Multifamily Buildings Sector: The Year Behind Clickand the To Year Edit Ahead Master Title Style Monday 1:30-5:00pm Better Buildings Summit

Multifamily Sector 2017 114 Multifamily Sector Partners

700,000 Housing Units

575 Million Square Feet

Headquartered in 36 States

40 Units 178,000 Units

Cion Housing Housing Authority New Mexico New York Homes for America

Showcase Project Leonard

66 Housing Units 57% & $23,200 Annual Water Savings Hempstead Village Housing Authority

Showcase Project Gladys Gardens

30 Housing Units 40% & $19,100 Annual Energy Savings Preservation of Affordable Housing

Implementation Model Basis of Design Web-Based Tool Preservation of Affordable Housing

Implementation Model Basis of Design Web-Based Tool Corcoran Management Company

Implementation Model Sustainability Training for O&M Staff Corcoran Management Company

Implementation Model Sustainability Training for O&M Staff Chris Jedd

Denver Housing Authority Integrating Solar Into Your Click To Edit Master Title Style Portfolio

Prepared by: The Housing Authority of the City and County of DHA Overview

The Denver Housing Authority (DHA) is a quasi-municipal corporation with a portfolio of over 11,000 units and housing choice vouchers, providing affordable housing to more than 26,000 very low, low and middle income individuals representing over 10,000 families throughout the City and County of Denver. DHA has transformed public housing in Denver creating vibrant, revitalized, sustainable, transit oriented, and mixed-income communities of choice.

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2017 DOE Better Building Challenge Summit DHA’s Existing Solar Portfolio

2.5 Megawatt Power Purchase Agreement •665 existing homes received solar arrays •$10 million of investment •Utility savings for DHA and HUD

Low Income Community Solar Program •5% of Lowry community solar garden •Provides bill credits to DHA residents

New Construction/ Major Rehabs •DHA continues to add solar to new construction and rehab projects 2017 across DOE Better the Building portfolio Challenge Summit

15 DHA’s Solar Appetite Solar Challenges Other Roof • Available suitable space Proposed Top Solar (

CSG Aprox. 1 Megawatt) • Various property types (2 and ownership structures Remaining Megawatts Demand ) Existing • Various subsidies for Solar PPA (10 (2.5 • Various lease and utility Megawatts Megawatts allowances scenarios ) ) • Financing

• Utility policies 1 Megawatt =

2017 DOE Better Building Challenge Summit

16 Community Solar Overview

“A community solar project— sometimes referred to as a solar garden or shared renewable energy plant—is a solar power plant whose electricity is shared by more than one household. “ Source: Energy Sage

2017 DOE Better Building Challenge Summit

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• Policies vary state by state Community Solar Facts • Various models & approaches

• Various metering & virtual metering scenarios

• Various ways to participate • Buy in • Power purchase agreement • Develop your own

• Benefits • Renewable energy • Predictable energy costs • Energy savings ?

• Challenges • Long term contracts • Contract terms

2017 DOE Better Building Challenge Summit

18 The Next Step – Proposed DHA Community Solar Garden Goals Statement: DHA is seeking to be the developer, owner, operator, and part subscriber of a 2 megawatt 100% low income community solar garden * Program Facts : •2.0 megawatts •$4 million of investment •10 to 12 Acres of land •Providing clean renewable energy to over 500 + low income families •Includes subscribership from other mission driven organizations •Offset of over 57,000 tons of CO2 emissions * estimated 2017

19 DOE Better Building Challenge Summit Proposed DHA 100% Low Income Community Solar Garden

Program Benefits 100% low-income Clean energy Energy savings Predictable energy costs Flexibility

Next Steps Project financing Project Construction Financer Subscriber optimization ? Interconnection

2017 DOE Better Building Challenge Summit

20 Questions?

Chris Jedd

CEM, LEED AP BD+C Portfolio Energy Manager Denver Housing Authority [email protected]

The Year Behind

Multifamily Sector 2017 BETTER BUILDINGS…

 Are Measured and Managed. Theme: Utility Benchmarking

IMPROVES GOVERNMENT PROMOTES PREDICTS GENERATES DATA FUTURE POLICIES AND PROGRAMS FOR RESEARCH ENERGY SPENDING COMBATS INDEPENDENCE IMPROVES CREATES CLIMATE TENANT OPPORTUNITIES FOR COMFORT RECOGNITION SAVES CHANGE STABILIZES ELIMATES MONEY ASSETS WASTE OF INCREASES RETURN TRACKS NATURAL ON INVESTMENT PROGRESS RESOURCES MAKES PROPERTIES MORE MARKETABLE TOWARDS GOALS AND MONEY PRESERVES PROTECTS HUMAN HEALTH AND THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AFFORDABLE HOUSING Theme: Utility Benchmarking

20%

7% EPA research has shown that properties involved in utility benchmarking reduce energy consumption by an average of 7% after just 3 years. ??? Theme: Utility Benchmarking

Provides critical insight so that you can make decisions about:

A. Direct Cost Reduction ex. billing error

B. Operational Improvements ex. water leaks

C. Capital Improvements ex. fixture upgrade Year of Data

(YoDa) Utility Benchmarking Pipeline

08/16

Sharing Data FullData Display Not

05/17 Utility Benchmarking Pipeline

5p 9p 3p 15p 82p 08/16 Either / Both: >80% Owner-Paid Data Partial Full Not Sharing Started or Data Data Data >30% Display Display Whole-Property Data

19p 11p 29p 33p 22p 05/17 Year of Data Campaign

25 out of 85 10 out of 16 13 (30%) (63%)

SENIOR PARTNERS JUNIOR PARTNERS FRESHMAN published data displays submitted owner-paid PARTNERS utility data Bomee Jung

New York City Housing Authority 2017 Better Buildings Summit BBC Year One @ New York City Housing Authority

Bomee Jung, VP Energy & Sustainability May 15, 2017

33 34 NextGeneration NYCHA Comprehensive Sustainability Agenda

NYCHA’s commitment as a landlord to create healthy and comfortable homes that will withstand the challenge of climate change

An invitation to residents and surrounding communities to work with NYCHA to realize a shared long- term vision of equity, sustainability, and resiliency

35 Priority Outcome Healthy Indoor Environments

36 Priority Outcome Comfortable & Reliable Heat

37 Priority Outcome Get on the path to 80 X 50 GHG goals

38 NextGeneration NYCHA Energy Commitments

Reduce energy intensity by 20% by 2025

. Large-scale retrofits via HUD EPC

. Scattered-site retrofits: non-HUD funding Install 25 MW of renewable generation capacity

. Solar & DG PPAs

. Resiliency

39 2025 Goals Improving heating/hot water efficiency is critical.

More than 80% of total reduction

40 2025 Goals Various starting points

41 Context By 2025, 92% of NYCHA buildings will be 50+ years old

42 Context State of the Art in 1939

43 Context Still with us in 2017

44 Progress Report Year 1 of the Better Buildings Challenge

45 Energy Performance Contracts Designing Impactful Scopes of Work

20.0% 18.0% 18.5% 16.0% 17.4% 14.0% 12.0% 10.0% 8.0% 8.2% 6.0% Percent avoided 4.0% CO2 emissions by 2.0% NYCHA EPC 0.0% 56 M EPC A BQDM EPC Sandy EPC

46 Energy Performance Contracts Cost Savings by Intervention (ECM)

Ventilation modernization 0.03%

Conversion to Instant DHW 0.43%

Exterior lighting 1%

Water conservation 16%

Interior lighting 31%

Heating distribution repair/controls 52%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

47 Energy Performance Contracts Vacuum Steam Conversion Pilot

. Pilot to convert vacuum steam to atmospheric 2-pipe steam . TRVs control steam at individual radiators for local control ➤ Improve comfort & control – minimizes opening windows to control heat ➤ Improves steam balancing ➤ Eliminate vari-vac vacuum pump . Inlet orifice plates restrict steam flow to the radiators ➤ Sized to allow 80%-90% of radiator steam capacity ➤ Eliminates need for steam trap on radiator ➤ Prevents steam from entering the condensate return system ➤ Whitman Building # 6 Selected ➤ 60 Apartments

48 In- Electric Consumption Window Air Conditioning Pilot Project

49 In-apartment Electric Consumption Master-metered residents use a lot of electricity

50 In-apartment Electric Consumption Air conditioning drives peak demand

Cooling: 23MW

Baseload: 29MW Summer cumulative peak demand, 66 developments 2013-2014

51 In-apartment Electric Consumption Increased need for cooling over time

1. Average per year, New York City Panel on Climate Change

52 In-apartment Electric Consumption Tenant-owned window ACs provide cooling

1.5 – 2 AC units per apartment Registered ACs subject to $8-10 monthly surcharge Up to 85% AC units go unregistered to avoid fee 25% of apartments had more than the allowed number of ACs

53 In-apartment Electric Consumption Smart AC Pilot Concept

Install a network of internet-enabled window ACs and implement peak shaving by controlled cycling. • Professionally installed with safe mounting hardware • Tenant controls temperature • Utility can offer additional demand response incentives

54 In-apartment Electric Consumption Smart AC Pilot: Key Questions

• Is NYCHA allowed to own window air conditioners? • Can NYCHA require a trade-in of the old AC? • Is NYCHA allowed to prohibit installation of additional ACs? • Can NYCHA suspend the AC fee? • Does it “pay for itself” through savings?

55 In-apartment Electric Consumption Smart AC Pilot: Project Economics

• Estimated project cost of $2 million (1595 apartments in 30 buildings) • Estimated annual savings of $46,000 => PV of $500K at 4% over 15 years • Oops! Math doesn’t work! Has to be subsidized by lighting, grant, or other funds • And by the way, can’t include in EPC 

56 In-apartment Electric Consumption Smart AC Pilot: Next Steps

• Smaller (much smaller) pilot project via on-bill financing • Can we reduce costs? • Need to address project risks:

• Administrative burden

• Induced demand for ACs

• Enforcement of prohibition on “dumb” AC units

57 58 Resilient Design Stormwater Management

59 Resilient Design Green Infrastructure for CSO

Hope Gardens Before Hope Gardens After

GI for Combined Sewer Overflow: 39 developments in assessment/design, 3 complete and 1 site in construction

60 Resilient Design Green Infrastructure for Cloudburst

GI for High Intensity Rains: DEP Cloudburst Pilot at South Jamaica 1 & 2, supported by NYSERDA grant

61 NextGeneration NYCHA Sustainability Agenda

Bomee Jung Vice President, Energy & Sustainability [email protected]

Full agenda is available for download: http://j.mp/green-nycha

62 Multifamily Sector Recognition 2017 Better Buildings Summit New Multifamily BBC Partners

. Housing Authority . CommonBond Communities . Elderly Housing Development and Operations Corporation (EHDOC) . Foundation for Affordable Housing . Housing Trust of Rutland County . King County Housing Authority . Michigan City Housing Authority . Wesley Housing Corporation

Total = 8 new partners in the past year

64 BBC Multifamily Partners with Published Showcase Project

. ACTION-Housing, Inc. . New York City Housing Authority . Aeon . NHT/Enterprise Preservation Corporation . Balfour Beatty Communities . Peabody Properties, Inc. . Capitol Hill Housing . Preservation of Affordable Housing . Cascap, Inc. . Rockford Housing Authority . Columbia Residential . Rural Ulster Preservation Company . Community Housing Partners . San Antonio Housing Authority . Corcoran Management . Tenderloin Neighborhood Development Corporation . Cuyahoga Metropolitan Housing Authority . TH Real Estate . Forest City Realty Trust . The Community Builders . Gateway Management Services, LLC . The Economic Development Authority of the City of . Green Coast Enterprises Mankato, MN . Homes for America . The Housing Authority of the City and County of . Housing Authority of Baltimore City Denver . . Housing Authority of City of San Buenaventura, The Silver Street Group and Housing Management CA Resources . . Houston Housing Authority The Tower Companies . . Jersey City Housing Authority Trinity Management . . Jewish Community Housing for the Elderly Village of Hempstead Housing Authority . . Keene Housing WinnCompanies . LINC Housing Corporation . Mercy Housing Bold = Shared in the past year Total = 38 partners

Total =

Total = 65

BBC Multifamily Partners with Published Implementation Model

. Aeon . Rockford Housing Authority . Balfour Beatty Communities . Tampa Housing Authority . Corcoran Management . Tenderloin Neighborhood . Cuyahoga Metropolitan Housing Development Corporation Authority . TH Real Estate . Forest City Realty Trust . The Economic . Jersey City Housing Authority Development Authority of . LINC Housing Corporation the City of Mankato, MN . . Mercy Housing The Housing Authority of the City and County of . NHT/Enterprise Preservation Denver Corporation . The Tower Companies . Preservation of Affordable Housing Bold = Shared in the past year . REACH CDC Total = 18 partners

Total = 66

BBC Multifamily Partners with Published Showcase Project AND Implementation Model

. Aeon . Preservation of Affordable . Balfour Beatty Communities Housing . Corcoran Management . Rockford Housing Authority . Cuyahoga Metropolitan . Tenderloin Neighborhood Housing Authority Development Corporation . Forest City Realty Trust . TH Real Estate . Jersey City Housing Authority . The Economic Development . LINC Housing Corporation Authority of the City of Mankato, MN . Mercy Housing . The Housing Authority of the City . NHT/Enterprise Preservation and County of Denver Corporation . The Tower Companies

Bold = Accomplished for first time in past year

Total = 16 partners

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BBC Multifamily partners who began benchmarking data in the past year

. ACTION-Housing Inc. . East Hartford, CT Housing Authority . AHEAD, Inc. . Eden Housing . Angola Housing Authority . Fort Wayne Housing Authority . Avon Park Housing Authority . Foundation for Affordable Housing . Beacon Communities . Gary, IN Housing Authority . Cambridge, MA Housing . Gateway Management Services, LLC Authority . Gragg Cardona Partners . Caritas Communities, Inc. . Housing Authority of Baltimore City . Cascap, Inc. . Housing Authority of City of Bristol, CT . Century Housing . Housing Authority of City of Freeport, IL . Cion Housing Services . Housing Authority of City of Palatka, FL . Codman Square Neighborhood . Housing Authority of Knox County, IN Development Corporation . Housing Authority of McDonough . CommonBond Communities County . Community Housing Partners . Housing Authority of the Birmingham . Corcoran Management District . Danville Development . Housing Authority of the City of Los . EAH Housing, Inc. Angeles

. East Bay Asian Local Development Corporation

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BBC Multifamily partners who began benchmarking data in the past year (cont.)

. Housing Trust of Rutland County . Schochet Companies . Houston Housing Authority . Tampa Housing Authority . Jamaica Plain Neighborhood . The City of Hickory Public Housing Authority Development Corporation . The Community Builders, Inc. . Jonathan Rose Companies . The Evangelical Lutheran Good Samaritan . King County Housing Authority Society . Korman Residential Properties, Inc . The Renaissance Collaborative . Lucas Metropolitan Housing Authority . The Silver Street Group and Housing . Manhattan Housing Authority Management Resources, Inc . Minneapolis Public Housing Authority . Trinity Management . Multi-Family Mission Ministries . Utica Municipal Housing Authority . New York City Housing Authority . Vistula Management Company . Newark Housing Authority . VLV Development . Peabody Properties, Inc. . Volunteers of America . Retirement Housing Foundation . Washington, DC Housing Authority . Rockford Housing Authority . Windsor Locks Housing Authority . Rural Ulster Preservation Company . WinnCompanies . San Antonio Housing Authority . Yolo County, CA Housing Authority

Total = 65 partners

69 Total =

Total =

BBC Multifamily partners who shared ≥ 80% of their owner-paid receipts this year

. Aeon . Forest City Realty Trust . AHEAD, Inc. . Fort Wayne Housing Authority . Angola Housing Authority * . FS Energy . Atlanta Housing Authority . Gary Housing Authority * . Avon Park Housing Authority * . Gateway Management Services, LLC . Balfour Beatty Communities . Housing Authority of City of Bristol, CT . Beacon Communities . Housing Authority of City of Freeport, IL . Cambridge, MA Housing Authority . Housing Authority of City of Helena, MT . Capitol Hill Housing . Housing Authority of City of Palatka, FL . Caritas Communities, Inc. . Housing Authority of McDonough County . Cascap, Inc.* . Housing Authority of the Birmingham District . Codman Square Neighborhood Development . Jamaica Plain Neighborhood Development Corporation * Corporation . CommonBond Communities . Jersey City, NJ Housing Authority . Cuyahoga Metropolitan Housing Authority . Jewish Community Housing for the Elderly . EAH Housing, Inc. . Jonathan Rose Companies . East Hartford, CT Housing Authority . Keene Housing * . Eden Housing . King County Housing Authority

70 BBC Multifamily partners who shared ≥ 80% of their owner-paid receipts this year (cont.)

. Lucas Metropolitan Housing Authority * . The Economic Development Authority of the City . Manhattan Housing Authority * of Mankato, MN . Mercy Housing, Inc. . The Evangelical Lutheran Good Samaritan . Minneapolis Public Housing Authority Society . . New Bedford Housing Authority The Housing Authority of the City and County of Denver . New York City Housing Authority * . The Renaissance Collaborative * . Newark Housing Authority . The Tower Companies . NHT/Enterprise Preservation Corporation . Trinity Housing Corporation of Greeley, Colorado . Peabody Properties, Inc. . Trinity Management . Preservation of Affordable Housing . Village of Hempstead Housing Authority . Retirement Housing Foundation . Vistula Management Company * . Rural Ulster Preservation Company . VLV Development . Schochet Companies . Washington, DC Housing Authority . Tampa Housing Authority . Windsor Locks Housing Authority . Tenderloin Neighborhood Development . Corporation Wishrock Investment Group

. TH Real Estate * Junior partners that have met their Year of Data goal . The City of Hickory Public Housing Authority * Total = 64 partners

71 BBC Multifamily partners who have shared a partial data display . Balfour Beatty Communities . Fort Wayne Housing Authority * . FS Energy * . Jersey City Housing Authority * . Mercy Housing * . Peabody Properties, Inc.* . Preservation of Affordable Housing * . REACH CDC . Retirement Housing Foundation * . The Evangelical Lutheran Good Samaritan Society * . Trinity Management* . Wishrock Investment Group *

* Senior BBC partners that have met their Year of Data goal Bold = published in past year Total = 12 partners

72 BBC Multifamily partners who have shared a full data display

. Angola Housing Authority . New York City Housing Authority . Atlanta Housing Authority * . The Schochet Companies * . Cambridge, MA Housing Authority . Tenderloin Neighborhood Development . Capitol Hill Housing * Corporation * . . Cascap, Inc. TH Real Estate * . The Economic Development Authority of . Forest City Realty Trust the City of Mankato, MN * . Gateway Management Services, LLC . The Housing Authority of the City and . Jewish Community Housing for the County of Denver * Elderly * . The Renaissance Collaborative . Keene Housing . The Tower Companies * . King County Housing Authority . Trinity Housing Corporation of Greeley, . LINC Housing Corporation Colorado * . . New Bedford Housing Authority * Village of Hempstead Housing Authority *

Senior BBC partners that have met their Year of *

Data goal

Bold = published in past year

Total = Total = 22 partners

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BBC Multifamily Goal Achiever

Has met the BBC goal of 20% reduction in portfolio-wide energy consumption, achieving 24% savings within six years.

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BBC Multifamily Goal Achiever

Has met the BBC goal of 20% reduction in portfolio-wide energy consumption, achieving 21% savings.

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Trisha Miller

Wishrock Sustainability Department

Lower Energy Consumpti on &  Triple Bottom Line Generate Clean Lower Energy Water Consumpti  Commitment to Enterprise Green Communities on Sustainabili & Better Buildings Challenge ty Maximize Cost  Health Benefits, Economic and Utility Savings Savings Improve Resident Health &  Identifying New Partners Comfort

77 5/18/2017 Goal: Invest in Renewables

• Generate 2 MW of Renewable Energy On-Site • Partnerships with Utilities, Green Banks, Solar Developers

• 5 Affordable Housing Solar Projects • Rooftop • Solar Carports • Community Solar

• Stabilizing Electricity Costs & Offsetting Carbon Footprint • Track Performance

5/18/2017

78 Goal: Seek New Opportunities

• Connecticut Green Bank • Linking Solar Developers and MF Owners with low-cost financing

• Combined Proposal: Solar Rooftop and Solar Carport • Reduce Electricity Rates by 17% • Projected Savings Increase Annually

• Challenges • Consents, Permitting, Rate Uncertainty, SRECs

5/18/2017

79 New Opportunity: Community Solar

• Market has Grown 56% since 2006

• Allows Multiple Customers to Invest in a Single Project • Virtual Net Metering • Allocated a Share of Generation

• Community Solar can Lower the Soft Cost Portion of Solar Investments • 57% of Commercial System is Non- Hardware • 64% of Residential System5/18/2017 is Non- Hardware

80 Review Input •Determine Save •Utility Data Appropriate Changes •Energy, Water, and •Building Information •On-site Processes Money

Assess Address •Property Performance •Implementation •Comparable Changes Properties •Refine Controls

Portfolio-Wide Retrofits

81 5/18/2017 Northwood – Jackson, MS • Our 1st Enterprise Green Communities Certified Project

5/18/2017

82 Upcoming Opportunity:

• Madonna Manor, Jackson, MS • HUD Better Buildings TA • EZ Retro-fit

5/18/2017

83 Madonna Manor

Lighting Building Efficiency Upgrades (Retrofit) (Mechanical)

Water Efficiency (Fixtures)

Sustainable Operations

84 5/18/2017 Upcoming Opportunity:

• The Village Apartments, Jackson, MS

85 5/18/2017 Partnership for Improving Resident Health

• Reduce Households with Tobacco Smoke

• Elimination of Irritating Cleaning Products

• Improved Asthma Trigger Control

• Fewer Medical Interventions

• Improved Family Outcomes

5/18/2017

86 The Year Ahead

Multifamily Sector 2017 BETTER BUILDINGS…

 Save Money.  Create Jobs.  Improve Health. Theme: Cost Savings

. Capital Improvements . Retrofitting for Efficiency “[O]ur nation wastes more . Upgrading at Replacement energy than it uses – . Operational Improvements . Utility Benchmarking yes, 57% of the energy . Regular Maintenance flowing into our economy… . Systems Controls is simply wasted as heat, . Addressing Malfunctions noise, and leaks.” . Tenant Behavior

- Tom King, National Grid - Alex Laskey, OPower Theme: Cost Savings

. Direct Cost Reductions . Rate Discounts . Fine Avoidance $3.4 . Bill Correction . Off-Peak Rates BILLION . Whole-Sale Purchasing . Utility Futures PER YEAR . Green Power COST-EFFECTIVE . Renewable Energy ENERGY SAVINGS . Increased Property Value U.S. MULTIFAMILY SECTOR . Higher Appraisals . Higher Rent + $? WATER . Decreased Vacancies - American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy Theme: Green Jobs

“Solar and wind… are each creating jobs at a rate 12 times faster than that of the rest of the U.S. economy.

- Environmental Defense Fund Theme: Green Jobs

“[E]nergy efficiency investments create more jobs than those in fossil fuel industries,

estimated at approximately 8 jobs (direct and indirect) per $1M invested compared to about 3 jobs in fossil fuels.”

- Environmental Defense Fund Theme: Healthy Homes

. Health Hazards in Homes “Traditional building practices often . Asbestos . Inadequate overlook the interrelationships between lights, views & . Carbon monoxide ventilation a building, its components, its . Crowding . Insufficient / surrounding, and its occupants. . Environmental polluted water ‘Typical’ buildings consume more of Tobacco Smoke . Lead paint, our resources than necessary, . Excessive noise pipes & soil negatively impact the environment, and . Fire . Mold & mildew generate a large amount of waste…. . Heat, cold, . Pests dampness, dryness . Radon [T]hese buildings are costly to operate . Inaccessibility / . in terms of energy and water physical danger to Trip, slip & fall hazards elderly, children, consumption. And they can… lead to and disabled . Volatile Organic health problems.” persons Compounds - Smart Community Network Theme: Healthy Homes

. Health Problems in Homes “Utility costs for low-income families . Allergies . Injuries can be up to 25 percent of expenses . Asthma & . Tuberculosis after rent or mortgage payments – more respiratory illnesses . Learning than what is spent on education or . Behavioral disabilities & low problems IQ health care – as compared to approximately 5 percent of net income . Birth defects . Low productivity for middle class families. . Brain & nervous . Psychological system damage distress . Cancer Energy and water savings enable low- . Cardiovascular income residents to shift financial disease resources to higher-priority items such . Death as more nutritious food, health care, . Depression & and education….” anxiety - Global Green U.S.A. Energy Plus Health: Recent Findings

BRIEF OVERVIEW OF REPORT FINDINGS Home R Study Reviewed Five Categories of Upgrades

1. Base energy efficiency: energy efficiency programs that included at least two of the following three activities: insulation, air sealing, and heating improvements. 2. Enhanced energy efficiency: energy efficiency measures included air sealing, insulation, and heating upgrades and enhanced work to address moisture, ventilation, or other issues.

Enhanced and Base Upgrades Enhanced upgrades ◦ reduce indoor air contaminants linked to chronic illnesses, control environmental contaminants (dust mites, mold/moisture) that can trigger respiratory symptoms ◦ improve symptoms of asthma and other respiratory health conditions. Base energy efficiency work can also create healthier living environments. ◦ improved general health ◦ reductions in some asthma symptoms ◦ fewer cases of hypertension and upper respiratory risks ◦ some improvements in indoor air quality contaminants.

3. Green new construction: Research includes four studies that have documented observed reductions in healthcare utilization. Multiple studies of green renovation and new construction also found reductions in indoor air pollutants, other asthma triggers such as pests and mold, and, ultimately, asthma symptoms.

4. Enhanced ventilation: ◦ Reduced indoor air quality contaminants that have been linked with chronic illnesses or respiratory risks ◦ fewer respiratory risks among people with asthma ◦ and reduced allergens.

Stand-alone home services/upgrades: ◦ Improve occupant health Could be incorporated into home performance work specifications. ◦ These include: ◦ in-room HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) air cleaners ◦ replacement of gas stoves with electric stoves ◦ upgrades from older wood stoves to cleaner burning models. ◦ These upgrades help to reduce respiratory risks by reducing air contaminants (e.G., Nitrogen dioxide; fine particulate matter).

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