500 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE January 13, 1969 A. Baker & McKenzie, 815 Connecticut Ave­ A. Landis D. Henderson, 3510 Georges Lane, A. Russell J. Ryan, Jr., 1000 Circle Tower, nue NW., Washington, D.C. Falls Church, Va. Indianapolis, Ind. B. Itek Corp., 10 Maguire Road, Lexing­ B. American Real Estate Owners Associa­ B. Realty Corp., 620 Guaranty Build­ ton, Mass. tion, 1739 Connecticut Avenue NW., Wash­ ing, Indianapolis, Ind. ington, D.C. A. S. G. Bishop, 400 First Street NW., A. Myron Solter, 1750 Pennsylvanla Ave­ Washington, D.C. A. Herrick, Smith, Donald, Farley & nue NW., Washington, D.C. B. Transportation-Communication Employ­ Ketchum, 294 Washington Street, Boston, B. Pin, Clip & Fastener Association, 441 ees Union, 3860 Lindell Boulevard, St. Louis, Mass. Lexington Avenue, New York, N.Y. Mo. B. Itek Corp., 10 Maguire Road, Lexing­ ton, Mass. A. Nicholas J. Spiezio, Assistant Director A. Citizens for a Postal Corporation, Post Government Relations, 1707 H Street NW., Office Box 1807, Washington, D.C. A. Home Manufacturers Association, 1625 Washington, D.C. L Street NW., Washington, D.C. B. Mortgage Bankers Association of Amer­ A. Philip Cohen, 2011 I Street NW., Wash­ ica, 1707 H Street NW., Washington, D.C. ington, D.C. A. James P. Ince, 221 North LaSalle Street, Chicago, Ill. A. Stitt, Hemmendinger & Kennedy, At­ A. Covington & Burling, 701 Union Trust B. Daniel J. Edelman, Inc., 221 North La­ torneys, 1000 Connecticut Avenue NW., Wash­ Building, Washington, D.C. Salle Street, Chicago, Ill. ington, D.C. B. Electronic Industries Association, 2001 B. Potash Co. of America, American Na­ I Street NW., Washington, D.C. A. Robert A. Klayman, 1101 17th Street tional Bank Building, Denver, Colo. NW., Washington, D.C. A. Daniels & Houlihan, 1819 H Street NW., B. Kentucky- Clay Co., Inc., May­ A. Strasser, Spiegelberg, Fried, Frank & Washington, D.C. field, Ky.; Old Hickory Clay Co., Post Office Kampelman, 1700 K Street NW., Washlng­ B. American Textile Importers Associa­ Box 271, Paducah, Ky.; Bell Clay Co., Glea­ ton, D.C. tion. son, Tenn. B. California City Development Co., 6363 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, Calif. A. Daniels & Houlihan, 1819 H Street NW., A. Donald Lerch, Jr. & Co., Inc., 1522 K Washihgton, D.C. Street NW., Washington, D.C. A. Sutherland, Asbill & Brennan, 1200 Far­ B. Japan Lumber Importers' Association, B. Japan Lumber Importers Association, ragut Building, Washington, D.C. Tokyo, Japan. Tokyo, Japan. B. Retail Credit Co., Post Office Box 4081, Atlanta, Ga. A. Daniels & Houlihan, 1819 H Street NW., A. Don F. Dobb, 1619 Massachusetts Ave­ Washington, 'D.C. nue NW., Washington, D.C. A. Svanholm Res. Lab's, 3205 Stanford B. Unione Industriale Pratese, Prato, Italy. B. Southern Pine Industry Committee. Street, Hyattsville, Md.

A. John Davenport, 2000 Florida Avenue A. Donald C. Lubick, Suite 1800, 1 M. & T. A. Richard F. Turney, 835 Southern Build­ NW., Washington, D.C. Plaza, Buffalo, N.Y. ing, Washington, D.C. B. National Rural Electric Cooperative As­ B. Realty Corp., 111 Monument Circle, B. American Association of Nurserymen, sociation, 2000 Florida Avenue NW., Wash­ Indianapolis, Ind. Inc., 835 Southern Building, Washington, ington, D.C. D.C. A. Alfred R. McCauley, 1629 K Street NW., A. DeHart & Broide, Inc., 1150 Connecti­ Suite 304, Washington, D.C., A. Edwin M. Wheeler, President, National cut Avenue NW., Washington, D.C. B. The Magnavox Co., 270 Park Avenue, Plant Food Institute, 1700 K Street NW., B. Record Industry Association of America. New York, N.Y. Washington, D.C. B. National Plant Food Institute, 1700 K A. F. Raymond Downs, 1730 K Street NW., A. Alwyn F. Matthews, 1140 Connecticut Street NW., Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. Avenue NW., Washington, D.C. B. The Procter & Gamble Manufacturing B. City of Islandia, Fla., City Hall, Du Pont A. Wilkinson, Cragun & Barker, 1616 H Co., 301 East Sixth Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. Plaza Building, Miami, Fla. Street NW., Washington, D.C. B. Estate of Albert W. Small, c/o Mrs. Al­ A. Montgomery Ward & Co., Inc., 910 bert W. Small, 5803 Green Tree Road, Be­ A. Roy W. Easley, 1735 De Sales Street NW., Washington Building, Washington, D.C. thesda, Md. Washington, D.C. B. Montgomery Ward & Co., Inc., Post Of­ fice Box 8339, Chicago, Ill. A. Francis G. Williams. A. Richard E. Faggioli, 1612 K Street NW., B. National Association of Frozen Food Washington, D.C. A. James W. Nisbet, 280 Union Station Packers, 919 18th Street NW., Washington, B. Standard 011 Co. (N.J.), 30 Rockefeller Building, Chicago, Ill. D.C. Plaza, New York, N.Y. B. The Association of Western Railways, 224 Union Station Building, Chicago, Ill. A. Frank K. Woolley, 230 N. Michigan Ave­ A. Donald E. Graham, 1200 17th Street nue, Chicago, Ill. NW., Washington, D.C. A. Realty Corp., 620 Guaranty Building, Indianapolis, Ind. B. Executive Director by the Association B. National Council of Farmer Coopera.. of American Physicians and Surgeons, Inc., tives, 1200 17th Street NW., Washington, D.C. A. A. J. Pessel, 1001 Connecticut Avenue, 230 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Ill. NW., Washington, D.C. A. William G. Greif, 1155 15th Street NW., A. Jack Yelverton, 1303 New Hampshire Washington, D.C. A. William E. Rollow, Esq. Avenue NW., Washington, D.C. B. Bristol-Myers Co., 630 Fifth Avenue, B. National Capital Area Council of B. Fleet Reserve Association, 1303 New New York, N.Y. Sportsmen, Inc. Hampshire Avenue NW., Washington, D.C.

SENATE-Monday, January 13, 1969

Senator, eonstdered pertinent to the Mr. JAVITS4 I shall In a momen~ Dead," .and tblnk they were trying to save pending issue; thus, 1'ea1b'rsurrendertng So that we are dealing wlth a relative­ the world by standlng ~ and paralyzing the mle of relevancy or the Tight to ly novel concept which is unique to the the ablllty of the majority of tbe Con­ terminate redundant, tedious, or im­ Senate of the United States, wh'lch 1s con­ gress and tbe majority of the American pertinent speech. sidered to be tbe greatest 1egislatlve people to proceed. From 1872 to 191'1-that is a long body on earth, but which also has some Mr. President, we could have a revolu­ period of time, a longer period of tlme.. of the most unique rules on earth, and tion on that basis. T.his is no laughing or really, than any that has elapsed since-­ th.ls is one of them. For it is this, in our simple matter. there was no cloture rule and no rule of judgment-and I think it has been borne Unhappiiy, to some this whole debate relevancy. For all that period of time- out by history____:which has created an appears irrelevant because it goes on 45 years-a Senator could talk about extraconstitutional restraint-a nega­ every 2 years and, somehow or other., we any subject he pleased for as long as he tive, upon the power of the Oongress­ have found that we can get around it pleased. It was during this time that the that extraconstitutional restraint being when we really, really are in trouble. But filibuster, so-called, 'Came into its own. that nothing can be done in this country it gives power to a band of determined Then, in 1917 Tom Walsh. a very except if both Houses of Congress concur. men which the Congress would never vote famous Senator, raised this question, &nd The constitutional rule is that we go and the people would never include in the he raised it so forcibly that it was felt by a majority, except in given, specified Constitution and which would have been much more desirable to settle the matter constitutional cases. some nine in num­ rejected in the Constitution when it was than to litigate it, as it were; and the ber, when a two-thirds vote is required. submitted to the States in the 18th cen­ Senate, for the first time, adopted a rule Mind you, Mr. President, two-thirds of tury. But, because, somehow or other, we by which debate could be closed off, not­ Senators present and voting.. That was cannot strike the shackles from our withstanding the desire of Senators to not the rule here. For a very long time, hands and we get tied up in our own red­ continue to talk. At thait time the rule from 1949 to 1959, for 10 years, we had a tape until we stumble on our own feet, was that cloture could be imposed by tougher rule than even the constitution­ this has persisted and persisted and per­ two-thirds of Senators voting. al restraints on our power. But this is an sisted, until one dark day it is going to Mind you, Mr. President, there was no extraconstitutional restraint right across be a danger and a threat to the continu­ change for 32 years in the two-thirds­ the board. We cannot do anything, not ance of the Republic, which it is capable present-and-voting rule for cloture. In because it says so in the Constitution, of being, but which, thank God, it has 1949 this percentage was increased to re­ but because our own rules, the rules of never been-but which it is capable of quire the votes of the whole membership one body, provide that unless two-thirds being. of the Senate, but it also put under con­ of those present and voting agree we Therefore, I consider that when we act trol of the cloture motion at that time-­ should be permitted to do it, we cannot as we have in Congress after Congress, that was a compromise made by Senator do it. So that there is a complete veto trying to undo this extraconstitutional Wherry-any motion, measure, or other of any action by the United States-a restraint, we are serving a very high matter. Theretofore debate could not be declaration of war, realization of na­ patriotic purpose for our country. closed until after the motion to take up tional emergency, or anything else, by Now I yield to the Senator from Flor­ carried into the debate on the measure one-third of the Senate. ida. itself. That is nowhere written in the Consti­ Mr. HOLLAND. First, I wish to com­ So rule xxn was toughened by requir­ tution; but unless we have some way of ment, if I may, that according to my ing a vote of two-thirds of the whole changing these rules, it is, in effect, as if computation, there have been 11 in­ Senate, but was moderated by making it were written in the Constitution, and stances in which the Constitution <>r its the two-thirds vote applicable to every­ there is no way out of it. amendments used the two-thirds frac­ thing-that is, a motion to take up or If our opponents are right, that in or­ tions. and l have here a prepared list any other motion, as well as the measure der to change these rules in the face of of those instances, and would like to in­ itself. determined opposition, we have to com­ sert it in the RECORD at this point if it Then, in 1959, it is well known that we ply with the rules and get two-thirds meets with the approval of the Senate. somewhat modified the rule by going of Senators pr~ent and voting before Mr. JAVITS. Surely. back to its original form, applicable, we can get to a vote on the question of Mr. HOLLAND. Therefore, I ask unan­ however, across the board to motions, of changing the rules, then the Constitu­ imous consent at this time, Mr. Presi­ two-thiros of Senators present and tion has been as effectively amended as dent, to have printed in the RECORD this voting. if it had been contained in the original list of the seven instances in the original The significant part of this history is document, or three-quarters of the States Constitution and the four instances in that for by far the larg.est time of the or two-thirds of both Houses of Con­ the amendments to the Constltutlon ln life of the Senate there has been noun­ gress had agreed. which the two-thirds figure appears, re­ trammeled right to debate. That was reg­ Mr. President, this is an intolerable quiring that majority in order to act. ulated for almost 100 years, from 1789 situation. It will rise to haunt us one There being no objection, the list was to 1872. It was only in 1872 that the day. ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as right of unlimited debate began t.o grow I may say, and then I shall yield to follows: up, except subject to some form of clo­ the Senator from Florida rder, 011r standards, unpatriotic. Mr. Presi­ so Article V-Amend.ments to the 'Conatitution where they had bicameral legislatures, dent. those very Americans who blocked in 6. Two-thirds at both Houses may pro­ both bodia 1lS might think they were being m.iper­ pose amendments (p. 1:6). Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. President, w1ll the patriotic, and perhaps they would be 7. Two-thirds of several States may pro­ Senator yield? members of a party of "Better Red Than pose amendments (p. 16). 508 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE January 13, 1969 AMENDMENTS TO CONSTrrUTION tioned what the situation was in 1958 the RECORD at this time, with the ap­ XII-Election of President and Vice President with reference to the etiorts to invoke proval of the Senaite. 1. Quorum necessary in selecting Presi­ cloture and the number of times when Mr. JAVITS. Yes, of course, but be­ dent--{House) Member or Members from % it has been successful, but did not men­ fore the Senator does so, I should like States (p. 22). tion what has happened since that time. to point out that I was simply report­ 2. Quorum necessary in selecting Vice I have here a table, prepared by the ing what was contained in the report. President--(Senate) % of all Senators. Library of Congress Legislative Refer­ I was not trying to distort the Sena­ XIV-Citizens of United States ence Service, showing the 43 attempts tor's more complete history, which I was SEC. 3.-Election of Members of Congress since the adoption of rule XXII in 1917 going to put in later myself, but it is (p.24). to invoke cloture, which shows clearly entirely satisfactory that he do so. 3. Two-thirds of each House to remove the eight attempts where cloture was at­ Mr. HOLLAND. I understand. But disability of engaging in insurrection or re­ since the Senator dealt with the history, bellion, giving aid or comfort to enemy, etc. tained, and the others where cloture I thought this would be an appropriate was not attained, and the specific vote XXV-Inability of President time to show the whole history, to which in each case, broken down by the Li­ the Senator from New York agrees. 4. SEC. 4-Two-thirds votes of both brary of Congress, in each case, between Houses needed to determine inability (p. 30). Mr. JAVITS. Surely. Republicans and Democrats. I wonder There being no objection, the table Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. President, I noted if I might place this authentic compila­ was ordered to be piinted in the RECORD, that the distinguished Senator men- tion from the Library of Congress in as follows:

BREAKDOWN OF SENATE VOTES ON CLOTURE MOTIONS INVOLVING CIVIL RIGHTS BILLS

'lea votes Date Subject Motion introduced by- Yeas Nays For cloture Against cloture needed

{ Republicans ______37 Republicans ______l l} Nov. 15, 1919 ______Versailles Treaty __ ------Henry Lodge ______78 16 Democrats ______4l Democrats ______5 62 Feb. 2, 1921______Emergency tariff ______Boies Penrose ______{Republicans ______27 Republicans ______7} 36 35 Democrats ______9 Democrats ______.28 48 July 7, 1922 ______Tariff bill ______Porter Mccumber______{ Repu bl ica ns ______45 Repu bl ica ns ______5} 45 35 Democrats ______o Democrats ______30 54 Jan. 25, 1926 ______World Court ______Irvine Lenroot______Republicans ______37 {Republicans ______------__ 18} 68 26 { Democrats ______31 ~;~o;~aC~i)(jj. ___ ------{ 63 Republicans 36 {Republicans __-~======8l June 1, 1926 ______Migratory birds ______------Peter Norbeck ______46 33 { 0 53 Democrats __---~======10 ~:~ ;:_aC~iio-r======~ i r Feb. 15, 1927- ______Branch banking ______George Pepper______f Republicans ______-____ 36 { Repub1icans ______------___ 9l 65 18 tDemocrats ______29 ~;~0;:_aC~ilor ------~ f 56 j Republicans ______27 { Republicans --~======j9l Feb. 26, 1927 ______Disabled officers_------Lawrence Tyson ______51 36 ,Democrats ______24 ~;~0;;_aC~ilo_r______l~f 58

Do ______Colorado River______Hiram Johnson ______Republicans ______21 { Repu biicans _--~~======28l 32 59 { Democrats ______11 ~;~;:~C~ilo-r------~------3 ~ f 61 .leans JRepub 'icans _======i3} February 28, 1927 ______Prohibitions Bureau ______Wesley Jones ______55 27 {R epu bl ------33 Democrats ______l3 55 Democrats ______------22 [Farmer-Labor ______-- _l ·· ans {Repub.icans ______l7} b 1 30 Do ___ ·------District of Coumb;~ buildings ___ Irvine Lenroot______52 31 {R epu · c ------Democrats ______l3 56 Democrats ______------22 Farmer-Labor ______l Republicans ______25 {Repub licans ______19} J~n. 19, 1933 ______Banking Act______Joseph Rob nson ______58 30 0 59 { Democrats ___ __ ------_33 ~=~ ;:_aC~bo·r======~~ i ans {Republicans ______l3} 2 Jan. 27, 1938 ______Antilynching ______Matthew Neely ______37 51 {R epu bl c ------Democrats ______37 59 Democrats ______------_35 Farmer-Labor ______l Repub licans ______3 1~~~uobd:~~~s------~~1 Feb. 16 1938 ______do ______------Robert Wagner _____ ------__ _ 42 46 { Democra~s ------_38 1ndependeiits ======: .1 59 Progressives _------1 Farmer-Labor ______- - - _l Republicans ______141 Democrats ______21 Republicans ______10} Nov. 23, 1942 ______Antipol l tax ______Alben Barkley ______37 41 52 ~~~ ; ~:~s1:~;~ ======~ Democrats ______31 \ Republicans __ ------_le} Republicans______13} May 15, 1944 ______------__ do ______------______do ______------36 44 Democra~s ______l6 Democrats 31 54 { Progressives ______.1 ------Republicans ______?.5} Repub!lcans 8} Feb. 9, 1946 ______FEPC ______------__ do __------48 36 Democra~s ______22 Democr.ats ------28 56 { Progressives 1 ------·- --- - Republicans ~~=====~======-i 71 Republicans ______19} 55 May 7, 1946 _____ ------British loan ______------Joseph Ba IL __ ------__ _ 41 41 2 { ~~o~~~~~l~es:======~f Democrats ______22 -ca {Republicans ______35} May 25, 1946 ______Labor dispute ______William Knowland ______77 epu bl 1 ns______1 Democrats ______41 {RDemocrats ______2 Progressives ______1 54 {Republicans ______15} Republicans ______17} July 31, 1946 ______Antipoll tax ______Alben Barkley ______39 33 Democrats ______23 Democrats ______: ______26 48 {Republicans ______33} Republicans ______6} May 19, 1950 ______FEPC ______Scott Lucas ______52 32 Democrats ______19 Democrats ______26 64 {Republicans ______22} Republicans ______27} July 12, 1950 ______FEPC ___ --- _------____ do ______------55 33 Democrats ______33 Democrats ______6 64 {Republicans ______40} Republicans ______4} July 26, 1954 ______Atomic energy ______William Knowland ______44 42 Democrats ______4 Democrats ______38 64 {Republicans ______12} Repub licans ______20} Mar. 10, 1960 ______Civil rights ______Paul Douglas and Jacob Javits __ 42 53 Democrats ______30 Democrats ______33 64 {Republicans ______11} Republicans ______15} Sept. 19, 196L ______Rule 2L ______Mi~rr~!~~field and Everett 37 43 Democrats ______26 Democrats ______28 54 {Republicans ______13} Republicans ______23} May 9, 1962 ____ ------literacy tests_------______do ______------43 53 Democrats ______30 Democrats ______30 64 {Republicans ______11} Republicans ______22} May 14, 1962 __ _----- ______do ______do __ ------42 52 Democrats ______31 Democrats ______30 63 {Republicans ______34 Republicans ___ ------2} Aug. 14, 1962 ______Communication satellite ______Mike Mansfield_. __ ------63 27 Democrats ______29 Democrats ______25 60 {Republicans ______18 Republicans ___ ------15} Feb . 7, 1963 ______Amend rule 22 ______do ______54 42 Democrats _____ ..: ______35 Democrats ______27 64 June 10, 1964 ______Civil rights __ • ______do ______{Republicans ______27 Republicans __ ------6} 71 29 Democrats ______44 Democrats ______.23 67 {Republicans ______23 Republicans. ______9} Sept. 10, 196-L ______Legislative reapportionment..__ Everett Dirksen._------30 63 Democrats ______7 Democrats ______54 62 May 25, 1965 ______Voting rights ______Philip Hart ______{Republicans ______23 Republicans ___ ------9} 70 30 Democrats ______47 Democrats ______.___ 21 67 'January 13, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. SENATE 509

BREAKDOWN OF SENATE VOTES ON CLOTURE MOTIONS INVOLVING CIVIL RIGHTS BILLS-Continued

Yea votes Date • Subject Motion introduced by- Yeas Nays For cloture Against cloture needed

Republicans ______26"\ Nov. 11, 1965 ______Right to work ______Mike Mansfield ______{Republicans. ______5 45 47 Democrats ______40 Democrats ______2lf 62 Sept. 14, 1966 ______Civil rights ______do ______{Republicans ______l2 Republicans ______21} 54 42 Democrats ______42 Democrats ______21 64 {Republicans ______10 Republicans ______20) Sept. 19, 1966 ______do ______~------do ______52 41 Democrats ______42 Democrats ______2!J 62 Oct. 10, 1966 ______District of Columbia home rule ______do ______{Republicans ______lO Republicans ______15} 41 37 Democrats ______31 Democrats ______22 52 Feb. 8, 1966. _------Right to work ______do ______{Republicans ______6 Republicans. ______26} 51 48 Democrats ______45 Democrats ______22 66 Feb. 10, 1966 • • ______do ______do ____ ------__ ------{Republicans ______6 Republicans ______26} 50 49 Democrats ______44 Democrats ______23 66 Jan. 24, 1967 ______Amend rule 22 ______do ______{Republicans ______l7 Republicans ______19} 53 46 Democrats ______•. 36 Democrats ______27 66 {Republicans. ______18 Republica ns______. 18} Feb. 20, 1968 ______------_ Open housing ______do •••• __ __------___ _ 55 37 Democrats ______. 37 Democrats ______•• 19 62 Feb. 26, 1968. ______do ••.• ______do •• ------____ ------___ {Republicans ______l9 Republicans ______._ ••• 17} 56 36 Democrats ______37 Democrats ______• __ _• _____ 19 62 Mar. 1, 1968 ______do ______• Everett Dirksen ______{Republicans ______. 22 Republicans ______14} 59 35 Democrats ••• ______37 Democrats ______•• __ __ . 21 63 Mar. 4, 1968 ______do ______Mike Mansfield ______{Republicans ______24 Republicans ______•• ____ 12} 65 32 Democrats ••••• ______-41 Democrats ______• ______20 65 Oct. 1, 1968 ______Fortas ______do ______------______{Republicans ___ ------____ . 10 Republicans __ __------·- ___25} 45 43 Democrats ______35 Democrats ______.19 59

Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I hope we personal it might be. But the Senate of a Vice President, advisory opinions not­ have made it clear by now that what the United States, Mr. President, which withstanding, clearly exercise. It is the needs to be done must be done at the has to concur in any really major activist Vice President who has the say. opening of a Congress, and that what matter, can be tied up for weeks, as far as The Constitution gives a majority of happens then is the end of it as far as we are concerned, not by anything the the Senate the power to close off debate the rest of that Congress is concerned. Constitution says, but by what the rules under the Constitution. The Vice Pres­ There is another interesting point in of only one body, the Senate, say, if the ident can say, "The Senate may rever3e that regard. We have had situations here opponents of our effort have their way. me, but I am making this ruling, and time and again where this matter has This is the situation, Mr. President, that debate will now close. Any Senator can been debated, some vote of an interim faces our country. Our main difficulty appeal from my ruling if he wishes." character, in my judgment, had upon it, in having been unable to right it in all That is the power and authority of the an effort made to close debate by using these years is that somehow or other, we Vice President. When we get to that the cloture rule itself, or some other are inadequate-I admit that freely-to point, then this question will definitely effort which got tangled up in its own the cause of rousing America. This ought have been resolved and settled, Mr. feet, as I have said, and we have said, to be one of the hottest issues before the President, but not until then. "Well, we will come back to it; let us country. But take a look around the That is why we have always stumbled get on with other business, hold com­ Chamber, Mr. President, and see how hot over our own feet, been completely mittee meetings, and pass laws." an issue it is, as distinguished from locked up in redtape, and never really This has always been a matter of what it ought to be. Nonetheless, we come to face the issue. I have never for­ rights reserved; we agree that we will consider it our duty, and have for a gotten the ruling, because it was so not be prejudiced by lapse of time, or long time, to do what we are doing. characteristic of the history of this whole !aches, as we say in the law, or by the The next point, Mr. President, is this sad business, of Vice President Lyndon interposition of other business. question: How can we undo this terrible Johnson, when he submitted to the Sen­ Nevertheless, whenever we have done complication in which the Senate con­ ate a motion to close debate because it that, Mr. President, the issue has been stantly finds itself? In my judgment, raised a constitutional issue, which he as dead as a dodo. We have never come Mr. President-I think we might as well had the right to do. But then he said, back to it; or when we have, it has been face it very honestly and straightfor­ "The motion is debatable." in a most desultory fashion, and with­ wardly, and I should like to conclude up­ Mr. President, that was a new one. out any real effect. on this note for the benefit of those who You submit a motion to close debate. I emphasize that, because we will begin may be speaking after me-I think it and you hold that it is debatable; then doing some voting on this matter before depends on the Presiding Officer. what? The submission obviously is a the end of this week, perhaps, and I hope This is an authority which the Vice complete nullity. that Senators who are within the sound President of the United States ultimately SO I say, Mr. President, that until we of my voice, or who read the RECORD, will have to take. As the saying goes, he find a Vice President who rules because or their assistants, will understand that has to bite the bullet. There is no other that is his constitutional duty-and tt it is a case of either doing something way. The Vice President, equally with is-this question is not going to be about this matter now, or forgetting the President, is elected by all the peo­ resolved, and the Senate will continue to about it until 1971. This is the only time ple. He has very few powers; yet he is be in this ridiculous position-at least when anything is likely to happen. That a critically important officer for three I call it ridiculous-until it gets in real may be true for psychological or pro­ reasons. trouble, and then the country will hear cedural reasons, but it is a fact that First, he is one heartbeat away from lots of weeping and wailing over why whenever we lay it over, put it on the the Presidency. Second, his vote can be this was not acted upon before, and why calendar, preserve our rights and say we decisive in breaking a tie in the Senate. an officer elected by all the people did will get back to it, we might just as well Third, he can rule on whether the Sen­ not have what it takes to rule, which kiss it goodby, because for 2 years it is ate, at the beginning of a Congress, can was his constitutional duty. dead. amend its rules. Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. President, will I hope very much that this time it He has that power, if he will use it. the Senator yield? _ wlll be borne in on us what a dangerous We might as well face that, Mr. Pres­ Mr. JAVITS. I yield. world this is, and that we will awaken ident. This is the really historic ques­ Mr. HOLLAND. I ask the Senator if to the real implications of this issue. tion: Will we have a Vice President of the it is not true that the last three Vice I find it interesting, Mr. President, that United States who will be a Vice Pres­ Presidents-Vice President Nixon, pre­ we give the President of the United ident? We vote "yea and nay" hundreds siding over the Senate, who issued an States a little black box that follows of times. The Vice President votes "yea advisory ruling, but not the one now him around all the time, and he is al­ and nay" very infrequently, and exer­ mentioned by the Senator from New ways within immediate reach of the cises his authority very infrequently. Yet York; Vice President Lyndon Johnson, Chiefs of Staff, awake or asleep, and no here is an authority which is rightfully who, as the Senator from New York has matter what he 1s doing, no matter how his, but which so far, we have yet to see said, referred a. constitutional question,

I 510 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE January 13, 1969 as the Senate Rules and Practice pro­ "Shall the debate be closed?" to be tion with the Fortas nomination. On vide, to the Senate; and Vice President debated. October 1, a majority of the Senate voted HUMPHREY, whp followed the same course It seems to me that that would be a to close debate, but two-thirds not hav­ -felt that it was not their duty as Vice fair way to resolve the issue. This is ing voted that way, the Fortas nomina­ President to issue a firm ruling along the pretty much what Vice President tion had to be dropped, notwithstanding lines suggested by the Senator from New HUMPHREY did at the beginning of the the fact that a majority of the Senate York. 90th Congress, in 1967. At the beginning was all that it would have taken to con­ Mr. JAVITS. I cannot agree with the of the 90th Congress, a point of order firm the nomination. That merely forti­ Senator as to how they felt; all I can was made, and a motion was made to fies the evidence of the extraconstitu­ say is whatever the record is. table the point of order. The Vice Presi­ tional effect which is attained by the Mr. HOLLAND. That was what they dent then said that if a majority de­ inability to deal frontally with the ques­ did, was it not? cided against tabling, he would have to tion of a change of rules in the Senate. Mr. JAVITS. For practical purposes, sustain the constitutional authority It seems to me that the Senator from that was what they did. which was involved, and he would put Michigan e invited without delay, and U.N. of economic assistance or standards of social without regard for her current disorders, into (By Bruno V. Bitker) and political performance." the United Nations, and into all other ap­ (NoTE.-The writer, Bruno V. Bitker, a Mil­ To those who insist that the hopes for propriate internati0naa organizations. Ini­ waukee attorney, became well acquainted peace through subordination of nationalistic tially, she will no doubt refuse; she will prove, January 13, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 517 when she does come in, a most prickly and lumbia Committee, I have worked to of 1968, which established random proc­ disruptive partner.•.• The stakes in this improve law enforcement by providing esses for the selection of Federal jliries; case, however, are too high to permit or excuse boggling by the rest of the world. . • • assistance to each of the three elements The Federal Magistrates ,Act, which re­ Both China's sobriety and its friendship are of our crimefighting mechanism. structured the first echelon of Federal essential to world order." I am proud of my role in the passage justice; the Federal Judicial Center Act, NIXON-YOST ACCORD? of the Safe Streets Act of 1968. By pass­ which gave the judiciary a research But when Nixon introduced his new UN ing this legislation Congress took a first arm; two omnibus judgeship bills, which ambassador at a press conference he indi­ step in providing substantial Federal provided the Federal courts with needed cated no enthusiastic belief that the UN assistance to State and ·local law en­ judge power; the Multidistrict Litiga­ could mediate between the United States and forcement agencies and, as I urged, tion Act, which allows efficient pretrial the USSR, nor did he express any hope that authorized a wiretap provision which of cases having a common factual core; the superpowers would even submit signifi­ safeguards the right of privacy while and more than twenty other bills. Fur­ cant decisions to the UN affecting their re­ providing a major weapon to :fight ther legislation will be necessary if our spective vital interests. One wonders whether rackets, organized crime, and espionage. Federal courts are to provide justice for his future policies will be in harmony with the ideas of Ambassador Yost, who says: Congress also enacted my bills to re­ our increasing and ever more litigious "If mankind is to continue to prosper, per­ vise the first line of Federal criminal population. haps even to survive to the end of this cen­ justice, the federal commission system, I have special plans to examine our tax tury, there is going to have to be a rather and to reform the federal jury system. litigation structure and the Federal ap­ rapid assimilation of nation-states into a Congress further enacted a limited and pellate process. Presently. three different more coherent and functional international reasonable gun crime control law to help courts handle Federal tax litigation, and system." the States reduce the gun crime crisis the result is a myriad of technical prob­ It may be true that the world is still re­ luctant to support a stable international or­ we face. lems, inefficiencies and inequities. Not der that would exclude war as a way of set­ But much remains to be clone. Last the least of the inequities is the discrim­ tling international disputes. But the grinding fall I introduced a comprehensive bill ination now faced by the. poorer tax­ necessity of the times may force the world dealing with organized crime, grants for payer. If you are a rich man and able to to do what needs to be done. Yost has pointed police training and education, crimi­ pay your taxes and sue for a refund, you the way. nology research, financial assistance for have a choice of forums under the present State and local police forces, alcoholic system. If, on the other hand, you do not rehabilitatio1 programs, model correc­ have the funds to pay the tax, only the LEGISLATIVE PRIORITIES IN THE tional programs to reduce recidivism, Tax Court is available. 91ST CONGRESS and studies of the effect of court deci­ These inequities and the present anom­ Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, I should sions on law enforcement. alous status of the Tax Court as a like to discuss the issues confronting our Since then I have met with many lead­ quasi-judicial body must be remedied and Nation as the new Congress opens. ing law enforcement :figures, as well as I have offered legislative remedies. At the outset, let me make clear that Federal and State judges and prose­ Our Federal appellate system has ex­ I intend to cooperate with the new Presi­ cutors, and given careful study to the perienced a fantastic 240-percent in­ dent to the maximum possible extent. I problems raised and the proposals of crease in work in this decade. The ex­ will support his proposals whenever they this earlier legislation. Some of those panded workload has caused a slowdown advance our national interest. with whom I have met are Quinn Tamm, of the appellate process to the point As in the past, however, I will try to Patrick Murphy, Commissioner Donald where it takes 11 months to adjudicate offer constructive alternatives when Pres­ Pomerleau of Baltimore, Superintendent the average criminal appeal-10 months idential programs, in my judgment, are Robert Lally of the Maryland State for the average civil appeal. As chair­ inadequate or unwise. Police, and Sir John Waldron of Scot­ man of the Subcommittee on Improve­ As always, I will cast my Senate votes land Yard. ments m Judicial Machinery, I shall re­ on the basis of my independent judgment ANTICRIME PROPOSALS view extensively the Federal appellate and in light of my responsibilities as a The result will be a much refined and process and offer legislative relief to these U.S. Senator from Maryland. The inter­ expanded bill to improve law enforce­ overburdened courts. ests of the people of Maryland and the ment at all levels. An outline of this OTHER PROBLEM AREAS good of our Nation-and neither politics legislation is· attached as an appendix, Many other urgent domestic issues also nor partisanship-will determine my along with a summary of the crime con­ confront the new Congress. I will have views and my votes. trol proposals which I have previously specific legislative proposals to meet a THE CRIME PROBLEM introduced or cosponsored. number of these national problems. Crime continues to be the No. 1 do­ As part of this anticrime bill, I will As you may know, I have been one of mestic issue. As I frequently have said, also reintroduce the gun crime control the principal congressional advocates of crime control is a prerequisite to progress measure I supported last year. The gun voluntary family planning at home and of any kind in this country. I emphasize crime control section will provide tem­ abroad. Aside from nuclear war, the pop­ this as a Senator who realizes that if porary Federal registration of guns and ulation expiosion is probably the greatest there is such a thing as a long-term so­ licensing of gun users in States which do threat to mankind. Progress against lution to crime we must focus on and re­ not enact effective laws of their own. It poverty anywhere is impossible as long lieve the evils of unemployment, under­ will specifically safeguard the rights of as babies are born at a faster rate than employment, family breakdown, inade­ every law-abiding citizen-sportsman, food and jobs can be created. quate education, and substandard hous­ hunter, homeowner, or proprietor to In 1966, Congress enacted my bill to ing. But when people fear the streets and own and use :firearms of his choice, free create voluntary family planning pro­ parks of their great cities, when their from taxation or threat of confiscation. grams at the State and local level. That :finest leaders are murdered, when they The fate of this gun crime control same year Congress passed my bill, as begin to eye their neighbors with sus­ measure will depend upon the new Pres­ part of the foreign aid laws, to create picion and fear-then our society is en­ ident. We need energetic and effective similar programs overseas. dangered. The battle against crime can­ presidential leadership to enact com­ When properly implemented, those not be waged effectively by the police, the prehensive anticrime laws. If President laws will make family planning possible courts, or our correctional institutions Nixon remains silent on this part of the for millions of low-income Americans acting alone. An effective law enforce­ bill, its enactment will be impossible. who today are unaware of or cannot af­ ment program must recognize that the As chairman of the Senate Subcom­ ford family planning assistance. law enforcement agencies, the courts, and mittee on Improvements in Judicial Ma­ Similar programs will be created in na­ the correctional institutions are inter­ chinery, I have special responsibility for tions which receive our foreign aid, where twined in the crime battle and each must overseeing the operation of the Federal population gains are constantly undoing be strengthened if progress is to be made. judicial system and for suggesting legis­ the progress our aid has helped create. As a member of the Judiciary Com­ lative solutions to problems of judicial It has been truthfully said that $1 of mittee, as chairman of its Subcommittee administration. In this role I have suc­ family planning help is worth $100 of on Improvements in Judicial Machinery cessfully worked for enactment of the foreign aid. and as a member of the District of Co- Federal Jury Selection and Service Act Unfortunately, our Government has 518 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-·SENATE January 13, ·1969 · been too slow and ·too timid in carrying encourage stronger conservation prac­ tory and commonsense and is a fatal out the voluntary family planning pro­ tices. folly. gram at home and abroad. As a result, I Additionally, I plan to reintroduce the I believe this Nation should build and am going to introduce legislation to cen­ Potomac River Basin compact amend­ maintain whatever offensive and de­ tralize all domestic family planning ac­ ments which I offered last year to fensive forces are necessary to deter an tivity in one agency of the Government, strengthen the interstate commission on enemy attack. But until real peace comes, under one official who will be directly the Potomac River Basin in cleaning up we must also assume that the Soviets will responsible for making family planning the Potomac. always maintain a comparable nuclear assistance available to those who need it PEACE IN VIETNAM force. I do not believe that either the in this country. Abroad, the war in Vietnam will re­ United States or the U.S.S.R. can win a Second, I will seek increased funding main the No. 1 problem we face. This race to see who can build the most mis­ for population programs at home and in country must keep the pressure on all siles. Neither nation will get any addi­ the foreign aid program. sides to reach the earliest possible settle­ tional advantage out of having enough Third, I will propose increased research ment in Paris. In particular we should nuclear force to be able to destroy the on food production in areas most threat­ take whatever action proves necessary other five, 50, or 500 times instead of just ened by famine. to bring the Saigon government to the once. Once is all it takes. Fourth, I will propose a summit confer­ conference table. So I think our defense policies should ence of heads of state of both the de­ It will be hard and long enough be dictated by the hard logic of effective veloped and the underdeveloped worlds negotiating with the North Vietnamese. national defense, not the profit margins to plan a global effort to prevent the We should not have to beg our allies to of munitionsmakers. I will continue to population explosion from engulfing the cooperate as we seek to end the killing oppose the $40 billion anti-ballistic-mis­ world in famine, poverty, and war. of American men. sile boondoggle which is already as out of THE DRAFT, TAXES, CONSERVATION I will continue to advocate that, if date as a model T Ford. Even its most I will propose a new military draft re­ Saigon will not negotiate, we should vocal supporters admit it could be form law directed at immediate elimina­ negotiate directly with North Vietnam swamped by a Soviet attack. It is an ex­ tion of the abuses locked into law by for a mutual withdrawal of all United travagant waste of money, being ad­ the draft act of 1967, which I voted States and North Vietnamese forces from vocated by the same kind of nearsighted against. Draft reform should not wait South Vietnam. military mentality which advocated mass until 1971, when the current law next If Saigon would not cooperate in the infantry charges in after comes up for renewal. search for peace, they should be made invention of the machinegun and a Two years ago I became the first Dem­ to understand they must fight their own "battleship navy" after Billy Mitchell ocratic Senator to propose sharing of war. showed the desperate need for a modern Federal tax revenues with the States. I The free world money system has also air force and aircraft carriers. intend to offer a new tax-sharing bill in been a casualty of the war. We have had I will also continue to advocate the the coming Congress. two monetary crises in a year because of outlawing of gas and germ warfare under I also will be taking a leading role the inflationary weakness of the Ameri­ a treaty providing effective inspection in the effort to secure Federal income can dollar and the obsolescence of our and control. tax reform, with particular emphasis international monetary system itself. LOOKING AHEAD on assuring that no taxpayer uses tax The current weakness of the dollar is My legislative program this year will be loopholes to escape a fair share of tax­ due almost entirely to our attempt to the most ambitious I have yet pursued. ation. fight a full scale war on a peacetime tax Not all of it will be enacted. But with each Consumer protection legislation has base. If, as I advocated 2 years ago, we passing year's experience in the Senate-­ been one of my prime concerns. Last had enacted a war tax in 1967, we could as you learn the ropes and analyze the year I introduced comprehensive model have avoided much of the inflation we issues and the people involved-you are consumer protection legislation for our have suffered since then, and if we had able to achieve more and more. I am Nation's Capital. I will continue my work acted then, we would probably no longer confident that many of my proposals on those bills this year, and will also need the tax now. will become law either on their own or as introduce national legislation to protect In that connection, I believe the new amendments to other legislation. consumers against sharp practices and President should consider the need to Every year is also Maryland year in fmud, and to simplify procedures for convene an international conference to my Senate office. My staff is under my citizens to bar unsolicited obscene, noxi­ review the obsolete free world monetary continuing injunction to relate my leg­ ous, or dangerous material from their system and to revise it to meet modern islative work to our State. In addition, I mail boxes. conditions. will continue my work this year in every Conservation is another of my prin­ THE ARMS RACE corner of the State to become personally cipal areas of legislative interest. Last We must also take all practical steps acquainted with the problems confront­ year Congress enacted my bill to provide to reduce the tempo and cost of the ing our people. I will help solve those the first nationwide study of coastal ero­ worldwide arms race. In the long term, problems where I can. sion. This year I will introduce new leg­ our balance-of-payments problem is at­ I look forward to this year. It will be a islation to provide pilot projects to test tributable almost entirely to our defense year of great challenge at home and erosion control devices to reduce the spending in foreign nations. At home, abroad. I hope to meet that challenge coastline loss presently costing the tax­ war and war-related costs now take more with an equal measure of achievement payers millions of dollars a year. than 75 cents of every dollar Congress for our State and our Nation. In 1966 Congress enacted my bill to appropriates. Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ establish the national estuarine pollu­ I believe we should seek closely safe­ sent that the summary be printed in the tion study. This study-now in prog­ guarded international treaties with the RECORD. ress--will provide us with the first com­ Soviet Union to limit nuclear forces and There being no objection, the summary prehensive collection of data on the areas to bar the unnecessary construction of was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, in our country where fresh water meets anti-ballistic-missiles by any nation. as follows: the sea and much of our marine life is There are some in the Pentagon and APPENDIX bred. More importantly, that study will some in the defense industry who are A. Measures relating to crime control and recommend a plan for future action to pressing very hard to commit this Nation prevention introduced or co-sponsored in the insure that our estuaries are well pro­ to a trillion dollar pursuit of what they 89th and 90th Congresses by Senator Tydings: tected and wisely developed. call "nuclear superiority." They seem to 1. The Local Law Officers Education and Equipment Act, providing for: The Chesapeake Bay is the greatest believe that the Soviet Union will not a. Scholarships and loans to aid in local estuary in the Northern Hemisphere. Its match any defense spending we do. They police education (variation adopted as part health is of great concern to Marylanders seem to believe that we can somehow of Safe Streets Act of 1968). and non-Marylanders alike. I am con­ permanently build more missiles with b. Financial assistance for acquisition of sidering new legislation to guarantee more power than the Soviets can. I be­ more modern, more effective equipment for meaningful coordination among those lieve this course advocated by the mili­ local police (variation adopted as part of agencies concerned with the bay and to tary-industrial complex is defied by his- Safe Streets Act of 1968). f

January 13, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 519 c. Grants for national study and observ­ 3. Financial Assistance for State and Local once seen fit to reconsider the Genocide ance trips by local omcers, as a means of en­ Police Forces. Convention. Add to that the complete couraging and achieving communication of Supplement sailaries of local law enforce­ inaction on the Convention on Forced ideas and techniques among law enforcement ment omcers on a sliding scale corresponding agencies. with the level of education achieved beyond Labor and the Convention on Political d. Creation of a division of law enforce­ high school. Rights for Women. ment research and development within the Make available general supplemental funds Before exploring other worlds, these Justice Department, to collect and clarify to help make local salaries competitive with most basic and fundamental of human techniques, technological developments, and those of other professions in the locale. freedoms must be guaranteed to all man­ convey information to local law enforcement Supplement retirement, injury, and death kind of the good earth. agencies. benefits. 2. A bill to establish a National Law Foun­ 4. Correctional and Rehabilitation Pro- dation, to act as a research facility, provid­ grams. DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN FOOD ing assistance to law enforcement similar to Research into the nature, causes, and pos­ POLICY-ADDRESS BY SENATOR that provided medicine by the National In­ sible cures of alcoholism. Grants for creating, MONDALE stitutes of Health. stamng, and maintaining detoxification units 3. Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Act and alcoholism rehabilitation centers. Mr. MONDALE. Mr. President, the (passed 1968). Grants to states for the development of Farmers Union Grain Terminal Associa­ 4. Alcoholism Care and Control Act. correctional programs which will reduce re- tion, headquartered in St. Paul, Minn., is 5. District of Columbia Alcoholic Reha­ cidivism. · bilitation Act of 1967 (passed). 5. Gun Control. one of America's greatest marketing co­ 6. President's Safe Streets and Crime Con­ Reintroduce bill to make temporary provi­ operatives. But it is much more than that. trol Act (passed) . sion for registration of weapons, licensing of From its beginnings the OTA has in­ Bills to: users, until the s·tates pass local measures. volved itself in the whole broad spectrum 7. Establish a Joint Committee To Investi­ 6. Commission to Study the Effect of Court of domestic and foreign food policy, from gate Crime. Decisions on Law Enforcement and Convic­ the early beginnings of Food for Peace to 8. Provide for commitment of certain fed­ tion Bates. the attack launched on domestic hunger eral defendants acquitted of federal crim­ Try to evaluate what effect, if any, recent in the 1960's. inal charges solely by reason of insanity. Supreme Court decisions such as Miranda v. 9. Prohibit extortion and threats in the Arizona hav.e had on law enforcement. The GTA has long fought for programs District of Columbia (became part of Safe 7. Bail Reform. that will put our agricultural abundance Streets Act of 1968). Make bail on appeal an exceptional cir­ to work feeding hungry human beings 10. Assist states to curb cigarette smuggl­ cumstance rather than a matter of course. here and abroad. It was because of this ing. Increase sentence on successive sentences long involvement in the interrelated 11. Increase police protection in the Dis­ for crimes committed on bail. fields of hunger and agricultural policy trict of Columbia, by organizing, training, Enact the Hart Commission's recommenda­ and equipping reserve police omcers. that I chose the GTA's annual conven­ tion, limiting and conditioning the right to tion for a discussion of the problems and 12. Aid state and local courts through pre-trial bail in the District of Columbia. grants-in-aid from an Ofilce of Judicial As­ 8. Sentencing. opportunities ahead in farm and food sistance. Create procedures to insure that there will programs. I ask unanimous consent that 13. Direct Congressional Committees to in- not be grave discrepancies in punishment im­ it be printed in the RECORD. vestigate court decisions. . posed for similar crimes. There being no objection, the address 14. Assisting states in providing street 9. Insanity. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, lighting to prevent crime. Establish procedures for the commitment as follows: 15. Construct a modern jail in District of of federal defendants found not guilty by Columbia. reason of insanity. AN ADDRESS BY SENATOR WALTER F. MONDALE B. Summary of proposals relating to crime TO THE ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE FARM­ control and prevention to be offered by Sen- ERS UNION GRAIN TERMINAL AsSOCIATION, ator Tydings in the 91st Congress. ST. PAUL, MINN. 1. Training, Education, Research, Demon­ THE GOOD EARTH FIRST I was very flattered indeed when Barney stration, and Special Grants. Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, gen­ Malusky asked me to speak at this annual Financial support for development of pro­ erations from now our children's chil­ convention of the Farmers Union Grain Ter­ gra~ in law enforcement studies by insti­ dren will read the names of Borman, minal Association, the national forum that tutions of higher learning and fellowships has produced more new ideas on American for graduate study in law enforcement. Lovell, and Anders in their history books Agriculture--lts problems and its hopes-­ Create regional branches of the National and will accept as everyday occurrences than perhaps any other forum in the world. Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal an event that truly changed the world. It was here, 22 years ago, that Fiorello La­ Justice. It is truly a superlative success. This in­ Guardia appeared in his role as administra­ Statutory draft deferment for men prepar­ credible achievement is quintessentially tor of post war relief for a world ravaged by ing for or engaged in law enforcement work. American in the personalities of its prin­ world War II. It was here that Hubert Hum­ Grants to permit exchange of police omcers cipals and in the colossal scope of its phrey first oalled for a program that later for the purpose of interchanging ideas on became Food for Peace, and here again that organization of men and resources. its first Director, George McGovern, chal­ techniques, organization, and equipment Through this leap into space, America used in combatting crime. lenged Americans everywhere to build this Authorize research and development of was acting not merely for the United program into the great humanitarian instru­ local police information systems. States alone but also as a representative ment it has become. Create a program to bring together chiefs for all mankind. It truly shows America's Other great men have spoken here; your of local law enforcement units for periodic competitive and expansive spirit. own M. W. Thatcher, the founder and patron seminars on a national and regional basis. But let us now not fail, in "reaching saint of the Farmers Union Grain Terminal 2. Organized Crime. for the moon," to first take care of "the Association, and many others. But there ls one man here tonight, among Create an additional position of Assistant good earth." Technologically we as Amer­ the many, who I am sure we all agree has Attorney General with responsibility for the icans have proven our tremendous capa­ spoken more creatively, more effectively, development and implementation of the legal bilities. That is not what worries me. more consistently and more compassionately attack on organized crime. Authorize such What worries me is that we may fail to than any other. For if any one man is re­ additional staff as shall be necessary to carry accept the moral responsibilities of a sponsible for the prestige and power of this out a coordinated program against organized forum it is the most beloved man in America crime. great Nation. Progress without principles is a futile dream. This past decade Amer­ tonight, our own Hubert Humphrey. He Make the enterprise of gambling a federal proved to the Nation what a gallant battler offense except where it has been legalized by ica has experienced an internal upheaval he is; and perhaps most of all he proved state law. which must, in part, be due to an intro- what a man he ls in victory or defeat. I am Authorize United States attorney to grant . spective review of our national character. happy-as I know all of you are-that the immunity from prosecution for federal What are we, and where are we going? Vice President pla~ to pursue his career in crimes revealed in testimony or other evi- Can we in good faith set out to explore public service. We cannot afford to be with­ dence of witnesses involved in proceedings literally new worlds when we do not even out his counsel in the years ahead. before a grand jury or in prosecutions in- reaffirm principles for which our Nation Those years will be momentous ones, for valving organized crime, so that they may be was established almost 200 years ago? tonight we are but a few weeks a.way from compelled to testify. · the inauguration of a new President. Provide federal facil1ties for the protective I speak of the ne~d-yes, the duty-:--for That President w111 face a troubled farm housing of witnesses. the Sena.te to ratify the Human Rights economy. The overall parity ratio stands at 73 Increase sentences for federal ofr:enses Conventions. We have had 18 years of percent; the adjusted parity ratio is 79 per­ where the defendant ts found. to be tn the futility in this area. For 18 years, the cent. The basic farm program was extended business of "organized crime". Committee on Foreign Relations has not for only one year; a decision must be quickly 52Q CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE January 13, 1969 made on the period and nature of future ex­ cussed by farmers and their representatives 25f for lunch ate cookies they brought with tensions. with the new President. them or went without lunch. Shrlll voices are heard attacking these pro­ If the n~ President means to pursue a Listen to what a team of physicians found grams, one recently calling them a "multi­ strong commitment to rural America, he tn the Mississippi Delta a year and a half billion-dollar boondoggle"; another, a "flscal deserves and will have our support. If, how­ ago: hemorrhage." ever, he intends to turn agricultural policy ''..• we saw children whose nutritional Great competing pretsures exist, and will over to the old Benson type of management-­ and medical conditions we can only describe probably grow, to dismantle farm pro­ which wm destroy our system of family as shocking--even to a group of physicians gra.ms--despite the inevitable disaster to farming and rural America along with it-­ whose work involves daily confrontation rural America and the country-and to di­ he should know that we will fight it every with disease and suffering. In child after vert more funds to the military, space, and step of the way. He should know that we in child we saw ... in every county we visited, other ventures. Congress and you, the leadership of this obvious evidence of severe malnutrition, with Greater farmer efficiency continues to push magnificent cooperative, cannot and will not injury to the body's tissues-its muscles, production far beyond market requirements, permit America to turn her back on rural bones and skin as well as an associated psy­ making farm programl5 even more essential America and the American farmer. chological state of fatigue, listlessness, and as downward pressure on prices and upward And now let me turn to another great exhaustion. pressure from farm costs intensify the issue; one that you have dealt constructively "We saw children infected with chronic squeeze on family farmers. with in the past, yet one that cries for further diarrhea, chronic sores, chronic leg and arm The new President wlll soon tell the di­ action here and now; the spectre of hunger (untreated) injuries and deformities. We saw rection he thinkt American Agriculture amidst ,Plenty. homes without running water, without elec­ should take. There are still 29 million poor in the land, tricity, without screens, in which children I hope and propose that the new President and tonight I would talk with you of 10 mil­ drink contaminated water and live with will immediately call a series of meetings lion of these who suffer not just from job­ germ-bearing mosquitoes and flies every­ with farm producer groups to explore their lessness, bad housing and poor education, where around. We saw homes with children views on farm problems and programs. Such but who lack the first necessity of life­ who are lucky to eat one meal a day-and meetings should explore basic issues such as food. that one inadequate so far as vitamins, min­ these: We read of famine in India and Biafrans erals, or protein are concerned. We saw chil­ 1. The philosophy and direction of our starving by the millions because their lead­ dren who don't get to drink milk, don•t get farm programs. ers and neighbors play politics with their to eat fruit, green vegetables, or meat. They 2·. In the last campaign Mr. Nixon said right to eat. But we have only recently be­ live on starches, grits, bread, Kool-Aid. Their that ". . . farming must be a money-making come aware that an estimated 10 million of parents may be declared ineligible for com­ enterprise." If he means this, he must con­ our own people, perhaps half of them chil­ modities, ineligible for the food stamp pro­ sider immediately raising the price support dren like yours and mine, suffer from hunger gram, even though they have literally noth­ level. The manufacturing milk minimum and malnutrition so severe that many are ing. We saw children fed communally, that price expires this spring. What he does on slowly starving and most are physically and is, by neighbors who give scraps of food to that question and other price support levels mentally impaired for life. children whose own parents have nothing to should be determined only after consulta­ You won't find these people dying in the give them. Not only are these children receiv­ tion with farmers. streets as in Calcutta, but you wlll find ing no food from the government, they are 3. There should be a careful examination them on the plantations in Mississippi and also getting no medical attention whatso­ of import problems, particularly where there Alabama, on the Indian reservations in South ever. They are out of sight and ignored. They ls evidence of dumping, as in the dairy field, Dakota and Arizona and in the ghettos of are living under such primitive conditions and possibly in other areas as well. The im­ Chicago and New York. that we found it hard to believe we were ex­ port problem must be examined in the con­ In fact, new information released a few amining American children of the twentieth text of our export problems. The Common days ago in an HEW survey suggests you may century. Market variable trade levies which seal oiI find hunger throughout our Nation. "In sum, we saw children who are hungry important European markets and provide Last year, a witness before a Senate sub­ and who are sick--children for whom hunger subsidies for dumping of European agri­ committee related how her five small chil­ is a daily fact of life and sickness, in many cultural production in international trade dren had gone without meat or vegetables for forms an inevitability. We do not want to should be fully explored. three months-so hungry at times they ate quibble over words, but 'malnutrition' is The International Grains Agreement, re­ grass from a neighboring field. They acquired not quite what we found; the boys and girls cently concluded, should be examined to a chicken from a friend one day, but before we saw were hungry-weak, in pain, sick, determine it it is actually working as an­ the mother could cook it the children tore their lives are being shortened; they are, in ticipated. Unrealistic restrictions which the feathers off and ate it raw. That hap­ fact, visibly and predictably losing their shackle American agricultural trade with pened in Virginia, within a few hour's drive health, their energy, their spirit. They are Eastern European and other nations should of the capital. suffering from hunger and disease, and di­ be re-examined. In California, 50 yards from a seldom­ rectly or indirectly they are dying from 4. The entire issue of farm bargaining traveled road, a migrant family of seven, the them-which is exactly what 'starvation' power should be explored to determine how youngest child not yet two, lived in an means." the American farmer can join others in abandoned pickup truck by a small stream. That report is not from another century or American life by gaining control over the They had had no breakfast and did not know from India: It is here and now in the U.S.A. price of his products. where they would find food for lunch. In Unbelievable as this seems, these cases are 5. Should not farm legislation be made other years they could have fished, but the not isolated or untypicai of the conditions in permanent? The new President should be stream had dried up. our poorest families. made familiar with the uncertainty and In Cleveland, Mississippi, a middle-aged What are the dimensions of the problem? I frustrations of short-term farm legislation mother had signed up for food stamps but have referred to 10 million Americans who are under which farmers are denied the abi11ty had never been able to pay the $12 required hungry and malnourished. But we really do to predict, for any adequate period, what to receive stamps worth $76, because she not know how many of us suffer from slow ls ahead for them. had no income. She and her six children had starvation. We have ignored this problem. 6. What can be done about absentee con­ eaten rice and biscuits left over from sur­ No one in or out of Government has taken glomerate corporate farming which permits plus commodities which had been distributed the trouble to find out. But we are making non-farmers disinterested in rural America the month before. They would go without headway, at least in defining the problem. to use farms as tax footballs? Will the new lunch. Her youngest baby, a few weeks old, Last spring a private Citizens Board of In­ President support legislation some of us have had never had milk. quiry, composed of nutritional and other ex­ proposed to prevent and discourage this kind In an Alaskan village, the 114 residents perts, held hearings throughout the country of corporate activity? live almost entirely on caribou meat, shot and examined all available data. They con­ 7. What about placing a ceiling of $20,000 once each year and buried in the frozen cluded in a report titled "Hunger USA", that per farm on government farm payments? This ground during the 3 days when thousands of between a third and a half of the poor in would save $206 million without affecting caribou migrate through that area. In that America suffer from hunger and malnutri­ operation of the wheat or feed grain pro­ village, because she lacked the nutrients to tion, that is, between 10 and 14 million peo­ grams. These savings could be placed in a sustain proper bone development, a 5-year ple. Yet, present family food assistance pro­ Rural Rehabilitation Revolving Fund that old girl lost all her teeth and can no longer granis reach only 6 million poor persons, and could be used for such pUTposes as: eat caribou meat. no family receives a nutritionally adequate 1. Financing young farmers with loans and These are but four hungry American diet from these programs alone. grants to establish adequate farming opera­ families that the Senate Poverty Subcom­ Six million of our school children come tions; mittee of which I am now a member saw or from poor families, yet only 2 mlllion of these 2. Helping to attract agri-business and had reported to it in 1967. poor children a.ttend schools having Federal other diversified industry into rural America; And there are countless children who go lunch programs. In other words, many of the 3. Helping to bring rural electricification to school without breakfast and cannot af­ four million poor children go without any and telephones, housing, sewer and water, ford to bring or buy their lunch. I saw some lunch at all. recreation and the rest to rural America. ot them in a St. Paul school just a few weeks But statistics do not tell the whole story. These and many other problems-security ago. While their classmates lined up in the The real tragedy is evident when we list some reserves, greater farm credit--could be dis- school cafeteria, those who could not afford of the effects of ma1nutrtt1on. Not just the January 13, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 521 visible effects-the bloated bellies and emaci­ American spends on food. The food stamp will enter the wilderness system in Secretary ated bodies--but the internal mental and bonus should be increased to permit the Hickel's hands, it 1s evident that we can physical effects. A hungry child may survive purchase of an adequate diet by all partici­ expect little enlargement of this system be­ yet his promise and hope be destroyed. A pants. yond its present inadequate area.. child's brain grows to 90 % of its full size be­ Next, the commodity distribution program tween the ages of one and four. If his brain shall not be tied to the existence of sur­ Now two great newspapers have also is not supplied with enough protein, it won't pluses. We know we can grow more than commented on the Secretary-designate's grow. And Lt won't grow after he is four even enough food for our people. We must devise statement. The New York Times said: if he does get enough protein. This kind of a system that allows our full agricultural If Governor Hickel has any reverence for brain damage 1s irreversible and the child potential and expertise to be mobilized so the land or awareness of the unnatural im­ will be mentally retarded for life. that none goes hungry. balance that threatens to overwhelm man­ A poorly nourished child has little or no re­ The school lunch program should guaran­ kind, he gave no hint of such sentiments in slsta.nce to infections and diseases. He is in­ tee that free meals, including breakfast, are his remarks. finitely more susceptible to parasites, viruses available to any child unable to afford the and bacterial infections. regular price. The Kansas City Star, after pointing Not the least of the effects of hunger are Finally, these programs should be ex­ out that the Interior Department "con­ the educational, psychological and social panded so that every county and city in the trols tens of millions of acres of priceless effects. A hungry child doesn't learn at Nation that needs them can get them. land-the canyons, forests, rivers, and school. He is listless. He fights with other Food assistance programs should be operated mountains that make up the remaining children. He has hunger pangs. He with­ under uniform standards of eligibility that draws. He cries. As one doctor said, "He be­ will allow all 29 million of our poor people outdoor heritage of America," asked: comes tired, petulant, suspicious and finally to participate. The big question ls what Hickel plans to a.pathetic." It was before this audience that the idea do with this national treasure. If these problems exist-and we know they of Food for Peace was born. You supported do-we have failed a. substantial portion of and fought for it. Tonight I hope you will Many of us who are interested in con­ our people. We have failed to make good on make the same decision to eliminate human servation are asking the same question. John F. Kennedy's first commitment as Pres­ hunger in our own land. I hope we agree here I ask unanimous consent that these edi­ ident, to assure every American a.n adequate and now that it is immoral for a. nation as torials be printed in the RECORD. diet. rich a.s ours--as capable of producing food There being no objection, the edito­ Since its inception in the early 40s, the as we a.re--to permit infants and children rials were ordered to be printed in the commodity distribution program has been to be permanently warped and stunted in our first line of defense against domestic body, mind and in spirit because we lack the RECORD, as follows: hunger, yet today it serves only 3 Ya million will to deal justly with their needs. I use [From the New York Times] participants. The commodities in it provide the word justice for !t is not charity to feed CONSERVATION FRONT: CLOUDY a. starving child, but simple justice and less than an adequate amount of the calories, President-elect Nixon's choice for Secre­ iron, protein and calcium needed by those decency. Like most issues of human improvement, tary of the Interior, Gov. Walter J. Hickel served. of Ala.ska, has confirmed the worst fears of In 1964 we passed the Food Stamp Act. It failure to act reflects not only a. failure of the heart but of the mind. Sound bodies and those who regard the restoration and conser­ was designed to enable the poor to buy vation of a ravished continent and purifica­ stamps at their local welfare omce and re­ sound minds are not only desirable, but es­ sential to a sound and decent nation. tion of its polluted air and waters as priority deem them at a. premium at their local gro­ business for this generation of Americans. cery store. But it has been a mixed blessing. What can be said of us in our time if we It was supposed to replace the commodities permit a. single child to be destroyed by In his first.press conference the other day, program. But those who participate must starvation? How can a Nation which boasts Governor Hickel indicated that he has little pay, and their payments are supposed to of its compassion spend 80 million on de­ if any comprehension of the basic meaning equal their "normal" expenditures for food. fense: 24 billion to go to the moon, and then and purposes of conservation. As chief stew­ Moreover, the food stamp and commodities refuse to purchase the estimated $700 mil­ ard of the nation's resources his inclina­ programs cannot be operated in the same lion in farm value of additional food to per­ tion seems to be to put private profit ahead county. Many who were given free food un­ mit all Americans an adequate diet? Can a. of the public interest. We profoundly hope der the commodities program and spent people that spend nearly $200 million on we are wrong in this interpretation; but his nothing for food before, cannot afford food dieting fads refuse to respond to the millions words leave little room for doubt. stamps. As a. result, fewer people are fed to­ in our midst who are starving? "I think we have had a policy of con­ day through family food assistance programs Isn't it far too late to argue against an servation for conservation's sake," the Sec­ than in January 1962. That year nearly 7Ya adequate diet for our people? From the be­ retary-designate said. "Just to withdraw a million persons were fed through family food ginning of organized society hunger has been large area for conservation purposes and lock assistance. Today, only 6.1 million partici- rejected as inhumane and unacceptable. It it up for no reason (italics added] doesn't pate. · was the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle have any merit, in my opinion." There a.re other problems with the food who reminded those in his time: Compare this with the enlightened view stamp program. The average American fam­ "Health of mind and body is so fundamen­ of the current Interior Secretary, Stewart L. ily spends 17% of its income on food. But tal to the good life that if we believe that Udall, who has written: "The status we give a. poor family of four with a. monthly income men have any personal rights at all as hu­ our wilderness and near-wilderness areas of $39 must pay $10-0r about 25 % of its man beings, then they have an absolute will ... measure the degree of our reverence income--for food stamps. moral right to such a measure of good health for the land .... A wilderness system will To compound the problem, the amount of as society and society a.lone is able to give offer man what many consider the supreme food that the poor family can buy with them." human experience. It will also provide stamps is only half what the Department of Perhaps put it even bet­ watershed protection a near-perfect wildlife Agriculture itself says the family needs. ter when he said: "No man can worship God habitat, and an unmatched science labora­ What are we going to do about this dis­ or love his neighbor on an empty stomach." tory where we can measure the world in its grace of hunger and malnutrition in our Thank you and good night. natural balance against the world in its land? man-made imbalance." What we need 1s coalition to end hunger If Governor Hickel has any reverence for in America. Farmers and food processors GOVERNOR HICKEL AND the land or awareness of the unnatural im­ must join to work out practical reforms so CONSERVATION balance that threatens to overwhelm man­ that no American need go to bed or to kind, he gave no hint of such sentiments school with an empty stomach. Mr. MONDALE. Mr. President, the in his remarks. On the contrary, he belit­ A possible vehicle for mobilizing this coali­ Secretary of the Interior-designate, Gov. tled Secretary Udall's efforts to set national tion was formed in the Senate with the Walter Hickel, caused genuine concern standards for clean waters, saying: "If you establishment of a. new committee last among conservationists by statements on set water standards so high, you might August to recommend coordinated programs hinder industrial development." These words that will assure every American has access resource development and antipollution will be music to the ears of irresponsible in­ to nutritious food and other basic human measures at his maiden press conference. dustrialists who have been battling to keep needs. The Committee is chaired by our At the time I said, in part: pollution control in the hands of state gov­ Senator George McGovern of South Dakota, I am appalled by statements attributed to ernments amenable to their narrow interests. and I am pleased to be a member of it. the Secretary of Interior-designate Walter J. President Kennedy once warned: "Each We need reforms in the food stamp, com­ Hickel, who is quoted as saying "It is wrong generation must deal anew with the 'raid­ modity distribution and school lunch pro­ to ret aside land and natural resources ers,' with the scramble to use public re­ grams, and we need them now. strictly in the name of conservation." sources for private profit, and with the tend­ The food stamp program must be re­ Without this "locking up" of resources in ency to prefer short-run profits to long-run formed. The purchase requirements should the past, the Nation would now have no Na­ necessities. The nation's battle to preserve be sea.led so that the poorest of the poor get tional Park system and no National Wilder­ the common estate is far from won." Con­ free stamps, and so that no family needs ness Preservation system. With future deci­ sidering the overwhelming economic, Indus­ spend more of its income than the average sions on which Interior-administered lands trial and population pressures, it will be a 522 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE January 13, 1969 sad-perhaps fatal-day for conservation in Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, I the Senators very easily and often do this country if anyone who even looked like suggest the absence of a quorum. represent a preponderant and over­ a champion of the "raiders" were to be The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk whelming majority of the people; and named to the crucial post of Secretary of the will call the roll. once again, unlike the House of Repre­ Interior. The assistant legislative clerk pro­ sentatives--where I am happy to say we [From the Kansas City Star] ceeded to call the roll. are approximating now the concept of FUTURE OF CONSERVATION Is Now UNCERTAIN Mr. SCOT!'. Mr. President, I ask one man, one vote-a majority of the Representatives do generally equate to a As secretary of the interior in the Nixon unanimous consent that the order for administration, Gov. Walter Hickel of Alaska the quorum call be rescinded. majority of the people, but in the Senate will become the nation's No. 1 landlord. Un­ The PRESIDING OFFICER Without it does not. It is not supposed to. It was der his supervision will be the National Park objection, it is so ordered. never so intended. It was not thus de­ service, the bureau of sports fisheries and Mr. BAKER. Mr. President, I will con­ signed by the founders of the Republic. wildlife and the bureau of land management. tinue to oppose any change in rule XXII. I believe rule XXII of the Senate pro­ Together these three federal agencies control While I have great respect for those of vides an additional safeguard against the tens of millions of acres of priceless }and­ my colleagues who argue that rule XXII imposition of the will of a distinct mi­ the canyons, forests, rivers and mountains that make up the remaining outdoor heritage obstructs and thwarts the will of the nority on the expressed wishes and de­ nf .ArnP.rir.a. majority, I would respectfully suggest sires of the majority. The big question is what Hickel plans to do that the very men who would amend the Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. President, will the with this national treasure. As governor of rule overlook the extraordinary consti­ Senator yield? Alaska he has had strong feelings that gov­ tutional function of this body. Mr. BAKER. I am happy to yield to the ernment lands should be released for private The Senate is the great balance wheel Senator from Florida. development, particularly logging, mining of our federal system, the great equal­ Mr. HOLLAND. The Senator, of course, and settlement. Perhaps a national land use izer, the single national institution that is familiar with the debates in the Con­ policy for the 50th state is long overdue. However, the new secretary will face a far distinguishes our confederation from stitutional Convention by the framers of different problem in dealing with the public most unitary forms of government. For the Constitution. Is it not strictly true lands that remain in the older parts of the in our Chamber the voice of an Alaskan that there was a necessary compromise United States. citizen has the same great weight as the to bring a constitution into being to be While Alaska is one of the last great wild­ voice of a citizen from New York. submitted to the Thirteen Original States erness areas on earth, the challenge in other There is talk today of majority rule. that brought forth the concept of two parts of America is an altogether different I would call to the attention of my col­ Senators for each State, large or small, one. The problem is to preserve as much of leagues that, by simple calculation, it with equal vote, and to serve in a distinct the remaining outdoors as possible to meet the future recreation needs of a nation of would be possible to construct a majority sense as representatives of the sovereign 300 or even 400 million people. Time is run­ of 52 Senators that would effectively States from which they came? ning out-and so is the land. represent less than 17 percent of the Mr. BAKER. The Senator is clearly We believe the conservation policies that people of this Nation. While I readily correct, and it is the central thread have taken shape in the 20th century form grant that it is hard to imagine an issue woven through the fabric by the Found­ one of the most distinguished traditions of that would promote such a coalition, it ing Fathers in the creation of the Con­ this nation. They were given their original is a simple statistical fact that the 52 stitution. direction by a Republican President, Theo­ men representing our 26 least populous I might point out further that rule dore Roosevelt. The men who served under Warren G. Harding had other ideas about States-or 33.3 million out of a 1967 pop­ XXII, it seems to me, grew up not as a how the national domain could best be used. ulation of 198 million Americans--could result of our initial constitutional con­ Franklin D. Roosevelt presided over the end debate on a matter of great impor­ siderations but by subsequent precedent second great wave in conservation. During tance to the remaining 83 percent of the and usage. It grew up as a safeguard not the 1960s, both John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Nation's population. of the least populated States but a safe­ B. Johnson added fresh luster to this Ameri­ Mr. President, in the House of Rep­ guard of the majority of the people, for can dream. Each administration must forge resentatives any majority, by reason of were it not for rule XXII or its equiv­ its own land-use policy and the approach judicial and legislative reapportionment has varied radically over the years. alent or some variant thereof, as I Even during the most ambitious periods of to approximate the values of one man, pointed out or attempted to point out expansion, when new parks and rivers and one vote, comes very close to represent­ previously, it woulOints and Mr. BAKER. I do not have that figure. correct. I might point out that my un­ the production of a useful synthesis of Mr. HOLLAND. Well, I have developed derstanding of the proceedings of the legislation which will be more adaptable it in the past, but I do not have it today. Senate at that time is that one of the to the times and the voices of more peo­ However, let me state for the record that considerations was that, .as a result of ple which, after all, is the very substance the 17 most populous States which might rule XXII, the smaller and less populous of representative democracy. I feel that conceivably be forced to stand up and States could not obstruct the will of the it serves a vital function. battle against demands made from the majority, because the smaller and less Mr. HART. Mr. President, will the least pcpulous States, comprise more pcpulous States very frequently repre­ Senator from Tennessee yield? than two-thirds of the population of the sented substantially a distinct minority Mr. BAKER. I yield. country; I cannot give for the RECORD the of the people of this Nation. Mr. HART. First, let me make clear exact number. I shall have it prepared Mr. HOLLAND. If the Senator from that in the effort to develop the civil for later insertion in the REcoRn-not at Tennessee will yield for one more ques­ rights bill of 1968, the Senator from this point-but at a later time. tion, is it not true that rule XXII, instead Tennessee was extremely effective. Now I thank the Senator from Tennessee. of being regarded, as it is by some of our · I should like to get on to the earlier Mr. BAKER. I thank the Senator from colleagues and some writers, as a grant arithmetic mentioned by the Senator Florida. of unlimited debate is, instead, a two­ from Tennessee. The Senator was in­ Mr. President, I believe that rule XXII edged sword which in the proper case forming us that it would be possible that plays a part in the life of the Senate that will prevent the closing of debate, and a majority of Senators could be put to­ is directly analogous to the part that the in the case where debate has gone far gether-representing how much of the Senate plays in the life of our Nation. enough and the question is not serious population? The rule is wholly consistent with the enough will permit a reasonably quick Mr. BAKER. The figure I gave was 52 philosophy of our Political system, and closing of debate. I remember so well the Senators, on the theory that 50 Sena­ I oppose its amendment. distinguished Senator from Tennessee tors was not a majority, since each State Mr. President, I yield the floor. has voted for cloture on the occasions he has two Senators. I chose the number of Mr. HART. Mr. President, I suggest thought it was proper. The Senator from 52 Senators as representing the 26 least the absence of a quorum. Florida has, on two occasions, voted for populous States which would represent The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk -cloture because he has viewed rule XXII 33.3 million people and still be a ma­ will call the roll. as being a two-edged sword to safeguard jority of Senators in this Senate. The assistant legislative clerk pro­ against unreasonable, unlimited, and un­ Mr. HART. Mr. President, has the ceeded to call the roll. necessary abuse of freedom of debate. He Senator developed any arithmetic which Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, I ask unan ... has also voted the other way, too. When would tell us how many people in this imous consent that the order for the he felt that the question was so serious, country are represented by 33 plus one quorum call be rescinded. the necessity for further debate so great, Senators, if we put together the men and The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without and an understanding of the magnitude women representing the least populous objection, it is so ordered. of the question was not sufiiciently States, in order that we can judge just Mr. FANNIN. Mr. President, I would spread abroad to the public, he has voted how effective the -minority voice can be like to cover the history of rule XXII against closing debate. on tough questions here? and what has happened over the years. I think I remember that my good Mr. BAKER. I have both sides. In that CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF EFFORTS TO LIMIT friend from Tennessee has voted likewise case, 33 would not suffice. Thirty-four DEBATE IN THE SENATE either for or against cloture, depending would be required. Thirty-four Senators In 1604, the practice of limiting debate upon what he thought of the situation at representing the 17 least pcpulous States in some form was introduced in the Brit­ the time and the seriousness of the pend­ would then represent 13,078,000 people, ish Parliament by Sir Henry Vane. It ing question. Am I correct? which would be 6.7 percent of the popu­ became known in parliamentary proce­ Mr. BAKER. My colleague from Flor­ lation. dure as the "previous question" and is ida is entirely correct. That is one of the Mr. HART. That would not be suf­ described in section 34 of Jefferson's great virtues of the rule as presently ficient to prevent the Senate from act­ Manual of Parliamentary Practice, as promulgated and published. ing under rule XXII. follows: I might point out that in the course of Mr. BAKER. It would. The point is When any question is before the House, debate on the civil rights bill of 1967, I that with a majority, which is sought by any member may move a previous question, voted against cloture on that bill on two the proponents of this rule change, we whether that question (called the main occasions because I felt that the bill was do not guarantee against the imposition question) shall not be put. If it pass in the not satisfactory in the form then pre­ of the will of the minority of people affirmative, then the main question is to be sented and being debated by the Senate. upon the majority of the people as dis­ put immediately, and no man may speak In the course of several days, in fact tinguished from Members of the Senate. anything further to it, either to add or alter. weeks, in the debate which ensued, I en­ But with the presence of rule XXII, In 1778, the Journals of the Continen­ gaged myself, with others, in an effort we guarantee that both sides are aware tal Congress also show that the "previous to modify and change, amend, and per- of the necessity of producing the logic, question" was used. Section 10 of the 524 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE January 13, 1969 rules of the Continental Congress read­ mitted a resolution permitting the use the practice has been that a Senator ing: of the "previous question." The resolu­ cannot be taken from the floor for When a question is before the House no tion was debated and laid on the table irrelevancy in debate. motion shall be received unless for an after considerable opposition had been On April 19, 1872, a resolution was amendment, for the previous question, to expressed. introduced "that during the remainder postpone the consideration of the main ques­ As the business to be transacted by of the session it should be in order, in the tion, or to commit it. the Senate increased, proposals to limit consideration of appropriation bills, to In the British Parliament and the Con­ debate were introduced frequently in the move to confine debate by any Senator, tinental Congress the "previous ques­ following Congresses, but none were on the pending motion to 5 minutes." tion" was used to avoid discussion of a adopted until the Civil War. On January On April 29, 1872, this resolution was delicate subject or one which might have 21, 1862, Senator Wade introduced a finally adopted, 33 yeas to 13 nays. The injurious consequences. resolution stating that-- necessity for some limitation of debate to The :first Senate adopted 19 rules of In consideration in secret session of sub­ expedite action on these annual supply which the following relate to debate in, jects relating to the rebellion, debate should measures caused the adoption of similar and taking the time of, the Senate: be confined to the subject matter and lim­ resolutions at most of the succeeding ited to five minutes, except that five minutes 2. No Member shall speak to another, or sessions of Congress. be allowed any member to explain or oppose In March 1873 Senator Wright sub­ otherwise interrupt the business of the Sen­ a pertinent amendment. ate, or read any printed paper while the mitted a resolution reading in part that Journals or public papers are reading, or On January 29, 1862, the resolution debate shall be confined to and be when any Member ls speaking in any debate. was debated and adopted. relevant to the subject matter before the 3. Every Member, when he speaks, shall In 1868 a rule was adopted providing Senate, and so forth, and that the address the Chair, standing in his place, and that-- previous question may be demanded by a when he has finished shall sit down. 4. No Member shall speak more than twice Motions to take up or to proceed to the majority vote or in some modified form. in any one debate on the same day, without consideration of any question shall be deter­ On a vote in the Senate to consider this leave of the Senate. mined without debate, upon the merits of resolution the nays were 30 and the yeas 6. No motion shall be debated until the the question proposed to be considered. 25. same shall be seconded. The object of this rule, according to The Chair counted a quorum to deter­ 8. When a question is before the Senate, Senator Edmunds, was to prevent a prac­ mine whether enough Senators were no motion shall be received unless for an present to do business. amendment, for the previous question, or for tice which had grown up in the Senate, postponing the main question, or to commit, "when a question was pending, and a From 1873 to 1880 nine other resolu­ or to adjourn. Senator wished to deliver a speech on tions were introduced confining and 9. The previous question being moved and some other question, to move to post­ limiting debate in some form. On Feb­ seconded, the question from the Chair shall pone the pending order to deliver their ruary 3, 1880, in the second session of the be: "Shall the main question be now put?" speech on the other question." Accord­ 46th Congress, the famous Anthony rule, And if the nays prevail, the main question ing to Mr. Turnbull the object of the which was first adopted on December 7, shall not then be put. 1870, was made a standing rule of the 11. When the yeas and nays shall be called rules was to prevent the consumption of for by one-fifth of the Members present, each time in debate over business to be taken Senate as rule VIII. In explaining the Member called upon shall, unless for special up. The rule was interpreted as prevent­ rule, Senator Anthony said: reasons he be excused by the Senate, declare, ing debate on the merits of a question That rule applies only to the unobjected openly and without debate, his assent or dis­ when a proposal to postpone it was made. cases on the calendar, so as to relieve the cal­ sent to the question. A resolution pertaining to the adoption endar from the unobjected cases. There are a great many bills that no Senator objects When the rules were modified in 1806, of the "previous question" was intro­ to, but they are kept back in their order by reference to the previous question was duced in 1869, and three other resolu­ disputed cases. If we once relieve the calen­ omitted. It had been moved only four tions limiting debate in some form were dar of unobjected cases, we can go through times and used only three times during introduced in the first half of 1870. with it in order without any limitation of the 17 years from 1789 to 1806. Its omis­ Senate, on appeal, sustained decision debate. That is the purpose of the proposed sion from the written rules left its status of Chair that a Senator may read in rule. It has been applied in several sessions debate a paper that is irrelevant to the and has been found to work well with the in general parliamentary law un­ general approbation of the Senate. changed. subject matter under consideration­ In the following year, 1807, debate on July 14, 1870. On February 16, 1881, a resolution to an amendment at the third reading of a On December 6, 1870, in the third ses­ amend the Anthony rule was introduced, bill was also forbidden and from this sion of the 41st Congress, Senator An­ This proposed to require the objection of time until 1846 there were no further thony, of Rhode Island, introduced the at least :five Senators to pass over a bill limitations on debate in the Senate. following resolution: on the calendar. The resolution was ob­ On July 12, 1841, Henry Clay brought On Monday next, at one o'clock, the Senate jected to as a form of "previous ques­ forth a proposal for the introduction of will proceed to the consideration of the tion,'' and defeated. Senator Edmunds in the "previous question,'' which he stated Calendar and bills that are not objected to opposing the r,esolution said: shall be taken up in their order; and each was necessary by the abuse which the I would rather that not a single bill shall Senator shall be entitled to speak once and pass between now and the 4th day of March minority had made of the l>rivilege of for five minutes, only, on each question; and unlimited debate. In opposing Clay's mo­ than to introduce into this body (which is this order shall be enforced daily at one the only one where there is free debate and tion, Senator Calhoun said: o'clock 'till the end of the Calendar is the only one which can under its rules dis.. There never had been a body in this or any reached, unless upon motion, the Senate cuss freely measures of importance or other­ other country in which, for such a length of should at any time otherwise order. wise) a provision which does in effect operate time, so much dignity and decorum of de­ On the following day, December 7. to carry a bill eithe~ to defeat or success with bate had been maintained. 1870, the resolution was adopted. This only a 5 or 15 minutes' debate and one or two Senators on a side speaking. I think it Clay's proposition met with very con­ so-called Anthony rule for the expedi­ is of greater importance to the public in­ siderable opposition and was abandoned. tion of business was the most important terest, in the long run and ln the short run, Clay also proposed adoption of the "hour limitation of debate yet adopted by the that every bill on your calendar should fail rule" for the same purpose, but his pro­ Senate. The rule was interpreted as plac­ than that any Senator should be cut off from lposal was not accepted. ing no restraints upon the minority, the right of expressing his opinion and the A species of closure is the unanimous­ however, inasmuch as a single objection grounds of it upon every measure that is to consent agreement. This is a devise for could prevent its application to the sub­ be voted upon here • • •. limiting debate and expediting the pass­ ject under consideration. The Senate agreed for remainder of age of legislation which dates back to On February 22, 1871, another im­ session to limit debate to 15 minutes on 1846 when it was used to fix a day for portant motion was adopted which had a motion to consider a bill or resolution, a vote on the Oregon bill. Such agree­ been introduced by Senator Pomeroy no Senator to speak more than once or ments are frequently used to fix an hour and which allowed amendments to ap­ for longer than 5 minutes-February 12, at which the Senate will vote, without propriation bills to be laid on the table 1881. furt:Q.er debate, on a pending proposal. without prejudice to the bill. . On February 27, .1'882, the Anthony On July 27, 1850, Senator Douglas sub- Since a precedent established in 1872 rule was amended by the Senate, so that January 13, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 525 1f the majority decided to take up a limiting debate in various ways-Au­ From December 1915, to Septembers. bill on the calendar after objection was gust 1890. 1916, the first or "long" session of the made, that then the ordinary rules of On December 29, 1890, Senator Aldrich 64th Congress, there were five resolu­ debate without limitation would apply. introduced a cloture resolution in con­ tions introduced to amend rule XXII. The Anthony rule could only work when nection with Lodge's "force bill," which The resolutions acted upon were Senate there was no objection whatever to any was being filibustered against. The res­ Resolution 131 and Senate Resolution bill under consideration. When the reg­ olution read, in part, as follows: 149. On May 16, 1916, the Committee on ular morning hour was not found suffi­ When any bill, resolution, or other ques­ Rules reported out favorably-Senate cient for the consideration of all unob­ tion shall have been under consideration Resolution 195-as a substitute for Sen­ jected cases on the calendar, special for a considerable time, it shall be in order ate Resolution 131 and Senate Resolu­ times were often set aside for the consid­ for any Senator to demand that debate tion 149, which had been referred to it, eration of the calendar under the An­ thereon be closed. On such demand no de­ and submitted a report, No. 447. The bate shall be in order, and pending such thony rule. demand no other motion, except one motion resolution was debated but did not come On March 15, 1882, a rule was consid­ to adjourn, shall be made * * *. to a vote. ered whereby "a vote to lay on the table In 1916 and 1920 the Democratic na­ a proposed amendment shall not carry There were five test votes on the tional platforms for both years included with it the pending measure." In refer­ cloture proposal which "commanded a statement that: ence to this rule Senator ·Hoar, Massa­ various majorities, but in the end it We favor such alteration of the rules of chusetts, Republican, said: could not be carried in the Senate be­ procedure of the Senate of the United States Under the present rule it is in the power cause of a filibuster against it which as will permit the prompt transaction of the of a. single Member of the Senate to compel merged into a filibuster on the 'force Nation's legislative business. practically the Senate to discuss any ques­ bill.'" On March 4, 1917, President Wilson tion whether it wants to or not and whether Senators Platt, Hoar, Hill, and Gal­ made a speech in which he referred to it be germane to the pending measure or linger introduced resolutions for cloture not. • • • The proposed amendment to the the armed ship bill, defeated by filibus­ by majority action during a filibuster tering. The President said in part: rules simply permits, after the mover of the against repeal of the silver purchase amendment, who of course has the privilege, The Senate has no rules by which debate in the first place, has made his speech, a law, which evoked extended discussion. can be limited or brought to an end, no rules majority of the Senate if it sees fit to dissever Senator Sherman, of Ohio, urged a by which debating motions of any kind can that amendment from the pending measure study of Senate rules with a view to their be prevented. • • • The Senate of the and to require it to be brought up separately revision and the careful limitation of United States is the only legislative body in at some other time or not at all. debate. the world which cannot act when its ma­ jority is ready for action. • * • The only This proposed rule is now rule XVII, The Chair ruled on March 3, 1897, that quorum calls could not be ordered unless remedy is that the rules of the Senate shall of the present Standing Rules of the be altered that it can act. • • • Senate. business had intervened. On December 10, 1883, Senator Frye, The Senate agreed on April 8 to amend On March 5, 1917, the Senate was of Maine, chairman of the Committee rule 19 by inserting at the beginning of called in extraordinary session by the on Rules, reported a general revision of clause 2 thereof the following: President because of the f allure of the the Senate rules. This revision included No Senator in debate shall directly or in­ armed ship bill in the 64th Congress. a provision for the "previous question." directly by any form of words impute to an­ On March 7, 1917, Senator Walsh, of Amendments in the Senate struck this other Senator or to other Senators any con­ Montana, introduced a cloture resolu­ provision out. duct or motive unworthy or unbecoming a tion-Senate Resolution 5-authorizing Senator. a committee to draft a substitute for rule On January 11, 1884, the present Sen­ No Senator in debate shall refer offensively ate rules were revised and adopted. to any State of the Union. XXII, limiting debate. Senator Martin On March 19, 1884, two resolutions in­ also introduced a resolution amending troduced by Senator Harris were consid­ Three important interpretations of the rule XXII similar to S. 195, favorably ered and agreed to be the Senate as fol­ rules were adopted in the course of the reported by the Committee on Rules in lows: filibuster against the Aldrich-Vreeland the 64th Congress. The Martin resolu­ currency bill: First, the Chair might tion was debated at length and adopted (1) That the eighth rule of the Senate be a.mended by adding thereto: "All motions count a quorum, if one were physically March 8, 1917, 76 yeas, 3 nays, as the ma.de before 2 o'clock to proceed to the con­ present, even on a vote, whether or not current amendment to rule XXII. sideration of any matter shall be determined Senators answered to their names; sec­ On May 4, 1918, Senator Underwood without debate." ond, mere debate would not be consid­ introduced a resolution-Senate Resolu­ (2) That the 10th rule of the Senate be ered business, and therefore more than tion 235---further amending rule XXII, amended by adding theret9: "All motions to debate must take place between quorum reestablishing the use of the "previous change such order or to proceed to the con­ calls; third, Senators could by enforce­ question" and limiting debate during the sideration of other business shall be decided ment of the rules be restrained from war period. without debate." speaking on the same subject more than On May 31, 1918, the Committee on From this time until 1890 there were twice in the same day. Rules favorably reported out-Senate 15 different resolutions introduced to On April 6, 1911, Senator Root, of New Resolution 235-with a report No. 472. amend the Senate rules as to limitations York, submitted a resolution requesting June 3, 1918, the Senate debated the of debate, all of which failed of adoption. the Committee on Rules to suggest an resolution and Senator Borah offered an The Senate agreed (March 17) to amendment to the Senate rules whereby amendment. amend rule 7 by adding thereto the fol­ the Senate could obtain more effective June 11, 1918, the Senate further de­ lowing words: control over its procedure. No action was bated the resolution and a unanimous­ The Presiding omcer may at any time lay, taken on the resolution. consent agreement was reached to vote and it shall be in order at any time for a Senator Smith of Georgia, proposed a on the measure. Senator to move to lay, before the Senate rule of relevancy. June 12, 1918, the resolution was fur­ any bill or other matter sent to the Senate ther amended, by Senator CWnmins. by the President or the House of Representa­ The Senate decreed, September 17, tives, and any question pending at that time 1914, that Senators could not yield for June 13, 1918, the Senate rejected the shall be suspended for this purpose. Any mo­ any purpose, even for a question, without resolution, nays 41; and yeas, 34. tion so made shall be determined without unanimous consent; but reversed itself From March 4, 1921, to March 4, 1923, debate. on this ruling the next day, Septem­ during the 67th Congress, five resolutions ber 18. were introduced to limit debate in some Senate agreed to strike out the words, On February 8, 1915, Senator Reed, of form. These were referred to the Com­ "without debate," from that part of rule Missouri, introduced a resolution to mittee on Rules. 13 which provided that-- amend rule XXII whereby debate on the On November 29, 1922, upon the oc­ Every motion to reconsider shall be de­ ship purchase bill, "S. 6845 shall cease, casion of the famous filibuster against cided by a. majority vote. (June 21, 1886). and the Senate shall proceed to vote the Dyer antilynching bill, a point of Senators Hoar, Blair, Edmunds, and thereon." The resolution did not pass in order was raised by the Republican floor Quay submitted varfous resolutions for this session. leader against the methods of delay em- 526· CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE ployed by the obstructionists which, had 225. 217, 59, 77, and 76, which were also subJect matter thereof. Referred to Rules the Chair sustained it, would have es­ referred to the Committee on Rules. Committee July 25, 1946. tablished a significant precedent in the Senator RObinson of Arkansas said: Senator Moses urged thorough study Senate as it did in the House. The inci­ No change in the written rules of the Sen­ of the rules of the Senate "to the end of dent occurred as follows: ate is necessary to prevent irrelevant debate. completely revising them." He also sub­ Immediately upon the convening of the Parliamentary procedure everywhere con­ mitted a resolution-Senate Resolution Senate, the leader of the filibuster made templates that a speaker shall limit his re­ 314-directing the Parliamentarian of a motion to adjourn. Mr. Curtis made marks to the subject under consideration. The difficulty grows out of the failure of the the Senate to "prepare a complete and the point of order that under rule m presiding officer of the Senate to enforce this annotated digest" of its precedents-July no motion was in order until the journal rule. 25, 1946. Referred to Rules Committee. had been read. He also made the addi­ The precedents and practices of the Sen­ tional point of order that the motion to Senator Jones, Washington, proposed ate have recently been compiled by the adjourn was dilatory. To sustain his a threefold plan of reform: First, extend Parliamentarians of the Senate and pub­ point, Mr. Curtis said: the existing rule which forbids amend­ lished. See "Senate Procedure," by I know we have no rule o! the Senate with ments not germane to appropriation bills Charles L. Watkins and Floyd M. Rid­ reference to dilatory motions. We are a leg­ to general legislation; second, compel dick, 1958. islative body, and we are here to do busi­ Senators to confine their remarks to the Senators Saltonstall, Knowland, Morse, ness and not to retard business. "It ls a well­ subject under consideration unless per­ and Pepper introduced resolutions to stated principle that in any legislative body mitted by unanimous consent to do oth­ amend rule XXII so as to make cloture where the rules do not cover questions that erwise; third, limit debate on measures apply to any measure or motion or other may arise general parliamentary rules must other than revenue or appropriation bills apply. matter pending before the Senate by a The same question was raised in the House after they have been under consideration majority vote of those voting or by a of Representatives when they had no rule 10 days and it has been .impossible to majority vote of the entire membership on the question of dilatory motions. It was reach a unanimous consent agreement of the Senate. Rules Committee on April submitted to the Speaker of the House, Mr. for their disposal. 3, 1947, reported a resolution-Senate Reed. Speaker Reed held that, notwithstand­ Senators Fess and Jones introduced Resolution 25-amending rule XXII by ing there was no rule of the House upon resolutions for a rule of relevancy. Sena­ making cloture apply to "any measure, the question, general parliamentary law ap­ tor Underwood, Alabama, offered a reso­ motion, or other matter pending before plied and he sustained the point of order. lution to limit debate by majority vote the Senate or the unfinished business," The Vice President sustained Mr. on appropriation and revenue bills. but making no change in the current vot­ Curtis' first point of order in regard to Adoption of the 20th amendment, Feb­ ing requirements of rule XXII or in the rule m but did not rule on the point ruary 6, 1933, by doing away with short limitation of debate after cloture is in­ that the motion was dilatory. sessions, would eliminate filibusters, so voked. Senate Republicans voted 32 to 1 in Senator Norris believed. But subsequent Senator Pepper, of Florida, revived the party conference on May 25 for majority events demonstrated that filibustering suggestion that the Senate adopt a new cloture on revenue and appropriation minorities are still able to delay urgent rule making irrelevant debate out of bills. legislation. The final sessions of the 73d order. He also proposed to limit debate On March 4, 1925, the Vice President, and 74th Congresses, the first two to on a motion to make any subject the Charles G. Dawes, delivered his inaugu­ function under the amendment, ended in unfinished business of the Senate, to ral address to the Senate, in which he filibusters. make such a motion privileged, and have recommended that debate be further The Chair ruled that a quorum call is it decided by majority vote. limited in the Senate. the transaction of business and that Sen­ The Senator from Florida (Mr. HOL­ On March 5, 1925, Senator Underwood ators who yield for that purpose lose the LAND) suggested that majority cloture be introduced the following cloture resolu­ fioor. Under this ruling, a speaker yield­ adopted only for the closing day or days tion-Senate Resolution 3-embodying ing twice for quorum calls, if they are in of a session and that two-thirds cloture the Vice President's recommendation on order, while the same question is before be required at other times. further limitation of debate, which was the Senate is unable to regain the floor On July 28, Senator Tobey introduced referred to the Committee on Rules. on that question during the same legisla­ Senate Resolution 270 which stated: Resolved, That the rules of the Senate be tive day. During -the present special session of the amended by adding thereto, in lieu of the The Reorganization Act of 1939-Pub­ Congress, in the interests of efficiency and rule adopted by the .Senate for the limita­ lic Law 19, 76th Congress, first session­ conservation of time, no senator shall speak tion of debate on March 8, 1917, the fol­ limited debate to 10 hours, to be divided more than once, on any subject, and no more lowing: than 30 minutes thereon. 1. There shall be a motion for the previous equally between those for and against, question which, being ordered by a majority upon a resolution to disapprove a Presi­ No action. of Senators voting, if a quorum be present, dential reorganization proposal. Senator Vandenberg, President pro shall have the effect to cut off all debate and The Reorganization Act of 1945-Pub­ tempore, in sustaining point of order bring the Senate to a direct vote upon the lic Law 263, 79th Congress, first session­ against petition to close debate on mo­ immediate question or questions on which contained the same "antifilibuster rule" tion to consider the antipoll tax bill, ex­ it has been asked and ordered. The previous as the Reorganization Act of 1939. This question may be asked and ordered upon a pressed his belief that-- single motion, a series of motions allowable rule reads: In the final analysis, the senate has no under the rules, or an amendment or amend­ Debate on the resolution shall be limited effective cloture rule at all • • • a small but ments, or may be made to embrace :i.ll au­ to not to exceed 10 hours, which shall be determined minority can always prevent clo­ thorized motions or amendments and include equally divided between those favoring and ture, under the existing rules • • • a very the bill to its passage or rejection. It shall those opposing the resolution. A motion fur­ few Senators have it in their power to pre­ be in order, pending the motion for, or after ther to limit debate shall not be debatable. vent Senate action on anything • • • the previous question shall have been ordered on No amendment to, or motion to recommit, existing Senate rules regarding cloture do its passage, for the presiding officer to enter­ the resolution shall be in order, and it shall not provide conclusive cloture. They still tain and submit a motion to commit, with not be in order to move to reconsider the leave the Senate, rightly or wrongly, at the or without instructions, to a standing or se­ vote by which the resolution is agreed to or mercy of unlimited debate ad infinitum. lect committee. disagreed to. (August 2, 1948). 2. All motions for the previous question shall, before being submitted to the .Senate, The Republican steering committee The Republican conference appointed be seconded by a majority by tellers If de­ delegated Senator Saltonstall to prepare committee of 10 Senators to consider and manded. an amendment to rule XXII "so that the recommend revision of existing cloture 3. When a motion for the previous ques­ various dilatory methods of preventing rule-August 1948. Members of this com­ tion has been seconded, it shall be 1n order, its application can be eliminated" (May mittee were: Senators Brooks, chairman, before final vote ls taken thereon, for each 21, 1946). Senator to debate the proposition to be voted Wherry, Hickenlooper, Knowland, Lodge, for one hour. Senator Knowland proposed Senate Jenner, Bricker, Ives, Ferguson, Salton­ Resolution. 312, a new standing rul-e pro­ stall. Other resolutions introduced in the hibiting the receipt or consideration of During the 81st Congress eight re­ first session of the 69th Congress limit­ any amendment to any bill or resolution solutions were introduced to amend the ing debate were: Senate Resolutions 25, which is not germane or relevant to the cloture rule: five in the first session and January 13, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 527 three in the second session. Nineteen Senate Resolution 52, by Mr. Ives and Floor consideration of Senate Resolution Senators joined in sponsoring these res­ Mr. Lodge, providing for constitutional 20 was objected to on four calendar calls olutions: Senators Myers, Morse, Sal­ majority-49---cloture; during the first session and on six calen­ tonstall, Knowland, Ferguson, Ives, Senate Resolution 105, by Mr. Lehman dar calls during the second session of the Hayden, Wherry, Pepper, HUMPHREY, and 10 others, providing for simple two­ 83d Congress. Lehman, Murray, Thomas of Utah, thirds cloture after a waiting period of The major event of the 83d Congress MAGNUSON, McMahon, Kilgore, Neely, 48 hours or, alternatively, for simple ma­ as regards efforts to limit debate in the Douglas, and Benton. The resolutions jority cloture after 15 days of debate; Senate was the Anderson motion. At the were: Senate Resolutions 11, 12, 13, 15, and opening of the 83d Congress advocates 19, 283, 322, 336. All were referred to the Senate Resolution 203, by Mr. Wherry, of majority rule in the Senate chal­ Committee on Rules and Administration providing for cloture by two-thirds of lenged the conception of the Senate as a which held public hearings on the first those present and voting. continuing body. They based their strat­ five resolutions on January 24, 25, 26, 28, These resolutions were referred to the egy on the contention of Senator Walsh 31, and February 1, 1949. After a move Committee on Rules and Administration in 1917 that each new Congress brings to discharge the committee, it reported which held hearings on them on Octo­ with it a new Senate, entitled to consider -Report No. 69-without amendment ber 2, 3, 9, and 23, 1951. On March 6, and adopt its own rules. They proposed the Hayden-Wherry resolution-Sen­ 1952, the committee reported favorably to move for consideration of new rules ate Resolution 15-on February 17. A on Senate Resolution 203, with an on the first day of the session and, upon motion to take up Senate Resolution 15 amendment lengthening the time limit the adoption of this motion to propose was considered in the Senate at inter­ between the filing of a cloture motion that all the old rules be adopted with the vals from February 28 to March 17, 1949, and the vote thereon from 1 to 5 inter­ exception of rule XXII. Rule XXII was when it was amended and agreed to. vening calendar days-Senate Report to be changed to allow a majority of all On March 10 a motion was presented to 1256, 82d Congress, second session. Senators-49-to limit debate after 14 close debate on the motion to consider Senate Resolution 203, if adopted, days of discussion. Senate Resolution 15. Mr. Russell made would restore the voting requirement for Accordingly, on January 3, 1953, Sen­ a point of order against the cloture mo­ cloture which was in effect from 1917 to ator ANDERSON, on behalf of himself and tion which was overruled by the Chair. 1949; that is, two-thirds of those Sena­ 18 other Senators, moved that the Sen­ On appeal from the decision of the tors present and voting instead of two­ ate immediately consider the adoption Chair, the decision of the Chair was not thirds of those duly chosen and sworn. of rules for the Senate of the 83d Con­ sustained on March 11 by a vote of 41 Senate Resolution 203 leaves subsection 3 gress. Senator Taft then moved that the to 46. of the present rule XXII unaltered, which Anderson motion be tabled. In the en­ During the second session of the 81st means that debate would remain unlim­ suing debate the Anderson motion was Congress three resolutions were in­ ited on proposals to change any of the supported by Senators Douglas, HUM­ troduced to liberalize the cloture rule ·Standing Rules of the Senate. PHREY, Lehman, Ives, Hendrickson, adopted in 1949. They were Senate Res­ Dissenting views were filed by Mr. Neely, Morse, and Murray. olution 283, by Mr. Saltonstall, on May Lodge who felt that Senate Resolution Senator Douglas told the Senate that 22, 1950; Senate Resolution 322, by Mr. 203 "will make no practical difference the Anderson proposal was the only Morse and Mr. HUMPHREY, on August 2, insofar as the prevention of future fili­ method with any hope of success. 1950; and Senate Resolution 336, by busters is concerned"; by Mr. Hendrick­ He said: Mr. Lehman and nine others, on August son who urged adoption of a simple ma­ The 1949 rule ties our hands once the 24, 1950. All these resolutions were re­ jority cloture rule; and by Mr. Benton Senate ls fully organized. • • • For under it ferred to the Committee on Rules and who favored Senate Resolution 105. No any later proposal to alt"r the rules can be Administration, which took no action further action was taken on the subject filibustered and never permitted to come to a upon them. during 1952. vote. • • • Therefore, if it be permanently On May 5, 1950, Senator Lucas moved decided that the rules of the preceding Sen­ During the 83d Congress, 1953 and ate apply automatically as· the new Senate to proceed to the consideration of the 1954, four resolutions to amend the Sen­ organizes, we may as well say farewell to any FEPC bill-S. 1728. On May 19 a motion ate cloture rule were introduced: chance either for civil rights legislation or to close debate on the motion to take up Senate Resolution 20, by Mr. Jenner, needed changes in Senate procedure (Con­ the FEPC bill was defeated by a vote of providing for cloture by two-thirds of gressional Record, Jan. 7, 1953, p. 203). 52 yeas to 32 nays. Under the 1949 clo­ those present and voting; ture rule it would have required the votes Senate Resolution 31, by Mr. Ives, pro­ Opponents of the Anderson motion of 64 Senators-two-thirds of those duly viding for cloture by a majority of the centered principally on the argument elected and sworn-to close debate. This Senate's authorized membership; a 12- that the Senate is a "continuing body,'• was the first test of the cloture rule as day interval---exclusive of Sundays and bound by the rules of earlier Senates. amended in 1949. Republicans voted 33 legal holidays-between the filing of a They said that this thesis was proved be­ for cloture, six against. Democrats voted cloture petition and the vote thereon; cause- 19 for cloture, 26 against. Twelve Sen­ and deleting subsection 3 of rule XXII First. Only one-third of the Senate is ators were absent of whom nine were and all references to it in subsection 2; elected every 2 years. Democrats and three were Republicans. Senate Resolution 63, by Mr. Lehman Second. The Constitution did not pro­ One of the absentees-Senator Withers, and seven others, repealing subsection 3 vide for the adoption of new rules every Democrat, of Kentucky-was formally of rule XXII and providing two methods 2 years. announced as opposing application of of cloture: by two-thirds of those voting Third. If the Senate had had the cloture. For discussion of the failure of after 1 intervening day following filing power to adopt new rules, it had lost that the new cloture rule on its first try, see of the petition, or, if this failed, by a power through disuse. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, May 19, 1950, majority of those voting following an Fourth. The Supreme Court, they said pages 7300 to 7307. interval of 14 days; and had decided that the Senate was a "con­ On July 12, 1950, a second attempt to Senate Resolution 291, by Mr. Morse, tinuing body." invoke cloture on the motion to permit providing for cloture by a majority of Debate against the rules change was consideration of the FEPC bill-S. those voting and repealing subsection 3 led by Senator Taft who announced that 1728-was defeated by a vote of 55 to 33, of rule XXII. the Republican Policy Committee had nine votes short of the required number. These resolutions were referred to the voted to oppose it in caucus; and by Sen­ For further discussion of the pros and Committee on Rules and Administration ators RUSSELL, Saltonstall, STENNIS, Fer­ cons of the 1949 cloture rule, see CoN­ which, after consideration, favorably re­ guson, Smith of New Jersey, Butler of GRESSIONAL RECORD, July 12, 1950, pages ported Senate Resolution 20 to the Sen­ Maryland, Maybank, and Knowland. 9976 to 9985. ate with an amendment-Senate Re­ The Anderson motion was finally During the 82d Congress four resolu­ port 268. The resolution was placed on tabled by a vote of 21 to 70, taken on tions to amend the Senate cloture rule the calendar, but no further action was January 7, 1953. Taft was opposed by were introduced: taken. Senate Resolution 291 was or­ 15 Democrats, five Republicans, and one Senate Resolution 41, by Mr. Morse dered to lie on the table, July 22, 1954. independent. He was supported by 41 and Mr. HUMPHREY, providing for simple Individuals views were filed by Mr. Green Republicans and 29 Democrats. One ad­ majority cloture; and Mr. Hennings-Senate Report 268. ditional Democrat was paired against 528 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE January 13, 1969 the Taft motion; and one additional Re­ ministration; their motion was adopted makes it perfectly clear that there is no publican was paired for it. on January 11, 1961, by a rollcall vote · escape hatch once the Senate binds itself During the 84th Congress, 1955 and of 50 to 46. Eight other resolutions to to rule XXII at the beginning of a new 1956, only one resolution to amend the change Senate rules were also referred by Congress. After rule XXII is acquiesced cloture rule was presented to the Senate. voice vote to the committee, including 1n by a new Congress, it becomes self­ This was Senate Resolution 108, by Mr. proposals for a rule of germaneness and perpetuating until the next Congress is Lehman, on June 14, 1955. On that day the previous question. On September 5, elected, since it has proven impossible it was referred to the Committee on 1961, the committee reported Senate Res­ to obtain the required two-thirds vote Rules and Administration; and on June solution 4 without recommendation and to close debate on any proposal to change 29 to the Subcommittee on Rules. No on September 16 Senator MANSFIELD the rule. This means that modification further action was taken on the Lehman moved to take it up. On September 19, of the rule will either be won at the resolution. Senate Resolution 108 pro­ after 2 days of debate, the Senate re­ opening of a new Congress, when the vided first, for cloture by a two-thirds fused to impose cloture on debate of majority can make the decision, or it wm vote of those voting "on the following MANSFIELD'S motion by a 37 to 43 rollcall not be won at all. calendar day but one" after the presen­ vote. Then Senator MANSFIELD moved to Our recent legislative history estab­ tation of a petition to close debate; and, table the original motion and this car­ lishes this proposition too clearly for second, for cloture by a majority of those ried, 46 to 35. argument: voting "on the 14th calendar day there­ Two proposals to liberalize rule XXII In the 82d Congress. a change in rule after." were made at the opening of the 88th XXII was favorably reported by the Rules At the opening of the 85th Congress, Congress: Senator ANDERSON'S for three­ Committee, but threat of a filibuster kept on January 3, 1957, Senator ANDERSON fifths cloture; that of Senators HUM­ the issue from the floor. moved to consider the adoption of new PHREY and Kuchel for constitutional ma­ In the 83d Congress, also, a resolution rules. Senate Majority Leader Johnson jority-51-cloture. On January 15 Sen­ to change rule XXII was favorably re­ immediately moved to table the Ander­ ator ANDERSON moved to take up his reso­ ported from the committee, but no fur­ son motion. On January 4 the Anderson lution--Senate Resolution 9-to permit ther action was taken on it. motion was tabled by a roUcall vote of three-fifths of those present and voting In the 84th Congress, one resolution to 55 to 38. During the debate preceding to invoke cloture. Faced by a southern change rule XXII was introduced, but this vote, Vice President Nixon said he filibuster against Senator ANDERSON'S was not reported from the Rules Com­ believed the Senate could adopt new motion, a bipartisan group of liberal mittee. rules "under whatever procedures the Senators sought to close debate by ma­ In the 85th Congress, the Rules Com­ majority of the Senate approves.'' He Jority vote under a motion which in effect mittee reported a resolution to provide said that in his opinion the current Sen­ held that a filibuster was unconstitu­ for majority rule after full and fair de­ ate could not be bound by any previous tional when it blocked attempts to bate. The resolution did not reach the rule "which denies the membership of change the rules at the beginning of a floor. the Senate the power to exercise its con­ new Congress. On January 31 the Senate, In the 87th Congress, nine resolutions stitutional right to make its own rules." by a vote of 53 to 42, tabled this ap­ to change rule XXII were referred to Nixon said he regarded as unconstitu­ proach. On February 5 Senator MANS­ committee. The Rules Committee later tional the section of rule XXII banning FIELD filed a cloture petition, moving to reported a resolution for three-fifths clo­ any limitation of debate on proposals invoke cloture on the motion to take up ture without recommendation. A fili­ to change the rules, but added that the Senate Resolution 9. On Fe·bruary 6 he buster prevented action and the matter question of the constitutionality of the moved to table the pending question, but died. _ rule could be decided only by the Senate the Senate rejected his motion by a 92- In the 88th Congress, a cloture motion itself. to-5 rollcall vote. Southerners said they was rejected. At the opening of the 86th Congress, opposed tabling because it ended debate In the 89th Congress, the Rules Com­ Senate Majority Leader Johnson offered more swiftly than cloture. On February 7, mittee reported a resolution, but it was a resolution lace of P. E. Reichert, retired. Margie A. Hall, White City, Kans., in place Stephen E. Foster Douglas A. Briggs Gloria M. Guhl, River Grove, Dl., in place of 0. T. Kappelman, retired. Roland W. Garwood, Paul M. Duemberger of M. 'M. DeCoste, retlred. KENTUCKY Jr. Richard M. Mathis Evelyn A. Weiland, Rutland, Ill., in place David S. Miranda, Ashland, Ky., in place of James A. Buschur of Rita O'Neil, retired. H. D . Shanklin, retired. Thomas G. Schutte, Sigel, Ill., in place of POSTMASTERS Raulh Ford, Bardwell, Ky., in place of C. J. Steel, retired. P. D. Moore, retired. The iollowing-named persons to be post­ Leland C. Carroll, Silvis, Ill., ln place of Truman S. Congleton, Beattyville, Ky., in masters: M. R. Hanneman, retired. place .of R. S. Smallwood.. retired. George W. Davis, Brundidge, Ala., in place Cyril L. Millwa.rd, Skokie, Ill., in place of Terry R. Capps, Crofton, Ky., 1n place of Of v. B. Huff, Tetired. W. P. Hohs, retired. K.. L .. Alexander~ .retired. W. Waite McCordquodale, Jackson, Ala., in Richard P. Breitweiser, Sterling, Ill., in Myrna L. Bru:ington, Garfield, Ky., .in place place of M. M. Gunn, retired. place of R. E. Shawger, dece8sed. of D. A. Smith, -transfer.;red. .ALASKA Charles A. Martin, Stillman Valley. in plaee Paul W. Holman, Glasgow, Ky., 1n place of La.rs L. Johnson, Anchorage, Alaska.• .in of M. E. Holquist, retired. Waldo Redman, retired. place of G. s. Schwamm. deceased. Paul J. Provines, Sumner, m., in place of S. L. Pool, retired. LaVerne E. Doores, Kirksey, Ky., in place o! ARIZONA V. M. Clark, retired. Eva C. Morales, Kearny, Ariz., ln place of Della M. J@nes, Tennessee, IlL, in place of W. E. Morgan, deceased. J. Paul Barnes, Paducah, Ky., in place of c. L. Steveson, resigned. T. A. William D. Holland, Warren, .Ill., in place Miller, retired. Jerry P. Yazzie, Window Rock, Ariz., In David Harper, Pembroke, Ky., In place of v. c. McGinnis, retired. w. place of H. L. McDonald, resigned. of J. E. Gregory, retired. Christian Oelberg, Wataga~ Ill., in plaee of ARKANSAS F. E. O'Connor, r.etir.ed. LOUISIANA Eddie Far.r.is, Evening Shade, Ark., in place Jerry Volny• .Jr., Winnetka, Ill., in place of Edmond J. Michel. Marksvllle, La., in place of J. F. Dickerson, deceased. F. E. Watts, retired. of J. 0. Brouillette, .retired. CXV--34-Part 1 530 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE January 13, 1969 MAINE Willoughby L. O'Connell, Nevada, Mo., in Stanley J. Orenkewicz, Bayport, N.Y., in Wilfred A. Weed, Deer Isle, Maine, in place place of R. W. Bell, resigned. place of G. W. Dedrick, retired. of L. C. Weed, deceased. NEBRASKA Ida M. Winter, Big Moose, N.Y., in place of A. J. Dunn, retired. Elizabeth K. Cham.pion, East Waterboro, Dale o. Dallegge, Bartlett, Nebr., in place Maine, in place of J. C. Small, retired. of E. M. Ball, retired. Thomas L. Mooney, Bolivar, N.Y., in place of H.F. Sackinger, deceased. Robert S. Lash, Jr., Friendship, Maine, in Roy E. Boham, Bassett, Nebr., in place of place of D. L Simonds, removed. Edward J. Dolan, Boonville, N.Y., in place F. C. Diehl, deceased. of N. C. Hamblin, retired. Frederick E. Lovering, Litchfield, Maine, in H. Gerald Leapley, Belden, Nebr., in place place of C. A. Lewis, retired. John R. Daugherty, Branchport, N.Y., in of E. F. Francis, retired. place of J. W. Trimmingham, retired. Charles W. Bennett, Monroe, Maine, in Lawrence L. Waring, Bloomington, Nebr., place of A. E. Smart, retired. Marion L. Pontello, Brewerton, N.Y., in in place of B. A. Hogeland, transferred. place of N. M. McKinney, retired. Louise G. Dill, Newagen, Maine, in place Robert T. Musil, Du Bois, Nebr., in place of of Scott Gray, retired. Evan O. Williams, Bridgewater, N.Y., in E. E. White, retired. place of B. L. Stevens, retired. Stanley J. Borodko, Searsport, Maine, in Court J. Fielding, Hayes Center, Nebr., in place of G. H. Jordan, retired. William H. Ferris, Carmel, N.Y., in place place of G. A. Kittle, retired. of T. M. Townsend, retired. Bernard J. Pagurko, Topsham, Maine, in Orville D. Joynt, Holstein, Nebr., in place place of L. P. Spinney, retired. Edwin P. Kennedy, Cazenovia, N.Y., in of E. N. Pittz, transferred. place of L. E. Hendrix, retired. MARYLAND R. Bruce Sweenie, Nemaha, Nebr., in place Michael A. Turco, Chelsea, N.Y., in place Albert C. Migeot, Jr., Brandywine, Md., in of E. B. Sweenie, retired. of H. V. Kessler, resigned. place of M. T. Holt, retired. Roland R. Norman, Ord, Nebr., in place of Jerome P. Meyer, Corfu, N.Y., in place of Herbert E. Ryan, Jr., Rising Sun, Md., in F. L. Stoddard, retired. Celestine Reynolds, retired. place of F. M. Rawlings, deceased. Marvin R. Holz, Paxton, Nebr., in place of Barbara C. Grimm, Cropseyville, N.Y., in I. H. Roberts, retired. place of Viola Grimm, retired. MASSACHUSE'ITS Donald L. Shimerka, Pierce, Nebr., in place Ernest A. Paradis, Attleboro, Mass., in place Carole E. Falin, Deansboro, N.Y., in place of A. E. Brodhagen, removed. of C. A. Winslow, removed. of F. J. O'Neil, deceased. Lambert J. Jonas, Schuyler, Nebr., in place Andrew J. Sacco, Bedford, Mass., in place of of J. E. Severyn, retired. Walter F. Sawicki, East Aurora, N.Y., in H. A. Thurber, retired. place of W. H. Wright, retired. Marvin A. Jauernig, Stuart, Nebr., in place Florence B. Nunweiler, East Concord, N.Y., Doris E. Hodges, Berndston, Mass., in place of D. G. Holliday, retired. of H. M. Cairns, retired. in place of F. J. Edington, retired. Charles Ii'. Roarty, Sutton, Nebr., in place Ethel Pedersen, East Meredith, N.Y., in Everett P. Gould, Boxford, Mass., in place of Gerhardt Wiard, deceased. v. of H. D. Moore, retired. place of M. H. Adair, transferred. Carlos L. Figueiredo, Mattapoiset, Mass., NEVADA Russell L. Dewaters, Elbridge, N.Y., in in place of A. M. Corey, retired. Patsy R. Donaldson, Orovada, Nev., in place place of E. B. Wright, retired. John J. Quinlan, Peabody, Mass., in place of B. S. Christensen, retired. Alfred J. Bradford, Elmsford, N.Y., in place of J. L. Sullivan, retired. of J. R. Iadarola, deceased. NEW HAMPSHmE James D. O'Connor, Fair Haven, N.Y., in MICHIGAN Richard F. Connelly, East Kingston, N.H., place of Naoma Brown, retired. David Rigozzi, Jr., Bangor, Mich., in place in place of M. I. Wasson, retired. George M. Prehoda, Granville, N.Y., in of P. B. Wooa., retired. Tadeusz Lepianka, Franklin, N.H., in place place of C. E. Statia, deceased. Alice M. Guger, Buckley, Mich., in place of of H. J. Proulx, deceased. Frank L. Cocca, Helmuth, N.Y., in place C. E. COurtade, deceased. Arlene F. Patch, Glen, N.H., in place of M. of E. A. Moritz, retired. George C. Paine, Fenton, Mich., in place H. Taylor, deceased. Joseph R. White, Holmes, N.Y., in place of c. H. Thompson, retired. Edward J. Welch, Guild, N.H., in place of of H. R. Ballard, retired. James H. Bolton, Galesburg, Mich., in place G. L. Nichols, retired. William E. Siegrist, Hyde Park, N.Y., in of W. M. Buss, retired. Thomas F. Quinn, Wilton, N.H., in place place of A. E. Smith, retired. Lillian E. Kiel, Grand Rapids, Mich., in of J. E. Hurley, retired. Donald E. Egan, Sr., Johnson City, N.Y., in place of H. W. Parker, deceased. NEW JERSEY place of L. E. Youngs, retired. Stanley L. Thompson, Hastings, Mich., in Dora M. Markle, Bedminster, N.J., in place Edwin R. Kilmer, Johnstown, N.Y., in place place of c. H. Hinman, retired. of c. H. Smock, retired. of G.D. McMillan, retired. Frank J. Rodman, Hermasnville, Mich., in Louis J. Cirillo, Bernardsville, N.J., in place Lulu M. Jones, Krumville, N.Y., in place place of H. D. Stecker, retired. of Joseph Bearlepp, retired. of A. C. Jones, deceased. Ellert Hendriksma, Moline, Mich., in place Jean M. Hickman, Cedarville, N.J., in place Carolyn V. Kaido, Lee Center, N.Y., in place of G. C. Frank, retired. of Mildred Jerrell, deceased. of G. A. Hartson, retired. Lawrence D. Jordan, Oakley, Mich., in place Robert F. Courter, Glen Ridge, N.J., in Wil11a.m T. Flansburg, Lima, N.Y., in place of F. A. Pierce, retired. place of F. V. Schmitz, retired. of w. E. Slattery, retired. Jack Lee Kelly, Olivet, Mich., in place of Jason G. Spangenberg, Jr., Layton, N.J., in Peter J. Ruggeiro, Long Island City, N.Y., L. W. Church, deceased. place of c. V. Layton, retired. in place of H. C. Schreiber, deceased. Nicholas A. Cosenza, Port Sanilac, Mich., in Anna L. Peterson, Leesburg, N.J., in place Frank Locorriere, Miller Place, N.Y., in place of G. P. Smiley, retired. of I. B. Lowden, retired. place of Charles Germeck, retired. Melvin c. Muehlenbeck, Saginaw, Mich., Andrew Kiniry, Minotola, N.J., in place of Norma K. Harvey, Model City, N.Y., in place in place of W. A. Munroe, retired. L. R. Powers, retired. of S. A. Luskin, retired. Jesse E. Willerton, Snover, Mich., in place Robert J. McCracken, Monroevllle, N.J., in Martha E. Butler, Montezuma, N.Y., in of B. M. McElhinney, retired. place of H.F. Johnson, deceased. place of F. M. Jones, retired. Clifford L. Turcotte, Stambaugh, Mich., in John Tarnowsky, Montvale, N.J., in place William F. Ging, Mount Sinai, N.Y., in place of J. J. Corbett, deceased. of Margaret Dualsky, retired. place of Clarissa Murphy, retired. June A. Noud, Stanwood, Mich., in place of John c. Fornataro, Oakhurs, N.J., in place Dorman R. Youmans, Nanuet, N.Y., in R. A. Huntey, retired. of W. A. Harvey, retired. place of H. M. Fisher, Jr., retired. MINNESOTA John W. Ball, New Berlin, N.Y., in place of Gertrude M. Pennington, Ocean Gate, N.J., L. A. Schermerhorn, retired. Charles F. Ward, Anoka, Minn., in place of in place of E. J. Brennan, deceased. W. J. Jacob, retired. Gordon H. Parnapy, North Bangor, N.Y., in John A. Fulkrod, Ramsey, N.J., in place of place of E. V. Monica, deceased. James D. Rassmussen, Grand Rapids, Minn., J. D. Roosa, retired. in place of H. M. Madson, retired. Glendon W. Hulbert, Oak Hill, N.Y., in Clair J. Nenno, Riverside, N.J., in place of place of T. L. Ford, deceased. David P. Page, Jr., Hines, Minn., in place Herbert Schnelder, retired. of C. G. Eckstrom, resigned. Woodrow F. DeVine, Pawling, N.Y., in place John J. Howley, South Amboy, N.J., in of Lachlan Thomson, resigned. James P. Fitzgerald, Monticello, Minn., in place of G. W. Stader, deceased. place of F. A. McCoy, retired. Karl c. Boeyink, Penfield, N.Y., in place of Peter D. Kane, South Bound Brook, N.J., F. L. Jones, resigned. Sarah T. Coffelt, Saint Paul Park, Minn., in place of W. C. Conner, resigned. in place of P. N. O'Boyle, removed. Jesse R. Taylor, Port Gibson, N.Y., in place Louis R. Fla.maid, Tennent, N.J., in place of of W. H. Snyder, deceased. Robert J. Stern, Upsala, Minn., in place of M. Walldov, retired. B. B. Amren, resigned. s. Michael J. Villani, Port Washington, N.Y., Albert L. Schenone, Union City, N.J., in in place of W. R. Cumiskey, retired. MISSISSIPPI place of Frank Elia, retired. Robert C. Rowe, Potsdam, N.Y., in place of Francis A. Stanford, Ripley, Miss., in place NEW YORK of F. S. Clark, resigned. H . L. King, retired. Joseph J. Barr, Accord, N.Y., in place of M. Lowell R. Felder, Redwood, N.Y., in place MISSOURI J. Layne, declined. of R. I. Gates, retired. Arthur J. Fiene, Alma, Mo., in place of John E. Deegan, Amsterdam, N.Y., in place J. Eugene Quinn, Salamanca, N.Y., in place F. T. McClure, deceased. of T. J. Tighe, Jr., deceased. of M. A. Dowd, retired. Alva c. Clark, Ballwin, Mo., in place of Mary Alice Desmond, Athol Springs, N.Y., Marvin J. Funk, Schoharie, N.Y., in place K. E. Feldmann, retired. in place of H. T. Quick, retired. of H. R. Martin, retired. Gerald E. Wilson, Blythedale, Mo., in place Raymond P. Riordan, Auburn, N.Y., in Ruth M. Williams, Shrub Oak, N.Y., in of C. M. VanHoozer, retired. place of T. H. Brogan, deceased. place of S. M. Odell, retired. January 13, 1-969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. SENATE 531

Ralph D. LaPolt, Smallwood, N.Y~. in place Grant B. Draper, 'MQl'Oni, Utah, in place of IDAHO of E. E. Decamp, retired. L. Y. Monson, retired. Erna R. Williamson, Nampa, Idaho, in place Stuart A. Ivison, South Byron, N.Y... in VIRGINIA of H. K. Beaudreau, transferred. place of H. D. Haley, deceased. Michael Hill, Stites, Idaho, 1n place of E. M. Virginia A. Williams, Spencertown. N.Y., W. George Cleek, Warm Springs, Va., in plaice of R. M. Cleek, retired. Dixon, reslgned. in place of E. I. Wooley, deceased. ILLINOIS Charlotte R. Coffin, Stanfordville, N.Y., in WEST VIRGINIA place of J. N. Post, retired. Joseph E. Armstrong, Sr., Chestnut, Ill., A. Bernadine Porter, Carolina, W. Va., in 1nplace of G. E. McCann,retired. William J. Murray, Stanley, N.Y., ln place place of E. H. Lavencheck. resigned. of C. E. Conroy, retired. Junior L. Willis, Enfield, Ill., 1n place of Francis J. Foote, Valois, N.Y., in place of WISCONSIN J. R. Frymire, deceased. J . E. Hawes, declined. Walter L. Obershaw, Dickeyville, Wis., in Delmar R. Hay, Mackinaw, Ill., in place of George E. Ellison, Walker Valley, N.Y., 1n plaoe of J. A. Kowalski, retired. L. D. Hobaker, retired. place of H. A. Caldwell, retired. Frank A. Schnclder, Egg Harbor, Wis., in Dalton C. Aud, Norr.is City, DL, in place of Lionel R. Estes, Walton, N.Y., in place of place of L. H. Olsen, deceased. Kenneth Cole. deceased. F. T. More, retired. Lawrence J. Scholze, 'Fairchild, Wis., in Allen J. Brown, Serena, Ill., in place .of George E. Stevens, Wampsville, N.Y., in place of R. C. Mato, ·retired. M. M. Marshal, deceased. place of R. A. Dexter, .retired. La.Verne H. Marquart, Knowles, Wis., in INDIANA Ralph Vinchiarello, Wassaic, N.Y., 1n place place of Peter DelPonte, deceased. Billy D. Caudell, Fortville, Ind., 1n place of oi G. B. Liner, retired. William A. Theisen, Loyal, Wis., .in place H. F. Gillespie, retired. Robert H. Ward, Weedsport, N.Y.• in place of L. M. Meyer, deceased. Norman A. Brasseur, New Carlisle, Ind., in of .J. A. Howe, retired. ALABAMA place of D. I. Lauve.r, retired. Frances M. Grems. Westemvllle, N.Y., in William A. Roberson, AJ.plne, Ala., in place Robert R. Awald, Walkerton, Ind., in pla.ee place of B. C. Thomas, retired. of R. H. Killough, retired. of A. E. Shirley, .retired. Robert W. Sewall, West Park, N.Y., in place .Harold G. Mer:rill, Red Level, Ala., in place IOWA of F. I. Straley, resigned. of E. L. Stough, Jr., deceased. Curtis T. Dettling, Worcester, N.Y., in place Conrad M. Johnson, Ottosen, low.a• .in place of H. V. Galer, retired. ALASKA of E. 0. Jacobson, retired. Geor5e P. Vuchey, Petersburg, Ala.ska, in Ray Y. Stratton, Oxf-0rd, Iowa., in place of OHIO J. C. Floerchinger, retired. Frederick A. Charton, Bolivar, Ohio, 1n place of E. R. Lee, resigned. Rose M. Jenne, Platinum, Alaska, in place Thomas J. Shaffer, Scranton. Iowa, in place place of R. E. Kienzle, deceased. of L. M. Roelle, declined. of C. L. Kious, .retir.ed. PENNSYLVAN'IA ARIZONA KANSAS C. Earl Kressler, Bangor, Pa., in place of James L. Flick, Arkansas City, Kans.,, in H. D. Hess, retired. Patricia A. Becker, Black Canyon City, Ariz., in place of A. K. Amann, retired. place of W. E Richards, deceased. Joseph L. Bosak, Bendersville, Pa.., in place Leroy A. Hamilton. Fort Dodge, Kans., in .of D. F. Kennedy, deceased. Vernell G. Jack, Houck, Ariz., in place of G. B. Wesson, .retired. place of E. E. Dawson. .retired. Herbert W. Miller, Biglerville, Pa., 1n place Merlin Nelson, Girard, Kans., 1n p1ac.e of of E. E. Carey, deceased. Mayfa J. Kewanimptewa, Oraibi, Ariz., .in place of Alban Mooya, .remov.ed .. R . .A. C.arpenter, transferred. Thomas D. Red.mile, Bryn Athyn, Pa.., in Donald L. French, Leoti. Kans., in place 01 place of .G. K. Dav1d, retired. Jean A. Winnie, P.earce, Ariz., in place of G. M. McLeod, retired. B. L. Stephenson, retired. Henry A. Hebda, Kane, Pa., in place of Marvin H. Hachmei1'lter, Plainville, Kans., V. N. Deane, transf.erred. ARKANSAS in place of L. R. Brust, resigned. Robert E. Buckwalter_ Lancaster, Pa., in Joe E. Lindley, Dardanelle, Ark., in place of Harold D. Rose, Sawyer~ Kans., in place of place of F. R. Hammond, deceased. H. E. H-0lland, retired. V. B. Carter, retired. Hayes W. Eckard, Mifflin, Pa., 1n place of Charles R. Howard, Mineral Springs, Ark., Glenn M. Smith, Uniontown, Kans., in W. C. McNea.l, retired. in place of W. E. Hodge, Jr., deceased. place of S. E. Holt, retired. Jia.rry , Marchesi??-1, Millsboro, Pa., in ,place CALIFORNIA Hallie K. T~ylor. White Cloud, Kans., in of C. W. Wishart, deceased. _ place of G. L. Kelley, retired. Wliliam J. McNitt, Jr., Milroy, Pa., in place Barbara J. Sciacca, Chicago Park, Calif., in of C. C. Naginey, retired. place o-f M. W. Mills, retired. KEN'l'UCKY Michael Megaludis, Monroevllle, Pa., office Aletta W. Hollister, Comptche, Cali!., 1n Mabel M. Miller, . Cloverport, Ky., .in place estabilshed January 14, 1967. place of Eileen Gummerus, retired. of D. J. Wiles, resigned. Russel A. Rarig, Jr., Montandon, Pa .• . in Carl B. Neuman, Huntington Park, Calif., Charles A. Simpson, Emlnence, Ky.., ln place of J. B. Frederick, retired. in place of E. E. Henry, transferred. place of A. M. Lewis, removed. Berna.rd J. Brashears, New Oxford, Pa., in Ruby M. Howerton, Los Alamos, Calli., in William H. Covetts, Lewisport, Ky., in place of G . M. Bower, retired. place of H. M. Allison. resigned. place of H. G. Chappel, retired. Robert B. Robinson, Orrtanna, Pa .. in place Lois L. Sims, Salida, Calif., in plaee of V. Margaret H. Mattingly, Maceo, Ky., In of D. 0. Deardorff, retired. A. Tuggle, retired. place of W. G. Kelly, retired. Walter L. Wheaton, Warren Center, Pa.., in Mary M. Thomas, Shingletown, Calif., :in R. Todd O'Flynn, Philpot, Ky., 1n place of place of L. F. Jones, deceased. place of N. F. Chandler, deceased. W. H. Marksberry~ :resigned. Carl R. Negley, West Mifflin, Pa., office COLORADO James G. Wade, Stearns, Ky., in place of established May 23, 1964. Nelson W. McGraw, Fort Collins, Colo., ill W. J. Smith, retired. Richard W. Mains, West Newton, Pa., in place of W. H. Wyss, .retired. LOUISIANA place of E. C. Sterner, retired. Marie R. Montoya, Redc!iff, Colo., 1n place Lloyd L. Priest, Bastrop, La., in place of 'SOUTH DAK'OTA ot M. E. Williams, deceased. J. N. Jones, retired. Harold Q. Smith, Herreid, S. Dak., in place Vernon L. Seaman, Yampa, Colo., In place Hazel M. Henigan, Bentley, La., In place of H. L . Fetherhuff, retired. of R. E. Shoup, retired. of J. A. Shaw, deceased. TENNESSEE CONNECTICUT Huey T. Fontenot, Palmetto, La., in place Hattie W. Saulpaw, Calhoun, Tenn., in place Robert J. Shannon, Sandy Hook, Conn., 1n of M. W. Keller, retired. of P. I. McOamlsh, retired. place of A. W. Carmody, retired. MAINE Lowell W. Kinkead, Mountain Home, Tenn., Alden F. Victoria, West Mystic, Conn., in Leo J. Ashey, Greenville, Maine. i~1 place of in place of F. R . Loo~ett, Jr., transferred. place of P . S. Barber, retired. N. R. Thombs, retired. TEXAS FLORIDA George E. McGillicuddy, Houlton, Maine, Walter L. Hunter, Jr., Hamlin, Tex., in Charles D . James, Altamonte Springs, Fla., in place of .L. T. Spain, retired. place of P.H. Sparks, retired. in place of R. E. Chandler, retired. 'MARYLAND Lou Ann Unger, Inez, Tex., in place of M. Clifford R . Martin, Lawtey, Fla., in place Frances E. Fitzhugh, Church Creek, Md., R. Koontz, retlred. of M. B. Wens, retired. in place of A. N. Vane, retired. Carroll L. Robertson.. Paducah, Tex., in Roger Tetreault, New Port Richey, Fla., in place or B. F. Hobson, retired. place of W.W. Hartman, Jr., retired. MASSACHUSETTS Warren W. Healer, Somerset, Tex., ln place Donald E. Carter, Raiford, Fla., in place of Samuel A. Melnik, Deerfield, Mass., in place of H. S. Gray, retired. G. A. Hart, retired. of J. D. Comins, retired. UTAH Clarice D. Dresback, Summerland Key, Fla., Richard L. Berrio, Wellfleet, Mass., in place Riohard G. Ben, Dugway, Utah, in place of office established Septemoer 3, 1968. of E. L . Hannaford, reti11ed. D. F. Keele, resigned. GEORGIA Elva M. Sullivan, Woronoco, Mass., ln place of K. M. Mango, resigned. Daniel L. Miller, Farmington, Utah, in Lewis F. Adams, Buchanan, Ga., in place place of E. F. Nicholls, retired. of T. R. Davenport, retired. MICHIGAN Clarence G. Hodges, Montezuma Creek, Howard N. Floyd, Danielsville, Ga., 1n plaoe Donald V. Johnson, Amasa, Mich., ln place Utah, in place of E. H. Wolf, resigned. of J. A. Baker, retired. of R .. H. Premo, retired. 532 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE January 13, 1969 Roy S. Webster, Dearborn Heights, Mich., Francis Hart, Schaghticoke, N.Y., in place Alva M. Rowton, Palacios, Tex., in place of office established July 15, 1967; of R. H. Wells, retired. T. E. F.riery, deceased. Emil Knoska, Decatur, Mich., in place of Irene B. Seeley, Spencer, N.Y., in place of Thomas S. Yaklin, Riviera, Tex., in place of D. J. Fox, resigned. R. E. Hodges, resigned. J. F. Dickinson, retired. Virginia A. Soulliere, Harsens Island, Barbara Jordan Youngstown, N.Y., in place Charles Ball, Sumner, Tex., in place of J. W. Mich., in place of Evelyn Harm, retired. of A. E. Murphy, deceased. Caldwell, deceased. John Douglas, Sterling, Y-:ich., in place of NORTH CAROLINA UTAH Henry Swaffi.eld, retired. William H. Pawlak, Walloon Lake, Mich., William E. Bazemore, Cofield, N.C., in place Henry L. Embley, Gunnison, Utah, in place in place of E. I . Carroll, retired. of T. E. Perry, resigned. of F. H. Jones, retired. Sadie M. Paul, Oriental, N.C., in place of VERMONT MINNESOTA A. D. Clark, deceased. Alvin W. Erickson, Morris, Minn., in place Narcie W. Turner, Pink Hlll, N.C., in place Joseph H. Desorcie, Highgate Center, Vt., in of R. J. Smith, transferred. of G. M. Turner, Jr., deceased. place of J. A. Tremblay, retired. Harvey E. Stokke, Newfolden, Minn., in Bill R. Green, Skyland, N.C., in place of Frank D. Matheson, Northfield Falls, Vt., in place of C. H. Cook, retired. W. G. Cromer, deceased. place of G. E. Cross, retired. Norman D. Milne, Preston, Minn., in place Thomas H. Isley, Summerfield, N.C., in VIRGINIA of W.R. Marx, deceased. place of R. E. Parrish, retired. Virginia E. DeJarnette, Brookneal, Va., in Imelda A. Schuman, Swanville, Minn., in NORTH DAKOTA place of T. W. Williams, retired. place of R. A. McRae, retired. J. Dale Lohr, Gardner, N. Dak., in place of Robert D. Moxley, Independence, Va., in MISSISSIPPI D. A. Wischer, resigned. place of C. C. Bryant, retired. George M. Evans, Brooklyn, Miss., in place Lloyd H. Winkler, Granville, N. Dak., in Agnes S. Covington, Milford, Va., in place of H. C. Overstreet, retired. place of R. H. Leavy, retired. of C. M. Saunders, retired. Dewey F. Vance, Lake, Miss., in place of Billy G. Zirkle, Quicksburg, Va., in place of OHIO A. S. Will, retired. W. E. May, retired. Earl R. Ramey, Baltimore, Ohio, in place Marks W. Jenkins, Newton, Miss., in place of D. M. Bennett, retired. WASHINGTON of J. O. Waldrop, retired. R. Hollis Matherly, Bellevue, Ohio, in place Robert E. Mosher, Asotin, Wash., in place of MISSOURI of G. T. Messig, retired. C. M. Wormell, deceased. Lowell D. Hale, Faucett, Mo., in place of William L. White, Carrollton, Ohio, in place James C. Earley, Enumclaw, Wash., in place L. K. Critchfield, retired. of H.F. McLaughlin, retired. of L.B. Howe, retired. Emmit P. Hart, High Hlll, Mo., in place of Charles E. Calaway, Chester, Ohio, in place Jerry M. Apderson, Lummi Island, Wash., in E. C. Simmons, retired. of H. R. Eichinger, deceased. place of L. A. Ford, retired. Earldean o. Henry, Mercer, Mo., in place of Marjorie J. Clayton, Croton, Ohio, in place Lawrence H. Dykers, Oak Harbor, Wash., in V. W. Shroyer, resigned. of E. P. Needles, retired. place of D. N. Judson, Jr., retired. Benjamin F. Marshall, Phillipsburg, Mo., Kay L. Carpenter, Hayesville, Ohio, in place WEST vmGINIA in place of T. R. Gourley, retired. of H.F. Grady, retired. Nada L. Miller, Davis, W. Va., in place of James A. Godsey, Tina, Mo., in place of Mary L. Longenette, Tuppers Plains, Ohio, W. M. Miller, deceased. Nadine Smith, retired. in place of E. M. Arbaugh, retired. James E. Morford, Grantsville, W. Va., in Robert R. Jones, Vienna, Mo., in place of Donald C. Bakies, Waterville Ohio, in place place of R. M. Campbell, deceased. C. A. Baldwin, retired. of E.W. Schnetzler, retired. Paul J. La Neve, Newell, W. Va., in place of MONTANA OKLAHOMA W. E. White, transferred. Anthony L. Senden, Conrad, Mont., in Walter M. Parrish, Cleveland, Okla., in Betty J. Workman, Peytona, W. Va., in place place of D. H. Riggs, retired. place of G. R. Heard, retired. of Dorothy Kinder, deceased. Walter D. Bilbro, Dupuyer, Mont., in place Robert B. Carlile, Sallisaw, Okla., in place George W. Hartman, Saint Albans, W. Va., of J. A. Wall, retired. of S. J. Pointer, retired. in place of J. V. Canfield, deceased. NEBRASKA OREGON WISCONSIN Myrtle E. Roads, Axtell, Nebr., in place of Daniel A. Thiel, Astoria, Oreg., in place of Laverne W. Larson, Amherst Junction, E. E. Landstrom, transferred. N. L. Morfitt, retired. Wis., in place of H. G. Koziczkowskl, retired. Leone E. Kaufman, Bladen, Nebr., in place Betty-Lou Zetterberg, Newport, Oreg., in Lynn E. Burton, Colgate, Wis., in place of of W. G. Hoffman, retired. place of J. F. Paden, retired. E. A. Stirn, retired. Harold W. Morgan, Portland, Oreg., in place John R. Seefeldt, Granton, Wis., in place of Bobbie B. Cobb, Stratton, Nebr., in place of E. L. Witte, retired. E. V. Sis, transferred. of A. M. Hodler, retired. Lorene T. Bowen, Prairie City, Oreg., in James M. Dahl, New Auburn, Wis., in place NEVADA place of F. L. Kranenburg, deceased. of N. A. Tarr. retired. Frances L. Turner, Pahrump, Nev., in place Lois M. Stockwell, Seneca, Oreg., in place WYOMING of V. A. Cramer, deceased. of L. M. Steagall, resigned. Eva Mae Emerson, Rock River, Wyo., in NEW JERSEY Ralph R. Patterson, Union, Oreg., in place place of I. K. Dent, retired. of E. L. Chenault, retired. Vincent L. Gianfrancesco, Bound Brook, ALABAMA N.J.t in place of A. J. Rabbu, resigned. PENNSYLVANIA Bobby W. Enfinger, Black, Ala., in place of NEW MEXICO Ralph N. Miller, Center Valley, Pa., in place L. H. Kelley, retired. A. B. McKinley, Mountainair, N. Mex., in of J. F. Beck, deceased. William H. Huffman, Jr., oarrollton, Ala., place of M. 0. Shockey, retired. Stanley P. Dombroski, Erle, Pa., in place of in place of J.P. McGee, retired. c. H. Schloss, retired. NEW YORK Luelle S. Moncrief, Letohatchee, Ala., in Kathleen M. Kline, McClure, Pa., in place place of M. T. Davis, retired. Frank D. Chappell, Andes, N.Y., in place of R. H. Kline, deceased. Clifton A. Stubbs, Satsuma, Ala., in place of B. E. Champlin, deceased. of L. M. Knight, retired. George E. Ceurter, Berkshire, N.Y., in place of J. R. Ford, retired. Paul P. Roque-Colon, Guayama, P.R., in ARIZONA James M. Harrison, Campbell, N.Y., in place place of F. R. Fernandez, deceased. Carl A. Hance, Clarkdale, Ariz., in place of of S. L. Knowles, retired. Pedro J. Monge-Manzano, Rio Grande, P.R., M. H. Connor, retired. in place of R. R. Rexach, retired. Ferdinand F. Feraldi, Chaffee, N.Y., in ARKANSAS place of V. E. Shaw, retired. SOUTH DAKOTA Robert G. Powell, De Kalb Junction, N.Y., Jimmy L. Ballenger, Corning, Ark., in place in place of L. C. WOOdward, transferred. Bernard F. Jennings, Bridgewater, S. Dak., of W. E. Polk, retired. Thomas P. Nowicki, Dunkirk, N.Y., in place in place of T. G. Weiland, retired. William A. Bowden, Everton, Ark., in place of Ignatius Fafinski, deceased. Ralph F. Zarneke, Redfield, S. Dak., in of J. G. Ramey, deceased. Norman G. Odell, Erieville, N.Y., in place place of W. E. Cloutier, deceased. Evelyn M. Erstine, Gillett, Ark., in place of of M. L. Wallace, retired. Harry V. Jorgensen, Winner, S. Dak., in A. J. Roberts, resigned. Arlene D. Smith, Lakeville, N.Y., in place place of W. H. Hinselman, retired. Clara E. Saeler, Watson, Ark., in place of M. R. Willis, retired. of Earl Hendershott, retired. TENNESSEE James E. Soule, Maple Springs, N.Y., in Milton J. Perry, Mount Pleasant, Tenn., in CALIFORNIA place of D. H. Larson, retired. place of G. S. Ligon, deceased. LuCelia M. Robinson, Littleriver, Calif., in Joseph K. Curtis, Massapequa, N.Y., in place of H. H. Krotozyner, resigned. place of Catherine Hayes, retired. TEXAS John L. Ritz, Old Forge, N.Y., in place of Sammie S. Norman, Hurlwood, Tex., in FLORIDA J. K. Hoffman, retired. place of F. L. Norman, retired. Grace D. Newman, Seville, Fla., in place of Harold E. Edson, Portlandville, N.Y., in Gene P. Smith, Lytle, Tex., in place of C. C. Christllles, retired. place of W. A. Beach, retired. E. R. Breiten, resigned. GEORGIA Leo B. Regan, Rome, N.Y., in place of C. T. Pedro G. Rodriguez, Odem, Tex., in place of Dallas L. Brown, Rome, Ga., in place of Williams, retired. 0. V. Hightower, retired. L. J. Russell, retired. January 13, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 533

IDAHO Vivian K. Morriss, Lanagan, Mo., in place Fred E. Shearer, Mitchell, S. Dak., in place Wayne M. Maynard, Lapwai, Idaho, in place of E. M. Vaughan, retired. of W. T. Wilt, retired. of D. K. Wilson, transferred. Morris Moore, Rocheport, Mo., in place of TEXAS A. C. Wood, resigned. ILLINOIS Melvin L. Campbell, Troy, Mo., in place of James M. Lawson, Bogata, Tex., in place Mary Rose Gines, Browns, Ill., in place of B. T. Cortelyou, retired. of A. C. Johnson, resigned. C. V. Compton, retired. Patrick C. Ryan, Port Lavaca, Tex., in place Harold Stone, Hume, Ill., in place of C. E. NEW HAMPSHmE of M.A. Phillips, Jr., transferred. Roller, retired. Lester T. Gulley, Jr., Lincoln, N.H., in place C. W. Dickerson, Jr., Quemado, Tex., in Andrew E. Matthews, Orient, Ill., in place of M. E. Ware, deceased. place of B. L. Gathings, retired. of Edith Brain, retired. NEW JERSEY VIRGINIA Joseph P. Graham, Rantoul, Ill., in place of Warren 0. Harris, Wrightstown, N.J., in Thomas C. Coleman, Jr., Boydton, Va., in J. S. Kaler, retired. place of M. H. Davis, retired. place of E. A. Crowder, transferred. INDIANA NEW YORK WASHINGTON Kenneth R. Messel, Bicknell, Ind., in place Paul A. Dreher, Buskirk, N.Y., in place of Arline R. Reid, Carson, Wash., in place of of Paul Winter, retired. W. J. Mcinerney, retired. L. J. Ott, deceased. Wendell R. Dougan, Dale, Ind., in place of Leon Grossman, South Fallsburg, N.Y., in Earl S. Sasser, Mukilteo, Wash., in place of M. R. Elliott, retired. place of Bernard Keiles, retired. M. C. Ross, retired. Leo L. Ponto, Earl Park, Ind., in place of F. L. Waterstraat, retired. NORTH CAROLINA WEST VIRGINIA Richard K. Parker, Wheatfield, Ind., in Martha S. Seymour, Belcross, N.C., in place Charles W. Gardner, Belle, W. Va., in place place of D. L. Misch, resigned. of S. B. Staples, retired. of N. B. Martin, retired. Henry S. Hammett, Belmont, W. Va., in IOWA Howard A. Gray, Enfield, N.C., in place of L. J. Stallings, retired. place of P. I. Fauss, retired. Thomas M. Oonners, Jr., Imogene, Iowa, in Craven M. Sealey, Evergreen, N.C., in place Betty K. Fleming, Harts, w. Va., in place of place of S. W. Jones, removed. of J. M. O'Berry, retired. G. R. Dial, removed. Merrill J. Pitlik, Mount Vernon, Iowa, in Boyd S. Butts, Hedgesville, W. Va., in place place of H. A. Bair, retired. NORTH DAKOTA of G. W. Kilmer, retired. KANSAS Ivan T. Thompson, Esmond, N. Dak., in Patricia G. Sidebottom, Peach Creek, place of L. E. Halvorson, transferred. Verl R. Smith, La. Crosse, Kans., in place W. Va., in place of Marietta Walker, retired. Alfred H. Borho, Nekoma, N. Dak., in place WISCONSIN of A. H. Goetz, retired. of S. M. Oyos, retired. Gerald D. Nixon, Lyons, Kans., in place of Donald F. Babitzke, Wishek, N. Dak., in Warren A. Ogren, Hayward, Wis., in place Helen Six, retired. place of T. 0. Brandt, retired. of J. R. Alexander, retired. KENTUCKY Charles V. Timm, Mindoro, Wis., in place Leonard A. Spilde, Ypsilanti, N. Dak., in of A. 0. Harder, retired. Brenda L. Bond, Benham, Ky., in place of place of H. D. Heffernan, retired. Dennis J. Clossey, Jr., Reedsburg, Wis., in E. B. Ison, retired. OHIO place of W. J. Gallagher, retired. !LOUISIANA Edward L. Abdella, Chauncey, Ohio, in ARKANSAS Laverne H. Ayers, Ringgold, La., in place place of C. B. Bricker, retired. John I. Arledge, Jr., Wabbaseka, Ark., in of Robert Mitchell, Jr., resigned. OKLAHOMA place of J.C. Bogy, retired. MAINE Beulah R. Booker, Headrick, Okla., in place CALIFORNIA Thomas E. Reeves, Hampden Highlands, of A. J. Stepp, retired. William B. Robinson, Somis, Calif., in place Maine, in place of H. L. Swan, retired. of K. K. McCleery, retired. Elsie P. Stormann, Stillwater, Maine, in OREGON place of H. W. Stormann, retired. Clara G. Melcher, Rufus, Oreg., in place of INDIANA A. S. Jordan, retired. Russel L. Hirschy, Geneva, Ind., in place of MASSACHUSETTS H. R. Widdows, retired. Ernest J. Winske, Marlborough, Mass., in PENNSYLVANIA Hubert E. Samm, Hymera, Ind., in place place of C. R. Rowe, retired. Charles L. Zoi, Clairton, Pa., in place of S. of Herman Funkhouser, retired. MICHIGAN T. Jackish, retired. Charles A. Seglowich, Smithton, Pa., in MASSACHUSETl'S Virginia L. Pelham, Clayton, Mich., in Edward J. Zerdecki, Three Rivers, Mass., place of C. T. Aldrich, retired. place of L. A. Floro, retired. Donald G. States, Springville, Pa., in place in place of A. J. Rusek, retired. MINNESOTA of K. M. Evans, retired. MISSOURI Edward E. Rolsch, Zumbro Falls, Minn., in Joseph F .. Fish, La Grange, Mo., in place place of H. M. Drinkwalter, retired. PUERTO RICO Josefina B. Tort, Aguadilla, P.R., in place of L. D. Mitchell, retired. MISSOURI of E. P. Irizarry, retired. NEW MEXICO Robert C. Rudloff, Crystal City, Mo., in SOUTH DAKOTA Walter c. Langendorf, Silver City, N. Mex., place of R. F. Reddick, deceased. in place of W. D. Reams, resigned. Emmet C. Washburn, Ewing, Mo., in place Leo F. Murley, Kimball, S. Dak., in place of J. S. Vickers, retired. of D. C. Lunn, deceased. NORTH CAROLINA Don M. Glaser, Huntsville, Mo., in place of Delmer C. Hawe, Leola, S. Dak., in place of Richard P. Roe, Lansing, N.C., in place of Ward Dennis, retired. F. J. Hepperle, retired. E. c. Eller, retired.

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS AT THE LUNAR THRESHOLD to remember that difficult and challeng­ the lunar mission would never have been ing work remains to be done in our na­ conceived and Apollo 8 would never have tional space effort. I commend this left its launching pad. And Without man's HON. OLINE. TEAGUE thoughtful and significant editorial to selfless competence throughout the whole OF TEXAS program, from that superb flight crew down the attention of the Members and the to the welders, electricians and riveters who IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES general public: built the hardware, Apollo could have easily Monday, January 13, 1969 AT THE LUNAR THRESHOLD faded into the oblivion of its early tribula­ The world is slowly catching its breath tions. Mr. TEAGUE of Texas. Mr. Speaker, after the breathless Christmas presented by It would be hard to find a more technically an editorial by Mr. Robert Hotz in the the Apollo 8 mission to the moon. In a world competent crew of space voyagers than Col. Aviation Week and Space Technology of torn by violence, wracked by religious and Frank Borman, Capt. James Lovell, and Lt. January 6, 1969, pays ·tribute to the racial hatreds and corroded by conflicts over Col. William Anders. Yet even their personal heroic accomplishments of the astronauts petty goals, the Apollo 8 shone over this rela­ elation at the superb performance of them­ of the Apollo 8 and the NASA-industry tively tiny planet as a clear symbol of the selves and their vehicle was overshadowed by team which developed and perfected the incredible goals man can attain when he the pl'Ofound spiritual and emotional experi­ sheds the baser parts of his heritage. ence of being the first men· to view that complex systems required to accomplish AP,ollo 8 is a great triumph of technology, lonely, desolate surface of the moon from so the first lunar flight. Mr. Hotz reminds perhaps the greatest in man's history. Yet it close and see the brilliant colors, the swirling his reader that with the outstanding ac­ is a spiritual triumph, too. For without man's clouds and the dazzling shine of their home compUshments of AJ)Ollo 8, it is important dauntless courage in braving the unknown, planet earth from so far.