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The Founders of Géotechnique See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/245411570 The founders of Géotechnique Article in Géotechnique · January 2008 DOI: 10.1680/geot.2008.58.5.327 CITATIONS READS 12 1,778 1 author: John Boscawen Burland Imperial College London 160 PUBLICATIONS 9,236 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by John Boscawen Burland on 10 October 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Burland, J. B. (2008). Ge´otechnique 58, No. 5, 327–341 [doi: 10.1680/geot.2008.58.5.327] The founders of Ge´otechnique J. B. BURLAND* The first issue of Ge´otechnique was published in June Le premier nume´ro de Ge´otechnique ae´te´ publie´ en 1948, and the story of its origins is well known. Publica- 1948 ; les circonstances de sa fondation sont bien con- tion followed the wide circulation of a letter in July 1947 nues. La publication fit suite a` la diffusion, au mois de from ‘The Geotechnical Society’ to every western Eur- juillet 1947, d’une lettre de la Geotechnical Society a` opean country in which the proposal for such a publica- chacun des pays de l’Europe de l’Ouest ou` la proposition tion was made. Listed at the bottom of the letter were de la cre´ation de cette publication avait e´te´ formule´e. Au eleven ‘Founders’, four from the UK and the remainder bas de la lettre se trouvait le nom des onze « fonda- from elsewhere in Europe. The function of the ‘Founders’ teurs », quatre desquels e´taient britanniques, les sept was to contribute to the early issues of the journal and to autres de diffe´rents pays d’Europe. La fonction de ces assist with identifying other contributors. This paper « fondateurs » e´tait de contribuer aux premie`res e´ditions gives brief vignettes of all these 11 eminent geotechnical du journal, et d’assister dans l’identification d’autres engineers, together with two others who contributed sig- collaborateurs. Dans la pre´sente communication, nous nificantly to the early success of the journal. It is hoped pre´sentons une esquisse sur chacun des onze e´minents that these vignettes will serve to inspire present and inge´nieurs ge´otechniciens qui, avec deux colle`gues, con- future generations of geotechnical engineers, not only in tribue`rent de fac¸on conside´rable au succe`s rapide de their professions, but also in their enjoyment of working cette publication. Nous espe´rons que ces portraits servir- with fellow enthusiasts. ont a` inspirer les ge´ne´rations actuelles et futures d’inge´n- ieurs ge´otechniciens, non seulement dans leur profession, mais e´galement dans le plaisir de travailler avec des KEYWORDS: historical review colle`gues passionne´s. INTRODUCTION of the ICSMFE to hold the second conference, and this was The fascinating and colourful story of the origins of Ge´o- accepted. A. W. Skempton was appointed as Vice-President technique has entered the annals of modern soil mechanics, and T. K. Huizinga was Secretary to the Conference. In May and is well known. Some of the personalities involved were 1947 the Organising Committee issued a bulletin announcing larger than life, and many aspects of their professional and the Conference and the subjects to be treated. The Institution personal lives have been well documented. But there are of Civil Engineers anticipated this bulletin, presumably others who contributed to the conception and early days of because of ‘inside information’, by establishing a British Ge´otechnique who are less well known. The purpose of this National Committee in March 1947 ‘to concern itself with paper is to gather together some details of the ‘Founders’ of the preparation of papers for presentation at the Rotterdam Ge´otechnique together with a few others who significantly Conference’. This committee held its first meeting in April contributed to its early success. The story of Ge´otechnique 1947, and by September 1947 it had accepted 76 synopses – is brought up to date by Brown (2008) in a companion such was the vitality of soil mechanics within the UK. paper. In the meantime, in October 1946 Glossop, Golder, Ma- The birth of Ge´otechnique flowed from the outburst of clean and Ward had made their memorable visit to Europe interest in ground engineering and soil mechanics that during which Ge´otechnique was conceived, as described by immediately followed the Second World War, together with Golder (1969), Cooling et al. (1975) and Brown (1982). the desire to establish international contacts between experts After wide consultation, including Karl Terzaghi, ‘The Geo- and practitioners. The driving force behind the Second technical Society’ was formed with Golder as Secretary and International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Glossop as Treasurer. A letter dated 7 July 1947 was widely Engineering, held in Rotterdam in June 1948, stemmed from circulated in English and French to every western European the same interests and desires. Therefore, to some extent, country where contact had been made. This letter is repro- the birth of Ge´otechnique and the planning and running of duced in the paper by Brown (1982) and suggests the the Rotterdam Conference are inextricably linked, as many formation of a European Society with two objects: (a) to of the key people were involved simultaneously in both. found a journal for circulation in Western Europe; and (b) to At the First International Conference in Cambridge, USA, hold a conference once a year in rotation in various western in 1936 it was agreed to hold the second one in Holland, but European capitals. Listed at the bottom of this letter are preparations for that were interrupted by the onset of the three Patrons (Dr K. Terzaghi, Ir T. K. Huizinga and Sir G. war. Soon after cessation of hostilities planning was re- M. Burt) and 11 ‘Founders’ (L. F. Cooling, J. P. Daxelhofer, sumed, contact was made with Karl Terzaghi (President of E. E. De Beer, J. Florentin, E. C. W. A. Geuze, R. Glossop, the International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Founda- H. Q. Golder, R. Haefeli, A. W. Skempton, A. von Moos tion Engineering), and an Organising Committee was and W. H. Ward). formed. The Netherlands government and the Municipality In the final paragraph of the July 1947 letter it is stressed of Rotterdam sent an invitation to the Permanent Committee that it was not intended that the Society should cut across or conflict with any world organisation that might be set up at the International Conference at Rotterdam in 1948, being Discussion on this paper closes on 1 December 2008, for further more local in character. As it happens there was a strong details see p. ii. possibility of conflict. In his capacity as Secretary to the * Imperial College London, UK. Rotterdam Conference, Ir T. K. Huizinga circulated the draft 327 328 BURLAND statutes for the permanent organisation of the International Conference (Vol. 2, pp. 325–327 of the Proceedings of the Rotterdam Conference). This draft included a proposal that the Society should ‘publish a periodical’. Terzaghi dealt firmly with this proposal as follows (Vol. 6, p. 167): ... I wish to draw your attention to the efforts which are being made by Hugh Q. Golder and his associates in London to establish a pan-European unit, to be served by a periodical, ‘La Ge´otechnique’. This appears to me as a worthwhile experiment which deserves wholehearted sup- port; it requires a much less elaborate apparatus than an international organisation and execution of program is much easier, because the participants are neighbours, at least geographically. At the ensuing meeting to discuss the draft statutes (Vol. 6, pp. 171–179) no mention was made of the article referring to ‘the periodical’. How wise it was to bring Terzaghi into the project early on! The function of the Patrons of the Geotechnical Society was clearly to give the initiative credibility. Huizinga was an engineer of great significance, being Director of the Delft Soil Mechanics Laboratory and Secretary of the Rotterdam Conference. Sir George Burt was a director of the construc- tion firm John Mowlem & Co. Ltd, and on the boards of both the Building Research Station and the Road Research Laboratory. The wisdom of inviting Karl Terzaghi as a Patron has already been demonstrated. His Foreword to the first issue of Ge´otechnique is both penetrating and thought provoking: like his Presidential Address to the First Interna- tional Conference it certainly warrants frequent close study. But what about the ‘Founders’? Glossop, in his account of Fig. 1. Leonard Frank Cooling (1903–1977) the origins of Ge´otechnique (Cooling et al., 1975), wrote: But, if our expedition had committed us to starting a how, in 1933, a soil physics section was established at BRS journal, it had also introduced us to most of the leading and Cooling was put in charge of it. He set up the first workers in soil mechanics in Western Europe, and this was proper soil mechanics laboratory in Britain, equipped with of immense help when the time came to solicit contribu- the apparatus necessary to classify soils, measure their basic tions to the first number. Indeed, the list of authors in mechanical properties, and carry out sampling. By 1935 the volume one is remarkable. first investigations of civil engineering problems had begun, Thus an important function of the ‘Founders’ was to assist and the group was moved to the Engineering Division of with the contents of the early issues. BRS, being renamed the Soil Mechanics Section. He was Brief vignettes will now be given of these eminent the sole representative of the United Kingdom at the First geotechnical engineers.
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