ௐ 3 ഇ! ࢱ 101-17! 2019 ѐ/ࡌ؞ཱི !ס έ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώ! ௐ 15 Taiwan International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 101-17 Autumn 2019
澳洲聯邦憲法原住民身份的本土化
ధޙၷ ර̂ጯέ៉̼͛ጯրࣘЇӄநିڌ
ၡ ࢋ
ऴ๕ٺ፫߷ᔵߏ࣎к̮̼͛۞ϔ઼छĂҭߏ፫߷ࣧҝϔᛳ Ă፫߷ᓑ֣ҋ 20 ͵ࡔͽֽౙᜈଯޭೇڶېഇхд۞ܜཏ۞гҜߏ Ąڶېෛࣧҝϔ۞ڡݒхдڱ९Ăҭߏ፫߷ᓑ֣ጳڱࣧҝϔᝋӀ۞ ܮγćӈ̝ڱд 1990 ѐ఼࿅̝ᅫಶࣧҝϔଵੵдጳڱ፫߷ᓑ֣ጳ ௐ 51 ୧֭ᆿੵௐ 127 ୧Ăڱ࣒ϒ९̳Ը࿅ᙯĂ࣒ϒጳڱд 1967 ѐጳ ٚᄮĄ2007 ѐฟؕĂܲч۞ᓑ۞ڱጳפˢጳڱҭࣧҝϔ֗Њ˘ۡ ༖ᛨᄃ̍ᛨ࠰ТຍᓝᏱࣧҝϔ֗Њˢጳ̳ԸĂϔአ˵ពϯкᇴ፫߷ˠ Тຍࣧҝϔ֗ЊˢጳᛉᗟĂҭᓝҖ̳ԸᄃӎĂֶߏ࣎ϏۢᇴĄ
ă̳Ըăࣧҝϔ֗Њă࣒ጳڱᙯᔣෟĈ፫߷ࣧҝϔă፫߷ᓑ֣ጳ ăௐ 3 ഇĞ2019/ࡌ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 102
壹、前言
ᇴȈѐֽĂ፫߷ࣧҝϔᄃࣧҝϔᝋӀ͚۰̙ᕝд 1 ͡ 26 ͟Ķ፫߷͟ķ Ğ፫߷઼ᇉ͟ğ۞ТॡᓝҖྼҖԩᛉĶ፫߷͟ķĂ֭ᄮؠߏౄј፫߷። ர͟ķĄͽ 2016 ѐ 1 ͡ 26 ͟ࠎּĂܬΫ๋൭ᄃࣧҝϔ๋चă˿г๋च۞Ķ ர͟ķҚాྼܬᇴ˼Ҝࣧҝϔᄃࣧҝϔྻજ͚۰д፫߷Б઼Чг൴જĶ ҖĂԩᛉതϔຍཌྷ۞Ķ፫߷͟ķĂཏி෦Րࣧҝϔ۞ĶᝋķĞsovereigntyğă ԩᛉϨˠതϔ߆ᝋᄃതϔ።Ϋ៍ĞO’Connor, 2016ğĄ2019 ѐ 1 ͡ 26 ͟Ă ,ர͟ķ۞ཏிಶ࿅ 4 ༱ˠĞGuardianܬ߿જՀΐ̂Ă่дግႬώણᄃĶ 2019ğ1Ą Ļд 1900 ѐ఼࿅̝ᅫĂಶ՟ѣග̟፫߷ࣧҝϔЇңጳڱĺ፫߷ᓑ֣ጳ ᜕ĂࠤҌдௐ 51 ୧Ğௐ 26 ഠğͽ̈́ௐ 127 ୧፫߷ࣧҝܲޠڱгҜᄃڱ ഇ؇ҖϨ፫߆ඉ۞ܜϔଵੵд፫߷̝γĄд઼ᅫˠᝋૺ͟ৈႚ̝˭Ă ෛڡ࣒ϒ९Ăொੵ۞ڱ፫߷̖ు႙Լត߆ඉĂ1967 ѐଯજ፫߷ࣧҝϔጳ វ۞ܲᅪć̫֞Ăڱጳזצ୧ഠĄ҃Ăࣧҝϔ۞гҜᄃᝋӀĂֶ՟ѣ гҜ҃Ӆ˧Ąώ͛࿅ྤڱ፫߷ࣧҝϔᝋӀྻજֶӅ˧ࠎࣧҝϔ۞ጳ ᄃώ˿̼ᛉᗟ۞វڱ࠹ᙯ۞ᛉᗟĂүࠎଣጳڱफ़ፋ፫߷ࣧҝϔᄃጳ ९ּĄ
貳、『澳洲聯邦憲法』基本背景
ࡦഀĞBackgroundڱĻĞAustralian Constitutionğ۞ጳڱॲፂĺ፫߷ᓑ֣ጳ д 1890 ѐϤ፫߷кҜЧതϔг۞ܑј۞ڱto the ConstitutionğĂጳ ႬĞNew Southރ୧ഠ̏གྷజາݑڱϠड़݈ĂጳڱրЕົᛉਨĄдጳ˘ ᜋĞQueenslandğăҘ ፫ĞWest AustraliağằٿWalesğăჯкӀֲĞVictoriağă ݑ፫ĞSouth Australiağͽ̈́κֲĞTasmaniağඈ̱эٙԲࣞĄ1900 ĻĞCommonwealth of Australia Constitution Actğͽ΄ڱѐĂĺ፫߷ᓑ֣ጳ
ግႬώ۞ᏱಏҜჍણᄃ߿જ۞ཏிѣ 8 ༱ˠĄ 1 ࣧҝϔ֗Њ۞ώ˿̼ 103ڱ፫߷ᓑ֣ጳ
९۞ԛёĞBritish Actğдࡻ઼઼ົ఼࿅Ă֭д 1901 ѐ 1 ͡ 1 ͟Ϡڱࡻ઼ ९۞ԛё఼࿅ĂߏЯࠎ 1901 ѐ̝݈۞፫߷ߏ̱ڱᅮࢋͽࡻ઼ڱड़Ą፫߷ጳ തϔгĂ҃ͷࡻ઼઼ົ၆ֱതϔгѣ۞ՙؠᝋ˧Ą၁۞ڼ࣎ࡻ઼ҋ ߏ፫߷ˠٙၹຐă፫߷ˠٙਨĂ˵ߏ፫߷ˠٙԲࣞĄҋڱᅫ˯Ă፫߷ጳ јࠎڱĂ፫߷ಶߏ˘࣎ϲ۞઼छĂ፫߷ጳޢĻ఼࿅΄ڱଂĺ፫߷ᓑ֣ጳ ९၆፫߷՟ѣЇңࡗՁ۞ᝋ˧Ăҭ፫߷ڱĂࡻ઼઼ົ۞Їңڱ፫߷۞ૄώ ՙؠᝋĞAustralian Government۞ڱѣԲࣞᄃᏲчጳڱጳٺˠҋ̎၆ Solicitor, 2010ğĄ ९ĞCommonwealth of Australia Constitutionڱࡻ઼઼ົٺώ͛ྶڱ፫߷ጳ ९۞݈ 8 ࣎୧ഠ఼૱జჍࠎĶஉᄏ୧ഠķĄڱActğௐ 9 ୧Ă࣎ࡻ઼઼ົ ιࣇࢋΒӣ̬ăྋᛖ࠹ᑕ۞ఢؠĄּтĂௐ 2 ୧ఢؠĂ೩̈́Ķ̃ͳķ ९Ҷॡߏࡻ઼ᝋğĂᑕ೩̈́ჯкӀڱߏჯкӀֲ̃ͳĂдࡻ઼ޥĞຍ ͳ۞ᚶٚˠᚶٚˠĞAct to extend to the Queen’s successors: Thẽֲ provisions of this Act referring to the Queen shall extend to Her Majesty’s heirs and successors in the sovereignty of the United Kingdom.ğĞAustralian ۞˯Government Solicitor, 2010ğĄд࣎ߛၹ˭Ăࡻ઼̃ͳಶߏ፫߷Щཌྷ ࢵĂ֭Ϥ፫߷ᓑ֣ᓁ༛ĞGovernor-General of the Commonwealth of̮ Australiağܑࡻ઼̃ͳд፫߷ેҖ઼छ̮ࢵ۞ᖚચĄ҃Ă၁ᅫ˯۞઼छ ෪ᇈຍ۞˯ڱᝋ˧д፫߷ᓑ઼֣ົᄃᓁநĂࡻ઼̃ͳᄃ፫߷ᓁ༛ౌΪߏጳ ཌྷĄ ९ڱᄃ፫߷۞΄ڱົ઼઼ޓĻ۞߉Җ࿅̚Ă̂ࡻڱдĺ፫߷ᓑ֣ጳ ,൴णĂኢд઼ᅫ˯ٕ፫߷઼̰Ă፫߷តј˘࣎ϲ۞઼छĞLindell Ă፫߷ಶјࠎޢĻ఼࿅΄ڱ49ğĄ˘ਠ҃֏Ă1900 ѐĺ፫߷ᓑ֣ጳ :1986 ந˯̪ზߏࡻ઼۞തϔгĂ઼छ̮ࢵᔘߏࡻ઼ڱ࣎ϲ۞छĂΪߏ˘ ĻĞStatute of Westminster 1931ğĂ΄ڱͳĄ1931 ѐࡻ઼઼ົ఼࿅ĺҘୂ̃ ĻĞStatute ofڱצତ΄ڱѐ఼࿅ĺҘୂ 1942 ٺГϤ፫߷ᓑ઼֣ົޢᐌ நڱതϔг̖ᒔ۞ڼWestminster Adoption Act 1942ğĂ፫߷ᄃࡻ઼ҋ Ă፫߷ಶᑕྍߏϲޢĻ఼࿅΄ڱᝋĄ1931 ѐࡻ઼۞ĺҘୂڼԆБҋ۞˯ ĻĂ፫߷ڱצତ΄ڱछĂ၁ᅫ˯Ă፫߷ᓑ઼֣ົд 1942 ѐ఼࿅ĺҘୂ઼۞ ăௐ 3 ഇĞ2019/ࡌ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 104
Ļ۞វଵੵ΄ڱࡻ઼઼ົ۞ĺҘୂٺৌϒϲĄ̙࿅ĂϤ˯ޠڱਕଂ̖ д፫߷۞Чэֶѣड़Ăౄј˞፫߷۞ጳ߆П፟Ă1986ޠڱ઼ޓ୧͛Ă̂ࡻ ĻĞAustralia Act 1986ğ΄ڱѐĂ፫߷ᓑ઼֣ົᄃࡻ઼઼ົЧҋ఼࿅ĺ፫߷ ĞWatts, 1987: 136-39ğĄڶېԼត̖ ăௐعࠎˣౢĂᓁВ 128 ୧ćௐ˘ౢᛉົăௐ˟ౢҖ߆߆̶ڱ፫߷ጳ ăௐ̣ౢЧэăௐ̱ౢĈາ۞эăௐ˛ౢĈٽăௐαౢੑ߆ᄃڱౢΦˬ ࣒ϒ९ڱ࣒ԼĄ፫߷ᓑ֣јϲ̫֞Ăഅགྷѣ 44 ีጳ۞ڱᗔีăௐˣౢĈጳ Ϲ;̳ԸĂҭΪѣ 8 ̳࣎Ը࿅ᙯĄҭ่่Ϊѣ˘ีᄃ፫߷ώ˿̼۞ᛉᗟѣ ᙯĂϺӈ 1967 ѐᄃ፫߷ࣧҝϔ֗Њѣᙯ۞̳ԸĄ2 ਨᑢ۞̂ົјࣶ֭՟ڱĻд 1890 ѐਨᑢ҃јĂҭጳڱĺ፫߷ᓑ֣ጳ ѣஉᄏЇңٕ̃፫߷ࣧҝϔ۞ܑĞWilliams, 2000: 648ğĄĺ፫߷ᓑ֣ ώ֗ଵੵдтңԷႊ፫߷ᆊࣃ۞ڱኘ̈́፫߷߆វ۞ᆊࣃĂጳ͌ޝĻڱጳ ߛၹᄃᓑ֣۞ᝋ˧ĞArcioni & Stone, 2016: 60ğĄعд߆ڦ֎Ғ̝γĂࢋᙯ ε૱ܧࣧҝϔᝋӀ᜕ܲ˯ݒٺĂҭᙯعயϠ˞˘࣎ᘦؠ۞ϔ߆ڱ፫߷ጳ Ăιߏ˘ొࠎ˞̱࣎፫߷തϔڱߏ˘ొࠎˠϔ҃ᆷ۞ጳ̙֭ڱୀĄ፫߷ጳ ՟ѣࢦд፫߷֭ڱᄃથຽ۞ᅮࢋĂొጳٽĂϫ۞ߏڱг҃నࢍ۞ጳ ώ˿̼ڱˠϔ۞ૄώᝋӀĞWilliams, 2000: 647ğĄ༊Հ̙υ೩፫߷ጳ ᇾ۞ࣧҝϔᝋӀᛉᗟĄ
參、原住民身份與 1967 年憲法修正案公投
Ļ΄ڱϲΐो̂۞ 1867 ѐĺࡻᛳΔ࡚ޙдధкᆸࢬ˯ᙷҬڱ፫߷ጳ ځΐो̂Ăٺݒ̙ТڱĞBritish North America Act 1867ğĂ̙࿅Ă፫߷ጳ ࢎ፫߷۞઼ົΞͽ੫၆পځௐ 51 ୧ĞxxviğĂڱෛࣧҝϔĄ፫߷ጳڡቁг ࢎĂ፫߷ځĂҭΪѣࣧҝϔజੵγĄௐ 127 ୧Հޠڱࢎטؠཏ۞ᅮࢋ
࣒ϒ९̶Ҿࠎ 1906 ѐ Senate Electionsă1910 ѐ State Debtsă1928 ѐ Stateڱ8ี఼࿅۞ጳ 2 Debtsă1946 ѐ Social Servicesă1967 ѐ۞ Aboriginesă1977 ѐ۞ѣˬีĂ̶Ҿߏ Senate Casual VacanciesăReferendumsăRetirement of JudgesĄ ࣧҝϔ֗Њ۞ώ˿̼ 105ڱ፫߷ᓑ֣ጳ
ࣧҝϔ̙ਕజЕˢˠ˾࠹ᙯ۞ࢍ̚ĞWilliams, 2000: 649ğĄԧࣇͿᑭ ௐ 51 ୧Ğxxviğ̈́ௐ 127 ୧Ăௐ 51 ୧Ğxxviğڱෛ፫߷ࣧҝϔଵੵдγ۞ጳ ࣧ͛ߏĶThe Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have power to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of the Commonwealth with respect to: … the people of any race, other than the aboriginal race in any State, for whom it is deemed necessary to make special laws;ķĞੵ˞дЇңэ۞ࣧ ᅮՐĄğĂௐ 127 ୧ߏĶIn۞ڱࢎপҾטҝϔ̝γĂЇң۞ˠౌጾѣ reckoning the numbers of the people of the Commonwealth, aboriginal natives shall not be counted.ķĞдࢍზᓑ֣ˠϔˠᇴॡĂࣧҝϔ̙ᑕྍజࢍზд ĄğЯࠎ፫߷ᓑ֣ᄮࠎࣧҝϔߏ˘࣎ӈঐీཏĂЯѩ፫߷ᓑ֣̙̰ ௐڱĞWalker, 1977: 15ğĄ˵ЯѩĂ̖дጳޠڱࢎטᅮࢋࠎࣧҝϔ۞Ϗֽ ෛ୧ഠĄڡ˞୧ᄃௐ 127 ୧ᆷˢ 52 ᄃ۞ᝋڱௐ 51 ୧జᖎჍࠎĶRaces PowerķĂ۞ߏజᓑ֣ጳڱጳ ග̟পؠ۞ཏĞArcioni & Stone, 2016: 69ğĄRaceĂڱࢎপҾטĂ̯ధ˧ ፫߷ࣧҝϔᄃћЕफϔĂΪߏֱࣧҝϔ۞˯ޘטΞͽజநྋࠎጳ߆˵ Race ᛉᗟĂ፫߷ࣧҝϔࠤҌдĺ፫ ٺϏజᄮΞ֗Њ۞хдĄૄ֭˯ޠڱд :Ļ˯ౌߏ̙జࢍˢ፫߷۞ˠ˾ࢍ̰ĞArcioni & Stone, 2016ڱ߷ᓑ֣ጳ 70ğĄ ពځ၆፫߷ࣧҝϔڱ࣒ϒ̳Ը۞ࣧЯ̝˘ಶߏ፫߷ጳڱጱ 1967 ѐጳ ෛĄΩ˘࣎ࣧЯߏࣧҝϔᛉᗟдэᆸ৺֭՟ѣజዋ༊۞நĂᓑ֣ڡ۞ υื၆ࣧҝϔ۞Ӏѣዋ༊۞аᑕయЇĄ፫߷д 1967 ѐ 5 ͡ 27 ͟ᓝع߆ ෛڡĂѣ 90.77%۞፫߷̳ϔᙒјொੵڍ࣒ϒ९̳ԸĂԸைඕڱҖࣧҝϔጳ Ăޢௐ 51 ୧Ğxxviğд̳Ը࿅ڱࣧҝϔ۞୧̰͛टĂͅ၆۰่ 9.23%Ąጳ ෛࣧҝϔфீĂ࣒ϒࠎĶthe people of any race for whom it is deemedڡொੵ ᅮ۞ڱࢎপҾטnecessary to make special lawsķĞЇң۞ˠౌጾѣ ௐ 127 ୧˵ፋ߱ொੵĄٺՐğĂҌ ăௐ 3 ഇĞ2019/ࡌ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 106
ڍ1Ĉ1967 ѐ࣒ጳ̳Ըඕ ܑ
State Enrolled Votes For (%) Against (%) Informal New South Wales 2,315,828 2,166,507 1,949,036(91.46) 182,010 (8.54) 35,461 Victoria 1,734,476 1,630,594 1,525,026(94.68) 85,611 (5.32) 19,957 Queensland 904,808 848,728748,612(89.21) 90,587(10.79) 9,529 South Australia 590,275 560,844 473,440(86.26) 75,383(13.74) 12,021 Western Australia 437,609 405,666 319,823(80.95) 75,282(19.05) 10,561 Tasmania 199,589 189,245167,176(90.21) 18,134(9.79) 3,935 Total 6,182,585 5,801,584 5,183,113(90.77) 527,007(9.23) 91,464 ĈO’Malley ඈˠĞ2017: 3ğĄֽ
ࢦࢋᖼହᕇĂ۞̚ޠڱ࣒ϒ९̳ԸĂߏ፫߷ࣧҝϔд፫߷ڱѐጳ 1967 ୧ፋ߱۩Ϩćڱຍ۞ߏĂᔵௐ 127 జፋ߱ொੵĂҭϫ݈ࠎͤྍڦҭࣃ ౼ӀĞWilliams, 2000: 652-53ğĄڼ࣒ϒ९ߏࣧҝϔព۞߆ڱѐጳ 1967 ,ඈඈ۞ᇆᜩĞWilliamsޠڱᄃڼ९၆፫߷ѣព۞߆ڱ၁˯Ă઼ᅫˠᝋְ ৼოཌྷ۞યᗟĂޥĂБ͵ࠧฟؕ࠷ޢ782ğĄ˟Ѩ͵ࠧ̂ጼͽ :2001 Ăࠎ˞઼֨ͤᅫࡎͽ̈́ܳซ઼ᅫۤົ۞ӀৈĂд 1948 ѐ఼ޢᓑЪ઼јϲ ࿅ Universal Declaration of Human RightsĄᓑЪ઼д 1965 ѐ఼࿅ĺঐੵЧ ෛ઼ᅫ̳ࡗĻĞInternational Convention on the Elimination ofڡԛё ࢎඈૄᖂĄטޠڱall forms of Racial DiscriminationğĂ˵೩ֻ˞πඈ۞ ࣒ϒ̳Ըڱ፫߷д 1966 ѐд࣎ົᛉᘪфјࠎ˘ࣶĂ1967 ѐ఼࿅ࣧҝϔጳ ९Ă1975 ѐ 9 ͡ 30 ͟Բࣞᄃ઼ᅫˠᝋ࠹ᙯ۞ᛉᗟĂᇆᜩ˞፫߷઼̰۞ 1975 ѐ Racial Discrimination ActĞMalbon, 1999ğĄ Ă1967 ѐ۞ޞෛ၆ڡĻពϯ፫߷၆ࣧҝϔ۞ڱѐ۞ĺ፫߷ᓑ֣ጳ 1901 ࣒ϒ९ĂΞზߏྋ࿅۞ࢦࢋ˘ᒖĞWilliams, 2001: 791ğĄд 1967ڱጳ ࢎࣧҝϔט୧͛ฟؕ۞ޢĂᓑ֣ᄃЧэॲፂ࣒ጳޢ࣒ϒ९̳Ը࿅ᙯڱѐጳ Ă่д 1980 ѐ ̝ ݈Ăಶ ౙ ᜈ ѣ Aboriginal Affairs (Arrangements withޠڱ࠹ᙯ the States) Act 1973ăAboriginal Loan Commission Act 1974ăAboriginal Land Fund Act 1974ăRacial Discrimination Act 1975ăAboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders (Queensland Discrimination Laws) Act 1975ăAboriginal Land Rights ࣧҝϔ֗Њ۞ώ˿̼ 107ڱ፫߷ᓑ֣ጳ
(Northern Territory) Act 1975ăAboriginal Council and Associations Act 1976 ९Ăּтڱ९ĞEastick, 1980: 524-30ğĄତ˭ֽᔘѣᄃࣧҝϔ࠹ᙯ۞ڱඈ 1981 Pitjantjatjara Land Act (South Australia)ăLand Rights Act (New South Wales)1983ăͽ̈́ Native Title Act 1993Ą
肆、和解政策與原住民地位公投入憲
к̮̼͛זෛڡăଂ˘
ଂĶεង۞͵ķĞStolen Generationğᛉᗟֽ࠻ĂಶΞͽ˞ྋ፫߷ࣧ ࿃ޞඈᛉᗟ۞֗ЊᝋᄃڱăΦڱ3ĄЯѩĂдጳېҝϔࢬ၆തϔ߆ᝋॡ۞ၝ ᝋᄃˠᝋ۞ڱЊăΦ֗ٺĂࣧҝϔ۞ऴ๕ߏߊх۞ְ၁Ą፫߷ࣧҝϔ၆˯ ጬ።གྷкѐĂଂ 1934 ѐฟؕ۞˘ాҚְІᄃᛉᗟĂΞͽ֍፫߷ࣧҝϔ πͅјΑĂΞზߏڱඈ֗Њᝋ۞ጬ࿅Ą1934 ѐࢵѨࣧҝϔΦ˯ޠڱд ѝഇ፫߷ࣧҝϔ۞˘̂౼ӀĄ1934 ѐĂDhakiyarr Wirrpanda జଠ୭चϨˠ πͅҖજјΑĂјࠎБ፫߷ᄃ઼ᅫ៘ϫڱĂΦޢᛋ၅҃ͷజҿѪЖć ࣧҝϔˠᝋᛉᗟĞNational Archives of Australia, 2019ğĄღତĂ1938۞ ѐ 1 ͡ 26 ͟ߏࡻ઼തϔ፫߷ 150 ฉѐ۞̄͟Ă፫߷ࣧҝϔᄃࣧྻ͚۰д ፫߷Ąܬࣧҝϔ̳ϔᝋăԩᛉለ߷Ϩˠതϔˢפۋౠ୨൴̂ྼҖ ࣧҝϔ֗˯Ăд 1967 年̝݈Ă̂ొ̶ٺ୧͛ଵੵዋϡڱ፫߷۞ࣧؕጳ عણᄃѣࢨĄ1967 ѐĂ፫߷ᓑ֣߆ع理Ă聯֣߆عࣧҝϔְચߏϤэ߆ ෛࣧڡڱଯજྋ߆ඉĞReconciliation AustraliağĂ࣒ጳ̳Ը఼࿅ொੵጳ
ଂ 1871 ѐҌ 1969 ѐνΠĂдЧг၁ҖТ̼߆ඉĂᇴͽȈعĶεង۞͵ķߏ፫߷߆ 3 Ķεងۍ፟ၹăϨˠछलԬዳ۞͵Ą1997 ѐĂ፫߷͞ءـ༱ࢍ۞ࣧҝϔజૻҖ ಡӘĈBring Them Hone: Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of͞ءķ͵۞ Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their FamiliesĄಡӘࡗంд 1909 Ăٽ֕ĄЯࠎࢍ̙عѐҌ 1969 ѐνΠĂҌ͌ѣ 10 ༱ЩࣧҝϔආజϨˠछलٕ߆ ႬэࠎּĂ፫߷઼ϲ̂ጯጯ۰ Peter ReadރώᇴፂăࢍॡมӮ̙˘ĄͽາݑۍЧ ,फ़ଯീĂ1883 ѐมҌ 1969 ѐมĂࡗంѣ 6,225 Щࣧҝϔආజ֕ĞReadྤ͞ءࢍ 2006: 11ğĄ ăௐ 3 ഇĞ2019/ࡌ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 108
ෛڡ̚ڱҝϔ୧ഠĂࣧҝϔ˵Еˢ፫߷ˠ˾ߤ̝ЕĄѩ̳Ը९ԯࣧАጳ Ăϒё̬ˢࣧҝڱࣧҝϔ۞୧͛ӁੵĂឰᓑ઼֣ົΞͽಶࣧҝϔְચ立 عีࢦ̂ࡎĂ፫߷߆هϔְચĞ߉ϒዡĂ2011Ĉ132-33ğĄࠎ˞ࡔ ˘۞ޢԸ۞͟ഇĶ1967 ѐ 5 ͡ 27 ͟ķࢎࠎྋ͟ĞReconciliationğĂѩ̳ ฉߏĶྋฉķĞReconciliation WeekğĄ ෛĂপڡ˵عෛࣧҝϔĂ፫߷߆ڡ።Ϋ˯Ă፫߷̙֭ߏΪѣ Ҿߏֲ߷ཱྀᄃݑ͉π߶۞ཱྀĄ1901 ѐ۞ Immigration Restriction ActĞொ ொϔ፫߷ĄಶߏٙᏜ۞Ϩ፫ڱϡለ߷ᄬ֏۞ˠಶֹڱğĂڱטϔࢨ ព۞༊ಶߏࣧځෛڡٺ߆ඉؕᕇĞWilliams, 2000: 650-51ğĄᙯ ҝϔ՟ѣԸை۞ᝋӀĄ1902 ѐ۞ The Commonwealth Franchise Act ᓑ֣Ը ९˵χზኬᝋගࣧҝϔĂڱĂࣧώّ࣎̃ז९ᓑ֣Ըைᝋؼҩڱைᝋ ෛĂڡᔘߏ̙ග̟ࣧҝϔԸைᝋĞWilliams, 2000: 651ğĄ˯۞ ğ۞઼छ߆ඉĂޞ෦Ր۞к̮̼͛ͽ̈́ Fair GoĞ̳π၆عᄃ̫͟፫߷ᓑ֣߆ ព۞ˢĄځѣ ߏ 1989 ѐ۞ National Agenda for۞ܕ၆፫߷҃֏Ăк̮̼͛ཌྷૺ a Multicultural AustraliaĂ֭ͷଂ 1999 ѐฟؕଯજĞWebber, 2001: 891ğĄ Ă፫߷۞к̮̼͛ཌྷ̏གྷд࿅ΝᇴȈѐม˭ڶېԼࢭ۞ڱд՟ѣЇңጳ ϲдӎؠ፫߷ࣧҝޙĂޙ൴णֽĞWebber, 2001: 893ğĄ፫߷˘ฟؕ۞ჹ ϠĂٺăགྷᑻ̈́ۤົᝋ˧Ăӎؠࣧҝϔ።Ϋă̼͛ăˠّࠤҌڼϔߊѣ۞߆ ၹ۞፟ົĞ߉ϒዡĂ2017ċ7ğĄ፫߷۞።Ϋ൴णޙТॡ١ࣇણᄃ઼छ к̮̼͛צனдតј˘࣎ତזۡ˘ொϔฟؕĂטଂଵੵ፫߷ࣧҝϔăࢨ ჟ͕ਆү۞˿гĄ࿅Ν۞፫߷ᓑ֣ĂࣧҝϔԆБజଵੵдγĂ҃ͷజഇ ĂপҾפۋᔙШໝ۞ྮĞWebber, 2001: 883-84ğĄ፫߷ࣧҝϔᝋӀ۞ົ ؕܐд 20 ͵ࡔعྮĄ፫߷ᓑ֣߆۞ܜгҜયᗟâۡߏ˘୧ႝ۞ڱߏጳ ᝋĂ˵ؼᜈࡻ઼۞Т̼߆ඉᖣͽĶΎពķ۞˯ڱಶӎؠ፫߷ࣧҝϔд઼ᅫ ڡҚ۞րّᄃ።Ϋّా˘͞ءࣧҝϔώ֗ಶߏĶયᗟķĄࢦࢋгĂ፫߷ ෛĂ˵ౄј፫߷ࣧҝϔۤົऴ๕۞ЯĞBalint, et al., 2014: 14-16ğĄ ֱ ၆ ࣒ϒ̳Ը̖ฟؕԼචĂҭдཱི̫͟Ⴭкڱѐ۞ጳ 1967 זۡ˘ෛڡࣧҝϔ۞ Ąו̼͛۞፫߷Ăࣧҝϔ۞гҜݒߏ၆፫߷к̮̼͛߆ඉ۞Ꮭ̮ ࣧҝϔ֗Њ۞ώ˿̼ 109ڱ፫߷ᓑ֣ጳ
߆ඉᄃ፫߷ࣧҝϔ֗Њ̈́ᝋӀعă፫߷߆˟
ϲعѐ˵ߏ፫߷ࣧҝϔྻજ۞ᙯᔣѐĄ1962 ѐĂ፫߷ᓑ֣߆ 1960 ᜋྫྷᐌэග̟ࣧҝϔԸ̀ٿপҾග̟ࣧҝϔᏴᓝᝋĄ1965 ѐĂᐌڱ నϲࣧҝعĂБ፫߷ࣧҝϔ࠰ጾѣԸைᝋĄ1972 ѐĂ፫߷ᓑ֣߆ޢைᝋ̝ ϔְચొĞDepartment of Aboriginal Affairsğ֭јϲࣧҝϔ˿гᝋ؎ࣶົ ତᇆۡڱĞAboriginal Land Rights CommissionğĄҋଂ 1975 ѐĂ઼ᅫˠᝋ Ă઼ᅫˠᝋᇾᇆᜩ˞፫߷পঅ۞ޢෛયᗟᄃࣧҝϔᝋӀڡᜩ፫߷۞ Ą˵ጱ˞ࣧҝޠڱᄃڼᒖဩĂ˵Լត˞፫߷۞઼̰߆ڼጳ߆ඕၹᄃ߆ ϔᝋӀޢд 1990 ѐజ಼̂ҩૺĞMagallanes, 1999: 245ğĄ̍ᛨ Whitlam ѝд 1975 ѐಶ఼࿅˞ Commonwealth Aboriginal and Torres Straitع߆ ķ˘ٺIslander (Queensland Discriminatory Laws) BillĂͽར၁Ķឰ઼छᔌ ೩ڱĞbring the States into lineğ۞ٚᏚĄΩγĂֽҋγ˧Я৵۞઼ᅫˠᝋ ĻĞCommonwealth Racialڱෛڡд 1975 ѐ఼࿅ĺᓑ֣ع፫߷߆ֻ Discrimination Act, RDA ğ۞જ˧Ă˵ֹܳ፫߷ࣧҝϔᝋৈ۞೩̿ ፫߷ࣧҝϔၱћعĞMagallanes, 1999: 247ğĄ1978 ѐĂ፫߷ᓑ֣߆ ঔदཏफˠĞAboriginal and Torres Strait Islanderğ̶֗ᄮؠؠཌྷࠎĈጾѣ ҝ۞ۤཏا፫߷ࣧҝϔၱћঔदཏफˠҕĂ֭ͷᄮТҋ̎ă˵జٙ ᄮТࠎࣧҝϔ˘ࣶ۰Ą1980 ѐјϲࣧҝϔฟ൴؎ࣶົĞAboriginal ӄࣧҝϔдགྷᑻᄃۤົ˯۞൴णĄםDevelopment CommissionğĂᖣͽ నϲࣧҝϔྋ؎ࣶົĞCouncil for AboriginalعѐĂ፫߷߆ 1991 ReconciliationğĂଯજᄃࣧҝϔྋ߆ඉĂయྋՙ፫߷ࣧҝϔᄃለ߷Ϩ ĺMabo ҿՙ९ĻĞMabo۞ੰڱ֍Ą1992 ѐ 6 ͡Ă፫߷ඈڡˠ̝ม۞ Ⴭ፫߷дϨˠ൳ౙ݈ߏĶ̝гķ۞ކDecisionğӎؠ˞ለ߷Ϩˠጩത۰ дѩҿੰڱٚᄮ˞፫߷ࣧҝϔጾѣ፫߷۞˿гᝋĄ፫߷ඈٺૺĂ˵ඈ ٚᄮࣧҝϔћঔदफϔᄃ፫߷дതϔ݈̫֞Ă˯ޠڱдٺĂඈ˯ּ ጾѣᄃ፫߷ѣᙯ۞পҾгቡᙯܼĂ֭ٚᄮࣧҝϔ˿гᝋć࣎ᓝନĂ၆ࣧ ҝϔ҃֏ΞᏜࢦࢋ۞˘ՎĄ ѐĂࣧҝϔᄃћཏफϔ؎ࣶົĞAboriginal and Torres Strait 1995 ăௐ 3 ഇĞ2019/ࡌ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 110
гҜ̝ጳ߆ԼࢭߏᐹА۞ڱIslander Commissionğᄮࠎٚᄮ፫߷ࣧҝϔጳ ᛉᗟĄЯࠎܲч۞ᓑ༖ᛨд 1996 ѐે߆Ăྋ߆ඉࢬᓜ˞˘࣎၆ࣧҝϔͧ ҶĶεង۞̳عᒖဩĞPatton, 2001: 29ğĄ1997 ѐĂ፫߷߆ڼᇲෛ۞߆ྵ ࣧҝϔछल۞ҖशĂ၁ᅫ˯ಶߏٵૻҖعķአߤಡӘĂٚᄮϨˠ߆͵ οྍ͟ࠎĶNationalކعࢍ൪፫߷ࣧҝϔໝĄ1997 ѐ 5 ͡ 26 ͟Ă፫߷߆ ࣧҝϔ۞።ΫĂ֭ͅ࠷፫߷࿅ޞᄃͅ࠷၆ࢅهSorry DayķĂࢋߏࠎ˞ࡔ Νതϔ߆ඉ۞ᄱĄᓁந John Howard ͽ̈́ܲчે߆ᓑ༖ддॡಶ၆ Њొ˘̂ޝ͚˧ณѣ۞عͅ၆ϲಞĂЯࠎܲчࠁ߆ڱNative Title ۞ϲ ຽгᄃᚩயгડĂ҃ࣇ۞Ӏৈϒрᄃࣧҝϔ۞ᝋৈѣٙࡎྺٺҋֽ ĞPatton, 2001: 29ğĄ4 ఼࿅ Hindmarsh Island Bridge ActعѐĂܲч۞ John Howard ߆ 1997 ҿĞHindmarsh Island Bridgeކ९ڱ੫၆ѩੰڱ1997Ą1998 ѐĂᓑ֣ ࢋ၆ࣧҝϔѣ利ă˵Ξͽ不利ࣧҝϔĂٺ९不ࢨڱCaseğĂ઼ົ۞ࣧҝϔ ९Ğ߉ϒዡĂ2013ċ14ğĂଂᕇڱ९၁ᅫ˯࿁ͅ˞ 1975 ѐ۞ˠᝋڱ࣎ :ᆸѨ˯ѣٙᑭរĞWilliams, 2000ڱ࠻Ă፫߷۞ྋ߆ඉֶᅮࢋдጳֽ 657ğĄ̙࿅Ă1998 ѐ۞ Hindmarsh Island Bridge CaseĂࣣр˵ߏྋྻજ к۞ਨॲᖐٙјĂּт૱ܧࡎᒔ࿆͚۞ॡ࣏ĂྋྻજϤ Australian for Native Title and ReconciliationĞWilliams, 2000: 657ğĄ ᓁந Howard д 2000 ѐ١၆εར۞˘ႆĂ̙࿅д 2000 ѐ 5 ͡ᓝ Җ۞ྋᆇёĞReconciliation CeremonyğĂӛ͔˞ᇴȈ༱ˠд፫߷Чгણ ពĂ፫૱ܧΐĄࣧҝϔ۞ܑ̼͛ႊд 2000 ѐౠ୨ྻฟ၌ёᄃౕ၌ё̚ ߷˵Ᏼፄણΐౠ୨ྻ۞ࣧҝϔྻજࣶ Cathy Freeman ͘ྻཐͫˢ ࣧҝϔ۞ٺ၆عൕĄΞෛࠎ፫߷߆ܛ۞͎̳ ಞĂТॡс˵ᒔ̃̄ 400 ѣពޘ፫߷ࣧҝϔ۞ၗޞд 1956 ѐግႬώྻ̚၆عࢦෛĂѩᓝ፫߷߆ ۞̙ТĞPatton, 2001: 30ğĄࣧҝϔྋ؎ࣶົ Council for Aboriginal ,ࠎྋѐĞYear of ReconciliationğĞWilliamsײReconciliationğ 2000 ѐჍ Լ۞ޠڱቁĂྋᅮࢋೀี፫߷ځ661ğĂྍ؎ࣶົ۞ಡӘ :2000
྿ 11 ѐĄܜчࠁ۞ John Howard ଂ 1996 Ҍ 2007 ፉЇ፫߷ᓁநĂે߆ܲ 4 ࣧҝϔ֗Њ۞ώ˿̼ 111ڱ፫߷ᓑ֣ጳ
֏ĞNew PreambleğĂ݈ڱĄௐ˘ߏາ۞ጳڱតĂѣีۡତᇆᜩ˞፫߷ጳ ֏̝̚ĞWilliams, 2000: 662ğĄ݈ڱٚᄮ፫߷ࣧҝϔ۞гҜᆷˢ፫߷ጳ ڱᛉ፫߷ᓑ઼֣ົᑕྍ఼࿅ޙௐ˟ߏ୧ࡗĞTreatyğĂࣧҝϔྋ؎ࣶົ :ྋՙ۞યᗟĞWilliams, 2000ڱᛉٕ୧ࡗĂֽྋՙྋ߆ඉᔘם९Ăּт 663ğĄ
ăࣧҝϔ֗Њˢጳ̳Ըˬ
гҜ۞̳ڱѐᓑ֣̂ᏴॡĂᓁந John Howard ೩ٚᄮࣧҝϔጳ 2007 ѐĂ፫߷ᓁநౙҹ̳͛ฟ၆εង۞͵ႆĂ̖ 2008 זۡ˘ԸᚮᏴ͚ைĄ ڱјϲĶጳعĂ̍ᛨ߆ޢࣧҝϔᝋӀྻજ۞पĄ2010 ѐᓑ֣̂Ᏼזზ྿ ٚᄮࣧҝϔछ̈ķĞExpert Panel on Constitution Recognition of οдˬѐ̰ކ ᓁந Julia GillardعIndigenousğј ϲĄ2010 ѐ 11 ͡Ă̍ᛨ߆ гҜĂϺӈߏӎ࣒ԼڱᓝҖ࣒ጳБ઼̳ԸĂՙؠߏӎٚᄮ፫߷ࣧҝϔ۞ጳ ٚᄮࣧҝϔڱϔĄѩγĂĶጳاٚᄮ፫߷ࣧҝϔߏ፫߷ѝ۞ڱᓑ֣ጳ Ăछ̈ᄮ̝̚ڱᛉĂ፫߷ࣧҝϔ۞ᝋ˧ᑕྍజಏΐˢጳޙछ̈ķ & ෛĞDixonڡ۞˯дཏᛉᗟع߆טࠎĂྋᛉᗟ۞ᙯᔣ̝˘Ăߏࢨ Williams, 2014: 83-84ğĄ2013 ѐ 2 ͡ 13 ͟Ă፫߷ᓁந Julia Gillard ͅ၆ гҜ۞ڱԸࣧҝϔጳ̳ٺᛨᅳఞ Tony Abbott д઼ົ͚ࣧҝϔᅳఞࣇ၆ ፫߷ࣧҝϔ۞ጳٺĂ፫߷ഈ߆ᛨᅳఞ၆ޢૺĞHenderson, 2015ğĄѩ ࣧҝϔ۞๋चĂቁᄮ፫߷ࣧٺ߆̳Ըѣధк۞ٚᏚĄ̳Ըԓ୕ٚᄮ࿅Ν၆ ؠᄃڱӘ፫߷ࣧҝϔ̼͛ߏ༊፫߷ۤົކ͚ᇣૄᖂĂͽ̈́۞ڱҝϔߏጳ ᆊࣃ۞˘ొЊĞArcioni & Stone, 2016: 77-78ğĄ ѐĂે߆۞ܲчᓑ༖ᛨᓁந Malcolm Turnbull ᄃͅ၆ᛨᅳఞ Bill 2015 ҶјϲĶ̳Ը؎ࣶົķĞReferendum CouncilğĂࡁᑢࣧҝϔᝋӀކ Shorten ,ٚᄮ۞፫߷ௐ˘ཏĞO’Sullivanڱˢጳ۞̳ԸĂ֭҂ᇋࣧҝϔЕࠎጳ ᓁந Malcolm Turnbull ܑϯĂع2018ğĄ2016 ѐ 2 ͡Ăܲч۞ે߆ᓑ༖߆ ϔ۞̳ԸĂΞਕд 2017 ѐᓝҖĄፂѩĂĺ፫߷اٚᄮ፫߷ߏѝڱՀԼጳ ෛયᗟĄڡጩതநኢ۞ඕၹّ֗Њ˞ځĻ˯֗Њ۞ᛉᗟĂ˵ᄲڱᓑ֣ጳ ᇷ˧ᑅ࢝д፫߷ࣧҝϔ֗˯Ă҃࠹ᙯޠڱրّăඕၹّᄃ።Ϋّ۞ ăௐ 3 ഇĞ2019/ࡌ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 112
၁ચྻүعĂ၁˵д߆˯ޠڱᝋ˯ăٺෛࣧҝϔયᗟĂ่̙хдڡ۞ ˯ĞBalint, et al., 2014: 10-14ğĄ ଂ፫߷ᓁந Kevin Rudd д 2008 ѐޭೇଯજ݈ᓁந John Howard д 2007 ѐᓑ֣̂Ᏼ۞ࣧҝϔˢጳĞ݈֏ğ೩९ฟؕĞDavis, 2008: 6ğĂᔵ፫߷ اٚᄮࣧҝϔߏ፫߷ѝڱགྷд 2008 ѐ̳ฟ၆ࣧҝϔႆĂ࣒Լጳ̏ع߆ ෛࠎࢦࢋ߆ඉĂΞᏜߏ 1967 ѐͽֽعϔ۞̳Ը˵ଂ 2010 ѐͽֽజᓑ֣߆ Ķྋķߏ۞عĶྋķ߆ඉ۞ࢦ̂ࡎĄ҃Ăጯ۰̙֭ᄮࠎ፫߷߆۞ ৌϒᔘᝋගࣧҝϔĂጯ۰ᄮࠎֱନ߉ౌΪߏᚶᜈതϔ۞ߛၹĞcolonial ഇͽֽඕၹّ۞Ķ̙ϒཌྷķĞstructural injusticeğ֭՟ѣܜframeworkğĂ Ķ߆ඉķႆĂ҃عႆĂ၁Ϊߏ੫၆߆۞عгྋՙĄ҃ͷĂ߆غజၔ ГனĞBalint, et al., 2014: 17-19ğĄՙؠ፫߷ົ̙ޠڱෛڡᙋᙷҬ۞ܲܧ Ă2015 ѐĂ፫߷ᓁநڱࣧҝϔ֗Њᙯᔣ۞ಶߏࣧҝϔ֗Њᆷˢጳ ϔ۞̳ԸΞਕд 2017اٚᄮ፫߷ߏѝڱMalcolm Turnbull ܑϯĂՀԼጳ ѐಶᓝҖćॲፂ 2016 ѐ 5 ͡۞ϔአĂѣ 77%۞፫߷̳ϔ˵ົ͚ี̳ гڱԸĞWahlquist, 2016ğĄͽ።ֽ۞ϔአֽ࠻Ă፫߷ࡶৌ۞ଯજࣧҝϔጳ ֏Ă݈ڱҜ̳ԸĂপҾߏࣧҝϔᝋӀྻજૺ۞Ăࣧҝϔ۞гҜᆷˢጳ ˘ᑕྍΞͽ፫߷ࣧҝϔ۞ᝋӀՀଯซ˘ՎĄ2019 ѐ 5 ͡۞ᓑ֣̂ᏴߏΩ гҜ̳Ըϔአ۞ಡጱĂБڱࣧҝϔጳٺ࣎ᇾĂॲፂ፫߷઼छᇃᇫ̳Φ၆ ࣧٺ፫߷ѣ 64%͚ࣧҝϔгҜˢጳĂѣ 22%ͅ၆Ą̙࿅Ă߆ᛨ͚۰၆ ؠĄქᛨĞAustralian Greensğ͚۰ѣ˘̙૱ܧߏޘҝϔгҜˢጳ۞ၗ 89%ᙒјĂ5%ͅ၆Ą፫߷̍ᛨĞAustralian Labor Partyğ͚۰ѣ 77%ᙒјĂ 11%ͅ၆Ąે߆۞ҋϤ઼छᓑ༖ᛨĞLiberal-National Coalitionğ͚۰Ă ߏ่ѣ 38%ᙒјĂͅ၆۰྿ 42%ĞHiggins & Collard, 2019ğĄ2019 ѐ̂ ᙒј۞ၗ๕ٺĂҋϤ઼छᓑ༖ᛨᚶᜈે߆Ăଂ͚۰ͅ၆ּͧڍᏴඕ ҋϤ઼छᓑ༖ᛨٚᏚଯજࣧҝϔгҜˢጳ۞̳ԸĂҭ͚۰ܮ࠻Ăӈֽ ٺഈ߆ᛨѣВᙊĂҭે߆ᛨૄܮѩᛉᗟෛࠎᐹАᅮՐĄЯѩĂӈ̙֭ ҂ณ͚۰ĂࣧҝϔгҜˢጳ̳ԸΞਕֶߏ࣎ϏۢᇴĄ ࣧҝϔ֗Њ۞ώ˿̼ 113ڱ፫߷ᓑ֣ጳ
伍、結論
ࢎ̝ᅫಶజଵੵдγĂטĻڱ፫߷ࣧҝϔ֗Њଂ 1900 ѐĺ፫߷ᓑ֣ጳ ෛ୧ഠ̖ڡԸ࣒ϒ९Ļ఼࿅Ă̳ڱѐ۞ĺጳ 1967 זෛ୧ഠĂۡڡࠤҌᆷˢ ࢎЪࣧҝϔӀৈט࣒ϒ९Ăᓑ֣ᄃЧэ̖ਕ੫၆ࣧҝϔٺజொੵĄ˵Ϥ ՟ѣٚᄮ፫߷ࣧౌ̫֞ڱෛ୧ഠ̏གྷజொੵĂҭߏ፫߷ጳڡĄᔵ΄ڱ۞ ᇴȈѐֽĂՏѐ 1ܕᛉᗟĄ۞פۋ˧ҝϔ۞֗ЊĂ˵ߏࣧҝϔᝋӀྻજӅ ፫߷઼ᇉ͟Ķ፫߷͟ķĂ፫߷Чгౌѣј˼˯༱۞ࣧҝϔྻજ͚۞͟ 26 ͡ ࣧҝϔྻજĄధధкк۞ࣧҝϔᝋӀྻજפۋர͟ķྼҖĂܬ۰൴જĶ ෦ՐĂឰઐШ͚ࣧҝϔᝋӀ۞̍ᛨͽ̈́၆ࣧҝϔ̙̓ච۞ܲчᓑ༖Ğҋ ᑅ˧Ąࠎ˞ࢦ፫߷ࣧҝϔ۞гҜĂ፫ڼϤᛨᄃ઼छᛨğౌѣ࠹༊̂۞߆ ߷̂ݭ፟ᙯᄃጯ७ੵ˞፫߷ᓑ઼֣ၮͽ̈́ЧэၮᆽγĂౌυืГᚙଭ፫߷ फϔၮĄ̙࿅Ăֱԛё˯۞ࢦᅈ̙тۡତࣧҝٳࣧҝϔၮᆽᄃ Ą1999 ѐĂ፫߷അགྷଯજВ̳ԸĂԓ୕ਕૉͽ፫߷઼ົ̝̚ڱϔᆷˢጳ ࡻ઼̃ͳјࠎ፫߷۞̮ࢵĄВ̳ԸΞෛࠎ፫פؠ۞ᓁĞPresidentğ ӎזώ˿̼۞ᇾĂҭ̳࣎Ըͽᙒј 45.13%ᙒјă54.87%ͅ၆ዎڱ߷ጳ ώ˿̼Ăᕚ௲തϔ۞ጳڱՙĄт̫ࣧҝϔгҜˢጳ̳ԸĂٕΞෛࠎ፫߷ጳ ฟؕٚᏚଯજࣧҝعԛ෪Ăϫ݈Ҭͼᔘߏ࣎ϏۢᇴĄଂܲч۞ Howard ߆ڱ Ğ2007-13ğĂعϔгҜˢጳฟؕĂഇม˫གྷ።࿅̳ฟШࣧҝϔႆ۞̍ᛨ߆ гҜڱٚᏚଯજࣧҝϔጳޘĂГޢ߆ᝋפ˫д 2013 ѐĂܲч۞ે߆ᓑ༖ ԸĂ̙࿅Ă̳࣎ԸֶϏਕ၁னĄ၁ᅫ˯Ă࣎ࣧҝϔгҜˢጳ̳Ը̳ ȈѐֽĂഈ̂ੱᒉ۞ВᙊĂݒᏵᏵϏਕଯજĄព֍Ăഈ˟ܕᛉᗟߏ ֍Ą2019 ѐĂ፫߷۞າڡࣧҝϔгҜˢጳᔵѣВᙊĂҭ̪ѣٺᛨ၆ ϔአĂкᇴ፫߷ˠᔘߏ͚ࣧҝϔгҜˢጳćҭߏĂ5 ͡۞ᓑ֣̂ᏴϤܲч ࠁ۞ҋϤ઼छᓑ༖ᛨᚶᜈે߆҃ે߆ᓑ༖͚۰ͅ၆ࣧҝϔгҜˢጳ۰к ˘˯࠻ĂࣧҝϔгҜˢጳ̳ԸĂٕధᔘᅮࢋඈֽڍᙒј۰Ϥ࣎Ᏼᓝඕٺ ॡ͟Ąֱ ăௐ 3 ഇĞ2019/ࡌ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 114
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ഇĂ 2 ס ߉ϒዡĂ2011ĄIJ፫߷ࣧҝϔ۞ႢᒔᝋijĮέ៉ࣧҝϔࡁտጯಡį1 ࢱ 131-65Ą ഇĂ 2 ס ߉ϒዡĂ2017ĄIJ፫߷઼छᄃࣧҝϔ۞ྋijĮέ៉ࣧҝϔࡁտጯಡį7 ࢱ 1-38Ą ბijĮέ៉ࣧҝϔࡁտኢۋෛ؎ࣶົ۞ڡ߉ϒዡĂ2013ĄIJ፫߷ᄃ聯Ъ઼ঐੵ ᕍį13 ഇĂࢱ 43-96Ą Arcioni, Elisa, and Adreinne Stone. 2016. “The Small Brown Bird: Values and Aspirations in the Australian Constitution.” International Journal of Constitutional Law, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 60-79. Australian Government Solicitor. 2010. “Australia’s Constitution: With Overview and Notes by the Australian Government Solicitor.” (file:///C:/Users/Genuine/ Downloads/2012_Australian_Constitution.pdf) (2019/3/10) Balint, Jennifer, Julie Evans, and Nesam McMilan. 2014. “Rethinking Transitional Justice, Redressing Indigenous Harm: A New Conceptual Approach.” International Journal of Transitional Justice, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 194-216. Davis, Megan. 2008. “Indigenous Rights and the Constitution: Making the Case for Constitutional Reform.” Indigenous Law Bulletin, Vol. 7, pp. 6-8. Dixon, Rosalind, and George Williams. 2014. “Drafting a Replacement for the Races Power in the Australian Constitution.” Public Law Review, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 83-88. Eastick, Jennifer E. 1980. “The Australian Aborigine: Full Commonwealth Responsibility under the Constitution.” Melbourne University Law Review, Vol. 12, pp. 516-642. Guardian. 2019. “Huge Crowds Attend Invasion Day Marches across Australia’s Capital Cities.” January 26 (https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/ jan/26/huge-crowds-attend-invasion-day-marches-across-australias-capital-cities) (2019/3/10) Henderson, Anna. 2015. “Timeline: Recognition of Australia’s Indigenous People.” ABC News, July 13 (https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-07-06/indigenous- recognition-timeline-of-australian-history/6586176) (2019/3/10) Higgins, Isabella, and Sarah Collard. 2019. “Federal Election 2019: Vote Compass ࣧҝϔ֗Њ۞ώ˿̼ 115ڱ፫߷ᓑ֣ጳ
Finds Australians Are Ready to Back Indigenous ‘Voice to Parliament’.” ABC, May 3 (https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-03/vote-compass-federal-election- voice-to-parliament/11071384) (2019/5/26) Lindell, Geoffrey J. 1986. “Why Is Australia’s Constitution Binding? The Reasons in 1900 and Now, and the Effect of Independence.” Federal Law Review, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 29-49. Magallanes, Catherine J. Iorns. 1999. “International Human Rights and Their Impact on Domestic Law on Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand,” in Paul Havemann, ed. Indigenous Peoples’ Rights: In Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, pp. 235-76. Auckland: Oxford University Press. Malbon, Justine. 1999. “The Race Power under the Australian Constitution: Altered Meanings.” Sydney Law Review, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 80-113. National Archives of Australia. 2019. “Dhakiyarr’s Case.” (http://www.naa.gov. au/collection/snapshots/uncommon-lives/dhakiyarr-wirrpanda/the-case.aspx) (2019/3/10) O’Connor, Ted. 2016. “Australia Day: Invasion Day Rallies Held across Nation.” ABC NEWS, January 26 (https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-01-26/australia-day- invasion-day-protests-aboriginal-indigenous/7115086) (2019/3/10) O’Malley, Tony, Simon Lewis, Steph Baker, and Cameron O’Sullivan. “50th Anniversary of the 1967 Referendum.” (https://www.pwc.com.au/legal/assets/ legaltalk/50th-anniversary-1967-referendum-29may17.pdf) (2019/3/10) O’Sullivan, Dominic. 2018. “Indigenous Recognition in Our Constitution Matters – and Will Need Greater Political Will to Achieve.” Conversation, January 18 (http://theconversation.com/indigenous-recognition-in-our-constitution-matters-and- will-need-greater-political-will-to-achieve-90296) (2019/4/10) Patton, Paul. 2001. “Reconciliation, Aboriginal Rights and Constitutional Paradox in Australia.” Australian Feminist Law, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 25-40. Read, Peter. 2006. “The Stolen Generations: The Removal of Aboriginal Children in New South Wales 1883 to 1969.” (https://daa.asn.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/ Reading-7_StolenGenerations.pdf) (2019/3/12) Wahlquist, Calla. 2016. “Most Voters Support Indigenous Treaty and Constitutional Recognition: Survey.” Guardian, July 21 (https://www.theguardian.com/australia- news/2016/jul/21/most-voters-support-indigenous-treaty-and-constitutional-recognit ion-survey) (2019/3/10) ăௐ 3 ഇĞ2019/ࡌ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 116
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Indigenizing National Identity: Toward the Recognition of Aborigines in Australian Constitution
Chien-Jung Hsu Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Taiwan and Regional Studies National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, TAIWAN
Abstract
Despite being a multicultural democracy, Aborigines in Australia have been underprivileged for a long time. Starting in 20th century, the Commonwealth of Australia has introduced a string of legislations to recognize the rights of Aborigines, but the Commonwealth Constitution still discriminates against Aborigines. The Constitution, which came into effect in 1990, excluded Aborigines. Even though the 1967 referendum received overwhelmingly votes, thereby indicating Australians’ support to amend article 51 and repeal article 127, the Constitution still does not recognize Aborigines. Starting in 2007, Liberal-National Coalition and Labor Party have proposed to hold a referendum to include the Aboriginal people into the Constitution, and the polls showed that the majority of Australians supported such a change, but it remains uncertain whether the referendum will take place.
Keywords: Australian Aborigines, Australian Constitution, referendum, Aboriginal identification
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