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WOODLANDS CEMETERY HALS PA-5 4000 Woodlands Avenue PA-5 Philadelphia Philadelphia County Pennsylvania

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WOODLANDS CEMETERY HALS PA-5 4000 Woodlands Avenue PA-5 Philadelphia Philadelphia County Pennsylvania WOODLANDS CEMETERY HALS PA-5 4000 Woodlands Avenue PA-5 Philadelphia Philadelphia County Pennsylvania PHOTOGRAPHS PAPER COPIES OF COLOR TRANSPARENCIES WRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA REDUCED COPIES OF MEASURED DRAWINGS FIELD RECORDS HISTORIC AMERICAN LANDSCAPES SURVEY National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior 1849 C Street NW Washington, DC 20240-0001 HISTORIC AMERICAN LANDSCAPES SURVEY WOODLANDS CEMETERY HALS No. PA-5 NOTE: This report concentrates on Woodlands Cemetery (1840) and, to a lesser extent, on the grounds of The Woodlands, an eighteenth-century estate from which the cemetery was formed. Readers interested in the site's neoclassical mansion should consult Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) No. PA-1125, especially the 2002-03 "addendum," and its accompanying drawings and photographs. An interpretive division between landscape and architecture, while a practical necessity, is awkward in several respects. On one hand, it violates the unifying principle around which the estate was designed. On the other, it generates overlapping narratives. While the HABS and HALS projects are largely self-contained, a broad understanding of this cultural landscape requires reading them as complementary. Location: 4000 Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania. Owner: The Woodlands Cemetery Company of Philadelphia. Present Use: Cemetery, tennis courts, equipment storage, and maintenance. Significance: Philadelphia's Woodlands Cemetery occupies the grounds of an estate recognized throughout post-Revolutionary America as a leading example of English taste in architecture and landscape gardening. This was William Hamilton's Woodlands, formed in the late eighteenth century on the low bluff where Mill Creek, now buried, meets the Schuylkill River. The mansion, a National Historic Landmark, has long been the subject of scholarly inquiry. Serious study of the building's environs is more recent. The Woodlands today is an amalgam, reworked over time for individual and institutional uses. During the late-eighteenth century, eminent botanist and plant collector William Hamilton (1745-1813) made the property a New World model of contemporary English gardening techniques. Employing principles advanced by Lancelot Brown, Thomas Whately, and nurserymen such as Nathaniel Swinden, he created an elaborate tableau that Thomas Jefferson called "the only rival which I have known in America to what may be seen in England." 1 Thomas Jefferson to William Hamilton, [n.d.] July 1806, in Thomas Jefferson's Garden Book 1766-1824, ed. Edwin Morris Betts (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1944), 323. WOODLANDS CEMETERY HALS No. PA-5(Page2) Some forty years after Jefferson's compliment, the estate underwent a second transformation at the hands of the Woodlands Cemetery Company. Founded in 1840, this venture set out to remake Hamilton's estate in the form of a new metropolitan amenity known as a rural cemetery. Local and national precedent existed for such a project. Like Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts (1831), Woodlands offered private burial plots in a Romantic riverside setting. Still more like Philadelphia's Laurel Hill (1836), the new cemetery occupied the grounds of a former country seat and was administered by a business corporation. But The Woodlands made its own, distinctive contribution to the rural cemetery movement. Aware of the property's history, dramatic topography and proximity to the city, the company's projectors set out to create a landscape as appealing for its genteel associations as for its natural beauty. Hamilton's mansion and aged trees held special significance for lawyer Eli K. Price. As the cemetery's leading advocate and principal public face, he argued that the institution not only met the sanitary, aesthetic, and emotional needs of Philadelphia but also served as the steward of a hallowed place. In time, similar ideas would prove crucial to the establishment of Philadelphia's Fairmount Park. Given Price's central role in that undertaking and his other contributions to public horticulture, The Woodlands arguably emerges as the microcosm of a popularizing process at work in the American landscape. Conceived as a private estate in high English style, it became widely accessible as a sort of proto-park and helped incubate an institution that was truly public in nature. This, at least, is the prevailing interpretation of the site's historical significance. While there is evidence to support such claims, recent research may help relocate Woodland Cemetery within the more private economy of mid- nineteenth-century real estate development. Historian: Aaron V. Wunsch, Ph.D. candidate, University of California at Berkeley. WOODLANDS CEMETERY HALS No. PA-5(Page3) PART I. HISTORICAL INFORMATION A. Physical History: 1. Dates of construction: - Ca. 1780-1813 (Hamilton era). William Hamilton inherited the tract on which he would create The Woodlands in 1747, at age two. By this time, white settlers had farmed parts of the land for over half a century and built a modest house somewhere on the premises. Hamilton came of age in 1766 and evidently erected the core of the present mansion in the next eight years. While his earliest efforts at landscape design occurred in this period, his first recorded intention to create a "small park" set apart from a rolling lawn dates to 1779, and it was not until 1785 that he explicitly set out to remake the grounds as a horticultural showcase. A decade later, visitors believed Hamilton had achieved this effect; all major garden features were in place, along with an expansive greenhouse. Yet The Woodlands remained a work in progress. Hamilton and his gardeners continued to test the viability and placement of various plant species throughout his lifetime. - 1839-1878 (principal era of cemetery development). Preliminary surveying for cemetery purposes started in 1839 and apparently yielded the first "draft or plan" in the winter of 1841-1842. This scheme, devised by surveyor Philip M. Price, identified future road locations and was lithographed when new sections of burial lots were added. From 1843 through the mid 1850s, a series of planting campaigns transformed the site's appearance while the 1853 sale of the "river front" tract to the West Chester & Philadelphia Railroad permanently altered the viewshed. In 1857, architect John McArthur, Jr.'s Roman Doric entrance reached completion. More sections were established over the next two decades. -1936-1937, 1947-1948, 1955-1965 (dates of significant alterations). The City of Philadelphia condemned land along the cemetery's eastern border in 1933, requiring the subsequent demolition of McArthur's gate. The replacement was designed by Paul Cret in 1936 and completed the following year. It was moved in 1948 following a second condemnation that necessitated relocation of the entrance road. More land was ceded to the City in 1955 to accommodate a sewer line near the railroad right-of-way. In order to soften the visual effects of these changes, the cemetery commissioned landscape architects Wheelwright, Stevenson & Langran to design a new planting plan. Their scheme, conceived in 1957 and modified over the next eight years, established a dense screen of trees and hedges along the southern and eastern margins of the site. WOODLANDS CEMETERY HALS No. PA-5(Page4) 2. Owners: Three generations of Hamiltons were responsible for assembling the Woodlands estate as it stood in its heyday: a sprawling plantation on the west bank of the Schuylkill River that encompassed 600 acres in 1789. From his father, William inherited the 356-acre "core tract" on which he would reside. Some 91 acres were considered "annexed to the Mansion house" at the time of his death (1813), and heirs struggled to retain this parcel until 1827. In that year, mounting debts led to seizure and disposal at a sheriff's sale. The buyer, a distant Hamilton in-law, soon resold the property on the family's behalf. The following is a chain of title for The Woodlands since its passage from the Hamilton family. 2 January 1828, Henry Beckett and wife Mary to Thomas Flemming. Property: The Woodlands as conveyed since William Hamilton's death, i.e. approximately 91 acres including the mansion house and stables. Price: $30,000. Source: Deed Book G.W.R. v. 22, p. 578 and following.4 10 August 1831, Thomas Flemming and wife Clarissa to Thomas Mitchell. Property: same as above, described as "about" 91.5 acres. Price: $30,000 (but see below). Source: Deed Book A.M. v. 16, p. 376 and following. Note: the deed misleadingly refers to the $30,000 purchase price as being paid "in hand" by Mitchell. In fact, Mitchell agreed to purchase The Woodlands for $40,000, paying Thomas Flemming the first $20,000 in four cash installments over a five-year period and giving him a mortgage for the remainder. 17 January 1834, Thomas Mitchell to Thomas Kittera Property: 3/8 of the Woodlands tract. Price: $15,000. Source: unrecorded deed in Woodlands Cemetery Company Collection, Historical Society of Pennsylvania (hereafter WCCC). Note: the purchase price was likely determined by the amount Mitchell owed Flemming in cash installments, only one of which had been paid by this time. 2 For owners from the colonial period through 1828, see James A. Jacobs, "Addendum to the Woodlands," HABS PA-1125 (2002), pp. 9-16. 3 Samuel Haines, "Survey of part of the Woodlands Estate belonging to James Hamilton Esq.," October 1813, General Thomas Cadwalader Papers, Cadwalader Coll., Series 3, Box 108, Historical Society of Pennsylvania (hereafter HSP). The document shows the estate east of Darby Road, containing 297 acres, 2 perches. Of this, the "part annexed to the Mansion house" measures 91 acres, 2 perches. 4 All deed references are to material in the City of Philadelphia Municipal Archives (hereafter CPMA) unless otherwise noted. 5 Mortgage, Thomas Mitchell to Thomas Flemming, 10 Aug 1831, Woodlands Cemetery Company Coll. (hereafter WCCC), HSP, also recorded 22 August 1831 in Philadelphia Mortgage Book A.M.
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