I I I I I I I I I 1 -3
I Dc I I SOME SUBTIDAL EPIFAUNAL ASSEMBLAGES IN SOUTH I CAROLINA ESTUARIES I I Dale R. Calder and Billy B. Boothe, Jr. I I I I I
~ I I I I I SOUTH CAROLINA MARINE RESOURCES CENTER I I I SOME SUBTIDAL EPIFAUNAL ASSEMBLAGES IN SOUTH I CAROLINA ESTUARIES I I Dale R. Calder and Billy B. Boothe, Jr. I I
Marine Resources Center I South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department Charleston, South Carolina 29412 I I
Data Report No.4 South Carolina Marine Resour~es Center I I 1977 I I I I I 1
1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 We are in4ebted to John Mig1arese and Rick Richter for their capable assistance in the field, and to M. H. Shealy, Jr. for supporting our effort. 1 Mag Maclin helped in the handling and sorting of samples. We also wish to 1 thank Capt. Vince Taylor for his help while on the R/V Anita. Stan Baker,
1 Canada (Amphipods),, Dr. W. D. Hartman, Yale University (sponges), Dr. F. J. S. Maturo, University of Florida (Bryozoa), Dr. P. A. Sandifer, Marine Resources
1 Research Institute (Decapoda), and Dr. J. E. Winston, Harbor Branch Foundation I. (Bryozoa). This study was supported by funds from Coastal Plains Regional Commission Contract No. 1034003, M. H. Shealy, Jr.., principal investigator. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 • ~_~_------~~~ I I INTRODUCTION I Animals of the benthos are divided into two ecologically distinct categories based on their relations to the substrate. The epifauna comprises
I those species occurring on the substrate, while the infauna included the
I animals living within it (Petersen, 1913; Thorson, 1957). Closely associated
with the benthos are the demersal fishes and such bottom-dwelling, motile I invertebrates such as shrimp and crabs. A large number of colonial forms, including sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans,
I and as cfdf.ans, are present in the epifauna. Such taxa are difficult or virtually I impossible to either sample quantitatively or enumerate in quantitative samples. As a result, the epifauna generally receives little more than cursory attention I in most studies on benthic ecology except in studies on fouling organisms. Yet these animals are a very important component of the benthos, both economi-
I cally and ecologically (Pratt, 1973). It is not coincidental that diversity I and biomass of fishes and other nektonic species are often maximal near hard, "live bottom" areas, natural and artificial reefs, wrecks, breakwaters, piers, I and platforms (Bearden and McKenzie, 1973; Colunga and Stone, 1974; Menzies, et al., 1966; Pearse and Williams, 1951; Roberts and Able, 1974). Epifaunal
I species provide food, substrate, and shelter for a variety or organisms, alter I sedimentation patterns (Emery, Stephenson, and Hedgpeth, 1957), and serve as potentially valuable environmental indicators (Stephens and Davies, 1974). Foul- I ing organisms (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1952), as well as oyster drills and starfish (Gal.t soff , 1964) are all of negative economic value, while
I the oyster is one of the most commercially valuable of all benthic invertebrates. I Fisheries also exist in other areas for a variety of other epifaunal invertebrates. While Thorson (1957) estimated .that the total area of the ocean colonized by epifaunal I organisms is substantially below that occupied by the infauna, the difference is much less pronounced in shallow water areas, especially in temperate or tropical I I -2-
I areas. Epifaunal biomass is particularly substantial in many estuarine areas I where an abundance of hard substrates occur. Benthic studies were initiated as part of the South Carolina Estuarine I Survey Program at the Marine Resources Research Institute during the summer of 1973. Early in the study it became apparent that the epifauna was very poorly
I known in the estuaries under investigation and should be included in the research. I The purpose of this report is to qualitatively describe the epifaunal invertebrate assemblages from a number of subtidal habitats in South Carolina estuaries. A I complete census of all epifaunal species present in the state or even collected during this study was obviously not feasible, considering both taxonomic problems
I and the limited time and personnel available for the study. Accordingly, this I report includes only the more common species or those we otherwise felt competent to identify. The community structure of subtidal benthic communities in the I Edisto and Santee River estuaries, based on qualitative and quantitative samples, will be outlined in a forthcoming report (Calder, Boothe, and Maclin, 1977). I I I I I I I I I 1 -3-
1 IIATERIALS MiD METHODS 1 The study area encompassed the region from the mouth to the head of various estuarine systems across the South Carolina coastal zone. Collections were 1 made aboard the R/V Anita at 31 stations between Hinyah Bay and Calibogue Sound during January, April, August, and October of 1974, and at 29 stations during
I the .same months in 1975 (Fig. 1, Table 1). Tows of three to five minutes were I made at each station during early flood tide using a 30 kg modified oyster dredge. TI,e dredge consisted of a rectangular steel frame measuring 80 cm across the
I mouth, with a 1.5 m long bag of 2.5 em stretch mesh polypropylene. A skirt of I:" "";::::."~·l'terlacingmetal rings protected the bag from chafing. A typical catch con- sisted of from 10-20 liters of shells, mud, detritus, and benthic organisms. 1 Tows longer than five minutes usually resulted in clogged dredge bags and damaged specimens. After preliminary sorting of the catch on station, unidenti- I fied epifauna~ organisms and a representative sample of firm substrates were preserved in 10% ne.tralized formaldehyde solution and returned to the laboratory
1 for microscopic examination. I Bottom salinity samples were taken prior to each dredge tow using a 6-liter Van Dorn bottle. 'Lvese samples were analyzed in the laboratory using a 1 Beckman RS7B induction salinometer. The bottom type at each station was deter- mined from a series of three samples taken with a 0.13 m2 modified Petersen
I grab. Depth was recorded using a Raytheon DE-725B recording depth fathometer. I A number of decapods such as shrimp and portunid crabs, while not epifaunal in the strictest senset were included in this report. Infaunal species taken I in dredge collections were excluded. The epifauna of pelagic Sargassum and beach drift, the intertidal zone, and nearshore and offshore areas have not
I been included. I
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'-D .... 0 ~ '" '" ...... '" ....'" ...... '" ...... I "" '" '" '" '" "" '" ...... I '" '" ....'" ....'" ....'" ....'" ....'" ....'" ....'" ....'" ....'" ....'" ....'" ....'" ....'" ....'" -'" -'" '0 I '"0 .., .., ...... co .., ...... I 'r! 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 '" '" 0 0 0 0 .... 0 0 0 0 '" "" '" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0'" 0 0'" 0 Cll u :0<: ~, 4J 4J .... 4J 4J 4J 4J ""4J 4J Cl Cl Cl Cl :I: .. • II (/) ...... • .. I -8- I DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA The coast of South Carolina extends more than 300 km along the south- I eastern United States between North Carolina and Georgia (Fig. 1). The I northern third of the coastline is characterized by medium to high energy sandy beaches. The continuity of these beaches is broken by a number of I small estuaries, including Lit t Le River Inlet, Hurrells Inlet, and North Inlet, all of which receive negligible fresh water discharge. Barrier is- I lands fringe the southern two-thirds of the South Carolina coast, and a number of rivers, inlets, sounds and bays open directly or indirectly into I the Atlantic Ocean in this region. I Among the larger estuarine water masses of the state are Winyah Bay, Bull Bay, Charleston Harbor, St. Helena Sound, Port Royal Sound, Calibogue I .Sound, and a number of coastal river systems. Estuarine areas of the state are swept by moderately strong tidal currents, the result of a 2-3 m tidal I range. The rivers ')f South Carolina are typically narrow and sh aLl.ow in the I estuarine zone; mos: are less than 2 km in width and 10 m in depth. Isohalines are compressed in most estuaries of the state because of their small size. I Salinities fluctuate within the estuaries tidally, seasonally, and as a result of fresh water runoff follm,ing storms. The degree of these variations I varied widely from one estuary to another during this study. Wide fluctuations I of salinity were observed in the lower North and South Santee Rivers, while conditions were much more stable in areas such as the North Edisto River. I As a result, samples were available from both homoiohaline and poikilohaline estuaries, as well as from regions of high and low salinity. I A heavy load of sediment and detritus in the water results in high I turbidity levels, and reduction in water transparency apparently limits the growth- of macroalgae in subtidal -areas , As with Georgia (Schelske and Odum, I 1961; Teal, 1962), estuarine food chains in South Carolina are probably based I ------~~ .. ")' I ~9- I about 10 C in winter to 28 C in summer; little difference was noted from one area to another in a given estuary, or from one estuary to another. Industrial I development has been extensive along both the Cooper and Savannah Rivers. The I lower Cooper River at Charleston is the site of both a major commercial port and a large naval base. I I I I I I I I I I I I I • ------ ,I -10- I Table 2. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station Y001, I Winyah Bay. I Penaeus setiferus Ca11inectes sapidus Squilla empusa I Balanus improvisus Crassostrea virginica Paranleustes aestuarius I Garveia franciscana Clytia kincaidi I Obelia bidentata I Obelia sp , 1 I I I I I I I I I I -11- Table 3. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station NSOl, 1 North Santee River. I Molgula manhattensis Penaeus aztecus Penaeus setiferus Clibanarius vittatus I Callinectes sapidus Balanus improvisus Balanus amphitrite niveus I Membranipora tenuis Electra monostachys Conopeum tenuissimum I Brachidontes exustus Crassostrea virginica Crepidula plana Sabellaria vulgaris 1 Hydroides dianthus Campanulina sp , Cyanea capillata versicolor (scyphistoma) I Panopeus herbstii Xiphopenaeus kroyeri 1 I .1 1 I I I I I I I -12- Table 4. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station NS04, I North Santee River. Molgula manhattensis I Penaeus setiferus Palaemonetes Dugio Callinectes sapidus I Panopeus herbstii Balanus improvisus Brachidontes exustus I Mytilopsis leucoohaeata Crassostrea virginica Cordylophora casDia Garveia franciscana I Obelia bidentata Campanulina sp . Bowerbankia gracilis I Diadumene leucolena I I I I I I I I I I -13- Table S. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station NS07, I North Santee River. Callinectes sapidus I Balanus improvisus Mytilopsis leucophaeata Cordylophora caspia I Conopeum tenuissimum Rhithropanopeus harrissii I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I -14- Table 6. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station SSOl, I South Santee River. I Molgula Danhattensis Penaeus setiferus Palae~onetes pugio Clibanarius vittatus I Callinectes saoidus Panopeus herbstii Balanus eburneus I Balanus icorovisus Alcyonidiun polyoum Bowerb~nki2 gracilis I MembraniDora tenuis Conooeum tenuissimum Creoidula olana Brachidontes exustus I Crassostrea virginica Stylochus ellipticus Sabellaria vulgaris I Nereis sue cine a elyria kincaidi Obelia dichotoDa I Bougainvillia rugosa Xiphonenaeus kroyeri I I I • I I I I I I I I -15- Table 7. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station S S04. I South Santee River. I Molgula manhattensis Penaeus aztecus Penaeus setiferus I Palaemonetes vulgaris Callinectes sapidus Panopeus herbstii Eurypanopeus depressus I Paracaprella tenuis Balanus eburneus Balanus improvislls I Tanystylum orbiculare Anguinella palmata Bowerbankia gracilis I Aeverrillia setigera Membranipora tenuis Conopeum tenuissimum Alcyonidium mammilla tum I Brachidontes exustus Crassostrea virginica Sabellaria vulgaris I Nereis succinea Melita nitida Corophium lacustre I Garveia franciscana Cuspidella humilis Campanulina sp . Clyria kincaidi I Obelia bidentata Obelia sp , I I I I I I I I I I -16- Table 8. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from 'Station SS07, I South Santee River. I Penaeus setiferus Ca11inectes sapidus Balanus improvisus I Campanulina sp . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -17- Table 9. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station B003, I Bulls Bay. I Mo1gu1a manhattensis Barentsia 1axa Perophora viridis A1cyonidium hauffi Microciona prolifera A1cyonidium polyoum I Zygomyca1e parishii No1e11a stipata Halichondria bowerbanki Anguinella palmata renaeus aztecus Amathia dis tans Penaeus duorarurn Bowerbankia gracilis I Penaeus setiferus Aeverrillia armata Alpheus normanni Aeverrillia set.igera Pagurus longicarpus Crisia sp. I Pagurus pollicaris Membranipora tenuis Hepatus epheliticus Hembranipora arborescens Ovalipes ocellatus Electra monostachvs Portunus gibbesii Bugu1a neritina I Portunus spinimanus Schizopore11a errata Ca11inectes ornatus Microporella ciliata Cal1inectes sapidus Parasmittina ----nitida I Menlppe rnercenaria Cryptosula pallasiana Hexapanopeus angustifrons Conopeum tenuissimum Neopanope sayi Crepidula plana I Panopeus herbstii Neosimnia uniplicata Libinia dubia Polinices duplicatus Libinia emarginata Eupleura caudata Paracaprella tenuis Anachis avara I Balanus improvisus Busycon carica Balanus amphitrite niveus Busyeon canaliculata Balanus galeatus Crassostrea virginica I Anop1odactylus lentus Ostrea equestris Renilla reniforrnis Glycera americana Leptogorgia virgulata Sabellaria vulgaris I Asterias forbesi Glycera asymrnetrica Ophiothrix angu1ata Batea catharinensis Ophiophragmu8 wurdemani Erichthonius brasiliensis Hemipho1is elongata Corophium sp. I Pentamera pulcherrima Capre1la eguilibra Amphiodia pulchella Paracaprella tenuis Hydractinia echinata Bougainvillia rugosa I Eudendrium carneum Halecium bel~udense Cuspidella humilis Campanu1ina sp , Hebe1la scandens C1ytia paulensis I Clytia kincaidi Dynamena cornicina Sertu1aria stookeyi Lytocarpus philippinus I I I I 1 -18- Table 10. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station B002, 1 -ErLce Creek Molgula manhattensis Renilla reniformis 1 Amaroucium cons·tellaturn Leptogorgia virgulata Perophora viridis Haliplanella luciae Didemnum sp. As trangia danae 1 Lissodendoryx carolinensis Asterias forbesi Zygomycale parishii Ophiothrix angulata Halichondria bowerbanki Ophioderma brevispinum Ciocalapata gibbesi Amphiodia pulchella 1 Hymeniacidon heliophila Baren tsia laxa Cyaman vickersi Alcyonidium hauffi Penaeus setiferus Nolella stipata Sicyonia brevirostris Anguinella palmata Sicyonia laevigata Amathia dis tans Alpheus armillatus Bowerbankia gracilis Alpheus normanni Aeverrillia armata 1 Lysmata wurdemanni Aeverrillia setigera Pagurus annulipes Crisia sp. Pagurus longicarpus Membranipora tenuis 1 Pagurus pol Ii caris Membranipora arborescens Portunus gibbesii Electra monostachys PartuTIus spinimanus Bugula neritina 1 Callinectes sapidus Schizoporella errata Menippe mercenaria Bippoporina verrilli Neopanope ~ Microporella ciliata Panopeus herbstii Parasmittina nitida 1 Libinia ernarginata Cryptosula pallasiana Cancer irroratus Conopeum tenuissimum Balanus amphitrite :Liveus Pedicellina cernua 1 Balanus galeatus Diodora cayenensis Limulus polyphemus Crepidula plana Tanystylum orbiculare Neosimnia uniplicata 1 Anoplodactylus lent us Urosalpinx cinerea Nymphopsis duodorso,'pinosa Hebella scandens Anachis avara elytia kincaidi Mitrella lunata Clytia paulensis 1 Busyeen carica Obelia bidentata Fasciolaria tulip a 'Obelia dichotoma ,I Chaetopleura apiculata Obelia hyalin a Brachidontes exustus Obelia sp.2 Modiolus americanus Cnidoscyphus marginatus Pteria colymbus Dynamena cornicina 1 Anomia simplex Sertularia stookeyi Crassostrea virginica Schizotricha tenella Ostrea equestris Plumularia floridana Crepidula fornicata Lytocarpus philippinus 1 Hodiolus squamosus sguamosus Arbacia punctulata Sabellaria vulgaris 1 Microciona prolifera 1 1 • I -19- I Table 10. (can tinued) I Hydroides dianthus Nereis sue cine a Melita appendiculata Batea catharinensis Stenothoe minuta Leucothoe spinicarpa Colomastix halichondriae Lembos sp . Unciola serrata Erichthonius brasiliensis Caprella equilibra Paracaprella tenuis Turritopsis nutricula Hydractinia echinata Bougainvillia rugosa Arnphinema dinema Eudendrium album I Eudendrium cameurn Halecium tenellum Cuspidella humilis I Lovenella sp. I I I I I I I I I I I -20- Table 11. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station Baal, I Inlet Creek. Molgula manhattensis Aeverrillia armata I Perophora viridis Aeverrillia setigera Lissodendoryx carolinensis Triticella elongata Microciona orolifera Membranipora tenuis Halichondria bowerbanki Nembranipora arborescens 1 Hymeniacidon heliophila Electra monostachys Penaeus aztecus Bugula neritina Penaeus duorarum Schizoporella errata Penaeus setiferus Hippoporina verrilli Alpheus normanni Microporella ciliata Pagurus pollicaris Parasmittina nitida I Portunus gibbesii Pedicellina cernua Portunus spinimanus Diodora cayenensis Callinectes ornatus Neosironia uniplicata Callinectes sapidus Urosalpinx cinerea I Menippe mercenaria Chaetopleura apiculata Neopanope sayi Anomia simplex Panopeus herbstii Crassostrea virginica I Libinia emarginata Ostrea equestris Balanus irnprovisus Crepidula fornicata Balanus amphitrite niveus Sabellaria vulgaris I Balanus galeatus Hydroides dian thus Nymphopsis duodorsospinosa Nereis succinea Leptogorgia virgulata Pista quadrilobata Haliplanella luciae Melita appendiculata I Astrangia danae Melita nitida Ophiothrix angulat~ Batea catharinensis Pentamera pulcherrima Leucothoe spinicarpa I Barentsia laxa Lysianassa alba Alcyonidium hauffi Lembos l;vebsteri Alcyonidiu~ polyoum Unciola serrata Anguinella palmata Erichthonius brasiliensis I Amathia dis tans Caprella equilibra Bowerbankia gracil~s Paracaprella tenuis Ectopleura dumortieri I Turritopsis nutricula Garveia humilis Bougainvillia rugosa I Eudendrium carneurn Cuspidella humilis Hebella scandens Clytia kincaidi I Obelia bidentata Dynamena cornicina Sertularia stookeyi I Plumularia floridana Proboscidactyla ornata I Obelia dichotoma I I I -21- Table 12. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station J003, I Cummings Point. Amaroucium constel1atum Parasmittina nitida I Axinella sp. Cryptosula pallasiana Penaeus aztecus Crepidula plana Penaeus setiferus Anachis avara I Xiphopenaeus kroyeri Busycon carica Trachypenaeus constrictus Brachidon tes exustus Clibanarius vittatus Ostrea equestris Pagurus longicarpus Sabellaria vulgaris J Pagurus pollicaris Hydroides dianthus Portunus gibbesii Nereis succinea FortuITus spinimanus Glycera dibranchiata I Callinectes ornatus Hydractinia echinata Callinectes sapieus Garyeia franciscana Panopeus herbstii Eudendrium carneum I Libinia emarginata Cuspidella humilis Balanus improvisus Campanulina sp. Balanus amphitrite niveus Obelia bidentata Balanus galeatus Dynamena cornicina I Renilla reniformis Sertularia marginata Leptogorgia virgulata Sertularia stookeyi Paranthus rapiformis Aglaophenia trifida I Astrangia danae Asterias forbesi Alcyonidium hauffi Nolella stipata I Anguinella palmata Amathia dis tans Bmverbankia gracills I Aeverrillia setigera Mernbranipora tenuis Membranipora arborescens I Electra monostachys Bugula neritina Schizoporella errata Microuorella ciliata I Celleporina hassalli I I I I I I I -22- Table 13. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station J002, I Hog Island. I Molgula manhattensis Penaeus setiferus Clibanarius vittatus I Callinectes sapidus Panopeus herbstii Balanus improvisus Balanus amphitrite niveus I Chelonibia patula Astrangia danae Asterias forbesi I Mellita quinquesperforata Barentsia laxa Alcyonidium hauffi I Anguinella palmata Amathia distans Aeverrillia setigera MeJl1branipora tenuis I Membranipora arborescens Hippoporina verrilli Conopeum tenuissimum I Busyeon carica Crassostrea virginica Ostrea equestris I Ilyanassa obsoleta Rydroides dianthus Ectopleura dumortieri Campanulina sp. I Obelia bidentata Obelia dichotoma Sertularia marginata I Sertularia stookeyi Plumularia floridana I Garveia humilis I I I I I I I -23-- Table 14. Epifaunal in~ertebrates in dredge collections from Station WOOl, I Nowell Creek. Molgula rnanhattensis I Penaeus setiferus Callinectes sanidus Balanus improvisus I Stylochus ellinticus Bowerbankia gracilis Membranipora tenuis I Cpnopeum tenuissimum Membranipora (?) sp. Brachidontes ~,ustus Crassostrea virginica I Nereis succinea Garveia franciscana Carnpanulina s p , I Obelia bidentata Obelia sp, 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I -24- Table 15. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station C004, I Cooper River. I Molgula manhattensis Penaeus aztecus Penaeus setiferus Callinectes sapidus I Menippe mercenaria Panopeus herbstii Balanus eburneus I Balanus improvisus Leptogorgia virgulata Diadumene leucolena I Alcyonidium hauffi Bowerbankia gracilis Membranipora tenuis Membranipora sp. I Hippoporina verrilli Conopeurn tenuissimum Brachidontes recurvus I Brachidontes eA~stus Crassostrea virginica Sabellaria vulgaris I Hydroides dianthus Nereis succinea Gammarus daiberi Garveia franciscana I Campanulina sp . Clytia kincaidi Obelia dichotoma I Obelia sp . 1 I I I I I I I I I -25- I Table 16. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station C003, I North Charleston. Penneus setiferus I Callinectes sapidus Rhithropanopeus harrisii Balanus eburneus I Balanus improvisus Barentsia sp. Bowerbankia gracilis I Membranipora (?) sp. Conopeum tenuissimum Brachidontes recurvus Brachidontes e~ustus I Crassostrea virginica MyUlopsis leuc".!'haeata Gammarus tigrinus I Melita nitida .' Corophium lacustre Caprella equilibra I Cordylophora caspia Garveia franciscana Campanulina sp. Clytia kincaidi I Obelia bidentata Obelia sp. I I I \ \ I I I I I I I -26- Table 17. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station C002, I Big Island. I Penaeus setiferus Callinectes sapidus Rhithrooanoneus harrisii I Barentsia s p , Bowerbankia gracilis MvtiloDsis leucophaeata Gam-'arus daiberi I GaID3arus mucronatus G~arus tigrinus I Garveia franciscana I I I I I I I I I I I I I •• I -27- Table 18. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station KOOl, I Ashley River. I Molgula manhattensis Penaeus setiferus I Callinectes sapidus Balanus improvisus Tanystylum orbiculare Bowerbankia gracilis I Membranipora tenuis Conopeum tenuissirnum Membranipora (?) sp. I Ilyanassa obsoleta Parapleustes aestuarius Melita nitida Carveia franciscana I Campanulina sp. Clytia kincaidi Obelia bidentata I Obelia sp , 1 I I I I I I I I I I I -28- Table 19. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station FOOl, I Stono River. I Molgula manhattensis Unciola serrata }licrociona prolifera Garveia franciscana I Penaeus setiferus Campanulina sp , Palaemonetes pugio elyria kincaidi Alpheus heterochaelis Obelia bidentata Clibanarius vittatus Obelia sp , 1 I Pagurus longicarpus Pagurus pol Ii caris Callinectes sapidus I Rhithropanopeus harrisii Neopanope sayi Eurypanopeus depressus I Panopeus herbstii Cleantis planicauda Cyathura polita Balanus eburneus I Balanus irnprovisus Stylochus ellipticus Coronadena mutabilis I Amathia dis tans Bm.,erbankia gracilis Aeverrillia setigera I Membranipora-tenui~ Hembranipora sp. Hippoporina verrilli Conopeum tenuissiffi~m I Alcyonidium mammillatu~ Epitoneum rupicola Brachidontes recurVU8 I Brachidontes exustus Crassostrea virgin!ca Ostrea eguestris I Sabellaria vulgaris Nereis succinea I l1elita nitida I I I I I I -29- I Table 20. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station EOOl, Yonges Island. I Molgula manhattensis Leucothoe splnlcarpa Lissodendoryx carolinensis Lembos ""ebsteri I Microciona prolifera Unciola serrata Hernectyon pearsei Erichthonius brasiliensis renaeus aztecus Corophium sp. I renaeus setiferus Paracaprella tenuis Alpheus heterochaelis Ectopleura dumortieri Pagurus longicarpus Linvillea agassizi Callinectes sapidus Turritopsis nutricula I Menippe mercenaria Bougainvilli2 rugosa Hexapanopeus angustifrons Garveia franciscana Panopeus herbstii Clytia kincaidi I Libinia emarginata Gonothyraea loveni Clean tis planicauda Obelia bidentata Balanus irnprovisus Obelia dichotoma I Tanystylum orbiculare Obelia hyalina Callipallene brevirostrum Schizotricha tenella Loxosomella sp. Pedicellina cernua I Diadumene leucolena Alcyonidium polyoum Anguinella palmata I Arnathia distans Aeverril1ia setigera Membranipora,tenuis I Electra monostachys Schizoporella errata Conopeum tenuissirnum Alcyonidium marnrnillatum I Brachidontes exustus Sabellaria vulgaris Arabella iricolor I Lepidonotus sub levis Melita dentata Melita appendiculata I Melita nitida I I I I I I -30- Table 21. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station E002, I Toogoodoo Creek. I Molgula manhattensis Microciona prolifera Craniella laminar is I Penaeus aztecus Penaeus setiferus Callinectes ornatus I Callinectes sapidus Cleantis planicauda Balanus improvisus I Ta~stylum orbiculare Haliplanella luciae Alcyonidium polyoum I Anguinella palmata Amathia dis tans Bowerbankia gracilis Conopeum tenuissimum I Eupleura caudata .' Crepidula fornicata Doridella obscura I Sabellaria vulgaris Lepidonotus subleyis Melita nit ida I Paracaprella tenuis Ectopleura durno r t Lc.r L Garveia franciscani_ Campanulina sp. I Hebella scandens \ Clytia kincaidi .\ Obelia bidentata I Obelia dichotoma \ Obelia hyalina I Sertularia stookeyi I I I I I I • I -31- Table 22. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station E003, I Bears Bluff. I Molgula manhattensis Lembos Hebsteri Perophora viridis Erichthonius brasiliensis Lissodendoryx carolinensis Corophium sp. I Microciona prolifera Paracaprella tenuis Penaeus setiferus Ectopleura dumortieri Alpheus armillatus Linvillea agassizi Pagurus longicarpus Bougainvillia rugosa I Callinectes ornatus Garveia franciscana Callinectes sapidus Eudendriurn carneum Menippe mercenaria Cuspidella humilis I Panopeus herbstii Campanulina sp , Libinia sp . Clytia kincaidi Balanus irnprovisus Obelia bidentata I Balanus amphitrite niveus Obelia dichotoma Tanystylum orbiculare Sertularia stookeyi Nymphopsis duodorsospinosa Schizotricha tenella Leptogorgia virgulata Plumularia floridana I Paranthus rapiformis 0phiothrix angulata Alcyonidium hauffi I Alcyonidium polyoum Anguinella palmata Amathia distans Aeverrillia armata I Aeverrillia setigera Membranipora.tenuis Electra monostachys I Busycon carica Ariomia simplex Sabellaria vulgaris I Glycera dibranchiata Elasmopus levis Melita appendiculata I Parapleustes aestuarius I I I I I I ;------~------ I -32- I Table 23. Epifaunal invertebrates in ~redge collections from Station E004, Eawho River. I Penaeus setiferus Callinectes sapidus I Conopeum tenuissimum Obelia hyalina I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -33- Table 24. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station EOOS, I Steamboat Creek. I Molgula manhattensis Ectopleura dumortieri Perophora viridis Turritopsis nutricula Lissodendoryx carolinensis Bougainvil1ia rugosa I Microciona prolifera Clytia kincaidi Craniella laminaris Obelia bidentata -----Penaeus setiferus Obelia dichotoma I Clibanarius vittatus Sertularia stookeyi Callinectes sapidus Plumularia floridana Panopeus herbstii Campanulina sp. I Squilla empusa Balanus irnprovisus Tanystylum orbiculare Renil1a reniformis I Leptogorgia virgulata Hemipholis elongata Anguinella palmata I Amathia distans Bowerbankia gracilis Aeverrillia armata I Aeverrillia setigera Membranipora tenuis Electra monostachys Conopeum tenuissimum I Neosimnia uniplica~a Sabellaria vulgari~ Elasmopus levis I Melita appendiculata Melita ni tida Batea catharinensis I Leucothoe spinicarpa Lembos Hebsteri Microdeutopus sp. I Erichthonius brasiliensis I I I I I I I -34- Table 25. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station E006, I Wadmalaw Island. I Microciona prolifera Penaeus setiferus I Ovalipes ocellatus Callinectes ornatus Callinectes sapidus Squilla empusa I Balanus amphitrite niveus Limulus polyphemus Bowerbankia gracilis I Electra monostachys Hebella scandens I Sertularia stookeyi I I I I I I I I I I I I I -35- Table 26. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station EOO?, I Point of Pines. I Molgula manhattensis Paracaprella tenuis Perophora viridis Ectopleura dumortieri I Microciona prolifera Tubularia crocea Penaeus setiferus Turritopsis nutricula Pagurus pol Ii caris Bougainvillia rugosa Ovalipes ocellatus Eudendrium carneum I Callinectes sapidus Cuspid ella humilis Menippe rnp.rcenaria Campanulina sp , Balanus improvisus Lovenella gracilis I Balanus amphitrite niveus Rebella scandens Chelonibia patula Clytia kincaidi Limulus polyphemus Obelia bidentata I Renilla reniformis Obelia dichotoma Astrangia danae Obelia hyalin a Leptogorgia virgulata Sertularia stookeyi Bdelloura candida Plumularia floridana I Asterias forbesi Luidia clathrata Ophiothrix angulata I Remipholis elongata Anguinella palmata Amathia dis tans I Aeverrillia setigera Membranipora tenuis Hembranipora arborescens Electra monostachvs I Schizoporella errata Parasmittina nitida Crepidula plana I Busycon canaliculata Ostrea equestris Sabellaria vulgaris I Rydroides dianthus Leucothoe spinicarDa I Corophium sp. I I I I I I -36- Table 27. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station EDOS, I DeVeaux Bank. I Molgula manhattensis Bugula neritina Perophora viridis Schi2oporella errata I Ciocalypta penicillus Microporella ciliata Penaeus sctiferus Parasmittina nitida Lysmata wurdemanni Cryptosula pallasiana Clibanarius vittatus Alcyonidium mamrnillatum I Pagurus longicarpus Diodora cayenensis Portw1us gibbesii Crepidula plana Portunus spinimanus Neosimnia uniplicata I ---Cancer irroratus Anachis avara Callinectes ornatus Hitrella lunata Callinectes sapidus Busycon caric£t I Me~ mercenaria Chaetonleura apiculata Neopanope sayi Ostrea equestris Panopeus herbstii Sabellaria vulgaris Libinia sp. Hydroides dianthus I Balanus amphitrite niveus Lepidonotus sub levis Balanus galeatus Melita appendiculata Chelonibia patula Batea catharinensis I Tanystylum orbiculare Stenothoe minuta Nymphopsis duodorsospinosa Lysianassa alba Leptogorgia virgulata Lernbos 'iVebsteri As trangia danae Microprotopus sp. I Asterias forbesi Erichthonius brasiliensis Ophiothrix angulat~ Caprella eguilibra Barentsia lax a Paracaprella tenuis I Alcyonidium hauffi Ectopleura dumortieri Alcyonidium polyoum Linvillea agassizi Nolella stipata Zanclea costato I Anguinella palmata Turritopsis nutricula Amathia dis tans Bougainvillia rugosa Bowerbankia gracilis Garveia franciscana Aeverrillia setigera Amphinerna dinema I Membranipora tenuis Hernbranipora arborescens Electra monostachys I Eudendrium album Eudendrium carneum Lovenella gracilis I Campanulina sp , Hebella scandens Clytia kincaidi Obelia bidentata I Obelia dichotoma Obelia hyalina Dynamena c0rnicina I Sertularia stookeyi SchizOtricha tenella I I z I -37- I Table 28. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station D004, Bay Point. I Molgula manhattensis Caprella equilibra Microciona prolifera Paracaprella tenuis I Penaeus setiferus Turritopsis nutricula Pagurus longicarpus Bougainvillia rugosa Callinectes sapidus Garveia franciscana I Neopanope sayi Amphinema dinema Balanus amphitrite niveus Campanulina sp , Anoplodactylus lentus Lovenella gracilis Leptogorgia virgulata Hebella scandens I Luidia clathrata . Clytia kincaidi Nellita quinquesperforata Clytia paulensis Alcyonidium hauffi Obelia bidentata I Alcyonidium polyoum Obelia dichotorna Anguinella palmata Obelia hyalina Amathia distans Dynamena cornicina BO\olerbankia gracilis Sertularia marginata I Aeverrillia armata Sertularia stookeyi Aeverrillia setigera Hembranipora tenuis I Membranipora arborescens Electra monostachys Bugula neritina I Schizoporella errata MicroporelJ.a ciliata Neosimnia uniplicata Ostrea eguestris I Nereis succinea Elasmopus levis Crangonyx ~ richmondensis I Stenothoe minuta Leucothoe spinicarpa Microprotopus sp. I CeTarus tubularis Corophium sp. I I I I I I I -38- Table 29. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station D003, I Fenwick Island. I Molgula manhattensis Penaeus setiferus I Xiphopenaeus kroyeri Palaemonetes pugio Callinectes sapidus Panopeus herbstii .. I Balanus eburneus Balanus irnprovisus Diadumene leucolena I Stylochus ellipticus Coronadena mutabilis Conopeum tenuissimum I Alcyonidium mammillatum Brachidontes exustus Crassostrea virginica Sabellaria vulgaris I Nereis succinea Ganunarus daiberi Melita nitida I Batea catharinensis Parapleustes aestuarius Corophium lacustre Ectopleura dumortieri I Garveia franciscana Clytia kincaidi Obelia bidentata I Obelia dichotoma Ob·elia sp , 1 I I I I I I I I I -39- Table 30. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station D002, I Sampson Island. I Penaeus setiferus Gammarus daiberi I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I -40- Table 31. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station DOOl, I Snuggedy Swamp. I Callinectes sapidus Gammarus daiberi I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I ~---- I Table 32. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station H003, I Rock Creek. . Molgula manhattensis Aeverrillia s.etigera I Craniella laminar is Triticella elongata Penaeus setiferus Membranipora tenuis Xiphopenaeus kroyeri Electra monostachys I Trachypenaeus constrictus Conopeum tenuissimum Palaemonetes vulgaris Eupleura caudata Clibanarius vittatus Anachis avara Pagurus longicarpus Mitrella lunata I Callinectes sapidus Busycon canaliculata Reopanope sayi Brachidontes exustus Panopeus herQstii Crassostrea virginica I Callinectes ornatus Nassarius obsoletus Sguilla empusa Sabellaria vulgaris Cleantis planicauda Nereis succinea Balanus eburneus Glycera dibranchiata I Balanus improvisus Lepidonotus sublevis Balanus amphitrite niveus Paracaprella tenuis Limulus polyphemus Ectopleura dumortieri I Renilla reniformis Hydractinia echinata Leptogorgia virgulata Bougainvillia rugosa Haliplanella luciae Garveia franciscana I Diadurnene leucolena Ga rveia humil is Stylochus ellipticus Amphinema dinema Bdelloura candida Eudendrium carneum Asterias forbesi Cuspid ella humilis I Ophiothrix angul?~ Campanulina sp. Hemipholis elong'~ Hebella scandens Alcyonidium hau£: i Clytia kincaidi I Alcyonidium polyoum Obelia bidentata Nolella stipata Obelia dichotoma Anguinella palmata Obelia hyalina Amathia distans Sertularia marginata III Bowerbankia grac'.lis I Aeverrillia armatd I I I I I II I I I -42- Table 33. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station H002, I Ashepoo River. I Penaeus setiferus Cleantis planicauda Anguinella palmata I Bowerbankia gracilis Aeverrillia setigera Garnrnarus daiberi I Gammarus mucronatus Ectopleura dumortieri Garveia franciscana Campanulina sp. I Obelia bidentata Obelia sp. 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -43- Table 34. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station HOOl, I Wahle Branch. I Molgula manhattensis Perophora viridis Microciona prolifera I Craniella laminaris Penaeus setiferus Trachypenaeus constrictus I .Callinectes sapidus Balanus eburneus Balanus improvisus I Tanystylum orbiculare Leptogorgia virgulata Diadumene leucolena Nolella stipata I Anguinella palmata Amathia dis tans Bowerbankia gracilis I Aeverrillia setigera Mernbranipora tenuis Electra monostachys . Conopeum tenuissiLlum I Alcyonidium mammilla tum Sabellaria vulgaris Nereis succinea I Glycera asymmetrica Melita appendiculata Erichthonius brasiliensis I Caprella eauilibra Paracaprella tenuis Ectopleura dumortieri Garveia franciscana I Garveia humilis Cuspid ella humilis I Clytia kincaidi I I I I I } I -44- Table 35. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station P002, I Port Royal Sound. I Molgula manhattensis Membranipora arborescens Perophora viridi~ Electra monostachys Ciocalypta penicillus Bugula neritina I Penaeus duorarum Bugula stolonifera Trachypenaeus constrictus Schizoporella errata Palaemonetes vulgaris Hippoporina verrilli I Lysmata wurdemanni Parasmittina nitida Clibanarius vittatus Alcyonidium mammilla tum Pagurus pollicaris Crepidula plana I Portunus gibbesii Neosimnia uniplicata Portunus spinimanus Urosalpinx cinerea Callinectes ornatus Eupleura caudata Callinectes sapidus Anachis avara I Hexapanopeus angustifrons Mitrella lunata Panopeus herbstii Eusyeon carica Libinia dubia Nassarius vibex I Libinia emarginata Crassostrea virginica Cleantis planicauda Ostrea eguestris Balanus amphitrite niveus Sabellaria vulgaris I Balanus galeatus Lepidonotus sublevis Renilla reniformis Ectopleura dumortieri Leptogorgia virgulata Hydractinia echinata Asterias forbesi Bougainvillia rugosa I Luidia clathrata Garveia hurnilis Ophiotrix angulata Eudendrium carneum Barentsia laxa Campanulina sp. I Alcyonidium hauffi Hebella scandens Alcyonidium polyoum Clytia kincaidi Anguinella palmata Clytia paulensis Amathia dis tans . Obelia bidentata I Bowerbankia gracilis Dynamena cornie ina Aeverrillia setigera Sertularia stookeyi Hembranipora tenuis Monostaechas ~adridens I Triticella elongata I I I I I I I -45- Table 36. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from St.ation POOl, I Colleton River. I Molgula manhattensis Alcyonidium hauffi Perophora viridis Anguinella palmata Haliclona permollis Amathia dis tans Mycale sp. Aeverrillia setigera I Lissodendoryx carolinensis Membranipora tenuis Microciona prolifera Electra monostachys Nicrociona Juniperina Bugula neritina I .Halichondria bm:erbanki Schizoporella errata Hymeniacidon heliophila Hippoporina verrilli Craniella laminar is Anachis avara I Penaeus setiferus Mitrella lunata Trachypenaeus constrictus Busycon carica Palaemonetes pugio Busycon canaliculata Palaemonetes vulgaris Nassarius trivittatus I Alpheus armillatus Modiolus americanus Alpheus normanni Ostrea eguestris Clibanarius vittatus Crepidula fornicata I Pagurus defensus Sabellaria vulgaris Pagurus longicarpus Harmothoe aculeata Pagurus pollicaris Nereis succinea I ·Portunus gibbesii Glycera dibranchiata Portunus spinimanus Glycera asymmetrica Callinectes ornatu8 Arabella iricolor Callinectes sapidus 'Lepidonotus sublevis I Hepippe mercenaria Elasmopus levis Hexapanopeus angustifrons Melita appendiculata Neopanope sayi Batea catharinensis I Panopeus herbstii Stenothoe minuta Chelonibia patula Leucothoe spinicarpa Limulus polyphemus Unciola serrata I Tanystylum orbiculare Erichthonius brasiliensis Renilla reniformis Corophium sp , Leptogorgia virgulata Caprella eguilibra Asterias forbesi Paracaprella tenuis I Ophiothrix angulata Hemipholis elongata Ectopleura dumortieri I Turritopsis nutricula Hydractinia echinata Bougainvillia rugosa Amphinema dinema I Eudendrium carneum Halecium bermudense Cuspidella humilis I Hebella scandens Clytia kincaidi Obelia bidentata I Obelia dichotoma Obelia hyalina Dynamena cornicina I Sertularia stookeyi I • I -46- Table 37. Epifaunal invertebrates in dredge collections from Station GOOl, I Calibogue Sound. I Molgula manhattensis Barentsia laxa Perophora viridis Loxosomella cricketae Ecteinascidia turbinata Alcyonidium hauffi I Lissodendoryx carolinensis Alcyonidium polyoum Microciona prolifera Nolella stipata Craniella laminaris Anguinella palmata I Penaeus setiferus Amathia distans Trachypenaeus constrictus Bo<;erbankia gracilis Alpheus heterochaelis Aeverrillia setigera I Alpheus normanni Membranipora tenuis Latreutes parvulus Conopeum commensale Lysmata 'tvurdemanni Electra monostachys Pagurus defensus Bugula neritina I Pagurus longicarpus Bugula stolonifera Pagurus pollicaris Schizoporella errata Cancer irroratu3 Hippoporina verrilli I Portunus gibbesii Parasmittina nit ida Portunus spinimanus Alcyonidium mammilla tum Callinectes sapidus Crepidula plana I Hexapanopeus angustifrons Neosimnia uniplicata Neopanope sayi Eupleura caudata Libinia emarginata Anachis avara Sguilla empusa Hitrella lunata I Balanus amphitrite niveus Busycon carica Balanus galeatus Busycon canaliculata Limulus polyphemus .Nassarius trivittatus I Tanystylum orbiculare Ostrea equestris Renilla reniformis Crassostrea virginica Leptogorgia virgulata Doridella obscura I Asterias forbesi. Sabella ria vulgaris Luidia clathrata Hydroides dianthus Ophiothrix angulata Lepidonotus sublevis Ophioderma brevispinum Melita appendiculata I Lembos <;ebsteri Batea catharinensis Erichthonius bra~iliensis Caprella eguilibra I Paracaprella tenuis Ectopleura dumortieri Halocordyle disticha Hydractinia echinata I Bougainvillia rugosa Garveia humilis Eudendrium carneum I Campanulina sp. Hebella scandens Clyria kincaidi I Obelia bidentata Dynamena cornicina I Sertularia stookeyi I I -47- Table 38. List of epifaunal species collected, and their observed distri- I bution in the Venice System salinity zones. 1--- _ Species Oli ohaline Mesohaline Pol haline Euhaline IPhylum Porifera Haliclona permollis I Lissodendoryx carolinensis + Zygomycale parishii + + + Mycale sp. + Microciona juniperina + I Microciona prolifera + Hemectyon pearsei + + + Axinella sp , + I Halichondria bowerbanki + CiocalYpta penicillus + + Ciocalapatagibbsi + I Hymeniacidon heliophila + Cyamon vickersi + Craniella laminaris + + + + IPhylum Cnidaria Cyanea capillata versicolor (scyphistoma) Ectopleura dumortieri + Tubularia crocea + + + Halocordyle disticha + + I Linvillea agassizi + + Zanclea costata + + Cordylophora caspia + + Tur'ritopsis nutricula -'-.:+ I Hydractinia echinata + + Bougainvillia £ugosa + + Garveia franciscana + + + I Garveia humilis + + + Amphinema dincma Eudendrium album + + I Eudendrium carneum + + Halecium bermudense + + Halecium tenellum + + Cuspid ella humilis + + I Campanulina sp , + + + + Lovenella gracilis + + + Hebella scandens + + I Clytia cylindrica + + .Clytia kincaidi + Clytia paulensis + + + Gonothyraea loveni + + I Obeli.a bidentata + + Obelia dichotoma + + + Obelia hyalina + + + I + + I I -48- Table 38. (continued) I I___ --"-"'==-Species -:::.:::.===C---====C--.=.=~==----====-Oligohaline Hesohaline Polyhaline Euhaline Obelia longicyatha + + I Obelia sp. 1 + + + Obelia sp . 2 + Campanopsis (?) sp. + Cnidoscyphus marginatus + + I Dynarnena cornicina + + Sertularia marginata + + Sertularia stookeyi + + I Honostaechas quadridens + Schizotricha tenella + + Plumularia floridana + + Aglaophenia trifida + + I Lytocarpus philippinus + Proboscidactyla ornata + Leptogorgia virgulata + + + I Renilla reniformis + + Actinauge modesta + + Paranthus rapifonnis + + I Haliplanella luciae + + Diadurnene leucolena + + + Astrangia danae + + IPhylum Platyhelminthes Bdelloura candida I Coronadena mutabilis + + Stylochus ellipticus + + IPhylum Entoprocta Loxosomella sp. + Pedicellina cernua + + I Barentsia laxa + + Barentsia sp. + IPhylum Bryozoa Crisia sp. + + I Alcyonidium hauffi + + Alcyonidium mammillatum + + + Alcyonidium polyoum + + + Arachnidium sp. + + II Nolella stipata + + Anguinella palmata + + + Amathia dis tans + + + I Bowerbankia gracilis + + + + I II I l I -49- Table 38. (continued) I -I ___ ~="_"_Species ~ _ _"..:::..:===_==="_"____"_:::.=..J.===____"==~Oligohaline Hesohaline Polyhaline Euhaline Aeverrillia armata + + I Aeverrillia setigera + + + Triticella elongata + + Hembranipora arboresc.ens + + Membranipora tenuis + + + + I Hembranipora (?) sp. + + Conopeum tenui~simum + + Electra monostachys + + I Bugula nerit ina + + Bugula stolonifera + + Schizoporella errata + + + Hippoporina verrilli + + + I }licroporella ciliata + + Parasmittina nitida + + Cryptosula pallasiana + + I Celleporina hassalli + IPhylum Annelida Arabella iricolor + + + Harphysa sanguinea + Glycera americana + I Glycera asymmetrica + Glycera dibranchiata + + Nereis succinea + + + + I Harmothoe aculeata + Lepidonotus sublevis + + + Sabellaria vulgaris + + + I Hydroides dianthus + + + Pista quadrilobata + I Polydora ligni + Phylum Hollusca Diodora cayenensis + + I Epitoneum rupicola + Crepidula fornicata + + Crepidula plana + + I Neosimnia uniplicata + + Polinices duplicatus + + Urosalpinx cinerea + + Eupleura caudata + + I Anachis avara + + ~litrella lunata + + Busycon carica + + I Busycon canaliculatum + + Nassarius trivittatus + + I I 1 -50- 1 Table 38. (continued) 1------,------Species Oligohaline Mesohaline Polyhaline Euhaline Nassarius vibex + 1 Ilyanassa obsoleta + + Fasciolaria tulipa + Doridella obscura + 1 Chaetopleura apiculata + + Brachidontes exustus + + + + Brachidontes recurvus + + + 1 -----Modiolus americanus + Modiolus modiolus sguamosus + + Pteria colymbus + + Anomia simplex + + 1 Ostrea eguestris + + Crassostrea virginica + + + + 1 Mytilopsis leucophaeata + Phylum Arthropoda 1 Limulus polyphemus + + Nymphopsis duodorsospinosa + + Tanystylum orbiculare + + Callipallene brevirostrum + 1 Anoplodactylus lentus + + Balanus amphitrite + + Balanus eburneus + + 1 Balanus galeatus + + Balanus irnprovisus + + + + Chelonibia patula + + 1 Cleantis planicauda + + + Cyathura burbancki + Cyathura polita + + Chiridotea sp. + 1 Gamrnarus daiberi + + + Garnmarus mucronatus + + Gammarus tigrinus + + 1 Elasmopus levis + + Melita dentata + Melita appendiculata + + + Melita nitida + + + I Crangonyx ~ richmondensis + + -----Batea catharinensis + + + Parapleustes aestuarius + + + + 1 Stenothoe minuta + + Leucothoe spinicarpa + + Colomastix halichondriae + 1 Lysianassa alba + + Lembos websteri + + 1 Lembos sp. + 1 • I -51- Table 38. (continued) I I Species Oligohaline Mesohaline Polyhaline Euhaline Microdeutopus sp. + + Unciola serrata + + + Microprotopus sp. + + I Erichthonius brasiliensis + + Cerapus tubularis + + Corophium acutum + I Corophium lacustre + + Corophium sp. + + Caprella eguilibra + + + I Paracaprella tenuis + + + Penaeus a. aztecus + + + + Penaeus d. duorarum + + Penaeus setiferus + + + + I Xiphopenaeus kroyeri + + Trachypenaeus constrictus + + + Sicyonia brevirostris + I Sicyonla laevigata + Palaemonetes pugio + + + + Palaemonetes vulgaris + I Alpheus arrnil1atus + + Alpheus heterochaelis + + Alpheus normanni + + Latreutes parvulus + I Lysmata wu r dernann i + + Clibanarius vittatus + + Pagurus annulipes + I Pagurus defensus + + Pagurus longicarpus + + + -:.: Pagurus pollicaris I. ',. + + I Hepatus epheli ticus + Ovalipes ocella tus + + Cancer irroratus + + Portunus gibbesii + + I . Portunus spinimanus + + Callinectes ornatus + + Callinectes sapidus + + + + I Menippe mercenaria + + + Rhithropanopeus harrisii + Hexapanopeus angustifrons + + I Neopanope sayi + + + Eurypanopeus depressus + + Panopeus herbstii + + + Libinia duhia + + I Libinia emarginata + + + Sguilla empusa + I I I I -52- I Table 38. (continued) I Species Oligohaline Hesohaline Polyhaline Euhaline IthYlum Echinodermata Asterias forbesi + + Luidia clathrata + + I Pentamera pulcherrima + + Ophiophragmus wurdemani + Hemipholis elongata + + Amphiodia pulchella + I Ophiod~rma brevispinum + + Ophiothrix angulata + + Arbacia punctulata + + I Mellita qUinguesperforata + + IhYlum Chordata Amaroucium constellatum + Didemnum sp. + Ecteinascidia turbinata + I Perophora viridis + + Molgula manhattensis + + + I I II I I I I I I I I -53- I LITERATURE CITED I Bearden, C. M., and M. D. McKenzie. 1973. A guide to saltwater sport fishing in South Carolina. South Carolina Wildl. Mar. Res. Dept., Charleston. I 119 p. 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