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I I I I I I I I I 1 -3 I Dc I I SOME SUBTIDAL EPIFAUNAL ASSEMBLAGES IN SOUTH I CAROLINA ESTUARIES I I Dale R. Calder and Billy B. Boothe, Jr. I I I I I ~ I I I I I SOUTH CAROLINA MARINE RESOURCES CENTER I I I SOME SUBTIDAL EPIFAUNAL ASSEMBLAGES IN SOUTH I CAROLINA ESTUARIES I I Dale R. Calder and Billy B. Boothe, Jr. I I Marine Resources Center I South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department Charleston, South Carolina 29412 I I Data Report No.4 South Carolina Marine Resour~es Center I I 1977 I I I I I 1 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 We are in4ebted to John Mig1arese and Rick Richter for their capable assistance in the field, and to M. H. Shealy, Jr. for supporting our effort. 1 Mag Maclin helped in the handling and sorting of samples. We also wish to 1 thank Capt. Vince Taylor for his help while on the R/V Anita. Stan Baker, 1 Canada (Amphipods),, Dr. W. D. Hartman, Yale University (sponges), Dr. F. J. S. Maturo, University of Florida (Bryozoa), Dr. P. A. Sandifer, Marine Resources 1 Research Institute (Decapoda), and Dr. J. E. Winston, Harbor Branch Foundation I. (Bryozoa). This study was supported by funds from Coastal Plains Regional Commission Contract No. 1034003, M. H. Shealy, Jr.., principal investigator. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 • ~_~_--------------------------------------------~~~ I I INTRODUCTION I Animals of the benthos are divided into two ecologically distinct categories based on their relations to the substrate. The epifauna comprises I those species occurring on the substrate, while the infauna included the I animals living within it (Petersen, 1913; Thorson, 1957). Closely associated with the benthos are the demersal fishes and such bottom-dwelling, motile I invertebrates such as shrimp and crabs. A large number of colonial forms, including sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, I and as cfdf.ans, are present in the epifauna. Such taxa are difficult or virtually I impossible to either sample quantitatively or enumerate in quantitative samples. As a result, the epifauna generally receives little more than cursory attention I in most studies on benthic ecology except in studies on fouling organisms. Yet these animals are a very important component of the benthos, both economi- I cally and ecologically (Pratt, 1973). It is not coincidental that diversity I and biomass of fishes and other nektonic species are often maximal near hard, "live bottom" areas, natural and artificial reefs, wrecks, breakwaters, piers, I and platforms (Bearden and McKenzie, 1973; Colunga and Stone, 1974; Menzies, et al., 1966; Pearse and Williams, 1951; Roberts and Able, 1974). Epifaunal I species provide food, substrate, and shelter for a variety or organisms, alter I sedimentation patterns (Emery, Stephenson, and Hedgpeth, 1957), and serve as potentially valuable environmental indicators (Stephens and Davies, 1974). Foul- I ing organisms (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1952), as well as oyster drills and starfish (Gal.t soff , 1964) are all of negative economic value, while I the oyster is one of the most commercially valuable of all benthic invertebrates. I Fisheries also exist in other areas for a variety of other epifaunal invertebrates. While Thorson (1957) estimated .that the total area of the ocean colonized by epifaunal I organisms is substantially below that occupied by the infauna, the difference is much less pronounced in shallow water areas, especially in temperate or tropical I I -2- I areas. Epifaunal biomass is particularly substantial in many estuarine areas I where an abundance of hard substrates occur. Benthic studies were initiated as part of the South Carolina Estuarine I Survey Program at the Marine Resources Research Institute during the summer of 1973. Early in the study it became apparent that the epifauna was very poorly I known in the estuaries under investigation and should be included in the research. I The purpose of this report is to qualitatively describe the epifaunal invertebrate assemblages from a number of subtidal habitats in South Carolina estuaries. A I complete census of all epifaunal species present in the state or even collected during this study was obviously not feasible, considering both taxonomic problems I and the limited time and personnel available for the study. Accordingly, this I report includes only the more common species or those we otherwise felt competent to identify. The community structure of subtidal benthic communities in the I Edisto and Santee River estuaries, based on qualitative and quantitative samples, will be outlined in a forthcoming report (Calder, Boothe, and Maclin, 1977). I I I I I I I I I 1 -3- 1 IIATERIALS MiD METHODS 1 The study area encompassed the region from the mouth to the head of various estuarine systems across the South Carolina coastal zone. Collections were 1 made aboard the R/V Anita at 31 stations between Hinyah Bay and Calibogue Sound during January, April, August, and October of 1974, and at 29 stations during I the .same months in 1975 (Fig. 1, Table 1). Tows of three to five minutes were I made at each station during early flood tide using a 30 kg modified oyster dredge. TI,e dredge consisted of a rectangular steel frame measuring 80 cm across the I mouth, with a 1.5 m long bag of 2.5 em stretch mesh polypropylene. A skirt of I:" "";::::."~·l'terlacingmetal rings protected the bag from chafing. A typical catch con- sisted of from 10-20 liters of shells, mud, detritus, and benthic organisms. 1 Tows longer than five minutes usually resulted in clogged dredge bags and damaged specimens. After preliminary sorting of the catch on station, unidenti- I fied epifauna~ organisms and a representative sample of firm substrates were preserved in 10% ne.tralized formaldehyde solution and returned to the laboratory 1 for microscopic examination. I Bottom salinity samples were taken prior to each dredge tow using a 6-liter Van Dorn bottle. 'Lvese samples were analyzed in the laboratory using a 1 Beckman RS7B induction salinometer. The bottom type at each station was deter- mined from a series of three samples taken with a 0.13 m2 modified Petersen I grab. Depth was recorded using a Raytheon DE-725B recording depth fathometer. I A number of decapods such as shrimp and portunid crabs, while not epifaunal in the strictest senset were included in this report. Infaunal species taken I in dredge collections were excluded. The epifauna of pelagic Sargassum and beach drift, the intertidal zone, and nearshore and offshore areas have not I been included. I • EO I -4- '. 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