the year 2013 only one bird was to be found in the 2019 year.

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Figure 8: Wirebird (Charadrius sancthelenae) (sthelenaisland.info)

As per the Biological Survey Report by L. Malan, January 2021 (attached under Appendix D) According to a site survey done by Mr Lourens Malan in December 2020, only one Wirebird were observed on the proposed project site (after 4 searches totalling up to 16 hours).

Wirebird Management Guidelines were compiled and outlined by Mr Lourens Malan in the Biological Survey Report, 2021 and include that: 1. Feral cats be captured and removed from the proposed project site as feral cats feed on wirebirds (both chicks and adults. 2. A qualified Biologist be appointed to monitor active wirebird nests during the construction phase of the project. This will include the possibility of temporarily shutting down construction activities that disrupt normal, daily patterns of the wirebird. 3. A “No pets allowed” policy be considered for the proposed development (post-construction/operational phase) or alternatively keeping household pets (such as dogs and cats) indoors or contained on the house sites.

*A clear procedure for the management of Wirebirds are outlined in the Environmental Management Programme attached to this Report (and includes mitigation measures as outlined in the Biological Survey Report by L. Malan, January 2021).

 Seabird According to the Biological Survey Report compiled by L. Malan in January 2021, Egg island is approximately 2.5km away from the proposed project site. This island hosts St Helena’s largest storm-petrel, black noddy and brown noddy colonies. This juvenile birds are particularly vulnerable to light attraction and are sometimes grounded as a result of being disorientated by lights. Recommendations to avoid or minimize light attraction of the endangered petrels include: 1. To restrict construction activity to daylight hours as much as practicable during breeding seasons. 2. Shielding outdoor lights to prevent upward radiation. 3. Installation of automatic motion sensor switches on outdoor lights. 4. Turning off outdoor lights not needed for security purposes from dusk to dawn.

*Mitigation measures for the effect management and protection of seabirds are outlined in the Environmental Management Programme attached to this Report (and includes mitigation measures as outlined in the Biological Survey Report by L. Malan, January 2021).

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8.1.3 Invertebrates Some of the endemic invertebrates found on St Helena Island are the Golden Sail Spider (Argyrodes mellissii), Peaks Burrowing Spider, Pseudo Scorpion (Sphallowithius excelsus), Spiky Yellow Woodlouse (Pseudolaureola atlantica), She Cabbage Beetle, Blushing Snail (Succinea sanctaehelenae) and the Myrtle Ashmole Booklouse (sainthelenaisland.info, n.d.).

 Snails The Blushing Snail who is distributed throughout the entire island, is the only native snail surviving. This snail is typically pale amber to golden brown in colour and is between 1 and 1,5cm in size. It was also reported in 2004, that two snails of the rare endemic species Nesopupa tortoni were observed on the island. The arid form of the blushing snail, Succinea sanctaehelenae Bensoniana, occurs mainly in the Horse Point and Prosperous Bay Plain areas (sainthelenaisland.info, n.d.).

 Woodlice The Spiky Yellow woodlouse is one of St Helena’s popular endemics. This woodlouse is typically found on High Peak as well as High Central Ridge (Cuckholds, Actaeon and Diana’s Peaks). These species typically live on fern species such as the Black Scale Fern (Diplazium filamentosum) and the tree fern (Dicksonia arborescens). Additionally, rare endemic tree species such as the St Helena Dogwood, Whitewood (Petrobium arboreum), and the He cabbage (Pladaroxylon leucodendron) have also been found to harbour the Spiky Yellow woodlouse species (Dutton, 2017). Apart from the Spiky Yellow woodlouse, two other wood species also exists on the island. The Shore woodlouse (Littorophiloscia) and the ‘Woodlouse of the high places’ (Alticola) (sainthelenaisland.info, n.d.).

 Spiders The Napoleon Jumping Spider (Paraheliophanus napoleon), and named in honour of Napoleon, was declared as ‘Critically Endangered’ in November 2014. The wolf spiders are also a key group in the Prosperous Bay Plain ecosystem with the prowling wolf spider (Hogna nefasta) as the dominant predator of the Central Basin (sainthelenaisland.info, n.d.).

 Booklouse The Ruperts Lava Tube (a tunnel which forms in lava flows), is home to the endemic Myrtle Ashmole Booklouse (Sphaeropsocopsis myrtleae) who lives in complete darkness, and is the first known species to have no eyes (sainthelenaisland.info, n.d.).

As per the Biological Survey Report by L. Malan, January 2021 (attached under Appendix D) According to a site survey done by Mr Lourens Malan in December 2020, only one native invertebrate were observed and included the endemic blushing snail (Succinea sanctaehelenae). Non-native invertebrate species observed during the site survey included the honeybee (Apis mellifera), grass webworm (Herpetogramma licarsisalis), long tailed blue (Lampides boeticus) and various ant species.

*Mitigation measures for the effect management of invertebrate found on the proposed project site are outlined in the Environmental Management Programme attached to this Report (and includes mitigation measures as outlined in the Biological Survey Report by L. Malan, January 2021).

The protected animal and plants list, as outlined in Part 6 (Section 19) of the Environmental Protection Ordinance of 2016, is attached to this report under Appendix E.

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8.2 Flora St Helena Island is known for its high level of endemicity which defines the island’s natural environment. The St Helena Island’s endemic flora is composed out of approximately 51 flowering plants and ferns, 25 bryophytes (mosses, liverworts and hornworts) and 9 lichen flora species. Most of the endemic flora species are endangered with some having reached critical population levels (Peters, 2011).

8.2.1 Trees In the Millennium Forest, the Commidendrum robustum (common Gumwood) remains reasonably established although it is still classified as an ‘endangered’ species. One of the island’s moist forest tree species is the Trochetiopsis erythroxylon (Redwood). This tree has a tall and straight trunk with fine timber and is also related to the St Helena Ebony. The False Gumwood (Commidendrum spurium), found below Mount Vesey, is one of the rarest endemic trees on St Helena Island with approximately nine trees left on the island (according to http://sainthelenaisland.info/endemics.htm). Three types of cabbage trees are found on St Helena Island and includes the She Cabbage (Lachanodes arborea), He Cabbage (Pladaroxylon leucadendron), and the Black Cabbage (Melanodendron integrifolium). The She Cabbage is mainly found in Grapevine Gut and in the gardens around Napoleon’s Tomb. On the flank of High Peak is a tiny area of land known as the Dell. The Dell is one of the island’s most important terrestrial habitats and also home to the black cabbage tree (sainthelenaisland.info, n.d.).

8.2.2 Flowers and Shrubs The St Helena Ebony (Trochetiopsis ebenus), which grows on an isolated cliff, is St Helena’s national flower. At first it was thought to be extinct until it was rediscovered in 1980. The Large Bellflower (Wahlenbergia linifolia) and Dwarf Jellico is known to grow on the highest points of the peaks, often in isolated rocky outcrops. The Bone Seed Plant (Osteospermum sancataehelenae) is scattered around areas mostly along the south coast from Man and Horse to Gill Point and is the only endemic that produces coloured flowers. The Frankenia portulacifolia, also known as the St Helena Tea Plant, is a small evergreen shrub with petite white flowers, tiny leaves and delicate branches. The Tea Plant is listed as ‘vulnerable’ on the International Red List of threatened species and mostly known to exist on Prosperous Bay Plain and near the Fisher’s Valley (sainthelenaisland.info, n.d.).

Figure 9: St Helena Ebony (Trochetiopsis ebenus) (sthelenaisland.info)

8.2.3 Ferns The tree fern (Dicksonia arborescens), is one of the most distinctive endemic fern species on St Helena Island (Russell, 2005). These fern species forms a thicket covering of St Helena’s highest peaks reaching up to 823 metres above sea

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level. It is also the key species in vegetation types found on the highest altitudes on the island. The basalt hill located on the north-eastern side of St Helena, is known to contain 60% of the island’s endemic Barn Fern (Ceterach haightonii or also known as Asplenium haughtonii). These ferns are found at elevations between 250-600m, and mainly in drylands of the island although widely distributed throughout the island. This fern is also listed as ‘critically endangered’ by the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) (wikepedia.org, 2020). According to Pryce (2014), a single plant of the rare, native Crevice Fern (Cheilanthes multifida) was found in a crevice on a south-west facing border in 2014. Pryce (2014) also states, that according to Lambdon (2012), “the Crevice Fern is under recorded across its range and this individual find reinforces the suggestion that plants may still be present in other sites”.

8.2.4 Lichen Lichens are mostly found in semi-dessert areas on the island and tend to grow on substrates mostly devoid of other organisms. The vast majority of the lichen species disperse through tiny spores that gradually reach new habitat and through which they then establish spontaneously. Endemic lichen are the dominant, native organisms on the St Helena Island and there are no invasive lichens. Some of the endemic lichens found on St Helena Island includes the Dolichocarpus seawardii, Dermatiscum pusillum, Dimelaena triseptata, Xanthoparmelia beccae, Ramalina geniculatella, Ramalina ketner-oostrae, Ramalina rigidella and Ramalina sanctae-helenae (Aptroot, 2007).

Figure 10: Xanthoparmelia beccae (iNaturalist.ca)

As per the Biological Survey Report by L. Malan, January 2021 (attached under Appendix D) According to a site survey done by Mr Lourens Malan in December 2020, 61 vascular plant species were recorded on the proposed project site, and of which four are considered to be native to St Helena Island. The four native species included bayonet grass (Tribolium obliterum), purslane (Portulaca oleracea), spotted tongue fern (Pleopeltis macrocarpa) and neglected sedge (Bulbostylis neglecta). The spotted tongue fern and neglected sedge are listed in Schedule 2 of the Environmental Protection Ordinance as protected species. Vegetation found on the proposed project site consisted of four vegetation types: landscapes, ruderal, scrubland and dry woodland.

Landscaped vegetation consists of a lawn area, trees and African lily (Agapanthus praecox). The lawn area has been grazed by both rabbits and donkeys. Landscaped vegetation was found within the 4Ha amenity area and years of camping activity has led to this area being heavily compacted. Invasive plant species were identified within this area and included English aloe (Furcraea foetida), red tungi (Opuntia elatior), black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) and willow (Acacia longifolia).

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Ruderal vegetation was found on the eastern edge of the amenity area. Most of the plant species found in this area are non-native plants which adapted to colonizing disturbed areas. Shrub and tree species that were identified in this area included wild mango (Schinus terebinthifolia), furze (Ulex europaeus) and spoor (Pittosporum viridiflorum). Kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinum) have also grown rampantly into trees and over shrub vegetation.

Scrubland vegetation were identified to cover majority of the proposed project site below approximately 550masl. Most of the plant species that were identified in this area are non-native plants which adapted to colonizing disturbed areas. The most common plant species identified were spoor, wild mango, black wattle, willow black olive (Olea europaea subsp. africana), red tungi, white tungi (Opuntia ficus-india), English aloe, hedge aloe (Agave angustifolia), wild current (Lantana camara), yellow boy (Tecoma stans) and pepper bush (Clutea pulchella). Weed species that were identified included blue weed (Ageratum conyzoides), everlastings (Xerochrysum bracteatum), nargie weed (Leonotis nepetifolia), wire grass (Cynodon dactylon), African fountain grass (Cenchrus setaceus), two-pronged veld grass (Ehrharta longiflora), summer grass (Ehrharta erecta) and cape grass (Sporobolus africanus). Kikuyu grass have also been found to grow into and over other plant species alongside the edge of the amenity area. Between rocky outcrops, a mostly intact soil crust of liverwort, moss and lichens were identified. Bryophyte species identified included liverworts Plagiochasma rupestre, Exormotheca pustulosa and Cololejeunea minutissima. Small acrocarpous mosses included Trichosomum brachydontium, Tortula atrovires and Weissia species. None of the bryophyte species identified on the proposed project site are protected under Schedule 2 of the EPO. Low growing, short-lived annuals found in this vegetation type included the rare and protected endemic neglected sedge (Bulbostylis neglecta), the native bayonet grass (Tribolium obliterum), the native purslane (Portulaca oleracea), probably native fish bone grass (Eragrostis cilianensis) and possibly native rock spike-rush and fine rush (Isolepisa marginata and I. antartica).

The Dry Woodland vegetation were found to cover the highest section of the proposed project site in the north-eastern side above approximately 550masl. Some forest species identified include silky oak (Grevillea robusta), maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), Mexican and Monterey cypress (Cupressus lusitanica and C. macrocarpa). Shrub and tree species identified include cedar (Juniperus bermudiana), black wattle, silky oak, spoor, wild mango, willow, black olive, English aloe and red tungi. Most of the identified plant species in this vegetation area are non-natives adapted to colonizing disturbed areas. Weed species identified within the Dry Woodland vegetation area include blue weed (Ageratum conyzoides), everlastings (Xerochrysum bracteatum), wire grass (Cynodon dactylon), summer grass (Ehrharta erecta) and cape grass (Sporobolus africanus). Thick mats of Campylopus introflexus (mosses) were identified in the area and the very small cryptic Cololejeunea minutissima was found on stems, branches and twigs of the spoor and black olive tree as well as the drystone wall.

*A detailed list of all flora species that were identified on the proposed project site can be found in the Biological Survey Report by L. Malan, January 2021, attached under Appendix D of this Report.

According to Malan (2021), vegetation identified on the proposed project site is in a disturbed state as a result of current land use activities, land grazing by animals and the introduction and spread of alien invasive species. However, rocky outcrops within the Scrubland vegetation provides favourable conditions for ecologically valuable bryophytes and native annuals. These areas are best left undisturbed. In general, most of the plant species identified are not considered unique, except for the endemic neglected sedge. 82% of the plants species identified on the proposed project site are not native to St Helena Island and is the proposed development not expected to have significant, adverse effects on flora resources. Weeds and non-native plants species were found to be common on the proposed project site, but will effective control measures result in a significant decrease in their overall number and distribution on site.

*A clear procedure for the protection of rare and native flora species as well as the control of alien, invasive species are outlined in the Environmental Management Programme attached to this Report (and includes mitigation measures as outlined in the Biological Survey Report by L. Malan, January 2021).

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The protected animal and plants list, as outlined in Part 6 (Section 19) of the Environmental Protection Ordinance of 2016, is attached to this report under Appendix E.

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9 HERITAGE 9.1 Archaeological and Cultural Heritage St Helena Island is historically known as a place of exile and banishment, a place of detention for both political prisoners and prisoners of war. Besides Napoleon who lived on the island in exile, the island also served as a natural penitentiary to other influential, political prisoners. After Napoleon (in the 1800’s), the next in order was the incarceration of Boer captives from the second Anglo-Boer War between 1900 and 1902 (Samuels, 2018).

Figure 11: Boer Prisoners Campsite (sthelenatourism.com) The first group of Boer prisoners arrived on St Helena Island on 14 April 1900, via the Milwaukee. General Cronje and his wife lived in a house, Kent Cottage, at New Ground, while the first group of prisoners (mainly Transvaalers) set up camp at Deadwood Plain. Later on more prisoners arrived, and another camp was set up at Broadbottom. These prisoners were mainly from the Orange Free State. A total number of 5 865 prisoners were brought onto the island in the 1900’s of which 180 died in captivity, and which graves can be observed at the Boer Cemetery in Knollcombs (St Helena Tourism, n.d.).

A site walk over conducted by Ms A. van Neel (Environmental Consultant) and Mr N. George (Construction Manager) on the 9th of December 2019, indicated that an Old Stone wall boundary and two ruins were present on the proposed project site. According to the Museum of St Helena, a small natural hollow is present on the project site covered by a thick stone, “WATER” engraved slab and surrounded by broken bottles from the 19th century. It is believed that the natural hollow and stone wall, are linked to the Boer prisoners in the 1900’s.

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10 AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE 10.1 Air Quality 10.1.1 Electricity Housing units are planned to be energy efficient primarily utilising a mix of connected mains and solar. The use of energy efficient systems on the proposed project site will include: . LED lighting; . Gas or energy efficient cookers; . Energy efficient appliances; . If A/C of consideration by the buyer then of energy efficient inverter type; . Day/Night sensor type external light fittings; . Solar water heating and external solar path lighting; and . All external lighting to be low light-pollution design.

The entire internal electrical distribution network will be carefully designed to blend in with the development as well as the natural environment. All structures, equipment and switchgear will be low profile, following natural contours. The environmental management plan for the development will form an integral part of the specification and requirements for construction work.

Primary power supply to each dwelling unit shall be via a two 500 KVA supplied and located by Connect and distributed from the two step-down transformers. A Buggie carport will be constructed at each dwelling unit providing facility for solar panel installation, thus creating a charging station at each home. Hot water supplied via a separate 0.9/1kWp PV array / MPPT / Geyser wise controller and PTC AC/DC dual element.

The development will be supplied from a 11kV, 1MW, bulk metering unit agreed to be supplied by “Connect”. After the bulk metering unit, a ring main unit will be installed that will feed 2 off Mini subs via a 35mm x 3 Core PILC 11 / 6,35kV underground cable. Mini subs will be 1 off 500kVA, and 1 off 315kVA, both with built in ring main unit and copper wound transformers and LV compartments. This will feed a network of PVC/SWA/PVC/PVC copper 4 core underground cables via glass fibre kiosks, complete with Mains switch / Buss bars / tariff breakers and kWhr meters.

Underground cables from kiosks will form final connection to dwelling units. Low level energy efficient area lighting is anticipated to be installed in public areas, roads and pathways.

Preliminary Electrical design drawing

The above is all subject to final design refinement and ratification by the appointed electrical Engineer, once planning approval has been granted.

10.2 Climate 10.2.1 Rainfall St Helena Island receives most of its rain in March and August. Location on St Helena Island plays an important role as Jamestown for examples receives less than 11cm of rainfall per year, whereas the peaks can receive up to 102cm of rainfall per year (sainthelenaisland.info/weather).

10.2.2 Temperature The temperature on St Helena Island has a highest average of 18oC and a lowest average of 14oC. Temperatures in central areas tend to be on average between 5oC and 6oC lower than the coastal areas (sthelenatourism.com).

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10.2.3 Wind Air quality on St Helena Island is high throughout the island and typical windspeeds range between 15-30km/h. Wind speeds up to 80km/h has been recorded but is highly unusual. The lowest wind speed that has been recorded on St Helena Island was 17km/h. The prevailing wind direction for St Helena Island is south, south-east (sainthelenaisland.info/weather).

Figure 12: Prevailing wind direction for St Helena Island (http://sainthelenaisland.info/weather.htm)

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11 HYDROLOGICAL No wetlands or watercourses are present on the project site, however according to the Museum of St Helena, a small natural hollow is present on the project site. This natural hollow is covered with a thick stone slab with the word ‘WATER’ carved into it. This information is included in the Island’s ‘Historic Environment Record’ and should be located and protected.

11.1 Water Services 11.1.1 Bulk Water Availability The proposed development acknowledges the challenges concerning water supply on St Helena, and is as such proposed to be designed as primarily standalone residential units with water tanks to ensure a minimal effect on the municipal availability. Water supply to the residential units will be from water stored onsite by means of Rainwater Harvesting Systems. Harvested rainwater will be stored in plastic tanks allocated to each residential unit, and will include pressurised bulk water ring main supply throughout the development as a secondary supply to these tanks governed by mechanical float switches. It is proposed that each residential unit be equipped with a seamless, aluminium gutter system that will be installed to the perimeter of the building at fascia level to capture rainwater running from the roof. Water will then be redirected to various downpipes along the length of the gutters, which will be connected to a serious of PVC pipes below the suspended timber floor structure leading into a 5000L plastic water storage tank installed at ground level below the residential unit. Stored water within the tanks will provide water via a pressure pump, and UV filter system implemented according to the Engineers design. The bulk water ring main will be supplied from bulk tanks located at the upper end of the proposed site, adjacent to the parking area. The proposed tanks will consist of “flat pack” aluminium frames and panels with PVC linings set on concrete raft slabs. Tanks will be supplied with rainwater from public buildings and supplemented from municipal supply.

Overflow from rainwater tanks will be diverted away from any building footprints, and distributed over a stone pitch platform which will be approximately 1m x 3m in size, laid flat and running parallel to existing contours to allow for controlled dispersion over the existing ground level. The depth of the stone pitch platforms are estimated to be between 300-450mm deep depending on final position onsite. It is also anticipated that water stored in the tanks may remain standing at certain times, and will solar powered circulation pumps be installed to ensure continuous aeration and UV treatment to avoid degeneration of water quality. Tanks will be connected to the water mains via a float switch system to ensure the availability of water during low rainfall periods.

It should be noted that the applicant is in process of preparation for a development, programming the adjacent site into a Golf estate which will include the development of dams which in return will be able to supply water to the Ocean Village reservoirs once it has been filled and matured fully.

11.2 Water Drainage 11.2.1 Surface Drainage The sloping ground conditions across the site contributes significantly to the drainage of surface water. Surface water will drain freely from the site via the use of low earth beams and stone pitching (medium sized rock set into mortar) mechanisms. Considering that the proposed construction methodology is of a low impact and does not require complete site clearance or any form of bulk excavations, it is anticipated that existing vegetation on open areas will remain intact and effectively rehabilitated thus providing a good foundation for sub-soil flow of surface water.

The proposed earth berms will be shaped, formed and well compacted and planted with local, indigenous grass species or shrubbery to help maintain integrity and prevent soil erosion during surface water drainage and high rainfall patterns. Size and shape of the berms will be adjusted according to slopes and height of contours over which surface water is to be managed. The berms will on average be 1000mm in width and 300mm in height. Height of the berms will be

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considered to ensure effective flow of surface water (especially during high rainfall) over the berms. Rock swaling can also be installed behind berms within flow areas to assist with subsoil drainage.

11.2.2 Storm Water Routing The safe routing of storm water is vital and will as such receive special attention. According to the Environmental Scoping Report (2020), the sloping topography of the site surface storm water will need to be considered and effectively managed. This will be done through the use of existing gradients and slopes, and by adding low earth berms and “stone pitching” mechanisms.

The use of low earth berms and stone pitching will aid to:  Reduce the speed of water flow across the site;  Manage and control the flow direction of surface water;  Disperse surface water evenly across site without concentrating dispersal into a single area; and  Manage the dispersal of water into adjacent storm water catch pits or channels if available.

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12 GEOGRAPHICAL 12.1 Geology and Soil 12.1.1 Geology The St Helena Island is composed mainly of cone-shaped volcanic structure. Lavas on the island is of mantle origin (a layer inside a body bounded below by core and above with crust). Mantle layers contains no quartz but have high concentrations of sodium and potassium with characteristic patterns of radioactive abundance. The island consist of wide spreads of manganese and phosphate deposits, but is limited in the availability of mineral resources (sainthelenaisland.info).

12.1.2 Soil According to the Mapping St Helena’s Biodiversity and Natural Environment (2018), the predominant soil type on the island is clay at an island coverage of 60%. The percentage of soil containing clay is at 83%. The proposed development site is also located in an area with a relativity average soil quality ranging between 75 -150.

Site

Figure 13: St Helena Overall Soil Quality (Abstracted from: Mapping St Helena’s Biodiversity and Natural Environment July 2018, Version 1.02)

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13 WASTE MANAGEMENT 13.1 Sewerage As a result of the topography and nature of the proposed project site, and its sloping conditions, a non-mechanical “Biolytic Digester” systems will be used onsite. Wastewater is treated and processed in a pre-manufactured Bio system, and gravity fed into below ground irrigation systems with the benefit of homeowners developing gardens. It is proposed to ensure more efficient management and least disturbance of the proposed project site, and digester systems installed on a larger scale will support multiple units as opposed to the installation of a single unit per home.

13.2 Refuse and Solid Waste A dedicated refuse area for each residential unit will be constructed as part of the proposed development, as waste management forms an integral part in the operation of the Trade Winds Ocean Village. Refuse areas will be serviced by an operational team for the effective collection and storage at a bulk holding facility, located at the service area of development. The bulk holding facility will be located in close proximity to the main parking area for collection by the municipal service or private service provider.

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14 COMMUNITY 14.1 Social St Helena is known for its strong community and family spirit. The Island has a vibrant civil society and provides essential support and services to a broad-spectrum of vulnerable groups.

According to the 2016 Census, the island had a population of 4 349 people, distributed between 1 845 households. There were therefore 2.4 persons per household in 2016.

The age structure of the island for 2016 was approximately:  <19 years of age: 20%;  20-64 years of age: 57%; and  65+ years of age: 23%.

The number of economically active people in 2016 was at 2539 people with 868 people being economically in-active (St Helena Population and Housing Census, 2016).

14.2 Economic Money enters St Helena Island through the exportation of goods, remittances from St Helenians, visitors visiting the island, and investment from overseas. The UK also provide grants in Aid funding. Money leaves the island when payments are made for imported goods, transferring of money to overseas bank accounts, profit repatriated overseas and St Helenians taking holidays abroad (Sustainable Economic Development Plan, 2018-2028).

St Helena has a population of approximately 4000 people, and of which 63% are economically active. Unemployment is low on the island, but recruitment can be challenging (Sustainable Economic Development Plan, 2018-2028). According to the St Helena Population and Housing Census, 2016, the primary sector of employment is the construction/labour sector. St Helena Government identified the importance to protect and empower vulnerable groups of St Helena, and to create more employment opportunities to local residents, especially young people.

According to the St Helena’s Sustainable Economic Development Plan, 2018-2028, both private and civil society sectors have been (and will be), key drivers in the investment and economic growth in St Helena. It is important that St Helena focus resources on sectors that produce high value products and services, inclusive of sectors that have a significant impact on important requirements.

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15 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS (PROCESS UNDERTAKEN TO IDENTIFY, ASSESS, RANK AND MITIGATE THE IMPACTS THAT THE PROPOSED ACTIVITY AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES AND INFRASTRUCTURE WILL IMPOSE ON THE PREFERRED DEVELOPMENT FOOTPRINT)

15.1 Environmental Impacts (Issues) and Risks Identified The following impacts and risks have been identified for the preferred alternative:

Table 10: Impacts and Risks Identified for the Preferred Alternative Impact Phase Risks Pre-construction  Unauthorised access to the construction site that can pose a risk to the phase public in terms of their safety. Pre-construction  Unsafe working conditions. Phase  Workers being unaware of the dangers of working at the construction site, resulting in a risk to their safety.

Planning and  Inadequate planning or faulty designs of the proposed facilities may Design Phase lead to surface and groundwater pollution.  Pollution of surface and/or groundwater resources due to hydrocarbon spillages or leakages from construction vehicles.  Pollution of surface and/or groundwater resources due to spillages from chemical toilets.  Pollution of surface and/or groundwater resources due to the potential release of pollutants, such as chemicals into water resources.  Pollution of surface and/or groundwater resources due to the incorrect Construction management, storage and disposal of construction waste. Phase  Pollution of surface and/or groundwater resources due to the runoff of contaminated stormwater. Surface and  Pollution of surface and/or groundwater resources from the mixing of Groundwater concrete.  Pollution of surface and/or groundwater resources due to the incorrect management of chemical substances (fuels, oils etc.).  The wastage of water resources due to the irresponsible use of water (Unsustainable utilisation of water).  Pollution of surface and/or groundwater resources due to hydrocarbon spillages or leakages from vehicles.  Pollution of surface and/or groundwater resources due to the incorrect Operational management, storage and disposal of waste. Phase  Pollution of surface and/or groundwater resources due to the runoff of contaminated stormwater.  Pollution of surface and/or groundwater resources due to leakages from the sewerage network (pipelines) onsite.

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Impact Phase Risks  Pollution of surface and/or groundwater resources due to the potential release of wastewater.  The wastage of resources due to the irresponsible use of water and electricity.  Pollution of surface and/or groundwater resources due to hydrocarbon Post-construction spillages or leakages from construction vehicles. and Rehabilitation  The wastage of water resources due to the irresponsible use of water Phase (Unsustainable utilisation of water).

No decommissioning activities are anticipated or planned for the Decommissioning development. Therefore, no impacts have been identified or assessed as Phase part of this Environmental Impact Assessment process.

 Minor loss of habitat to endemic and native species present on the proposed project site such as the Wirebird (Charadrius sanctaehelenae), Fairy tern (Gygis alba) and the blushing snail (Succinea sanctaehelenae).  Habitat fragmentation of endemic and native fauna species.  Disturbance of any fauna species that may be resident onsite Construction (Mammals, Birds and Invertebrates). Phase  Loss/displacement of threatened or protected fauna: Few, if any, of the species still persisting on the terrestrial and rupicolous habitats will survive. These will be displaced in the face of the planned development. Such a loss will be the ultimate stage of a spiral decline of species richness commenced decades ago.  Loss of alien/invasive exotic species.  Disturbance of any fauna species (endemic and native) that may be Fauna resident onsite.  Loss/displacement of threatened or protected fauna: Few, if any, of the species still persisting on the terrestrial and rupicolous habitats will Operational survive. These will be displaced in the face of the planned Phase development. Such a loss will be the ultimate stage of a spiral decline of species richness commenced decades ago.  Habitat fragmentation of endemic and native fauna species.  Provision of artificial habitat for fauna species. Post-construction  Disturbance of any fauna species that may be present onsite. and Rehabilitation Phase No decommissioning activities are anticipated or planned for the Decommissioning development. Therefore, no impacts have been identified or assessed as Phase part of this Environmental Impact Assessment process.

Construction  Destruction of natural vegetation, due to: Flora Phase . Clearing of vegetation for construction of the houses as well as infrastructure;

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Impact Phase Risks . Access roads; . Illegal disposal and dumping of construction material such as cement or oil during construction; and . Edge effects from construction.  Construction activities in the Scrubland Vegetation where bryophyte species such as liverworths (Plagiochasma rupestre, Cololejeunea minutissima and Exormotheca pustulosa) and mosses (Trichosomum brachydontium, Tortula atrovires and Weissia spp.)may occur.  Destruction and/or loss of endemic and native plant species present on the proposed project site such as: bayonet grass (Tribolium obliterum), purslane (Portulaca oleracea), spotted tongue fern (Pleopeltis macrocarpa), fish bone grass (Eragrostis cilianensis), rock spike rush (Isolepisa marginata), fine rush (Isolepisa antartica) and neglegted sedge (Bulbostylis neglecta).  Destruction and deterioration of the vegetation: Clearing of the vegetation and change to water runoff patterns and soil hydrology; and the deterioration of vegetation in moist areas due to edge effects, sedimentation, compaction or increased pollutants.  Possible increase in exotic and invasive vegetation: Alien vegetation spreading from existing infestation into disturbed soils as well as the moist areas.  Loss of the ecological function of the native vegetation: Polluted water reaching the watercourses and moist areas; and the lack of natural vegetation and the subsequent loss of the ecological function of the vegetation.  Deterioration of natural vegetation and eventual loss of vegetation: Edge effects from the development; and fire suppression. Operational  Establishment and spread of alien invasive vegetation (onsite and Phase surrounding areas).  Possible increase in exotic and invasive vegetation: Alien vegetation spreading from existing infestation into disturbed soils as well as the moist areas.  Loss of the ecological function of the native vegetation: Polluted water reaching the watercourses and moist areas; and the lack of natural vegetation and the subsequent loss of the ecological function of the vegetation.  Deterioration of natural vegetation and eventual loss of vegetation: Edge effects from the development; and fire suppression. Post-construction  Establishment and spread of alien invasive vegetation (onsite and and rehabilitation further than the site). phase Decommissioning No decommissioning activities are anticipated or planned for the Phase development. Therefore, no impacts have been identified or assessed as part of this Environmental Impact Assessment process.

Heritage Construction  Disturbance or destruction of cultural and heritage resources (such as

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Impact Phase Risks Resources Phase the Stone Wall and Water Hole present on the project site). Operational  Disturbance or destruction of architectural heritage resources. Phase Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Decommissioning No decommissioning activities are anticipated or planned for the Phase development. Therefore, no impacts have been identified or assessed as part of this Environmental Impact Assessment process.

Construction  Generation of dust by construction vehicles. Phase  Release of emissions from construction vehicles.  Generation of nuisance and noise from construction vehicles and equipment/machinery. Operational  Generation of dust by vehicles onsite. Phase  Release of emissions from vehicles.  Generation of nuisance and noise from vehicles and maintenance Air Quality and activities. Noise Post-construction  Generation of dust by construction vehicles. and Rehabilitation  Release of emissions from construction vehicles. Phase  Generation of nuisance and noise from construction vehicles and equipment/machinery. Decommissioning No decommissioning activities are anticipated or planned for the Phase development. Therefore, no impacts have been identified or assessed as part of this Environmental Impact Assessment process.

Planning and  Inadequate planning or faulty designs may lead to soil pollution and Design Phase may cause soil instability and disturbances. Construction  The construction of structures that cover the soil surface by means of Phase concrete, tar or paving: . Compaction of the soil surface for building foundations, parking areas etc. will alter the soil's physical properties negatively; and . Covering the soil surface with concrete, tar or paving will cause productive functioning of the soil to cease completely.  Possible contamination of soil by spillages of fuel or oil by mechanical Soil equipment with soil physical and chemical properties being adversely affected.  Soil pollution due to hydrocarbon spillages or leakages from construction vehicles with soil physical and chemical properties being adversely affected.  Possible soil erosion at exposed building footprints due to higher runoff.  Soil pollution due to spillages from chemical toilets.  Soil pollution due to the incorrect management, storage and disposal of waste (general and hazardous waste).

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Impact Phase Risks  Soil pollution of surface and/or groundwater resources from the mixing of concrete.  Soil erosion due to the clearance of vegetation and the removal of topsoil and subsoil.  Degradation of topsoil due to incorrect storage practices.  Possible soil erosion at exposed construction sites where the current natural vegetation was removed. Operational  Soil pollution due to hydrocarbon spillages or leakages from vehicles. Phase  Soil pollution due to the incorrect management, storage and disposal of waste (general and hazardous waste).  Soil pollution due to leakages from the sewerage network (pipelines) onsite.  Use and maintenance of residential units, vehicle parking areas, roads etc.  All impacts on soils during the construction phase will remain during the operational phase. The productive functioning of soil at areas covered by concrete, tar or paving will remain ceased. Post-construction  Soil pollution due to hydrocarbon spillages or leakages from vehicles. and Rehabilitation  Soil erosion due to inefficient rehabilitation of construction areas. Phase Decommissioning No decommissioning activities are anticipated or planned for the Phase development. Therefore, no impacts have been identified or assessed as part of this Environmental Impact Assessment process.

Construction  Generation of a number of employment opportunities. Phase  Potential increase in crime due to the influx of workers.  Stimulation of the local economy.  Stimulation of St Helena’s tourism industry. Operational  Generation of a number of employment opportunities. Phase  Stimulation of the local economy. Socio-economic  Stimulation of St Helena’s tourism industry. (St Helena Post-construction Population)  Generation of a number of employment opportunities. and Rehabilitation  Stimulation of the local economy. Phase  Stimulation of St Helena’s tourism industry.

Decommissioning No decommissioning activities are anticipated or planned for the Phase development. Therefore, no impacts have been identified or assessed as part of this Environmental Impact Assessment process.

Construction Phase Operational Traffic  Increase in traffic volumes to the site. Phase Post-construction and Rehabilitation

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Impact Phase Risks Decommissioning No decommissioning activities are anticipated or planned for the Phase development. Therefore, no impacts have been identified or assessed as part of this Environmental Impact Assessment process.

Construction  Construction of residential units, vehicle parking areas, roads etc.: The Phase current land capability will cease completely until the structures are removed. The current land uses will cease completely until the structures are removed (which is not foreseen).  Possible contamination of soil by spillages of fuel or oil by mechanical equipment: The soil’s physical and chemical properties will be adversely affected and will cause some reduction in land capability.  Possible soil erosion at exposed building footprints due to higher runoff: Soil erosion will adversely affect land capability.

Operational  Possible soil erosion at exposed building footprints due to higher runoff: Land Capability Phase Soil erosion will adversely affect land capability. and Land Use  Use and maintenance of residential units, vehicle parking areas etc.: The pre-construction land capability at areas covered by concrete, tar or paving will remain ceased.

Post-construction  Possible contamination of soil by spillages of fuel or oil by mechanical and Rehabilitation equipment: The soil’s physical and chemical properties will be adversely affected and will cause some reduction in land capability.

Cumulative Impacts Cumulative Impacts can be defined as the changes experienced within the environment that are caused by an action in combination with past, present and future human actions (environment.gov.za).

Cumulative Impacts that may occur as a result of the proposed development:

 The release of greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles and trucks such as Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxide (NO); and Sulphur Dioxide (SO2). These gasses will combine with other greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere and contribute towards the global Climate Change effect.  Soil erosion may alter water flow rates, resulting in a cumulative impact on plants as well as downstream from the site.

15.2 Possible Mitigation Measures to Apply Detailed mitigation measures have also been included in the Environmental Management Programme (EMPr) that forms part of this Environmental Impact Assessment Report. The following table contains possible mitigation measures (as identified in the Scoping Phase and upon which the mitigation measures have been elaborated in the EMPr).

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Table 11: Possible Mitigation Measures Impact Possible mitigation measures Planning and Design Phase Inadequate planning and design of the Site selection facility that could result in  The new infrastructure should preferably be constructed on an already environmental impacts that could have disturbed site. been avoided.  The new infrastructure may not be constructed on a wetland or within a drainage line. Residual risk: None anticipated.  The site must have the correct land use zoning to enable the new infrastructure to be constructed and operated.

Geotechnical:  Zoning of the site revealed zones with constraints regarding the expansive potential or heave and compressibility or collapse potential of the soil, as well as areas with restricted excavation. A perched water table will require a proper drainage design to cope with the excess water.  Foundations will require normal foundation techniques with light reinforcement. Site drainage and plumbing and service precautions must be used. Pre-construction Phase  Unauthorised access to the  The construction site must be demarcated (fenced or delineated with construction site that can pose a danger tape). Permanent demarcation is preferable to prevent the public risk to the public in terms of their from gaining access to the site. safety.  A site plan must be drawn up by the construction contractor and kept on  Unsafe working conditions. file. The site plan must show proposed stockpile areas, waste storage areas and ablution facilities. Residual risk: None anticipated.  Signage indicating that the site is a “Construction Site” and indicating the risks associated with the site must be displayed.  Emergency numbers, “No-smoking” signs and “No Open Flame” signs must be displayed at the construction site.  Welding, hot-work and flame-cutting may not be conducted close to fuel storage tanks.  Fire-fighting equipment must be placed at the construction site and must be easily accessible.  The fire-fighting equipment must be maintained on a yearly basis.  A First Aid Kit that is fully equipped must be readily available onsite. Workers being unaware of the dangers  Before any employees or contractors commence work at the site, each of working at the construction site, individual must undergo an Induction Training session that will cover the resulting in a risk to their safety. aspects as detailed in the Environmental Awareness Plan (contained in the EMPr). Attendance registers must be completed and kept on file. Residual risk: None anticipated.  Employees and contract workers must be issued with suitable Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), as applicable to each persons’ job onsite. Surface and Groundwater Construction Phase Pollution of surface and/or groundwater  Spill kits must be onsite to clean up any hydrocarbon spillages. resources due to hydrocarbon spillages  Vehicles should regularly be inspected to ensure that any fuel or oil leaks

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Impact Possible mitigation measures or leakages from construction vehicles. are repaired.

Residual risk: None anticipated. Pollution of surface and/or groundwater  Sufficient ablution facilities must be provided. resources due to spillages from  Chemical toilets must be serviced regularly. chemical toilets.  Any spillages from the chemical toilets must immediately be cleaned and the contaminated soil disposed of as hazardous waste. Residual risk: None anticipated. Pollution of surface and/or groundwater  No wastewater or wash water may be released into the environment from resources due to the potential release construction activities. of pollutants, such as chemicals into  Vehicles should regularly be inspected to ensure that any fuel or oil leaks water resources. are repaired.  Spill kits must be onsite to clean up any hydrocarbon spillages. Residual risk: None anticipated. Pollution of surface and/or groundwater  Waste must be managed according to its hazard classification (i.e. general resources due to the incorrect vs. hazardous waste). General and hazardous waste streams should not management, storage and disposal of be mixed. construction waste.  Waste stored onsite must be kept in appropriate containers with lids that can be closed. Residual risk: None anticipated.  Waste must be taken to appropriately licensed facilities for reuse, recycling, recovery or disposal. Safe Disposal Certificates must be obtained and kept on record.  Any soil that has been contaminated by oil, diesel or petrol must be regarded as hazardous and disposed of at an appropriately licensed facility. Safe Disposal Certificates must be obtained and kept on record.  No waste may be stored on open soil.  Sufficient ablution facilities must be provided.  Chemical toilets must be serviced regularly and must be provided with toilet paper at all times.  Any spillages from the chemical toilets must immediately be cleaned and the contaminated soil disposed of as hazardous waste.  Construction waste must be stored in a designated area.  Building rubble must be stored separately from domestic waste and may be stored on bare soil as it is inert in nature. It must, however, be ensured that other waste (general and/or hazardous waste) is not mixed together with the building rubble.  Refuse bins must be provided for domestic waste.  Large volumes of waste may not accumulate onsite.  No waste may be burnt or buried onsite. Building rubble must be kept clean of plastic and brick ties. Pollution of surface and/or groundwater  Storm water must be diverted around areas where there are pollution resources due to the runoff of sources. contaminated storm water.  No contaminated storm water may be released into the environment from construction activities. Residual risk: None anticipated.  Storm water drainage infrastructure must be regularly inspected for obstructions.

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Impact Possible mitigation measures  Washing or cleaning of equipment and machinery must occur in a designated area and the contaminated wash water must be contained. Such an area could be a plastic drum, a leak-proof container or a plastic lined pit. Pollution of surface and/or groundwater  Concrete should ideally be mixed on an impermeable surface such as a resources from the mixing of concrete. concrete slab.  Bricklayers and plasters are to keep the working area clean of any spill or Residual risk: None anticipated. run-off.  Contaminated soil as a result of a cement or concrete spillage must be removed immediately and disposed of in the correct manner.  Cement bags (new and used) must be stored under roof or in closed containers where they will not be exposed to rain.  Dry concrete must be removed and disposed of together with other building rubble. Pollution of surface and/or groundwater  Drip trays must be readily available onsite and used for any repair work, resources due to the incorrect maintenance work or refuelling undertaken onsite. management of chemical substances  Spill kits must be readily available onsite and personnel must be trained on (fuels, oils etc.). the appropriate procedures to clean hydrocarbon spillages.

Residual risk: None anticipated. The wastage of water resources due to  Water pipes and hoses should be inspected on a regular basis and any the irresponsible use of water leakages should immediately be repaired. (unsustainable utilisation of water).  Running water taps or hoses may not be left unattended.  Groundwater to be abstracted according to the approved rates and/or Residual risk: None anticipated. quantity as indicated by the relevant authority.  If water is stored onsite, water storage tanks to be well constructed taking into consideration casing and sealing.  Allow appropriate location of water storage tanks and protection of intake.  All water tanks to be secured from access by animals.  Prevent unauthorised access, sabotage, tapping and tampering to water storage tanks. Operational Phase Pollution of surface and/or groundwater  Spill kits must be onsite to clean up any hydrocarbon spillages. resources due to hydrocarbon spillages  Vehicles should regularly be inspected to ensure that any fuel or oil leaks or leakages from vehicles. are repaired.

Residual risk: None anticipated. Pollution of surface and/or groundwater  Waste must be managed according to its hazard classification (i.e. general resources due to the incorrect vs. hazardous waste) and general and hazardous waste streams should management, storage and disposal of not be mixed. waste.  Waste stored onsite must be kept in appropriate containers with lids that can be closed. Residual risk: None anticipated.  Waste must be taken to appropriately licensed facilities for reuse, recycling, recovery or disposal (last resort). Pollution of surface and/or groundwater  Storm water must be diverted around areas where there are pollution resources due to the runoff of sources.

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Impact Possible mitigation measures contaminated stormwater.  Storm water drainage infrastructure must be regularly inspected for obstructions.  No contaminated storm water may be released into the environment from the construction activities.  Washing or cleaning of equipment or machinery must occur in a designated area and the contaminated wash water must be contained. Such an area could be a plastic drum, a container or a plastic lined pit.  Wash water from the wash bay must be contained and not released into the environment. Pollution of surface and/or groundwater  Ablution facilities must regularly be cleaned. resources due to leakages from the  Should toilets run slowly or become blocked, this should be investigated to sewerage network (pipelines) onsite. ensure that this is not due to a broken or blocked pipe underground.  Any broken or blocked pipes must be repaired. Residual risk: None anticipated. Pollution of surface and/or groundwater  All wastewater (sewage) must be collected in appropriate resources due to the potential release holding/conservancy tanks and may not come into contact with the of wastewater. environment prior to the treatment thereof.

Residual risk: None anticipated. The wastage of resources due to the  Consumption of water and electricity must be monitored. irresponsible use of water and  Use energy efficient lighting, where possible. electricity.  Switch off lights and appliances when not in use.  Water pipes and hoses should be inspected on a regular basis and any Residual risk: None anticipated. leakages should immediately be repaired.  Running water taps or hoses may not be left unattended. Post-construction and Rehabilitation

Phase Pollution of surface and/or groundwater Same mitigation measures as under construction and operational phase. resources due to hydrocarbon spillages or leakages from construction vehicles.

Residual risk: None anticipated. The wastage of resources due to the Same mitigation measures as under construction and operational phase. irresponsible use of water (unsustainable utilisation of water).

Residual risk: None anticipated Fauna Construction Phase  The area cleared for the proposed project must be kept to a minimum. Loss of low quality fauna habitat  Re-vegetate developed areas with native plant species as soon as (degraded/disturbed vegetation cover) possible. during site clearance.  Rocky outcrops within the Scrubland vegetation which provides favourable conditions for ecologically valuable bryophytes and native Residual risk: None anticipated. annuals are to be left undisturbed.  Areas where construction will take place and where access are restricted

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Impact Possible mitigation measures should be clearly marked out onsite.  The area cleared for the proposed project must be kept to a minimum.  Grazing by animals (donkeys etc.) must be managed.  All areas designated as sensitive in a sensitivity mapping exercise should be incorporated into an open space system. Loss of habitat to endemic and native  A Wirebird Habitat Management Plan must be compiled by an approved species such as mammals, birds and specialist and implemented on the project site. The Wirebird Habitat invertebrates. Management Plan must include actions for the species itself and must indicate procedures to follow when a wirebird nest or wirebird itself is Residual risk: None anticipated. found on the project site (See: Environmental Management Programme attached under Appendix E).  A clear procedure for the management of donkeys (present onsite) must be made available to all involved parties (See: Environmental Management Programme attached under Appendix E). Habitat fragmentation of endemic and  The area cleared for the proposed project must be kept to a minimum. native fauna species.  Natural migration of fauna species should not be hampered and the protection of fauna species should be promoted (no animals may be Residual risk: None anticipated. captured or killed). Disturbance of any fauna species that  A qualified Botanist should be appointed to monitor active bird nests and may be present onsite. fauna species possibly residing onsite during construction activities.  Fauna species may not be disturbed, captured or killed. Residual risk: None anticipated.  Bird nests found on the project site should be left undisturbed until chicks have fledged.  The construction program should be constructed considering Wirebird breeding season.  No off-road driving allowed.  A Wirebird Habitat Management Plan must be compiled by an approved specialist and implemented on the project site. The Wirebird Habitat Management Plan must include actions for the species itself and must indicate procedures to follow when a wirebird nest or wirebird itself is found on the project site (See: Environmental Management Programme attached under Appendix E).  A clear procedure for the management of donkeys (present onsite) must be made available to all involved parties (See: Environmental Management Programme attached under Appendix E). Loss/displacement of threatened or  A qualified Botanist should be appointed to monitor active bird nests and protected fauna: Few, if any, of the fauna species possibly residing onsite during construction activities. species still persisting on the terrestrial  Natural migration of fauna species should not be hampered and the and rupicolous habitats will survive. protection of fauna species should be promoted. These will be displaced in the face of  Construction activities should be restricted to daylight hours as much as the planned development. Such a loss practically possible. will be the ultimate stage of a spiral  Bird nest surveys should be conducted at least 7 days prior to decline of species richness construction commencing. commenced decades ago.  Bird nests found on the project site should be left undisturbed until chicks have fledged. Residual risk: None anticipated.

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Impact Possible mitigation measures  All outside lighting should be directed away from sensitive areas. Fluorescent and mercury vapour lighting should be avoided and sodium vapour (yellow) lights should be used wherever possible.  All storm water structures should be designed so as to block amphibian and reptile access to the road surface.  Should animals be encountered during the development, these should be relocated (by a suitably qualified specialist) to natural vegetation areas in the vicinity of the site.  The contractor must ensure that no fauna species are disturbed, trapped, harmed, hunted or killed during the construction phase. Conservation- orientated clauses should be included in contracts for construction personnel, complete with penalty clauses for non-compliance.  A Wirebird Habitat Management Plan must be compiled by an approved specialist and implemented on the project site. The Wirebird Habitat Management Plan must include actions for the species itself and must indicate procedures to follow when a wirebird nest or wirebird itself is found on the project site (See: Environmental Management Programme attached under Appendix E).  A clear procedure for the management of donkeys (present onsite) must be made available to all involved parties (See: Environmental Management Programme attached under Appendix E). Operational Phase Disturbance of any fauna species that Same mitigation measures as under construction phase. may be present onsite.

Residual risk: None anticipated. Loss/displacement of threatened or Same mitigation measures as under construction phase. protected fauna: Few, if any, of the species still persisting on the terrestrial and rupicolous habitats will survive. These will be displaced in the face of the planned development. Such a loss will be the ultimate stage of a spiral decline of species richness commenced decades ago.

Residual risk: None anticipated. Habitat fragmentation of endemic and Same mitigation measures as under construction phase. native fauna species.

Residual risk: None anticipated. Provision of artificial habitat for fauna This is a positive impact and no mitigation measures are therefore required. species.

Residual risk: Not applicable. Post-construction and Rehabilitation

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Impact Possible mitigation measures Phase Disturbance of any fauna species that Same mitigation measures as under construction phase. may be present onsite.

Residual risk: None anticipated. Flora Construction Phase Establishment and spread of alien  Use only native plant species for gardens and rehabilitation. invasive vegetation.  Eradicate any alien invasive vegetation observed onsite.  All construction vehicles to be washed and/or visually inspected (as Residual risk: None anticipated. appropriate) for any invasive or harmful non-native species before entering the site.  Raw materials to be obtained from local suppliers to avoid the introduction of invasive or harmful non-native species. Destruction of natural vegetation due  An independent Ecological Control Officer (ECO) should be appointed to to: oversee construction activities.  Clearing of vegetation for  The construction footprint should incorporate as much natural vegetation construction of the houses as as possible into open space planning; especially the area marked as high well as infrastructure; sensitivity, which contains the highest concentration of plants of  Access roads; conservation concern.  Illegal disposal and dumping  A permanent fence or demarcation must be erected around the of construction material such construction area to prevent access or edge effects to surrounding as cement or oil during environments that will not be developed. construction; and  Prohibit vehicular or pedestrian access into natural areas beyond the  Edge effects from demarcated boundary of the construction area. construction.  Formalise access roads and make use of existing roads and tracks where feasible, rather than creating new routes through naturally Residual risk: None anticipated. vegetated areas that will not be developed.  Where the localities of protected and threatened plants cannot be avoided by construction, it must be removed - where possible and feasible - and either used during rehabilitation or be relocated to dedicated open space or conserved areas. These plants can only be removed and relocated with permission from the relevant authority.  Re-vegetate developed areas with native plant species as soon as possible. This will prevent erosion and invasion by alien invasive plant species. Construction activities in the Scrubland  It is recommended that the Scrubland vegetation area be regarded as Vegetation where bryophyte species sensitive due to the concentration of plants of conservation concern in such as liverworths (Plagiochasma this area. rupestre, Cololejeunea minutissima and  Implement a Plant Rescue Plan: Where the plants of conservation Exormotheca pustulosa) and mosses concern or protected plants deemed to be under threat from the (Trichosomum brachydontium, Tortula construction activity, are marked by a suitably qualified specialist and no atrovires and Weissia spp.) may occur. construction may takes place within the marked areas. In the case where construction is inevitable, plants deemed to be under threat must be removed by a suitably qualified specialist and replanted into suitable Residual risk: None anticipated. open spaces.

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Impact Possible mitigation measures  Construction workers may not tamper or remove these plants and neither may anyone collect seed from the plants without permission from the local authority. Destruction and/or loss of endemic and  Implement a Plant Rescue Plan: Where the plants of conservation native plant species present on the concern or protected plants deemed to be under threat from the proposed project site such as: bayonet construction activity, are marked by a suitably qualified specialist and no grass (Tribolium obliterum), purslane construction may takes place within the marked areas. In the case where (Portulaca oleracea), spotted tongue construction is inevitable, plants deemed to be under threat must be fern (Pleopeltis macrocarpa), fish bone removed by a suitably qualified specialist and replanted into suitable grass (Eragrostis cilianensis), rock open spaces. spike rush (Isolepisa marginata), fine  Construction workers may not tamper or remove these plants and neither rush (Isolepisa antartica) and neglegted may anyone collect seed from the plants without permission from the sedge (Bulbostylis neglecta). local authority.  A suitably qualified specialist should be appointed to identify and Residual risk: None anticipated. prioritise plant species for control as well as preservation and a detailed list with the GPS locations of plants present on the project site must be made available to all involved parties. Destruction and deterioration of the  In order to maintain catchment areas to the natural vegetation, use vegetation: Clearing of the vegetation permeable paving within the development. and change to water run-off patterns  Make use of existing roads and tracks where feasible, rather than and soil hydrology; and the creating new routes through natural vegetation areas. deterioration of vegetation in moist  Runoff from roads must be managed to avoid erosion and pollution areas due to edge effects, problems. sedimentation, compaction or  Remove only the vegetation where essential for construction and do not increased pollutants. allow any disturbance to the adjoining natural vegetation cover.  Protect all areas susceptible to erosion and ensure that there is no undue Residual risk: None anticipated. soil erosion resultant from activities within and adjacent to the construction camp and work areas.  Prevent polluted water from reaching the natural vegetation areas.  An ecologically sound, storm water management plan must be implemented during construction.  The construction storm water plan could include berms or swales to allow infiltration of rainwater into the soil on the site.  Do not allow storm water to be canalised.  Prevent contamination of rainwater on the site.  Trucks and equipment should only be washed in dedicated areas and the dirty water is not allowed to discharge into surrounding natural vegetation. Loss of ecological function of the native  Implement an ecologically sound storm water management plan that will vegetation: Polluted water reaching the allow rainwater within the development to penetrate the soil e.g. via watercourses and moist areas; and the berms or swales as well as permeable paving. lack of natural vegetation and the  Ensure that the stormwater management system prevents contamination subsequent loss of the ecological of stormwater and that no polluted water reaches the natural vegetation function of the vegetation. areas.  Cordon off the main developed area from the surrounding natural Residual risk: None anticipated. vegetation to prevent any disturbances into the surrounding areas.  Place and maintain erosion control barriers, as appropriate, to prevent

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Impact Possible mitigation measures sedimentation into natural vegetation areas.  Incorporate natural vegetation areas into open space planning and maintenance. Operational Phase Establishment and spread of alien Same mitigation measures as under construction phase. invasive vegetation (onsite and further than the site).

Residual risk: None anticipated.  Alien invasive species that were identified within the study area, should be removed. By removing these species, the spread of seeds will be prevented into disturbed soils which could thus have a positive impact on the surrounding natural vegetation.  All alien seedlings and saplings must be removed as they become Possible increase in exotic and invasive evident for the duration of construction. vegetation: Alien vegetation spreading  Manual/mechanical removal is preferred to chemical control. from existing infestation into disturbed  All construction and operation vehicles and equipment, as well as soils as well as the moist areas. construction material, should be free of plant material. Therefore, all

equipment and vehicles should be thoroughly cleaned prior to Residual risk: None anticipated. access on to the construction areas. This should be verified by the ECO.  Landscaping in the development must make use of native vegetation and no alien invasive plant species should be allowed within home gardens. Loss of ecological function of the native Same mitigation measures as under construction phase. vegetation: Polluted water reaching the watercourses and moist areas; and the lack of natural vegetation and the subsequent loss of the ecological function of the vegetation.

Residual risk: None anticipated.  Incorporate the natural vegetation areas into open space planning e.g. an eco-park with formal pathways for pedestrians and cyclist. Ensure that a Deterioration of natural vegetation and homeowners association takes responsibility for maintaining the natural eventual loss of vegetation: Edge vegetation areas and to ensure that no dumping or vehicular access effects from the development; and fire impact on the natural vegetation areas occurs. suppression.  Regular surveys to ensure the survival of plants of conservation concern

within the natural vegetation areas. Residual risk: None anticipated.  In consultation with a specialist, consider a burning programme to maintain the natural vegetation areas. Post-construction and Rehabilitation

Phase Establishment and spread of alien Same mitigation measures as under construction phase. invasive vegetation (onsite and further than the site).

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Impact Possible mitigation measures

Residual risk: None anticipated. Heritage Resources Construction Phase Disturbance or destruction of cultural,  If any cultural, architectural or heritage resources, sites, features or architectural and heritage resources. objects are exposed during the construction activities, all construction activities in the area must be stopped and a appropriate specialist must Residual risk: None anticipated. be contacted to investigate the site and recommend the way forward.  The Stone Wall present on the project site needs to be restored in collaboration and consultation with an appropriate organisation on St Helena Island.  A buffer zone should be implemented around the Stone Wall area before commencement of any construction activities to prevent any damage to the wall and its surrounding area.  A survey should be conducted by a suitably qualified specialist to identify and demarcate the unique Water Hole and ensure ultimate protection.  A buffer zone should also be implemented around the Water Hole area before commencement of any construction activities to prevent any damage to the wall and its surrounding area. Operational Phase None anticipated. Not applicable. Residual risk: None anticipated. Post-construction and Rehabilitation

Phase None anticipated. Not applicable. Residual risk: None anticipated. Air Quality and Noise Construction Phase Generation of dust by construction  Implement dust suppression techniques. vehicles.  Limit vegetation clearance until it is necessary for soil stripping.  Adequate screening of the construction site must be implemented. Residual risk: None anticipated.  A complaints register must be kept onsite and be easily accessible to any party who wishes to lodge a complaint. The complaints register must include the following fields: . The date of the complaint; . The name and surname of the person lodging the complaint; . Details of the complaint; and . How and when the complaint was addressed. Release of emissions from construction  Regular maintenance of vehicles to minimise the release of emissions. vehicles.

Residual risk: None anticipated. Generation of nuisance and noise from  Noisy activities must be scheduled during times of the day that will result in construction vehicles and the least disturbance to adjacent sensitive receptors. equipment/machinery.  Noisy work must be avoided on weekends and public holidays.  Vehicles must not be left idling unnecessarily.

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Impact Possible mitigation measures Residual risk: None anticipated.  All vehicles must be regularly maintained.  No amplified music is allowed onsite.  Sirens and/or hooters may only be used during emergencies and drills. Operational Phase Generation of dust by vehicles onsite.  Implement dust suppression techniques, if required (for example, if there are any unpaved areas). Residual risk: None anticipated. Release of emissions from vehicles. Same mitigation measures as under construction phase.

Residual risk: None anticipated. Generation of nuisance and noise from Same mitigation measures as under construction phase. vehicles.

Residual risk: None anticipated. Post-construction and Rehabilitation

Phase Generation of dust by construction Same mitigation measures as under construction phase. vehicles.

Residual risk: None anticipated. Release of emissions from construction Same mitigation measures as under construction phase. vehicles.

Residual risk: None anticipated. Generation of nuisance and noise from Same mitigation measures as under construction phase. construction vehicles and equipment/machinery.

Residual risk: None anticipated. Soil Construction Phase The construction of structures that  Contain the construction footprint as far as possible. cover the soil surface by means of  Prevent removal of the natural vegetation cover where possible. concrete, tar or paving:  The development footprint must be optimised to minimise the area that will  Compaction of the soil surface for be compacted during the construction activities. building foundations, parking areas  Soil should be moved when dry, as far as possible. etc. will alter the soil's physical  Excessively heavy vehicles should not be used for earthmoving activities. properties negatively; and This will minimise compaction of the soil.  Covering the soil surface with concrete, tar or paving will cause productive functioning of the soil to cease completely.

Residual risk: None anticipated. Possible contamination of soils by  All accidental fuel and oil spillages will be cleaned up immediately. spillages of fuel or oil by mechanical  Contaminated soil will be disposed at a suitable disposal facility.

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Impact Possible mitigation measures equipment. Soil’s physical and  All mechanical equipment will be serviced at an approved facility. chemical properties will be adversely affected.

Residual risk: None anticipated. Soil pollution due to hydrocarbon  Use drip trays for any machinery and/or vehicle repair work. spillages or leakages from construction  Immediately repair any leaking machinery or vehicles. vehicles.  Place oil drums on impermeable surfaces or plastic liners.  Immediately clean any hydrocarbon spillages and dispose of as hazardous Residual risk: None anticipated. waste. Possible soil erosion at exposed  Implement runoff control measures and structures during the first stages building footprints due to higher runoff: of construction as far as possible. Possible soil erosion at exposed  Contain the construction footprint as far as possible. construction sites where the current  Prevent removal of the natural vegetation cover, where possible. natural vegetation was removed.

Residual risk: None anticipated. Soil pollution due to spillages from  Sufficient ablution facilities must be provided. chemical toilets.  Chemical toilets must be serviced regularly.  Any spillages from the chemical toilets must immediately be cleaned and Residual risk: None anticipated. the contaminated soil disposed of as hazardous waste. Soil pollution due to the incorrect  Waste must be managed according to its hazard classification (i.e. general management, storage and disposal of vs. hazardous waste). General and hazardous waste streams should not waste (general and hazardous waste). be mixed.  Waste stored onsite must be kept in appropriate containers with lids that Residual risk: None anticipated. can be closed.  Waste must be taken to appropriately licensed facilities for reuse, recycling, recovery or disposal. Safe Disposal Certificates must be obtained and kept on record.  Any soil that has been contaminated by oil, diesel or petrol must be regarded as hazardous and disposed of at an appropriately licensed facility. Safe Disposal Certificates must be obtained and kept on record.  No waste may be stored on open soil.  Sufficient ablution facilities must be provided.  Chemical toilets must be serviced regularly and must be provided with toilet paper at all times.  Any spillages from the chemical toilets must immediately be cleaned and the contaminated soil disposed of as hazardous waste.  Construction waste must be stored in a designated area.  Building rubble must be stored separately from domestic waste and may be stored on bare soil as it is inert in nature. It must, however, be ensured that other waste (general and/or hazardous waste) is not mixed together with the building rubble.  Refuse bins must be provided for domestic waste.  Large volumes of waste may not accumulate onsite.

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Impact Possible mitigation measures  No waste may be burnt or buried onsite.  Building rubble must be kept clean of plastic and brick ties. Soil pollution of surface and/or  Concrete should ideally be mixed on an impermeable surface such as a groundwater resources from the mixing concrete slab. of concrete.  Bricklayers and plasters are to keep the working area clean of any spill or run-off. Residual risk: None anticipated.  Contaminated soil as a result of a cement or concrete spillage must be removed immediately and disposed of in the correct manner.  Cement bags (new and used) must be stored under roof or in closed containers where they will not be exposed to rain.  Dry concrete must be removed and disposed of together with other building rubble. Soil erosion due to the clearance of  Limit vegetation clearance until it is necessary for soil stripping. vegetation and the removal of topsoil  Implement adequate erosion prevention measures, such as measures to and subsoil. dissipate runoff water velocities.  Implement adequate storm water management measures. Residual risk: None anticipated. Degradation of topsoil due to incorrect  Topsoil and subsoil must be stored on separate stockpiles. storage practices.  Cover topsoil stockpiles to prevent the soil being washed away during rainfall events. Residual risk: None anticipated. Operational Phase Soil pollution due to hydrocarbon Same mitigation measures as under construction phase. spillages or leakages from vehicles.

Residual risk: None anticipated. Soil pollution due to the incorrect Same mitigation measures as under construction phase. management, storage and disposal of waste (general and hazardous waste).

Residual risk: None anticipated. Soil pollution due to leakages from the  Ablution facilities must regularly be cleaned. sewerage network (pipelines) onsite.  Should toilets run slowly or become blocked, this should be investigated to ensure that this is not due to a broken or blocked pipe underground. Residual risk: None anticipated.  Any broken or blocked pipes must be repaired. Use and maintenance of residential  Evaluation of the runoff control system and structures. Rectification units, vehicle parking areas, roads etc.: where structures are inadequate.  All impacts on soils during the  Frequent maintenance where necessary and prompt reparation after construction phase will remain damages caused by any nature. during the operational phase. The productive functioning of soil at areas covered by concrete, tar or paving will remain ceased

Residual risk: None anticipated.

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Impact Possible mitigation measures Post-construction and Rehabilitation

Phase Soil pollution due to hydrocarbon  Same mitigation measures as under construction phase. spillages or leakages from vehicles.

Residual risk: None anticipated. Soil erosion due to inefficient  Rehabilitation must already be initiated during the construction phase, rehabilitation of construction areas. where possible.  Areas for rehabilitation must be cleared of any building rubble and/or Residual risk: None anticipated. debris before rehabilitation is commenced with.  Soil should be moved when dry, as far as possible.  Weeds must be removed prior to soil replacement.  Areas under rehabilitation must be cordoned off to prevent pedestrian and vehicular access.  Re-vegetation must be undertaken using native species, as far as possible.  Areas under rehabilitation must be monitored to ensure successful vegetation establishment. Organic fertilizers and topsoil should be added to areas where vegetation establishment is not effective. Socio-economic Construction Phase Generation of a number of employment This is a positive impact and no mitigation measures are therefore required. opportunities.

Residual risk: Not applicable. Potential increase in crime due to the  Reference checks should be conducted on all workers before they are influx of workers. appointed.  Workers should not be allowed to leave the construction site during the Residual risk: None anticipated. day and should be transported to and from the site on a daily basis. Stimulation of the local economy and This is a positive impact and no mitigation measures are therefore required. tourism industry.

Residual risk: Not applicable. Operational Phase Generation of a number of employment This is a positive impact and no mitigation measures are therefore required. opportunities.

Residual risk: Not applicable. Stimulation of the local economy and This is a positive impact and no mitigation measures are therefore required. tourism industry.

Residual risk: Not applicable. Post-construction and Rehabilitation

Phase Generation of a number of employment This is a positive impact and no mitigation measures are therefore required. opportunities.

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Impact Possible mitigation measures

Residual risk: Not applicable. Stimulation of the local economy and This is a positive impact and no mitigation measures are therefore required. tourism industry.

Residual risk: Not applicable. Traffic Construction Phase Increase in traffic volumes to the site.  Drivers must adhere to all speed restrictions and road rules.  Routing of vehicles must take other road users into account. Residual risk: None anticipated.  Load restrictions must be adhered to.  Avoid using access roads during peak times, as far as possible.  Loads must be securely fastened. Operational Phase Increase in traffic volumes to the site. Same mitigation measures as under construction phase.

Residual risk: None anticipated. Post-construction and Rehabilitation

Phase Increase in traffic volumes to the site. Same mitigation measures as under construction phase.

Residual risk: None anticipated. Land Capability and Land Use Construction Phase Construction of residential units, vehicle All mitigation measures applied on soils will mitigate land capability, as far as parking areas, roads etc.: The current possible. land capability will cease completely until the structures are removed. The current land uses will cease completely until the structures are removed (which is not foreseen).

Residual risk: None anticipated. Possible contamination of soil by All mitigation measures applied on soils will mitigate land capability, as far as spillages of fuel or oil by mechanical possible. equipment: The soil’s physical and chemical properties will be adversely affected and will cause some reduction in land capability.

Residual risk: None anticipated. Possible soil erosion at exposed All mitigation measures applied on soils will mitigate land capability, as far as building footprints due to higher runoff: possible. Soil erosion will adversely affect land capability.

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Impact Possible mitigation measures Residual risk: None anticipated. Operational Phase Possible soil erosion at exposed All mitigation measures applied on soils will mitigate land capability, as far as building footprints due to higher runoff: possible. Soil erosion will adversely affect land capability.

Residual risk: None anticipated. Use and maintenance of residential All mitigation measures applied on soils will mitigate land capability, as far as units, vehicle parking areas etc.: The possible. pre-construction land capability at areas covered by concrete, tar or paving will remain ceased.

Residual risk: None anticipated. Post-construction and Rehabilitation

Phase Possible contamination of soil by All mitigation measures applied on soils will mitigate land capability, as far as spillages of fuel or oil by mechanical possible. equipment: The soil’s physical and chemical properties will be adversely affected and will cause some reduction in land capability.

Residual risk: None anticipated.

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15.3 Methodology Used in Determining and Ranking the Nature, Significance, Consequences, Extent, Duration and Probability of Potential Environmental Impacts and Risks Associated with the Alternatives

Elements of the proposed development that can interact with the environment are deemed to be environmental aspects. These have been identified during the Environmental Impact Assessment, for each phase of the proposed development. Thereafter, the potential impacts that can result from the development’s aspects were identified. The impacts, whether positive or negative, are defined as any change to the environment resulting from the identified environmental aspects.

Assessing the significance of the potential impacts has been conducted using the parameters below. Direct, indirect and cumulative impacts have been assessed.

The nature of the impact: This will include a qualitative description of what caused the impact and how it will affect the environment;

The extent of the impact: The size (physical/geographical) that will be affected by the impact. The following weighting will be used:`  Onsite: Weighting value 1: The impact is confined to the project site/property  Local: Weighting value 2: The impact is confined to the project site/property and a 10km radius around the project site/property  Regional: Weighting value 3: The impact extends further than a 10km radius around the project site/property

The duration of the impact: The length of time over which the impact will persist. The following weighting will be used:  Short term: Weighting value 1: The impact will persist for up to one year  Medium term: Weighting value 2: The impact will persist for longer than one year, but shorter than five years  Long term: Weighting value 3: The impact will persist for longer than five years

The magnitude of the impact: The intensity of the impact on the environment. The following weighting will be used:  Low: Weighting value 1: Natural processes continue, albeit in an altered manner  Medium: Weighting value 2: Natural processes cease temporarily  High: Weighting value 3: Natural processes cease indefinitely

The probability of the impact: How likely it is that the impact will happen. The following weighting will be used:  Improbable: Weighting value 1: It is unlikely that the impact will occur  Probable: Weighting value 2: There is a chance that the impact will occur  Definite: Weighting value 3: The impact will most certainly occur

The status of the impact: This will include a qualitative description of the following:  Whether the impact is positive or negative in nature  The degree to which the impact can be reversed  The degree to which the impact can be mitigated  The degree to which the impact may cause irreplaceable loss of resources

The significance of the impact: This will be calculated using the formula below: Significance = (Duration + Extent + Magnitude) x Probability

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The significance of the impact will be divided into the following classes, based on the result of the above given equation:  Low Impact: Weighting value: 1-9  Medium Impact: Weighting value: 10-18  High Impact: Weighting value: 19-27

The aspects to be assessed by specialists have been listed under Section 9.4. The impacts of the proposed project will be assessed by each specialist, mostly also using the following formula:

Significance = (Duration + Extent + Magnitude) x Probability

The specialist’s impact assessments will be contained in each individual specialist report.

15.4 Impact Assessment [Assessment of the significance of each impact (issue) and risk and an indication of the extent to which the issue and risk could be avoided or addressed by the adoption of mitigation measures]

The following aspects will be assessed as part of the Environmental Impact Assessment process:  Fauna and flora;  Surface and groundwater;  Soils;  Air;  Noise;  Land use and land capability;  Cultural and heritage resources;  Socio-economic; and  Traffic.

The following tables discuss the impacts and risks identified for each alternative, including the nature, significance, consequences, extent, duration and probability of the impacts, including the degree to which the impacts can be reversed; may cause irreplaceable loss of resources; and can be avoided, managed or mitigated, based on the information available at this stage of the process.

Preferred Alternative

Planning and Design Phase Aspect Planning and design of facility. Impact and Nature Inadequate planning or faulty designs of the proposed facilities may lead to surface and groundwater pollution. Planning and Design Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 2 1 Duration 3 2 Magnitude 2 1 Probability 2 1 Significance (Pre-Construction Phase) 14 - Medium 4 - Low Construction Phase

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Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Construction Phase) Operational Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Operational Phase) Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Medium degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be High degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Pre-Construction Phase Aspect Construction site establishment. Impact and Nature  Unauthorised access to the construction site that can pose a risk to the public in terms of their safety.  Unsafe working conditions. Pre- Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 1 1 Duration 2 1 Magnitude 3 2 Probability 2 1 Significance (Pre-Construction Phase) 12 - Medium 4 - Low Construction Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Construction Phase) Operational Phase

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Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Operational Phase) Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Medium degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Surface and Groundwater Aspect Construction and operational activities. Impact and Nature Pollution of surface and/or groundwater resources due to the release of pollutants, such as chemicals, especially during the construction phase. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 2 1 Duration 2 2 Magnitude 2 1 Probability 3 2 Significance (Construction Phase) 18 - Medium 8 - Low Operational Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Operational Phase) Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact

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Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Medium degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Operational activities. Impact and Nature Pollution of surface and/or groundwater resources due to the potential release of wastewater (sewage) during the operational phase. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Construction Phase) Operational Phase Extent 2 2 Duration 2 1 Magnitude 2 2 Probability 2 1 Significance (Operational Phase) 12 - Medium 5 - Low Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Medium degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be High degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Construction and operational activities. Impact and Nature Pollution of surface and/or groundwater resources due to incorrect management, storage and disposal of waste. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 2 2 Duration 2 1

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Magnitude 3 2 Probability 2 1 Significance (Construction Phase) 14 - Medium 5 - Low Operational Phase Extent 2 2 Duration 2 1 Magnitude 2 1 Probability 2 1 Significance (Operational Phase) 12 - Medium 4 - Low Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Medium degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Construction and operational activities. Impact and Nature Pollution of surface and/or groundwater resources due to the incorrect management of chemical substances (fuels, oils etc.). Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 2 2 Duration 2 1 Magnitude 3 3 Probability 2 1 Significance (Construction Phase) 14 - Medium 6 - Low Operational Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Operational Phase) Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability

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Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Medium degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Wastage of water resources. Impact and Nature Unsustainable utilisation of water. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 3 3 Duration 2 1 Magnitude 2 1 Probability 2 1 Significance (Construction Phase) 14 - Medium 5 - Low Operational Phase Extent 3 3 Duration 2 1 Magnitude 2 1 Probability 2 1 Significance (Operational Phase) 14 - Medium 5 - Low Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent 3 3 Duration 1 1 Magnitude 2 1 Probability 2 1 Significance (Post-construction and 12 - Medium 5 - Low Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Low degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be High degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Runoff of contaminated stormwater. Impact and Nature Pollution of surface and/or groundwater resources. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation

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Extent 3 2 Duration 2 2 Magnitude 2 2 Probability 3 1 Significance (Construction Phase) 21 - High 6 - Low Operational Phase Extent 3 1 Duration 3 2 Magnitude 3 1 Probability 2 2 Significance (Operational Phase) 18 - Medium 8 - Low Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Low degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Hydrocarbon spillages or leakages from vehicles. Impact and Nature Pollution of surface and groundwater resources. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 3 1 Duration 3 2 Magnitude 3 2 Probability 2 1 Significance (Construction Phase) 18 - Medium 5 - Low Operational Phase Extent 3 1 Duration 3 1 Magnitude 3 2 Probability 2 1 Significance (Operational Phase) 18 - Medium 4 - Low Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent 3 1 Duration 2 1 Magnitude 3 2

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Probability 2 1 Significance (Post-construction and 16 - Medium 4 - Low Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Low degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Spillages from chemical toilets. Impact and Nature Pollution of surface and groundwater resources. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 2 1 Duration 3 1 Magnitude 2 2 Probability 2 1 Significance (Construction Phase) 14 - Medium 4 - Low Operational Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Operational Phase) Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Low degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Leakages from sewerage network (pipelines) onsite. Impact and Nature Pollution of surface and groundwater resources. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation

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Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Construction Phase) Operational Phase Extent 3 1 Duration 2 1 Magnitude 3 2 Probability 2 1 Significance (Operational Phase) 16 - Medium 4 - Low Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Low degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Mixing of concrete. Impact and Nature Pollution of surface and groundwater resources. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 3 1 Duration 2 1 Magnitude 2 2 Probability 2 1 Significance (Construction Phase) 14 - Medium 4 - Low Operational Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Operational Phase) Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability

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Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Low degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Fauna Aspect Loss of exotic species, declared weeds and invader plants. Impact and Nature It is recommended that noxious alien trees are eradicated before construction is commenced. However, new gardens will be established by planting native vegetation. This can be expected to favour an increase of garden birds. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Construction Phase) Positive impact (Low) No mitigation required – positive impact (Low) Status of Impact Consequence Positive Degree to which impact can be N/A – positive impact reversed Degree to which impact may cause N/A – positive impact irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be N/A – positive impact avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Loss of fauna habitat. Impact and Nature Loss of habitat to fauna species: Mammals (Donkeys present on the project site) Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 1 1 Duration 3 1 Magnitude 3 2 Probability 3 2 Significance (Construction Phase) 21 - High 8 - Low Operational Phase Extent

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Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Operational Phase) Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Medium degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Loss of fauna habitat. Impact and Nature Loss of habitat to endemic and native species: Birds (Wirebird – Charadrius sancthelenae & Fairy tern – Gygis alba ) which may possibly be present on the proposed project site. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 1 1 Duration 3 1 Magnitude 3 2 Probability 3 2 Significance (Construction Phase) 21 - High 8 - Low Operational Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Operational Phase) Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative

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Degree to which impact can be Medium degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Loss of fauna habitat. Impact and Nature Loss of habitat to endemic and native species: Invertebrates (Blushing snail – Succinea sanctaehelenae) which may possibly be present on the proposed project site. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 1 1 Duration 3 1 Magnitude 3 2 Probability 3 2 Significance (Construction Phase) 21 - High 8 - Low Operational Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Operational Phase) Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Medium degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Habitat fragmentation. Impact and Nature Habitat fragmentation of endemic and native fauna species. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 2 1 Duration 3 1 Magnitude 3 2

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Probability 2 1 Significance (Construction Phase) 16 - Medium 4 - Low Operational Phase Extent 2 1 Duration 3 1 Magnitude 3 2 Probability 2 1 Significance (Operational Phase) 16 - Medium 4 - Low Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Low degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause High degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Disturbance of fauna species residing onsite. Impact and Nature Mammals, Birds and Invertebrates. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 1 1 Duration 2 1 Magnitude 2 1 Probability 3 2 Significance (Construction Phase) 15 - Medium 6 - Low Operational Phase Extent 1 1 Duration 3 1 Magnitude 3 1 Probability 2 2 Significance (Operational Phase) 14 – Medium 6 - Low Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent 1 1 Duration 2 1 Magnitude 3 1 Probability 2 2 Significance (Post-construction and 12 - Medium 6 - Low Rehabilitation Phase)

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Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Low degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause High degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Loss/displacement of threatened or protected fauna. Impact and Nature Mammals, Birds and Invertebrates. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 1 1 Duration 2 1 Magnitude 3 2 Probability 3 2 Significance (Construction Phase) 18 - Medium 8 - Low Operational Phase Extent 1 1 Duration 3 2 Magnitude 3 2 Probability 2 1 Significance (Operational Phase) 14 - Medium 5 - Low Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Low degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause High degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Provision of artificial habitat. Impact and Nature Provision of artificial habitat for fauna species. Construction, Operational, Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent Duration

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Magnitude Probability Significance (Construction, Positive impact (Low) No mitigation required – positive Operational, Post-construction and impact (Low) Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Positive Degree to which impact can be N/A – positive impact reversed Degree to which impact may cause N/A – positive impact irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be N/A – positive impact avoided, managed or mitigated

Flora Aspect Destruction of natural vegetation. Impact and Nature  Clearing of vegetation for construction of the houses as well as infrastructure;  Access roads;  Illegal disposal and dumping of construction material such as cement or oil during construction; and  Edge effects from construction Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 1 1 Duration 2 1 Magnitude 3 1 Probability 3 2 Significance (Construction Phase) 18- Medium 6- Low Operational Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Operational Phase) Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Low degree

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reversed Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Construction activities in the Scrubland Vegetation where bryophyte species such as liverworths (Plagiochasma rupestre, Cololejeunea minutissima and Exormotheca pustulosa) and mosses (Trichosomum brachydontium, Tortula atrovires and Weissia spp.) may occur. Impact and Nature Destruction of plant species that are Native / Native Endemic Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 1 1 Duration 3 2 Magnitude 3 1 Probability 3 1 Significance (Construction Phase) 21- High 4- Low Operational Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Operational Phase) Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Low degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause High degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Destruction of natural vegetation areas and deterioration of the natural area vegetation. Impact and Nature Clearing of the vegetation and change to water runoff patterns and soil hydrology; and the Deterioration of natural vegetation areas due to edge effects, sedimentation, compaction or increased pollutants. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation

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Extent 1 1 Duration 2 1 Magnitude 3 2 Probability 3 2 Significance (Construction Phase) 18- Medium 8- Low Operational Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Operational Phase) Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Low degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause High degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Destruction and/or loss of endemic and/or native flora species. Impact and Nature Loss of endemic and/or native: Bayonet grass (Tribolium obliterum), purslane (Portulaca oleracea), spotted tongue fern (Pleopeltis macrocarpa), fish bone grass (Eragrostis cillionensis), rock spike rush (Isolepisa marginata), fine rush (Isolepisa antartica) and neglected sedge (Bulbostylis neglecta). Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 1 1 Duration 3 1 Magnitude 3 2 Probability 3 2 Significance (Construction Phase) 21 - High 8 - Low Operational Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Operational Phase)

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Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Low degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause High degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Possible increase in exotic and invasive vegetation. Impact and Nature Alien vegetation spreading from existing infestation into disturbed soils as well as the natural vegetation areas. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 1 1 Duration 2 2 Magnitude 3 1 Probability 3 1 Significance (Construction Phase) 18- Medium 4- Low Operational Phase Extent 1 1 Duration 3 1 Magnitude 3 2 Probability 2 1 Significance (Operational Phase) 14 - Medium 4- Low Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be High degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be High degree

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avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Loss of the ecological function of the natural vegetation areas. Impact and Nature Polluted water reaching the watercourses and natural vegetation areas; and the lack of natural vegetation and the subsequent loss of the ecological function of the vegetation as catchment to the natural vegetation areas. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 2 1 Duration 2 2 Magnitude 3 2 Probability 3 2 Significance (Construction Phase) 21- High 10- Medium Operational Phase Extent 2 1 Duration 3 2 Magnitude 3 2 Probability 3 2 Significance (Operational Phase) 24- High 10- Medium Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Low degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause High degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Deterioration of natural vegetation and eventual loss. Impact and Nature Edge effects from the development; and fire suppression. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 1 1 Duration 2 1 Magnitude 3 2 Probability 2 1 Significance (Construction Phase) 12- Medium 4- Low Operational Phase Extent 1 1

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Duration 3 2 Magnitude 3 2 Probability 2 1 Significance (Operational Phase) 14- Medium 5- Low Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Medium degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Construction and operational phase. Impact and Nature Establishment and spread of alien invasive vegetation (onsite and surrounding areas). Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 1 1 Duration 2 1 Magnitude 3 1 Probability 3 2 Significance (Construction Phase) 18 - Medium 6 - Low Operational Phase Extent 2 1 Duration 3 1 Magnitude 3 2 Probability 2 1 Significance (Operational Phase) 16- Medium 4- Low Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent 1 1 Duration 2 1 Magnitude 2 1 Probability 3 2 Significance (Post-construction and 15 - Medium 6 - Low Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Medium degree reversed

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Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Heritage Resources Aspect Construction and operational activities. Impact and Nature Disturbance or destruction of cultural, architectural and heritage resources (such as the Stone Wall). Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 3 1 Duration 3 3 Magnitude 2 2 Probability 3 1 Significance (Construction Phase) 24- High 6-Low Operational Phase Extent 1 1 Duration 3 3 Magnitude 3 2 Probability 2 1 Significance (Operational Phase) 14- Medium 6-Low Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent 1 1 Duration 3 3 Magnitude 3 2 Probability 2 1 Significance (Post-construction and 14- Medium 6-Low Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Low degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause High degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Air Quality and Noise Aspect Air Quality Impact and Nature Generation of dust by vehicles. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 2 1 Duration 2 2

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Magnitude 2 1 Probability 3 2 Significance (Construction Phase) 18 – Medium 8 – Low Operational Phase Extent 2 1 Duration 3 3 Magnitude 2 1 Probability 3 2 Significance (Operational Phase) 21 - High 10 - Medium Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent 2 1 Duration 2 2 Magnitude 2 1 Probability 3 2 Significance (Post-construction and 18 – Medium 8 – Low Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Medium degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause Low degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Air quality. Impact and Nature Release of vehicle emissions. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 3 1 Duration 3 2 Magnitude 1 1 Probability 3 2 Significance (Construction Phase) 21 - High 8 - Low Operational Phase Extent 3 1 Duration 3 3 Magnitude 1 1 Probability 3 2 Significance (Operational Phase) 21 - High 10 - Medium Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent 3 1 Duration 3 2 Magnitude 1 1 Probability 3 2 Significance (Post-construction and 21 - High 8 - Low

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Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Low degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Low degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Noise Pollution. Impact and Nature Generation of nuisance and noise from vehicles, machinery and maintenance activities. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 2 1 Duration 2 2 Magnitude 2 1 Probability 3 2 Significance (Construction Phase) 18 - Medium 8 - Low Operational Phase Extent 2 1 Duration 3 3 Magnitude 1 1 Probability 3 2 Significance (Operational Phase) 18 - Medium 10 - Medium Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent 2 1 Duration 2 2 Magnitude 2 1 Probability 3 2 Significance (Post-construction and 18 - Medium 8 - Low Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Low degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Land Capability and Land Use Aspect Construction of residential units, vehicle parking areas, roads etc. Impact and Nature The current land capability/use will entail a high value tourism facility

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development for the promotion of international investors on the St Helena Island and ultimately contribute to the local economy and skills development of local residents. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Construction Phase) Low - Positive Impact Low - Positive Impact Status of Impact Consequence Positive Impact Degree to which impact can be N/A - Positive Impact reversed Degree to which impact may cause N/A - Positive Impact irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be N/A - Positive Impact avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Construction of residential units, vehicle parking areas, roads etc. Impact and Nature The current land capability will cease completely until the structures are removed. The current land uses will cease completely until the structures are removed (which is not foreseen). Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 1 1 Duration 2 2 Magnitude 2 1 Probability 3 3 Significance (Construction Phase) 15- Medium 12 - Medium Operational Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Operational Phase) Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Medium degree reversed

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Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Possible contamination of soil by spillages of fuel or oil by mechanical equipment. Impact and Nature Soil’s physical and chemical properties will be adversely affected and will cause some reduction in land capability and land use. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 1 1 Duration 2 1 Magnitude 2 1 Probability 2 1 Significance (Construction Phase) 10- Medium 3- Low Operational Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Operational Phase) Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent 1 1 Duration 2 1 Magnitude 2 1 Probability 2 1 Significance (Operational Phase) 10- Medium 3- Low Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Medium degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Possible soil erosion at exposed building footprints due to higher runoff. Impact and Nature Soil erosion will adversely affect land capability and land use. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 1 1 Duration 2 1 Magnitude 3 1 Probability 2 1 Significance (Construction Phase) 12- Medium 3- Low

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Operational Phase Extent 1 1 Duration 3 2 Magnitude 3 2 Probability 2 1 Significance (Operational Phase) 12 – Medium 5 - Low Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Medium degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Use and maintenance of residential units, vehicle parking areas, roads etc. Impact and Nature The current land capability/use will entail a high value tourism facility development for the promotion of international investors on the St Helena Island and ultimately contribute to the local economy and skills development of local residents. Operational Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Operational Phase) Low - Positive Low - Positive Status of Impact Consequence Positive Impact Degree to which impact can be N/A -Positive Impact reversed Degree to which impact may cause N/A -Positive Impact irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be N/A -Positive Impact avoided, managed or mitigated

Soils Aspect The construction of structures that cover the soil surface by means of concrete, tar or paving.

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Impact and Nature  Compaction of the soil surface for building foundations, parking areas etc. will alter the soil's physical properties negatively; and  Covering the soil surface with concrete, tar or paving will cause productive functioning of the soil to cease completely. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 1 1 Duration 3 3 Magnitude 3 1 Probability 3 2 Significance (Construction Phase) 21- High 10- Medium Operational Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Operational Phase) Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Low degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause High degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Low degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Hydrocarbon spillages or leakages from vehicles. Impact and Nature Possible contamination of soils by hydrocarbon spillages from construction vehicles. Soil physical and chemical properties will be adversely affected. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 3 1 Duration 3 2 Magnitude 3 2 Probability 2 1 Significance (Construction Phase) 18 – Medium 5 - Low Operational Phase Extent 3 1 Duration 3 1

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Magnitude 3 2 Probability 2 1 Significance (Operational Phase) 18 – Medium 4 - Low Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent 3 1 Duration 3 2 Magnitude 3 2 Probability 2 1 Significance (Post-construction and 18 – Medium 5 - Low Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Medium degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Spillages from chemical toilets. Impact and Nature Soil pollution. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 2 1 Duration 3 1 Magnitude 2 2 Probability 2 1 Significance (Construction Phase) 14 - Medium 4 - Low Operational Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Operational Phase) Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Medium degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree

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irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be High degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Leakages from the sewerage network (pipelines) onsite. Impact and Nature Soil pollution. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Construction Phase) Operational Phase Extent 3 1 Duration 2 1 Magnitude 3 2 Probability 2 1 Significance (Operational Phase) 16 – Medium 4 - Low Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Medium degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be High degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect The mixing of concrete. Impact and Nature Soil pollution. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 2 1 Duration 2 2 Magnitude 2 2 Probability 2 1 Significance (Construction Phase) 12 - Medium 5 - Low Operational Phase Extent Duration

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Magnitude Probability Significance (Operational Phase) Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Medium degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be High degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Soil erosion. Impact and Nature Possible soil erosion due to the clearance of vegetation and the removal of topsoil and subsoil. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 1 1 Duration 2 1 Magnitude 3 2 Probability 3 2 Significance (Construction Phase) 18 - Medium 8 - Low Operational Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Operational Phase) Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Medium degree reversed

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Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Possible soil erosion at exposed building footprints due to higher runoff. Impact and Nature Possible soil erosion at exposed construction sites where the current natural vegetation were removed. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 1 1 Duration 2 2 Magnitude 2 1 Probability 3 2 Significance (Construction Phase) 15- Medium 8- Low Operational Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Operational Phase) Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Medium degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Soil degradation. Impact and Nature Degradation of topsoil due to incorrect storage practices. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 1 1 Duration 2 1 Magnitude 3 1 Probability 2 1 Significance (Construction Phase) 12 – Medium 3 - Low

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Operational Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Operational Phase) Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Medium degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Medium degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Construction and operational activities. Impact and Nature Soil pollution due to incorrect management, storage and disposal of waste (general and hazardous waste). Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 3 1 Duration 3 2 Magnitude 2 2 Probability 2 1 Significance (Construction Phase) 16 - Medium 5 - Low Operational Phase Extent 3 1 Duration 3 2 Magnitude 3 2 Probability 2 1 Significance (Operational Phase) 18 – Medium 5 - Low Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact

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Aspect Use and maintenance of residential units, vehicle parking areas, roads etc. Impact and Nature All impacts on soils during the construction phase will remain during the operational phase. The productive functioning of soil at areas covered by concrete, tar or paving will remain ceased. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Construction Phase) Operational Phase Extent 1 1 Duration 3 3 Magnitude 3 1 Probability 3 2 Significance (Operational Phase) 21- High 10- Medium Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Low degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause High degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Low degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Inefficient rehabilitation of construction areas. Impact and Nature Soil pollution. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent Duration Magnitude

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Probability Significance (Construction Phase) Operational Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Operational Phase)

Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent 1 1 Duration 3 2 Magnitude 3 2 Probability 3 2 Significance (Post-construction and 21- High 10- Medium Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Low degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause High degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Low degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Socio-economic Aspect Construction, operational, post-construction and rehabilitation activities. Impact and Nature Generation of a large number of employment opportunities and skills development. Construction, Operational, Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent Duration N/A – Positive impact N/A – Positive impact Magnitude Probability Significance (Construction, Positive impact No mitigation required – positive Operational, Post-construction and impact Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Positive Impact Degree to which impact can be N/A – positive impact reversed Degree to which impact may cause N/A – positive impact irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be N/A – positive impact avoided, managed or mitigated

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Aspect Construction, operational, post-construction and rehabilitation activities. Impact and Nature Stimulation of the economy and tourism sector. Construction, Operational, Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent Duration N/A – Positive impact N/A – Positive impact Magnitude Probability Significance (Construction, Positive impact No mitigation required – positive Operational, Post-construction and impact Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Positive Impact Degree to which impact can be N/A – positive impact reversed Degree to which impact may cause N/A – positive impact irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be N/A – positive impact avoided, managed or mitigated

Aspect Construction activities. Impact and Nature Potential increase in crime due to influx of workers. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 1 1 Duration 2 1 Magnitude 3 2 Probability 2 1 Significance (Construction Phase) 12 - Medium 4 - Low Operational Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Operational Phase) Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent Duration Magnitude Probability Significance (Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Medium degree reversed

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Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be High degree avoided, managed or mitigated

Traffic Aspect Construction and operational activities. Impact and Nature Increase in traffic volumes to the site during both the construction and operational phases. Construction Phase Impact Rating Before Mitigation After Mitigation Extent 2 1 Duration 2 2 Magnitude 2 1 Probability 3 2 Significance (Construction Phase) 18 - Medium 8 - Low Operational Phase Extent 2 1 Duration 3 3 Magnitude 2 1 Probability 3 2 Significance (Operational Phase) 21 - High 10 - Medium Post-construction and Rehabilitation Phase Extent 2 1 Duration 2 2 Magnitude 2 1 Probability 3 2 Significance (Post-construction and 18 - Medium 8 - Low Rehabilitation Phase) Status of Impact Consequence Negative Degree to which impact can be Low degree reversed Degree to which impact may cause Medium degree irreplaceable loss of resources Degree to which impact can be Low degree avoided, managed or mitigated

15.5 Summary of the Positive and Negative Impacts and Risks of the Proposed Activity and Identified Alternatives The following main positive and potential negative impacts and risks have been identified for the proposed project:

Positive impacts  Utilization of undeveloped land.

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 Generation of a large number of employment opportunities.  Skills enhancement and development of local residents of St Helena Island.  Stimulation of the economy and tourism sector.  Loss of exotic species, declared weeds and invader plants.  Restoration of the Stone Wall present on the proposed project site will increase St Helenians knowledge on the history of the site.

Potential negative impacts  Introduction and spread of alien vegetation.  Changes in water quality due to pollution.  Increased surface water runoff due to hardened surfaces.  Increased erosion and sedimentation.  Potential sewage spillages.  Pollution of surface and/or groundwater resources due to the potential release of pollutants, such as chemicals, especially during the construction phase.  Pollution of surface and/or groundwater resources due to the potential release of wastewater (sewage) during the operational phase.  Pollution of surface and/or groundwater resources due to poor waste management.  Pollution of surface and/or groundwater resources due to the incorrect management of chemical substances (fuels, oils etc.).  Unsustainable utilisation of water.  Pollution of surface and/or groundwater resources due to the runoff of contaminated stormwater.  Loss of ecological sensitive and important vegetation units.  Loss of fauna habitat.  Destruction, deterioration and eventual loss of natural vegetation.  Destruction of plant species that are ‘Declining’, ‘Rare’ or ‘Protected’.  Loss of the ecological function of the natural vegetation areas.  Disturbance or destruction of cultural and heritage resources.  Generation of dust.  Release of vehicle emissions from construction vehicles.  Generation of nuisance and noise.  Construction of residential units, vehicle parking areas, roads etc.: The current land capability will cease completely until the structures are removed (which is not foreseen).  Possible contamination of soil by spillages of fuel or oil by mechanical equipment: The soil’s physical and chemical properties will be adversely affected and will cause some reduction in land capability.  Possible soil erosion at exposed building footprints due to higher runoff: Soil erosion will adversely affect land capability.  Use and maintenance of residential units, vehicle parking areas, roads etc.: The pre-construction land capability at areas covered by concrete, tar or paving will remain ceased.  The construction of structures that cover the soil surface by means of concrete, tar or paving: Compaction of the soil surface for building foundations, parking areas etc. will alter the soil's physical properties negatively.  Possible soil erosion at exposed building footprints due to higher runoff: Possible soil erosion at exposed construction sites where the current natural vegetation were removed.  Use and maintenance of residential units, vehicle parking areas, roads etc.: All impacts on soils during the construction phase will remain during the operational phase. The productive functioning of soil at areas covered by concrete, tar or paving will remain ceased.

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 Soil pollution from the mixing of concrete.  Increase in traffic volumes to the site during both the construction and operational phases.

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15.6 Aspects Conditional to the Findings of the Assessment (either by the EAP or specialists) and to be Included as Conditions of Authorisation

The following conditions must be included in the Environmental Authorisation, should the proposed development be authorised:

 The mitigation measures contained in the Environmental Management Programme must be implemented during each developmental phase of the proposed project;  An independent Environmental Control Officer (ECO) must be appointed to audit compliance to the Environmental Management Programme during the construction phase of the proposed development.  An independent/external Environmental Auditor must be appointed to conduct annual compliance audits during the operational phase of the proposed development. The audits must verify compliance with the Environmental Authorisation and this Environmental Management Programme. A formal report must be compiled after each audit and the reports must be submitted to the Competent Authority.  A Plant Rescue Plan should be implemented: Where plants of conservation concern are deemed to be under threat from the construction activities, the plants should be removed by a suitably qualified specialist and replanted into suitable open spaces. These plants may only be removed with the permission of the relevant authority.

15.7 Description of Assumptions, Uncertainties and Gaps in Knowledge which Relate to the Assessment and Mitigation Measures Proposed

The following assumptions were made during this Environmental Impact Assessment process:

 That all research and reference sources or material is accurate and up to date;  That the project information, as provided by the applicant, is correct;  That the specialist opinions are scientifically grounded and accurate; and  That the proposed development will be operated according to the Environmental Management Programme and in a responsible manner.

The following gaps in knowledge exist:  Areas of high fauna and vegetation conservation concern should not be developed, but instead should form part of open space, as far as possible.

15.8 Reasoned Opinion Whether Proposed Activity Should or Should Not Be Authorised (if the Opinion is that it should be authorised, any conditions that should be made in respect of that authorisation)

It is Labesh’s independent and reasoned opinion that the identified and assessed environmental impacts can be mitigated and that an Environmental Authorisation should therefore be issued for the proposed project.

Please refer to Section 15.6 above for conditions that should be included in respect of the Environmental Authorisation.

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16 SPECIALIST REPORTS

The following specialist studies and the report thereof are included in the Environmental Impact Assessment Report:  Environmental Scoping Report (conducted by Ms. A van Neel) in February 2020.  Biological Survey Report (conducted by Mr. L Malan) in January 2021.

Environmental Scoping Report (conducted by Ms. A van Neel) in February 2020 - Summary

As per the Environmental Scoping Report:

“The Horse Pasture area is considered to be undeveloped privately owned land with few existing infrastructure on the parcels.

The proposed Trade Winds Ocean Village has two main focus areas, namely:  to create approximately 150 high-end residential homes, together with reception, tennis court, swimming pool, manager’s house and associated ancillary buildings  and to establish approximately 8 acres of public country park, picnic and camping area and associated hiking trail as well as a log type adventure playground and male/female public ablutions, with dish-wash and associated car park

The proposed Trade Winds development requires the necessary full development planning permission prior to commencement. The Land Planning and Development Board (LPDB) is the competent decision-making authority in this regard. The study area incorporates the existing community amenity space of approximately 4 acres, the remaining area is classified as undeveloped and natural areas. The terrain is overgrown with a mix colony of introduced species throughout the proposed development area, which is almost wholly enclosed by a low standing, historic stone boundary wall, which is not listed under the HER. Dry Gut Valley borders the proposed development area to the west and Lemon Valley lies to the east beyond the privately owned Horse Pasture Quarry and crusher site. It should be noted that one residential property is located at the main southern entrance to the proposed development area.

Vegetation According to the Mapping Saint Helena’s Biodiversity and Natural Environment Map, the status of the habitat is categorised as Introduced Natural and Planted Stands, with a low-medium soil quality. (page 35 Mapping St Helena’s Biodiversity and Natural Environment July 2018, Version 1.02). The canopy of introduced and relatively mature trees, situated at the south-western boundary is predominantly composed of Pittosporum viridiflorum (spoor), Acacia longifolia (willow) and Schinus terebinthifolius (wild mango). The development area then stretches into a thicket of nearly impenetrable Opuntia elatior, Opuntia ficus-indica (red and white tungi) and Lantana camara (wild currant).Historic attempts of softening the landscape are still visible in the patches of Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu grass) and Agapanthus praecox (African lily) that surround the community picnic area.

Biodiversity area and ecological support areas Although the land is not listed as a National Conservation Area, it has previously supported a declining number of the island’s endangered and only endemic land bird, the Charadrius Sancthelenae (Wirebird). Based on annual wirebird census conducted in the area by the Saint Helena National Trust, the number of wirebirds in the area, have dwindled from a figure of 22 birds seven years ago in 2013, to only one observed in last year’s census.

Services Water

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Primary water supply to residential buildings will be from stored water on site through Rainwater harvesting into plastic tanks at each dwelling unit but shall also include a pressurized bulk water ring main supply throughout the development as a secondary supply to these tanks governed by mechanical float switches. Surplus water from the dam to be built on the nearby Trade Winds Golf Resort, will also be piped up to Trade Winds Ocean Village.

The bulk tanks will be supplied via rainwater harvesting from the buildings and supplemented from the local supply. However, as a long term solution, the developer will prepare for the development programming of the adjacent site into a Golf estate which shall include the development of several dams and it is anticipated that supplementary supply to the Ocean village reservoirs will be supplied from these dams, once same have matured and filled.

Sewage The sloping ground conditions across the site lend itself to the use of non-mechanical “Biolytic Digester” systems whereby waste water is treated and processed in a pre‐manufactured Bio system and gravity fed into below ground irrigation system which has the obvious benefit of homeowners developing landscaped areas on the immediate use areas of their site. It is proposed that to ensure more efficient management and least disturbance to the site these digester systems will be installed on a larger scale to support multiples or clusters of homes as opposed to installing a single unit per home.

Roads The primary access to the proposed development is from the Head O’ Wain where the existing public road extends to the south and main entrance of the property. The site, in its current form, includes various ground roads accessing various areas of the site. To ensure least additional impact on the existing site, these existing tracks will be used as the “backbone” of the proposed new Road / Path network. Vehicular access will be limited to the entrance of the development only; thus the inclusion of the parking area adjacent to the development entrance.

Solid Waste A dedicated refuse area / enclosure will be included at each unit to be serviced by the operational team for collection and storage at a bulk holding facility located at the service area of the development. This is strategically located adjacent to the main parking area for ease of collection / removal by the municipal service or private sector service provider.

Storm Water By virtue of the sloping topography of the site surface storm water will need to be and can be effectively managed by making use of the existing gradients and slopes by adding low earth berms and “stone pitching” mechanisms.

Electricity As a result of the constrained existing power supply system of the island, the housing units are planned to be energy efficient relying on secondary solar systems including focus and taking cognisance of the use of;  LED Lighting – no tungsten lighting will be permitted whatsoever  Gas or energy efficient cookers  Energy efficient appliances and equipment  If A/C of consideration by the buyer then of energy efficient inverter type.  Day/Night sensor type external light fittings, with solar cat’s eyes for footpaths  Solar water heating

Primary power supply to each dwelling unit shall be via two strategically locaed 500KVA sub-stations, supplied and installed by Connect. Each unit will additionally be fitted with stand-alone Photovoltaic and battery storage system.”

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Biological Survey Report (conducted by Mr. L Malan) in January 2021- Summary

As per the Biological Survey Report:

Flora “In all, 61 vascular plant species, four of which are considered native to St Helena: bayonet grass (Tribolium obliterum), purslane (Portulaca oleracea), spotted tongue fern (Pleopeltis macrocarpa) and neglected sedge (Bulbostylis neglecta). The latter two are listed in Schedule 2 of the Environmental Protection Ordinance as protected species. Spotted tongue fern is very rare in the site, though fairly common on the island and not threatened by this proposed development. Neglected sedge is a rare endemic annual and its habitat is in need of protection.

In general, the vegetation types and most (except for the endemic neglected sedge) of the species identified are not considered unique. Most (82%) of the plant species documented in the survey area are not native to St Helena. Therefore, the proposed project is not expected to have a significant adverse effect on flora (botanical) resources.”

Fauna “Rabbits (Oryctolagus coniculus) and house mice (Mus musculus) were often seen during the survey. No cats (Felis catus) were seen during the survey; however, cat scat was found throughout the survey site and feral cats are clearly common in the area. A total of six donkeys were seen on separate days and hoof prints found throughout the survey site. Dust bathing spots are common along with signs of feeding on the white tungi which is likely chewed for its high water content. No other mammals were observed during the pedestrian surveys, although rat (Rattus spp.) could be expected to occur. In order to minimise the harmful impacts donkey grazing would be expected to have on landscaped native plants, as well as the protected neglected sedge (through destruction of the soil crusts which support it) and other ecologically important native plants, it is recommended that donkeys be restricted from the site through reinstating the damaged sections of the drystone wall.

Nine bird species in total were observed. Two of the bird species—the wirebird (Charadrius sanctaehelenae) and fairy tern (Gygis alba)—are listed in Schedule 2 of the Environmental Protection Ordinance as protected species. No roosting or breeding fairy terns were observed in the survey site; however, roosting birds were observed in the forestry trees along the southeast border of the site and they may also transit over the survey area while travelling to and from nearby nesting sites. The vulnerable wirebird (IUCN 2020-3) is present in low numbers. In four searches, totalling 16 hours, one bird was observed. It would be expected that the selective scrub-clearing associated with establishing the project area as a development site would encourage colonisation by wirebirds, both for foraging and for nest-building. For this reason, it is recommended that the St Helena National Trust (on island body who does wirebird work and have qualified staff and expertise) be consulted to minimise the disturbance to this protected species.

No reptiles were seen during the pedestrian surveys. Droppings of what is likely Java gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus) were found and this species could be expected to occur in this habitat. The endemic blushing snail (Succinea sanctaehelenae) is the only native invertebrate detected during the surveys. Non-native invertebrate species observed during the surveys include honeybee (Apis mellifera), long tailed blue (Lampides boeticus), grass webworm (Herpetogramma licarsisalis) and various species of ant.”

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17 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PRACTITIONER UNDERTAKING

I, Lourens de Villiers, hereby confirm the following:

 The correctness of information provided in this Environmental Impact Assessment Report and the Environmental Management Programme;  The inclusion of all comments and inputs from stakeholders and I&APs;  The inclusion of inputs and recommendations from the specialist reports, where relevant; and  Any information provided by the EAP to I&APs and any responses by the EAP to comments or inputs made by I&APs have been included in this report.

I further confirm that I have no business, financial, personal or other interest in the activity or application in respect of which I have been appointed as EAP, other than fair remuneration for work performed in connection with this application for Environmental Authorisation.

______Lourens de Villiers Managing Director and Environmental Assessment Practitioner

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APPENDIX A – Plans and Maps

Site locality map

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Site

St Helena Overall Soil Quality (Abstracted from: Mapping St Helena’s Biodiversity and Natural Environment July 2018, Version 1.02)

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Site

St Helena Island habitat Map (Abstracted from: Mapping St Helena’s Biodiversity and Natural Environment July 2018, Version 1.02)

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Site Development Plan

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APPENDIX B - Photographs

Site Photographs

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APPENDIX C – Public Participation Public Consultations for the Trade Winds Ocean Village

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Newspaper Advertisements & Articles

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Immigration Control Board – Comments and Responses from the Public in respect of Notice of Application, June 2019. (In Accordance with Section 3 of the Immigration (Landholding) Regulations, 2012)

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APPENDIX D – Specialist Reports

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APPENDIX E – Other Information Department of Roads – Road Improvement Suggestions

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Protected Animal and Plants List, as outlined in Part 6 (Section 19) of the Environmental Protection Ordinance of 2016

SCHEDULE 2 (Section 19)

PROTECTED ANIMALS AND PLANTS PART 1 - ANIMALS

Marine Species Family Scientific Local Name Global Name International Name Designation Fish Scombridae Thunnus Coffrey Bigeye Tuna IUCN obesus Vulnerable Syngnathidae Hippocampus Seahorse Lined Seahorse, IUCN erectus Northern Vulnerable Scorpaenidae Pontinus Deepwater Jack Deepwater Jack IUCN nigropunctatus Vulnerable D2 Moridae Physiculus Skulpin Skulpin IUCN helenaensis Critically Pomacentridae Stegastes Bastard Cavalley IUCN sanctaehelenae Pilot Vulnerable D2 Pomacentridae Chromis Bastard Five IUCN sanctaehelenae Finger Vulnerable D2 Callionymidae Callionymus St Helena IUCN sanctaehelenae Dragonet Critically Istiophoridae Kajikia albida White Marlin White Marlin IUCN Vulnerable Serranidae Holanthias Deepwater fronticinctus Greenfish Scorpaenidae Scorpaena Deepwater mellissii Gurnard Labridae Thalassoma Greenfish sanctaehelenae Congridae Ariosoma Silver Eel mellissii Blenniidae Scartella Springer's Blenny springeri Gobiidae Priolepis Ascension Goby ascensionis

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Family Scientific Local Name Global Name International Name Designation Tripterygiidae Helcogramma Ascension ascensionis Triplefin Chaetodontidae Prognathodes Bastard dichrous Cunningfish Tetraodontidae Canthigaster Bastard Hogfish sanctaehelenae Chaetodontidae Chaetodon Cunningfish St Helena sanctaehelenae Butterfly Fish Serranidae Serranus Deepwater Brown St Helena sanctaehelenae Mullet Comber Ostraciidae Acanthostracio Hogfish Island Cowfish n notacanthus Labridae Xyrichtys Marmalade Marmalade blanchardi Razorfish Razorfish Labridae Bodianus Parrotfish Parrotfish insularis Apogonidae Apogon Red Mullet axillaris Scorpaenidae Scorpaenodes Red Scorpionfish Red Scorpionfish insularis Scaridae Sparisoma Rockfish strigatum Labridae Xyrichtys Sand Greenfish Yellow Razorfish sanctaehelenae Ophicthidae Phaenomonas Short-maned longissima Sand Eel Bothidae Bothus mellissi Solefish/Flounder

Blenniidae Entomacrodus Textile Blenny Textile Blenny textilis Crustaceans Palinuridae Panulirus Brown Spiny IUCN Least echinatus Lobster (when in Concern berry) Scyllaridae Scyllarides Stumpy Slipper Lobster IUCN obtusus Critically Sharks Rhincodontidae Rhincodon Bone Shark Whale Shark IUCN Typus Vulnerable Carcharhinidae Prionace Blue Shark Blue shark IUCN Near glauca Threatened Pseudocarchariida Pseudocarchar Crocodile shark Crocodile Shark IUCN Near e ias kamoharai Threatened Lamnidae Isurus Dog shark Shortfin Mako IUCN oxyrinchus Vulnerable

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Family Scientific Local Name Global Name International Name Designation Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus Mackerel shark Galapagos Shark Near galapagensis Threatened Sphyrnidae Sphyrna sp. Shovel-nose shark Alopiidae Alopias Whiptail Bigeye Thresher IUCN superciliosus Vulnerable Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus Whitetip Oceanic Whitetip IUCN longimanus Shark, Whitetip Vulnerable Mobulidae Mobula Chilean Devil Devil Ray CMS listed tarapacana Ray Turtles Cheloniidae Eretmochelys Hawksbill Turtle Hawksbill Turtle IUCN imbricata Critically Cheloniidae Chelonia Green Turtle Green Turtle IUCN mydas Endangered Cetaceans Balaenopteridae Megaptera Humpback whale Humpback Whale CITES novaeangliae Appendix I Delphinidae Stenella Porpoise Pantropical CITES attenuata Spotted Dolphin Appendix II Delphinidae Tursiops Cow Porpoise Bottlenose CITES truncatus Dolphin Appendix II Delphinidae Steno Angerline Rough-toothed CITES bredanensis Dolphin Appendix II Delphinidae Stenella Spinner Spinner Dolphin CITES longirostris Appendix II Physeteridae Physeter Sperm whale Sperm Whale CITES macrocephalus Appendix I Ziphiidae Mesoplodon Blainvilles Blainville Beaked CITES densirostris Beaked Whale Whale Appendix II Physeteridae Kogia brevicps Pigmy Sperm Pigmy Sperm CITES Whale Whale Appendix II Physeteridae Kogia sima Dwarf Pigmy Dwarf Pigmy CITES Sperm Whale Sperm Whale Appendix II Seabirds

Hydrobatidae Oceanodroma Maderian Storm Maderian Storm IUCN Least castro Petrel Petrel concern Phaethontidae Phaethon Trophy Bird Red-billed IUCN Least aethereus Tropicbird concern Sulidae Sula dactylatra Gannet Masked Booby IUCN Least concern Sulidae Sula leucogaster Duck Brown Booby IUCN Least concern Sternidae Onychoprion Wideawake Sooty Tern IUCN Least fuscatus concern

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Family Scientific Local Name Global Name International Name Designation Sternidae Anous stolidus Common Noddy Brown Noddy IUCN Least concern Sternidae Anous minutus Egg Bird Black Noddy IUCN Least concern Laridae Gygis alba White Bird Fairy Tern IUCN Least concern Procellariidae Bulweria Bulwers Petrel Bulwers Petrel IUCN Least Bulwerii concern Hydrobatidae Pelagodroma White Faced White Faced IUCN Least marina Storm Petrel Storm Petrel concern Sulidae Sula Sula Red Footed Red Footed IUCN Least Booby Booby concern Stercorariidae Stercorarius Cape Hen Promarine Skua IUCN Least pomarinus concern Stercorariidae Stercorarius Cape Hen Arctic Skua IUCN Least parasiticus concern Procellariidae Puffinus griseus Sooty Shearwater IUCN Near threatened Procellariidae Puffinus Little Shearwater IUCN Least lherminieri concern Fregatidae Fregata ariel Lesser frigatebird

Fregatidae Fregata minor Great Frigate Bird Fregatidae

Terrestrial Species

Avian Charadrius St Helena St Helena Plover IUCN Critically sanctaehelenae Wirebird Endangered Gallinula Water Fowl, Moorhen IUCN Least chloropus Water Hen, Concern vers. 3.1 Charadriidae

Rallidae

Invertebrates Lepismatidae Ctenolepisma Violet-Marked sanctaehelenae Silverfish Libellulidae Sympetrum St Helena dilatatum Dragonfly Tettigoniidae Phaneracra Bartlett's Cricket bartletti Tettigoniidae Phaneracra Uvarov's Cricket uvarovi Gryllidae Gryllus Abnormal Field abnormis Cricket

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Family Scientific Local Name Global Name International Name Designation Gryllidae Myrmecophilus Ant Loving sanctaehelenae Cricket Acrididae Tinaria calcarata Acrididae Primnia sanctaehelenae Anisolabididae Labidura Giant Earwig herculeana Carabidae Aplothorax Giant Ground burchellii Beetle Carabidae Notaphus mixtus Melliss's Ground mellissii Beetle Carabidae Pseudophilochth us nubigena Carabidae Pseudophilochth Gray's Ground us grayanus Beetle Carabidae Pseudophilochth Tree Fern Ground us dicksoniae Beetle Carabidae Pseudophilochth us sublimbatus Carabidae Pseudophilochth us trechoides Carabidae Pseudophilochth us rufosuffusus Carabidae Pseudophilochth us fossor Carabidae Pseudophilochth us Carabidae Pseudophilochth us evanescens Carabidae Apteromimus platyderoides Carabidae Apteromimus Wollaston's wollastoni Ground Beetle Carabidae Endosomatium megalops Carabidae Eotachys caheni

Carabidae Lymnastis sanctaehelenae Carabidae Harpalus sanctaehelenae Carabidae Harpalus Prosperous prosperus Ground Beetle Ptillidae Ptinella matthewsiana

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Family Scientific Local Name Global Name International Name Designation Ptillidae Acrotrichis sanctaehelenae Staphylinidae Philonthus dictator Staphylinidae Atheta helenensis Staphylinidae Atheta basilewskyana Scarabaeidae Mellissius Hornless Red eudoxus Scarab Scarabaeidae Mellissius Dent-headed oryctoides Scarab Scarabaeidae Mellissius popei Pope's Scarab

Elateridae Anchastus Daisy Click compositarum Beetle Anobiidae Xyletomerus insulanus Anobiidae Helenoxylon confertum Cryptophagidae Micrambe gracillipes Tenebrionidae Stenosis Saint Darkling sanctaehelenae Beetle Tenebrionidae Helenomelas Basilewisky's basilewskyi Darkling Beetle Tenebrionidae Hadrodes Helenian helenensis Darkling Beetle Tenebrionidae Tarphiophasis Tubercular tuberculatus Darkling Beetle Tenebrionidae Tarphiophasis Decelle's decellei Darkling Beetle Tenebrionidae Tarphiophasis Wollaston's wollastoni Darkling Beetle Tenebrionidae Tarphiobasis Lelelup's leleupi Darkling Beetle Tenebrionidae Tarphiophasis Island Darkling insulanus Beetle Tenebrionidae Pseudoleichenu Benoit's Darkling m benoiti Beetle Tenebrionidae Zophobas Downtown atratus concolor Darkling Beetle Anthicidae Anthicodes Spotted Ant-like maculatus Beetle Anthicidae Anthicodes Fragile Ant-like fragilis Beetle

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Family Scientific Local Name Global Name International Name Designation Chrysomelidae Longitarsus Jellicoe Flea mellissi Beetle Chrysomelidae Longitarsus She Cabbage Flea janulus Beetle Chrysomelidae Longitarsus Lobelia Flea helenae Beetle Anthribidae Valenfriesia Janisch's Fungus janischi Weevil Anthribidae Valenfriesia subfasciata Anthribidae Valenfriesia Bewick's Fungus bewicki Weevil Anthribidae Valenfriesia alutacea Anthribidae Valenfriesia dimidiate Anthribidae Valenfriesia Rotund Fungus rotundata Weevil Anthribidae Valenfriesia rufopicta Anthribidae Valenfriesia congener Anthribidae Valenfriesia Dale's Fungus dalei Weevil Anthribidae Valenfriesia Bronze Fungus aenea Weevil Anthribidae Valenfriesia Gray's Fungus grayi Weevil Anthribidae Homoeodera Knobbly Fungus nodulipennis Weevil Anthribidae Homoeodera elateroides Anthribidae Homoeodera edithia Anthribidae Homoeodera scolytoides Anthribidae Homoeodera major Anthribidae Homoeodera Pygmy Fungus pygmaea Weevil Anthribidae Homoeodera longefasciata Anthribidae Homoeodera asteris Anthribidae Homoeodera paviae

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Family Scientific Local Name Global Name International Name Designation Anthribidae Homoeodera coriacea Anthribidae Homoeodera globulosa Anthribidae Acarodes gutta

Curculionidae Nesiobius squamosus Curculionidae Nesiobius barbatus Curculionidae Nesiobius fimbriatus Curculionidae Nesiobius sulcicollis Curculionidae Nesiobius indigenus Curculionidae Nesiobius breviusculus Curculionidae Nesiobius asperatus Curculionidae Nesiobius ascendens Curculionidae Nesiobius horridus Curculionidae Nesiobius gracilis Curculionidae Nesiobius niger

Curculionidae Nesiobius minor

Curculionidae Nesiobius simplex Curculionidae Tychiorhinus lineatus Curculionidae Tychiorhinus porrectus Curculionidae Tychiorhinus subochraceus Curculionidae Tychiorhinus inaequalis Curculionidae Tychiorhinus variolosus Curculionidae Tychiorhinus melanodendri Curculionidae Cryptommata cucculata

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Family Scientific Local Name Global Name International Name Designation Curculionidae Tapiromimus gibbirostris Curculionidae Xestophasis nasalis Curculionidae Xestophasis xerophilus Curculionidae Lamprochrus cossonoides Curculionidae Lamprochrus cossonoides Curculionidae Lamprochrus hedyotinus Curculionidae Eucoptoderus vermiculatus Curculionidae Eucoptoderus affinis Curculionidae Chalcotrogus apionides Curculionidae Chalcotrogus oblongior Curculionidae Chalcotrogus semipolitus Curculionidae Acanthinomerus chevrolatii Curculionidae Acanthinomerus monilicornis Curculionidae Acanthinomerus similis Curculionidae Acanthinomerus obliteratus Curculionidae Acanthinomerus robertsi Curculionidae Acanthinomerus angustus Curculionidae Acanthinomerus cylindricus Curculionidae Acanthinomerus asperatus Curculionidae Acanthinomerus wollastoni Curculionidae Microxylobius dimidiatus Curculionidae Microxylobius oculatus Curculionidae Microxylobius granulosus

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Family Scientific Local Name Global Name International Name Designation Curculionidae Microxylobius sculpturatus Curculionidae Microxylobius opacus Curculionidae Microxylobius whiteheadi Curculionidae Microxylobius leleupi Curculionidae Microxylobius joannae Curculionidae Isotornus retractilis Curculionidae Isotornus aterrimus Curculionidae Isotornus trituratus Curculionidae Peltophorus commidendri Curculionidae Pseudomesoxen us minutissimus Curculionidae Pseudomesoxen us subcaecus Curculionidae Pseudomesoxen us filicum Curculionidae Pseudomesoxen us scrobiculatus Curculionidae Pentatemnodes rupertsianus Curculionidae Hexacoptus ferrugineus Curculionidae Pachymastax crassus Curculionidae Pseudostenoscel is sculpturata Curculionidae Pseudostenoscel is asteriperda Curculionidae Pseudostenoscel is alutaceicollis Curculionidae Pseudostenoscel is compositarum Limoniidae Dicranomyia basilewskyana Limoniidae Dicranomyia loveridgeana Simuliidae Simulium politum

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Family Scientific Local Name Global Name International Name Designation Drosophilidae Scaptomyza mimitantalia Asteiidae Anarista vittata

Sphaeroceridae Aubertina sanctaehelenae Tachinidae Atlantomyia Prosperous Fly nitida Figitidae Kleidotoma microscutellaris Ichneumonidae Netelia insulicola Mymaridae Mymarilla wollastoni Scelionidae Macroteleia gracilicornis Megaspilidae Dendrocerus wollastoni Bethylidae Sclerodermus wollastoni Bethylidae Sclerodermus insularis Bethylidae Sclerodermus sanctaehelenae Bethylidae Holepyris atlanticus Formicidae Camponotus fabricator Trogiidae Cerobasis Atlantic Barkfly atlantica Sphaeropsocidae Sphaeropsocops Myrtle's Barkfly is myrtleae Caeciliusidae Stenocaecilius Benoit's Barkfly benoiti Peripsocidae Peripsocus Decelle's Barkfly decellei Psocidae Blaste helenae Helena Barkfly

Phlaeothripidae Diceratothrips meridionalis Cixiidae Helenolius Flagstaff Hopper dividens Cixiidae Helenolius Rosemary Hopper insulicola Delphacidae Ilburnia Black-faced ignobilis Hopper

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Family Scientific Local Name Global Name International Name Designation Delphacidae Ilburnia dianae Brown-faced Hopper Cicadellidae Argaterma Coarse Stained- alticola glass Leafhopper Cicadellidae Argaterma Fine Stained-glass multisignata Leafhopper Cicadellidae Nehela vulturina Vulture Leafhopper Cicadellidae Stonasla consors Cicadellidae Stonasla undulata Cicadellidae Sanctahelenia Golden sanctahelenae Leafhopper Cicadellidae Sanctahelenia Gumwood decellei Leafhopper Cicadellidae Sanctahelenia False Gumwood insularis Leafhopper Cicadellidae 'Atlantisia' Scrubwood leleupi Leafhopper Cicadellidae 'Chlorita' edithae Cicadellidae Nyhimbricus wollastoni Pseudococcidae Ripersiella St Helena mediatlantica Mealybug Saldidae Helenasaldula St Helena Shore aberrans Bug Pentatomidae Macrorhaphis Brown Shield wollastoni Bug Berytidae Plyapomus Wingless Stilt longus Bug Berytidae Metacanthus Winged Stilt Bug concolor Reduviidae Napoleon Napoleon Bug vinctus Nabidae Vernonia Wollaston's Bug wollastoniana Nabidae Kerzhneria Kerzhner's Bug hirsuta Anthocoridae Lasiochilus contortus Miridae Agrametra aethiops Miridae Neisopsallus lutosus

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Family Scientific Local Name Global Name International Name Designation Miridae Naresthus hebes

Miridae Lopsallus flavosparsus Miridae Hirtopsallus Samphire Bug suedae Miridae Insulopus asteri Aster Bug

Miridae Oligobiella fuliginea Miridae Helenocoris Horrid Bug horridus Glyphipterygidae Glyphipteryx semilunaris Gracillariidae Phyllonorycter aurifascia Hepialidae Eudalaca sanctahelena Lyonethiidae Leucoptera auronivea Momphidae Stagmatophora trifasciata Noctuiidae Cardepia subvelata Noctuiidae Herminia rectalis Oecophoridae Schiffermuelleri a pictipennis Oecophoridae Schiffermuelleri a splendidula Pterophoridae Agdistis St Helena Plume sanctae-helenae Moth Pterophoridae Agdistis Marion's Moth marionae Pterophoridae Platyptilia subnotata Pyralidae Homoeosoma privata Crambidae Helenoscoparia helenensis Crambidae Helenoscoparia lucidalis Crambidae Helenoscoparia scintillulalis Crambidae Helenoscoparia transversalis

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Family Scientific Local Name Global Name International Name Designation Crambidae Zovax whiteheadii Chthoniidae Tyrannochthoni us helenae Garypinidae Hemisolinus helenae Withiidae Scotowithius helenae Withiidae Sphallowithius excelsus Withiidae Sphallowithius inhonestus Oonopidae Oonops erinaceus Tetrablemmidae Tetrablemma helenense Gnaphosidae Pterochroa funerea Miturgidae Tecution planum

Miturgidae Tecution mellissi Miturgidae Tecution helenicola Miturgidae Cheiracanthium wilma Thomisidae Bonapruncinia sanctaehelenae Salticidae Myrmarachne isolata Salticidae Paraheliophanu s subinstructus Salticidae Paraheliophanu s Salticidae Paraheliophanu s napoleon Salticidae Pellenes inexcultus Salticidae Pellenes perexcultus Lycosidae Lycosa elysae

Lycosidae Lycosa ringens

Lycosidae Dolocosa dolosa

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Family Scientific Local Name Global Name International Name Designation Lycosidae Hogna nefasta Prowling Wolf Spider Lycosidae Hogna cinica

Lycosidae Lycosidae sp. Prosperous Bay indet. 3 Plain Mole Spider Mysmenidae Mysmena isolata Theridiidae Argyrodes mellissi Theridiidae Theridion solium Theridiidae Zercidium helenense Nesticidae Nesticella helenensis Linyphiidae Lepthyphantes albimaculatus Linyphiidae Bathyphantes helenae Linyphiidae Bathyphantes gracilipes Linyphiidae Napometa sanctaehelenae Linyphiidae Napometa trifididens Geophilidae Tuoba benoiti Benoit's Centipede Cryptopidae Cryptops Basilewsky's basilewskyi Centipede Henicopidae Lamyctes leleupi

Armadillidiidae Pseudo diploexochus Armadillidiidae Pseudo diploexochus Armadillidiidae Pseudo diploexochus insularis Armadillidiidae Pseudo diploexochus tabularis Armadillidiidae Pseudolaureola Spiky Yellow atlantica Woodlouse Janiridae Iais aquilei

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Family Scientific Local Name Global Name International Name Designation Philosciidae Littorophiloscia alticola Cyprididae Herpetocypris helenae Talitridae Paltorchestia ashmoleorum Macrostomidae Macrostomum parmum Procerodidae Dinizia sanctaehelenae Procerodidae Tryssosoma jennyae Trichostrongylida Amphibiophilus e sanctaehelenae Vertiginidae Nesopupa Turton's Snail turtoni Vertiginidae Campolaemus perexilis Pupillidae Pupa obliquicostata Subulinidae Chilonopsis nonpareil Subulinidae Chilonopsis nonpareil Subulinidae Chilonopsis subtruncatus Subulinidae Chilonopsis melanoides Subulinidae Chilonopsis subplicatus Subulinidae Chilonopsis exulatus Subulinidae Chilonopsis turtoni Subulinidae Chilonopsis helena Subulinidae Chilonopsis Blofeld's Snail blofeldi Charopidae Helenoconcha relicta Charopidae Helenodiscus bilamellata Charopidae Helenoconcha polyodon Charopidae Helenoconcha biplicata

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Family Scientific Local Name Global Name International Name Designation Charopidae Helenoconcha cutteri Charopidae Helenoconcha pseustes Charopidae Helenoconcha minutissima Charopidae Helenoconcha leptalea Charopidae Pseudo Shitty Snail helenoconcha spurca

PART 2 - PLANTS

Family Scientific Local Name Global Name International Name Designations Terrestrial Plants

Liverworts Tylimanthus Acrobolbaceae anisodontus Cylindrocolea Cephaloziellaceae sanctae-helenae Cololejeunea Lejeuneaceae sanctae-helenae Colura Lejeuneaceae calyptrifolia Colura Lejeuneaceae tenuicornis Lejeunea Lejeuneaceae sanctae-helenae Marchesinia Lejeuneaceae brachiata Kurzia Lepidoziaceae nemoides Pleurozia Pleuroziaceae gigantea Anastrophyllum Scapaniaceae subcomplicatum Cheilolejeunea ascensionis Cheilolejeunea microscypha

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Cheilolejeunea rotalis

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Family Scientific Local Name Global Name International Name Designations Cololejeunea dianae Cololejeunea grossestyla Hornworts Dendroceros Dendrocerotaceae adglutinatus Mosses Bartramiaceae Philonotis Brachytheciaceae Sainthelenia Daltonia Daltoniaceae splachnoides Entodon Entodontaceae dregeanus Fissidens Fissidentaceae chioneurus Physcomitrium Funariaceae flexifolium Hypnum Hypnaceae cupressiforme Hypnum Hypnaceae lacunosum Lepidopilidium Pilotrichaceae crispifolium Pseudocrossidiu Pottiaceae m crinitum Sphagnum Sphagnaceae helenicum Fissidens curvatus subsp. sanctae-helenae Fissidens reimersii Fissidens translucens Lophocolea humistrata Macromitrium urceolatum Philonotis helenica Sematophyllum erythrocaulon Sematophyllum helenicum Club Mosses

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Family Scientific Local Name Global Name International Name Designations Lycopodiaceae Huperzia Large Buck’s Club Moss saururus Horn Vascular Ferns Aspleniaceae Asplenium platybasis var. Sickle Fern Aspleniaceae Ceterach haughtonii Barn Fern Barn Fern Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris Large Kidney cognata Fern, Greater Kidney Fern Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris Small or Lesser napoleonis Kidney Fern Kidney Fern Elaphoglossaceae Elaphoglossum Common conforme Tongue-Fern Elaphoglossaceae Elaphoglossum Toothed dimorphum Tongue-Fern Elaphoglossaceae Elaphoglossum furcatum Mossy Fern Elaphoglossaceae Elaphoglossum Veined nervosum Tongue-Fern Grammitidaceae Grammitis Dwarf ebenina Tongue-Fern; Grammitis Asplenium Plastic Fern compressum Dicksonia Tree-Fern arborescens Diplazium Black-Scale filamentosum Fern Pseudophegopter Brown-Scale is dianae Fern Pteris paleacea Lays Back Fern Asplenium Parsley Fern aethiopicum Asplenium Hen and lunulatum Chicks Fern Pteris dentata Comb Fern ssp. flabellata Sickle Fern

Cheilanthes Crevice Fern multifida Hypolepis Sticky Fern villoso-viscida Pleopeltis Dotted macrocarpa Tongue-Fern

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Family Scientific Local Name Global Name International Name Designations Hymenophyllum St. Helena capillaceum Filmy Fern Ophioglossum Lily fern polyphyllum Flowering Plants Monocotyledons Cyperaceae Bulbostylis Neglected Neglected Tuft neglecta Sedge Sedge Cyperaceae Bulbostylis lichtensteiniana Tufted Sedge Cyperaceae Carex dianae Diana’s Peak Grass Poaceae Eragrostis Cliff Hair episcopulus Grass Poaceae Eragrostis Hair Grass saxatilis Poaceae Panicum joshuae Pat's Grass, Rock Millet Millet Dicotyledons Acalypha St Helena Euphorbiaceae rubrinervis Stringwood Stringwood Berula St Helena Apiaceae burchellii Dwarf Jellico Dwarf Jellico Berula Apiaceae bracteata Jellico Commicarpus Nyctaginaceae helenae Hogweed Commidendrum Cluster Leafed Asteraceae gummiferum Gumwood Commidendrum St Helena Asteraceae robustum Gumwood Gumwood Commidendrum Bastard St Helena Asteraceae rotundifolium Gumwood Bastard Commidendrum St Helena Asteraceae spurium False Gumwood False Commidendrum Asteraceae rugosum Scrubwood Euphorbia French Grass, Euphorbiaceae heleniana St. Helena Frankenia St Helena Tea Frankeniaceae portulacifolia Tea Plant Plant Heliotropium St Helena Boraginaceae pannifolium Heliotrope Heliotrope Hypertelis St Helena Moluginaceae acida Salad Plant Salad Plant

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Family Scientific Local Name Global Name International Name Designations Lachanodes St Helena She Asteraceae arborea She Cabbage Cabbage Melanodendron St Helena Asteraceae integrifolium Black Cabbage Black Cabbage Mellissia St Helena Solanaceae begoniifolia Boxwood Boxwood St Helena Rhamnaceae Nesiota elliptica Olive Olive Nesohedyotis St Helena Rubiaceae arborea Dogwood Dogwood Pelargonium Old-Father- Old-Father- Geraniaceae cotyledonis Live-Forever Live-Forever Petrobium St Helena Asteraceae arboretum Whitewood Whitewood Phylica St Helena Rhamnaceae polifolia Rosemary Rosemary Pladaroxylon St Helena He Asteraceae leucadendron He Cabbage Cabbage Plantago St Helena Plantaginaceae robusta Plantain Plantain Tribulus Sand Caltrop, Zygophyllaceae cistoides Devils Thorn, Sand Caltrop Trochetiopsis St Helena Malvaceae ebenus Dwarf Ebony Dwarf Ebony Trochetiopsis St Helena Malvaceae erythoxylon Redwood Redwood Trochetiopsis St Helena Malvaceae melanoxylon Ebony Ebony Wahlenbergia Campanulaceae angustifolia Small bellflower Wahlenbergia Burchell's Burchell's Campanulaceae burchellii Bellflower Bellflower Wahlenbergia Large St Helena Campanulaceae linifolia Bellflower Large Chenopodium Chenopodiaceae helense Goosefoot Hydrodea Aizoaceae cryptantha Babies toes Osteospermum Asteraceae sanctae-helenae Boneseed Trimeris Campanulaceae scaevolifolia Lobelia

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EAP Company Profile and Resume

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

END OF DOCUMENT

______Lourens de Villiers Managing Director and Environmental Assessment Practitioner

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