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Mmubn000001 076197298.Pdf PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/107129 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-10-09 and may be subject to change. НЕТ JEZUIETENDRAMA INDE NEDERLANDEN L.VANDENBOOGERD η L·krui и? ik СПШ^раелІПГ : rßn'ierjicccdi.A, 5±}£а*о$ог$яи ' ' ¿cirbè^nJà, Sc£tL¿ f* tír^wM *«**№«) /^Лгг^і •-fÄ*?' Wmt? ъ^и UffiM. -Ъ&ІА&П} «ьыАх*> -f*** < £У~ 4Í*9* » ге«^? OCZTiCfr- ΜΟ*τ**·& «MV** TitclbUd van een in het jezuïetencollege te "s-Hertogenbosch opgevoerd toneelstuk Man Lit. Lat. 12/16.151 College N D. de la Paix — Namen ^^^аР ЛчТ^вА^іі*; t»r*ti*Ä: СХтгмщЪкі. ¿но 'iX*vTVV*^v лігл*г »vvfí^* »»НммгАЧФ fvA-«**' CAJA- Φ . "Vuxt ^Л Titelblad van een in het jezuïetencollege te 's-Hertogenbosch opgevoerd toneelstuk Man. Lit. Lat. 12/16.151 Collège N. D. de la Paix — Namen НЕТ JEZUIETENDRAMA IN DE NEDERLANDEN ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIJGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR IN DE LETTEREN AAN DE KATHOLIEKE UNIVERSITEIT TE NIJMEGEN OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS MAG. DR J. P. M. VAN DER PLOEG O.P. HOOGLERAAR IN DE FACULTEIT DER GODGELEERDHEID VOLGENS HET BESLUIT VAN DE SENAAT IN HET OPENBAAR TE VERDEDIGEN OP 17 FEBRUARI 1961 DES NAMIDDAGS OM 2 UUR DOOR LEONARDUS VAN DEN BOOGERD GEBOREN TE 's-GRAVENHAGE J. B. WOLTERS GRONINGEN 1961 Promotor: Professor Dr W. J. M. A. ASSELBERGS Uitgegeven met steun van het Nederlands-Belgisch Cultureel Akkoord Aan mijn vrouw Aan mijn kinderen VERANTWOORDING Dit academisch proefschrift bedoelt een overzicht te geven van het toneelspel zoals dit beoefend werd aan de jezuïetencolleges gelegen in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden, deel uitmakend van de XVII Nederlandse Gewesten (1543). Het gebied waarop deze colleges zich bevonden, strekte zich uit vanaf de huidige provincies Noord-Brabant en Limburg tot en met de departementen Pas de Calais en Nord in Noord-Frankrijk, als­ mede het groothertogdom Luxemburg. Het bestrijkt een periode lopend van 1547, stichtingsjaar van het eerste college te Leuven, tot 1773, jaar van de opheffing van de jezuïetenorde. Niet alleen aan de colleges werd toneel gespeeld, ook catechisaties en Mariacongregaties (sodaliteiten) die onder leidingvan de Jezuïeten ston­ den, bedienden zich er van bij tijd en wijle. Onder het hoofdstuk „De colleges en hun uitstraling" vatten wij dit alles samen, alsmede het stand­ punt dat de overheid van de orde innam ten opzichte van het toneel­ spelen. Geen praktijk zonder theorie, vandaar dat wij de dramatheorieën van de Jezuïeten breedvoerig zullen bespreken en niet alleen de Zuid- nederlandse maar alle ons bekende. De in druk verschenen drama's van Nederlandse jezuïeten zullen wij behandelen volgens een vast procédé, volgens welk deze auteurs zelf werkten. Dat deze methode wel eens stroef mag lijken, daarvan zijn wij ons vol­ ledig bewust, maar het leek ons de enige manier om een juiste kijk te geven op vorm en inhoud van de drama's. Wat de biografie van de schrijvers betreft meenden wij te kunnen vol­ staan met een summier overzicht. Aan de vijf colleges gelegen in Noord-Brabant en Limburg hebben wij meer aandacht geschonken, omdat deze totaal onvermeld blijven in welk geschrift over de geschiedenis van het Nederlands toneel dan ook. De Belgische en Noordfranse colleges ondervonden meer de belang­ stelling van schrijvers over lokale geschiedenis van het toneel. Bij deze laatste colleges hebben wij ons dan ook beperkt tot een opsomming van het gespeelde repertoire. 1 1 Dat dit proefschrift moge bijdragen tot een oprechte waardering voor de belangrijke pedagogische arbeid verricht aan de jezuïetencolleges in de Lage Landen, is onze innige wens. 2 INLEIDING Het eerste jezuïetencollege in de Lage Landen werd gesticht te Leuven ( 1547), gevolgd door een indrukwekkende rij : Antwerpen (1574), Maastricht (1574), Brugge (1575), leperen (1585), Kortrijk (1588), Gent (1592), St.- Winoksbergen (1600), Brussel (1604), 's-Hertogenbosch (1610), Roer­ mond (1611), Mechelen (1613). De oudste residenties Leuven en Doornik vormden met het college te Keulen de provincie Neder-Germanië. In 1564 werd België een afzonder­ lijke provincie, afgescheiden van de Rijnprovincie, maar behield de naam Neder-Germanië. Dank zij het onvermoeid pogen en werken van de pro­ vinciaal-overste Oliverius Manare groeide de provincie zo aan dat aan splitsing gedacht moest worden, die verwezenlij kt werd in 1612. Waar Frans de voertaal was, sprak men van de Frans-Belgische provincie, waar Vlaams gesproken werd, gaf men de naam Vlaams-Belgische provincie. Na de splitsing kwamen er in deze laatste provincie de volgende colleges bij: Oudenaarde (1617), Kassei (1617), Aalst (1620), Duinkerken (1620), Hal (1623), Bailleul (1625), Breda (1625). De Frans-Belgische provincie telde vóór de splitsing de volgende col­ leges: Doornik (1562), Kamerijk (1563), Dinant (1563), Douai (1568), Sint-Omer (1568), Luik (1582), Valenciennes (1592), Ryssel (1592), Ber­ gen (1598), Luxemburg (1603), Atrecht (1603), Namen (1610). Na de splitsing volgden: Hesdin (1613), Aire aan de Leie (1614), Nyvel (1614), Maubeuge (1619), Béthune (1622), Armentières (1622), Ath (1628), Hoei (1649), Marche (1649), Cateau-Cambrésis (1713) К Bovenstaande dorre opsomming geeft wel een duidelijk beeld hoe in­ vloedrijk het jezuïetenonderwijs was aan het eind van de 16e en de gehele 17e eeuw. Naast onderricht viel geestelijke en lichamelijke vorming onder het pedagogisch programma. Het toneelspelen op de colleges beschouwden de Jezuïeten als een be­ langrijke opvoedkundige factor. In dezen stonden zij niet alleen, een lange reeks scholasters had vóór hen het terrein reeds geëffend. Ook deze scholas­ ters achtten het toneelspelen door leerlingen een schakel in de vorming van de totale mens, zoals wij dat uit hun eigen getuigenissen kunnen opmaken. De rector van de Deventerse Latijnse school, Amoldus Kistenius, richt 1 Gegevens ontleend aan Het Gezelschap van Jezus in België, Gedenkboek bij de 75ste verjaardag van de Belgische provincie (1832—1907). 3 in 1584 een schrijven aan de Raad, waarin hij het toneelspelen door scholie­ ren verdedigt: „So voll dan gebiedende Heren, belangende thirst die vorgewante obiection der exhibirter Comoedien gift hir up Rector Scholae, dessen rechtmetigen bestendigen berichtt datt hie actiones Comoediarum unde Tragoediarum, wen sie recht instituirtt worden, vur lofliche exercitien der Jonger Joegett achtett, waruitt soderlicke fruchtt und forderung in studijs kan gescheppet worden, wesshalven hie dan oick als ondanige oiffenunge, in etlichen vergangenen Jaren den discipulis thogelaten und vergunt heft" l. Nog iets concreter drukt zich de Utrechtse rector Georgius Macro- pedius uit in de opdracht van zijn kluchten Rebelles en Aluta: „Wat kan jongens beter helpen om zich eruditio te verwerven, wat jongelui om zich toe te leggen op honesta studia, wat kan de meer-gevorderden, ja kortom allen in het algemeen meer van dienst zijn om zich virtus eigen te maken dan de docta comoedia?"2. Niet zozeer de lachlust wekken als wel moraliseren is het beoogde doel bij deze scholasters, getuige de proloog van Asotus van dezelfde Macropedius: „De komedie wordt opgevoerd niet louter en alleen om de lachlust te wekken maar om door een aanschouwelijke voorstelling van het kwaad, de toeschouwer af te schrikken van ieder vergrijp en iedere overtreding" 3. Zijn opvolger Cornelius Laurimannus treedt in dit voetspoor als hij in de proloog van Exodus beweert: „Van elke goede en wijze meester worden twee zaken in het bijzonder vereist, de formatio linguae en een nauwgezette morum institutio. Dit kan echter niet doeltreffender be­ reikt worden dan door het opvoeren van treur- en blijspelen, omdat de invloed hiervan zo groot is op de geest van de jongens, dat de sporen er­ van nog op later leeftijd te bespeuren zijn, vooral in hun manier van doen" 4. Luther, wiens leerstellingen door de Jezuïeten fel bestreden zullen worden, blijkt in zake schooltoneel dezelfde opvattingen te huldigen als zij. In zijn Tischreden zegt hij: „Komödien zu spielen soll man umb ι Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis van Overijssel, deel V, Zwolle 1879, biz. 128. 2 Comicarum fabularum Georgii Macropedii duae, rudibus adhuc et tenellis Trajec- tinae scholae auditoribus nuncupatae, quarum altera rebelles, altera aluta inscribitur, Busciducis apud Gerardum Haturdum 1535. 3 Asotus evangelicus sive evangelica de filia prodigo parabola Antverpiae 1540. 4 Com. Laurimanni Exodus sive transitus maris rubri Antverpiae 1562. 4 der Knaben willen in der Schule nicht wehren, sondern gestatten und zulassen, erstlich dasz sie sich üben in der lateinischen Sprache; zum andern dasz in Komödie fein künstlich erdichtet, abgemalet und für ge­ stellet werden solche Personen, dadurch die Leute unterrichtet und ein jeglicher seines Ampts und Standes erinnert und vermahnet werde was einem Knecht, Herrn, jungen Gesellen und Alten gebühre, wohl anstehe, und was er thun soll ; ja es wird darinnen furgehalten und für die Augen gestellt, aller Dignitäten, Grade, Aempter und Gebühre, wie sich ein Iglicher in seinem Stande halten soll im aüszerlichen Wandel wie in einem Spiegel. Zudem werden darinnen beschrieben und angezeigt die listigen Anschläge und Betrug der bösen Bälge; des gleichen was der Aeltem und jungen Knaben Ampt sei, wie sie ihre Kinder und junge Leute zum Ehestande ziehen und halten, wenn es Zeit mit ihnen is etc.... Solches wird in Comödien furgehalten, welches denn sehr nütz und wohl zu wissen ist. Und Christen sollen Komödien nicht ganz und gar fliehen, drumb dass bisweilen grobe Zoten und Bühlerei darinnen seien da man doch umbderselben willen auch die Bibel nicht dürfte lesen. Darumb ists nichts, dass sie solches fürwenden und umb der Ursache willen verbieten wollen dass ein Christ nicht sollte Komödien mögen lesen und spielen" l. De bekende Straatsburgse rector Joh. Sturm mag ook als een groot voorstander van het schooldrama gelden. De lectuur van een toneelstuk van Plautus of Terentius moest volgens hem bekroond worden met een opvoering ervan. Hij hoopt zelfs dat de Straatsburgse speelruimte geen week ongebruikt gelaten wordt.
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