Decentralised Detection of Emergence in Complex Adaptive Systems
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What Is a Complex Adaptive System?
PROJECT GUTS What is a Complex Adaptive System? Introduction During the last three decades a leap has been made from the application of computing to help scientists ‘do’ science to the integration of computer science concepts, tools and theorems into the very fabric of science. The modeling of complex adaptive systems (CAS) is an example of such an integration of computer science into the very fabric of science; models of complex systems are used to understand, predict and prevent the most daunting problems we face today; issues such as climate change, loss of biodiversity, energy consumption and virulent disease affect us all. The study of complex adaptive systems, has come to be seen as a scientific frontier, and an increasing ability to interact systematically with highly complex systems that transcend separate disciplines will have a profound affect on future science, engineering and industry as well as in the management of our planet’s resources (Emmott et al., 2006). The name itself, “complex adaptive systems” conjures up images of complicated ideas that might be too difficult for a novice to understand. Instead, the study of CAS does exactly the opposite; it creates a unified method of studying disparate systems that elucidates the processes by which they operate. A complex system is simply a system in which many independent elements or agents interact, leading to emergent outcomes that are often difficult (or impossible) to predict simply by looking at the individual interactions. The “complex” part of CAS refers in fact to the vast interconnectedness of these systems. Using the principles of CAS to study these topics as related disciplines that can be better understood through the application of models, rather than a disparate collection of facts can strengthen learners’ understanding of these topics and prepare them to understand other systems by applying similar methods of analysis (Emmott et al., 2006). -
Organization, Self-Organization, Autonomy and Emergence: Status and Challenges
Organization, Self-Organization, Autonomy and Emergence: Status and Challenges Sven Brueckner 1 Hans Czap 2 1 New Vectors LLC 3520 Green Court, Suite 250, Ann Arbor, MI 48105-1579, USA Email: [email protected] http://www.altarum.net/~sbrueckner 2 University of Trier, FB IV Business Information Systems I D-54286 Trier, Germany Email: [email protected] http://www.wi.uni-trier.de/ Abstract: Development of IT-systems in application react and adapt autonomously to changing requirements. domains is facing an ever-growing complexity resulting from Therefore, approaches that rely on the fundamental principles a continuous increase in dynamics of processes, applications- of self-organization and autonomy are growing in acceptance. and run-time environments and scaling. The impact of this Following such approaches, software system functionality trend is amplified by the lack of central control structures. As is no longer explicitly designed into its component processes a consequence, controlling this complexity and dynamics is but emerges from lower-level interactions that are one of the most challenging requirements of today’s system purposefully unaware of the system-wide behavior. engineers. Furthermore, organization, the meaningful progression of The lack of a central control instance immediately raises local sensing, processing and action, is achieved by the the need for software systems which can react autonomously system components themselves at runtime and in response to to changing environmental requirements and conditions. the current state of the environment and the problem that is to Therefore, a new paradigm is necessary how to build be solved, rather than being enforced from the “outside” software systems changing radically the way one is used to through design or external control. -
1 Emergence of Universal Grammar in Foreign Word Adaptations* Shigeko
1 Emergence of Universal Grammar in foreign word adaptations* Shigeko Shinohara, UPRESA 7018 University of Paris III/CNRS 1. Introduction There has been a renewal of interest in the study of loanword phonology since the recent development of constraint-based theories. Such theories readily express target structures and modifications that foreign inputs are subject to (e.g. Paradis and Lebel 1994, Itô and Mester 1995a,b). Depending on how the foreign sounds are modified, we may be able to make inferences about aspects of the speaker's grammar for which the study of the native vocabulary is either inconclusive or uninformative. At the very least we expect foreign words to be modified in accordance with productive phonological processes and constraints (Silverman 1992, Paradis and Lebel 1994). It therefore comes as some surprise when patterns of systematic modification arise for which the rules and constraints of the native system have nothing to say or even worse contradict. I report a number of such “emergent” patterns that appear in our study of the adaptations of French words by speakers of Japanese (Shinohara 1997a,b, 2000). I claim that they pose a learnability problem. My working hypothesis is that these emergent patterns are reflections of Universal Grammar (UG). This is suggested by the fact that the emergent patterns typically correspond to well-established crosslinguistic markedness preferences that are overtly and robustly attested in the synchronic phonologies of numerous other languages. It is therefore natural to suppose that these emergent patterns follow from the default parameter settings or constraint rankings inherited from the initial stages of language acquisition that remain latent in the mature grammar. -
Clunio Populations to Different Tidal Conditions
Genetic adaptation in emergence time of Clunio populations to different tidal conditions DIETRICH NEUMANN Zoologisches Institut der Universitiit Wiirzburg, Wiirzburg KURZFASSUNG: Genetische Adaptation der Schliipfzeiten yon Clunio-Populationen an verschiedene Gezeitenbedingungen. Die Schliipfzeiten der in der Gezeitenzone Iebenden Clunio-Arten (Diptera, Chironomidae) sind mit bestimmten Wasserstandsbedingungen syn- chronisiert, und zwar derart, dat~ die nnmittelbar anschlief~ende Fortpflanzung der kurz- lebigen Imagines auf dem trockengefallenen Habitat stattfinden kann. Wenn das Habitat einer Clunio-Art in der mittleren Gezeitenzone liegt und parallel zu dem halbt~igigen Gezeiten- zyklus (T = 12,4 h) zweimal t~iglich auftaucht, dann kann sich eine 12,4stiindige Schliipf- periodik einstellen (Beispiel: Clunio takahashii). Wenn das Habitat in der unteren Gezeiten- zone liegt und nur um die Zeit der Springtiden auftaucht, dann ist eine 15t~igige (semilunare) SchRipfperiodik zu erwarten (Beispiele: Clunio marinus und C. mecliterraneus). Diese 15t~igige Schliipfperiodik ist synchronisiert mit bestimmten Niedrigwasserbedingungen, die an einem Kiistenort alle 15 Tage jewqils um die gleiche Tageszeit auftreten. Sie wird daher dutch zwei Daten eindeutig gekennzeichnet: (1) die lunaren Schliipftage (wenige aufeinanderfolgende Tage um Voll- und Neumond) und (2) die t~igliche Schliipfzeit. Wie experimentelle Untersuchungen iiber die Steuerung der Schliipfperiodik zeigten, kiSnnen die Tiere beide Daten richtig voraus- bestimmen. Die einzelnen Kiistenpopulationen -
Ophthalmology and the Emergence of Artificial Intelligence
Perspectives Ophthalmology and the emergence of artificial intelligence Rapid advances in AI in ophthalmology are a harbinger of things to come for other fields of medicine he autonomous detection and triage of eye for retinopathy using retinal photography. This disease, or even accurate estimations of gender, vast demand for diabetic eye screening services Tage, and blood pressure from a simple retinal has stimulated the development of AI algorithms to photo, may sound like the realms of science fiction, identify sight-threatening disease. Several algorithms but advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have already have achieved performance that meets or exceeds that made this a reality.1 Ophthalmology is at the vanguard of human experts.4,5 Accordingly, in 2018, the United of the development and clinical application of AI. States Food and Drug Administration approved an AI Advances in the field may provide useful insights into system to detect referable diabetic retinopathy from the application of this technology in health care more retinal photographs, the first autonomous diagnostic broadly. system to be approved in any field of medicine.6 Advances in deep learning have extended to other Artificial intelligence imaging modalities that are commonly used in ophthalmology. Ocular coherence tomography is an Once described as the capacity of intelligent machines imaging technology that produces highly detailed, to imitate human intelligence and behaviour, AI now depth-resolved images of the retina. A recent describes many theories and practices used to achieve collaboration between researchers and clinicians computer intelligence (Box 1).2 Machine learning is at Google DeepMind, Moorfields Eye Hospital an application of AI that uses algorithms or statistical and University College London culminated in the models to make decisions or predictions. -
Information Systems Foundations: Constructing and Criticising
Information Systems Foundations: Constructing and Criticising Information Systems Foundations: Constructing and Criticising Dennis N. Hart and Shirley D. Gregor (Editors) Workshop Chair Shirley D. Gregor ANU Program Chairs Dennis N. Hart ANU Shirley D. Gregor ANU Program Committee Bob Colomb University of Queensland Brian Corbitt Deakin University Colin Freeman ANU Chris Freyberg Massey University Sigi Goode ANU Peter Green University of Queensland Juhani Iivari University of Oulu Robert Johnston University of Melbourne Eija Koskivaara Turku University John Lamp Deakin University Ed Lewis Australian Defence Force Academy Nigel Martin ANU Mike Metcalfe University of South Australia Craig McDonald University of Canberra Simon Milton University of Melbourne Steven Pace Central Queensland University Michael Rosemann Queensland University of Technology Elizabeth Tansley Central Queensland University Tim Turner Australian Defence Force Academy Leoni Warne Defence Science and Technology Organisation Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] Web: http://epress.anu.edu.au Cataloguing-in-Publication information is available from the National Library of Australia ISBN 1 9209 4221 1 ISBN 1 9209 4220 3 (online) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design by Brendon McKinley with logo by Michael Gregor Authors’ photographs on back cover: ANU Photography Printed by Digital Print Australia, Adelaide Individual papers © 2005 with the author(s) This edition © 2005 ANU E Press Contents Information systems foundations ................................................................. ix I. -
The Emergence of Artificial Intelligence in the Home: Products, Services, and Broader
Western Oregon University Digital Commons@WOU Student Theses, Papers and Projects (Computer Department of Computer Science Science) 3-8-2017 The meE rgence of Artificial Intelligence in the Home: Products, Services, and Broader Developments of Consumer Oriented AI Bingqing Tang [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wou.edu/ computerscience_studentpubs Part of the Management Information Systems Commons Recommended Citation Tang, Bingqing, "The meE rgence of Artificial Intelligence in the Home: Products, Services, and Broader Developments of Consumer Oriented AI" (2017). Student Theses, Papers and Projects (Computer Science). 6. https://digitalcommons.wou.edu/computerscience_studentpubs/6 This Professional Project is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Computer Science at Digital Commons@WOU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Theses, Papers and Projects (Computer Science) by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@WOU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Emergence of Artificial Intelligence in the Home: Products, Services, and Broader Developments of Consumer Oriented AI Bingqing Tang IS642 MIS Graduate Project Dr. David Olson, Dr. John Leadley & Dr. Scot Morse March 15, 2017 Tang 1 Abstract Current home automation system merges a family's lifestyle with the latest technology & energy management tools to simplify people's lives. It allows users to easily manipulate a variety of home systems, including appliances, security systems, and environmental systems. Setting up a home automation system confuses many consumers. Multiple product lines and platforms make choosing the best system difficult. Basic requirements of setting up a home automations system and the comparison between different platforms are explained. -
Artificial Intelligence: How Does It Work, Why Does It Matter, and What Can We Do About It?
Artificial intelligence: How does it work, why does it matter, and what can we do about it? STUDY Panel for the Future of Science and Technology EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service Author: Philip Boucher Scientific Foresight Unit (STOA) PE 641.547 – June 2020 EN Artificial intelligence: How does it work, why does it matter, and what can we do about it? Artificial intelligence (AI) is probably the defining technology of the last decade, and perhaps also the next. The aim of this study is to support meaningful reflection and productive debate about AI by providing accessible information about the full range of current and speculative techniques and their associated impacts, and setting out a wide range of regulatory, technological and societal measures that could be mobilised in response. AUTHOR Philip Boucher, Scientific Foresight Unit (STOA), This study has been drawn up by the Scientific Foresight Unit (STOA), within the Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services (EPRS) of the Secretariat of the European Parliament. To contact the publisher, please e-mail [email protected] LINGUISTIC VERSION Original: EN Manuscript completed in June 2020. DISCLAIMER AND COPYRIGHT This document is prepared for, and addressed to, the Members and staff of the European Parliament as background material to assist them in their parliamentary work. The content of the document is the sole responsibility of its author(s) and any opinions expressed herein should not be taken to represent an official position of the Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the European Parliament is given prior notice and sent a copy. -
Emergent Complex Systems
Futures 1994 26(6) 568-582 EMERGENT COMPLEX SYSTEMS Silvio Funtowicz and Jerome R. Ravetz Complex systems are becoming the focus of important innovative research and application in many areas, reflecting the progressive displacement of classical physics and the emergence of a new and creative role for mathematics. This article makes a distinction between ordinary and emergent complexity and argues that a full analysis requires dialectical thinking. In so doing the authors aim to provide a philosophical foundation for post-normal science. The exploratory analysis developed here is complementary to those conducted with a more formal, mathematical approach, and begins to articulate what lies on the other side of that somewhat indistinct divide, the conceptual space called emergent complexity. In response to the new leading problems for science, in which the traditional reductionist approach is patently inadequate, complex systems are becoming the focus of important innovative research and application in many areas.’ This development reflects the progressive displacement of classical physics as the exemplar science of our time, and the emergence of a new and creative role for mathematics. Now, formalisms and computations are no longer taken to represent the core of immutable truth and certainty in a world of flux; but they are used with respect for the variability and uncertainty of the world of experience. The distinction has already been made between simple and complex systems;’ we find it useful to further refine ‘complexity’ into ordinary and emergent. These types are characterized by two different patterns of structure and relationships. In ordinary complexity, the most common pattern is a complementarity of competition and cooperation, with a diversity of elements and subsystems. -
Biomimicry--A Review
document title/ titre du document BIOMIMICRY – A REVIEW prepared by/préparé par Mark Ayre reference/réference issue/édition 2 revision/révision 03 date of issue/date 22 August 2004 d’édition status/état Document type/type de Work Package Report document Distribution/distribution Biomimicry – A Review Page 2 of 86 ABSTRACT A broad and brief introduction to biomimetics is presented. The review has two aims: to provide a general appreciation of the different areas of biomimicry, and to facilitate the construction of a ‘Biomimicry Technology Tree’. European Space Agency Agence Spatiale Européenne ESTEC Keplerlaan 1 - 2201 AZ Noordwijk - The Netherlands Tel. (31) 71 5656227 - Fax (31) 71 5656024 Biomimicry – A Review Page 3 of 86 Table of Contents ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. 2 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................ 4 1.1 CENTRAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMIMETIC ENGINEERING.................................................... 4 1.2 AREAS OF BIOMIMETICS.............................................................................................. 7 2 STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS (6100) .................................................................. 8 2.1 STRUCTURES ............................................................................................................... 8 2.2 MATERIALS .............................................................................................................. -
Selforganization, Emergence, and Constraint in Complex Natural
1 SelfOrganization, Emergence, and Constraint in Complex Natural Systems Abstract: Contemporary complexity theory has been instrumental in providing novel rigorous definitions for some classic philosophical concepts, including emergence. In an attempt to provide an account of emergence that is consistent with complexity and dynamical systems theory, several authors have turned to the notion of constraints on state transitions. Drawing on complexity theory directly, this paper builds on those accounts, further developing the constraintbased interpretation of emergence and arguing that such accounts recover many of the features of more traditional accounts. We show that the constraintbased account of emergence also leads naturally into a meaningful definition of selforganization, another concept that has received increasing attention recently. Along the way, we distinguish between order and organization, two concepts which are frequently conflated. Finally, we consider possibilities for future research in the philosophy of complex systems, as well as applications of the distinctions made in this paper. Keywords: Complexity Emergence Selforganization Spontaneous order Dynamical systems Corresponding Author: Jonathan Lawhead, PhD University of Southern California Philosophy & Earth Sciences 3651 Trousdale Parkway Zumberge Hall of Science, 223D Los Angeles, CA 900890740 [email protected] 775.287.8005 2 0. Introduction There’s a growing body of multidisciplinary research exploring complexity theory and related ideas. This field has not yet really settled yet, and so there’s plenty of terminological confusion out there. Different people use the same terms to mean different things (witness the constellation of definitions of ‘complexity’ itself). A good understanding of how central concepts in complexity theory fit together will help in applying those concepts to realworld social and scientific problems. -
Possibilities at the Intersection of AI and Blockchain Technology
International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-9 Issue-1S, November 2019 Possibilities at the Intersection of AI and Blockchain Technology Smriti, Saru Dhir, Madhurima Hooda Block-chain as we know that is the distribution and decentralized storage of bulky data at various levels Abstract. Artificial intelligence and Blockchain are the without the involvement of intermediates. There are most trending technologies these days, where artificial intelligence offers intelligent decision-making capabilities huge possibilities by the convergence of AI and to machines which is similar to human beings and block-chain. In-fact they compliment each other in blockchain technology allows a decentralised pathway for every possible way. Like AI rely on centralized encrypted data sharing between ledgers in a secured model of training which makes it prone to data manner. Integration of both technologies forms a decentralised AI which enables the process of decision tampering which make authenticity of the source making on digitally encrypted platform for secure data unguaranteed thus integration of AI and block-chain sharing without involvement of any Third Party. This would provide decentralized AI which could enable paper gives a detail on the possibilities of intersection of machine to process and make decisions on trusted, AI and Blockchain. The paper also contains the issues and problems related to the respective integration. An digitally, signed and secured shared data in a Algorithm is proposed in two parts, based on one of the decentralized manner without involving given issues, which predicts the action plan of AI for intermediates thus we can say that block-chain destructing malware blocks in blockchain.