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Guide to the Classical Biological Control of Insect Pests in Planted and Natural Forests Planted and Natural Forests

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Guide to the Classical Biological Control of Insect Pests in Planted and Natural Forests Planted and Natural Forests 0.66 cm spine for 112pg on 90g paper 182 182 FAO FORESTRY PAPER Guide to the classical biological control of Guide to the classical biological insect pests in planted control of insect pests in and natural forests Guide to the classical biological control of insect pests in planted and natural forests planted and natural forests Insect pests damage millions of hectares of forest worldwide each year. Moreover, the extent of such damage is increasing as international trade grows, facilitating the spread of insect pests, and as the impacts of climate change become more evident. Classical biological control is a well-tried, cost-effective approach to the management of invasive forest pests. It involves the importing of “natural enemies” of non-native pests from their countries of origin with the aim of establishing permanent, self-sustaining populations capable of sustainably reducing pest populations below damaging levels. A great deal of knowledge on classical biological control has been accumulated worldwide in the last few decades. This publication, which was written by a team of experts, distils that information in a clear, concise guide aimed at helping forest-health practitioners and forest managers – especially in developing countries – to implement successful classical biological control programmes. It provides general theory and practical guidelines, explains the “why” and “how” of classical biological control in forestry, and addresses the potential risks associated with such programmes. It features 11 case studies of successful efforts worldwide to implement classical biological control. ISBN 978-92-5-131335-0 ISSN 0258-6150 ISSN 0258-6150 FAO FORESTRY FAO PAPER 978 9251 313350 CA3677EN/1/03.19 182 FAO Guide to the classical FORESTRY PAPER biological control of 182 insect pests in planted and natural forests by Marc Kenis Brett Hurley Fernanda Colombari Simon Lawson Jianghua Sun Carlos Wilcken Ronald Weeks Shiroma Sathyapala FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2019 Required citation: Kenis, M.; Hurley, B.P.; Colombari, F.; Lawson, S.; Sun, J.; Wilcken, C.; Weeks, R. and Sathyapala, S. 2019. Guide to the classical biological control of insect pests in planted and natural forests, FAO Forestry Paper No. 182. Rome, FAO. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-131335-0 © FAO, 2019 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/legalcode/legalcode). Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted. If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If a translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer along with the required citation: “This translation was not created by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original [Language] edition shall be the authoritative edition.” Disputes arising under the licence that cannot be settled amicably will be resolved by mediation and arbitration as described in Article 8 of the licence except as otherwise provided herein. The applicable mediation rules will be the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules and any arbitration will be conducted in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/ publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request. Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: [email protected]. Cover photo: The sirex woodwasp, a serious pest of Pinus species. © B. HURLEY iii Contents Foreword .................................................................................................................. vii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................viii Acronyms ................................................................................................................... ix 1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The threat to forests posed by insect pests .................................................... 1 1.2 Managing insect pests ...................................................................................... 1 1.3 What is biological control? .............................................................................. 1 1.4 Classical biological control ............................................................................... 2 1.5 About this guide ............................................................................................... 2 2 Classical biological control ........................................................................... 5 2.1 The benefits of classical biological control ..................................................... 5 2.2 Natural enemies used in classical biological control ...................................... 5 2.3 Communication and classical biological control ............................................. 6 2.4 The classical biological control process ........................................................... 6 3 Process leading to classical biological control ............................................ 9 3.1 Pest detection ................................................................................................... 9 3.2 Pest identification and characterization ....................................................... 10 3.3 Pest risk analysis .............................................................................................. 12 3.4 Evaluating pest management options .......................................................... 13 3.5 Studying natural enemies in an invaded region ........................................... 16 4 Implementing classical biological control ..................................................19 4.1 Reviewing potential biological control agents ............................................. 19 4.2 Studying natural enemies in a pest’s native range ...................................... 21 4.3 Importing biological control agents ............................................................. 24 4.4 Rearing and multiplying biological control agents in quarantine .............. 31 4.5 Assessing the risk of introducing a biological control agent ...................... 32 4.6 Releasing biological control agents from quarantine .................................. 35 iv 5 Monitoring and evaluating classical biological control ............................ 43 5.1 Post-release monitoring ................................................................................. 43 5.2 Evaluating the success of a classical biological control programme ........... 48 6 Other considerations....................................................................................51 6.1 The Nagoya Protocol ...................................................................................... 51 6.2 Stakeholder engagement .............................................................................. 51 6.3 The way forward............................................................................................. 52 7 Case studies ................................................................................................. 55 7.1 Coconut rhinoceros beetle in the Pacific region .......................................... 55 7.2 Great spruce bark beetle in Europe .............................................................. 57 7.3 Asian chestnut gall wasp in North America, northern Asia and Europe .... 59 7.4 Orthezia bug on Saint Helena ....................................................................... 61 7.5 Eucalypt
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