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Conservation Status Assessment of Banana Crop Wild Relatives Using Species Distribution Modelling

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Conservation Status Assessment of Banana Crop Wild Relatives Using Species Distribution Modelling Conservation status assessment of banana crop wild relatives using species distribution modelling Mertens, Arne; Swennen, Rony; Ronsted, Nina; Vandelook, Filip; Panis, Bart; Sachter-Smith, Gabriel; Vu, Dang Toan; Janssens, Steven B. Published in: Diversity and Distributions DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13233 Publication date: 2021 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY Citation for published version (APA): Mertens, A., Swennen, R., Ronsted, N., Vandelook, F., Panis, B., Sachter-Smith, G., Vu, D. T., & Janssens, S. B. (2021). Conservation status assessment of banana crop wild relatives using species distribution modelling. Diversity and Distributions, 27(4), 729-746. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13233 Download date: 23. sep.. 2021 Received: 6 February 2020 | Revised: 21 December 2020 | Accepted: 29 December 2020 DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13233 BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH Conservation status assessment of banana crop wild relatives using species distribution modelling Arne Mertens1,2 | Rony Swennen1,3,4 | Nina Rønsted5,6 | Filip Vandelook2 | Bart Panis4 | Gabriel Sachter-Smith7 | Dang Toan Vu8 | Steven B. Janssens2 1Department of Biosystems, Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, KU Leuven, Abstract Belgium Aim: Crop wild relatives (CWR) are an essential source of genetic material for the im- 2 Crop Wild Relatives and Useful Plants, provement of certain traits in related crop species. Despite their importance, increas- Meise Botanic Garden, Meise, Belgium 3International Institute of Tropical ing public, scientific and political support, large gaps exist in the amount of genetic Agriculture, Arusha, Tanzania material collected and conserved of many CWR. Here, we construct a dataset on the 4 Bioversity International, Heverlee, Belgium distribution of wild banana species (Musa spp.) and assess their risk and conservation 5Natural History Museum of Denmark, status. We deal with the following questions: (a) What areas are potentially suitable University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark for wild banana species? (b) How much of the wild banana diversity is currently at risk 6 Science and Conservation, National or insufficiently conserved ex and in situ? Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalaheo, HI, United States Location: Native distribution area of wild banana species, ranging from the north- 7University of Hawaii, Mānoa, HI, United eastern states of India to north-eastern Australia. States Methods: We assessed the potential environmental range of wild species using a 8Research Planning and International Department, Plant Resources Centre, Hanoi, species distribution modelling approach with MaxEnt. Extinction risk was evaluated Vietnam following IUCN criterion B, and the ex and in situ conservation status was assessed Correspondence using an indicator for biodiversity and sustainable development targets. Arne Mertens, Meise Botanic Garden, Results: We found that 11 out of 59 assessed species can be considered as vulner- Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium. Email: [email protected] able and nine as endangered. Highest species richness was found along the border of south China and northern Vietnam, in the north-eastern states of India and on the Funding information Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Grant/ Malayan peninsula. Our distribution modelling approach indicates that the north- Award Number: G0D9318N; CGIAR Fund; ern Indo-Burmese region has the highest environmental suitability for most wild ba- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Grant/ Award Number: BBTV mitigation nana species and that lowland rain forests in general are highly suitable for bananas. Assessment of in and ex situ conservation status indicates that 56 out of 59 assessed Editor: Yoan Fourcade species are currently insufficiently conserved ex situ and that 49 are of high priority for further conservation. Additional in situ conservation is of high priority for six spe- cies and of medium priority for 40 species. Main conclusions: To date, little of the banana CWR are sufficiently conserved both in and ex situ. KEYWORDS banana, conservation planning, conservation status, CWR, Musaceae, species distribution modelling This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2021 The Authors. Diversity and Distributions published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Diversity and Distributions. 2021;27:729–746. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ddi | 729 730 | MERTENS et AL. 1 | INTRODUCTION different procedures, starting from the selection of a target species to the management and monitoring of designated areas (Hunter & Crop wild relatives (CWR) are wild plant species closely related or Heywood, 2011). ancestral to cultivated plants. In comparison with their associated A first step in establishing a strategy for both in and ex situ con- crop, CWR often contain important traits for agriculture that are servation is a gap analysis, that is knowing where high levels of ge- new or have been lost during domestication (Fielder et al., 2015; netic variation of a selected species might be located and to what Hajjar & Hodgkin, 2007; Heywood et al., 2007). Their genetic re- extent these species are already represented in gene banks or pro- sources can be used to provide pest and disease resistance in crops, tected locally. Accordingly, habitats or ecosystems that need addi- as well as improved crop fertility, quality, agronomic, phenological tional protection can be readily identified (Maxted et al., 2008). In or morphological traits (Dempewolf et al., 2017). Many CWR and particular for species with a poorly known distribution range, a gap other wild species are at risk due to increased abiotic and biotic analysis approach often requires advanced modelling tools to over- stress related to climate change but especially due to anthropogenic come the need for information about species’ absences and conse- pressure caused by the increasing world population and subsequent quently demands very large datasets containing occurrence records. habitat loss and/or fragmentation, improper land use and the lack Modelling approaches based on presence-only data cover the lack of of effective nature conservation strategies (Govindaraj et al., 2015; location data for modelling distribution ranges and can therefore aid Heywood et al., 2007). in the establishment of conservation and management strategies of Substantial efforts have been undertaken to improve CWR threatened species (Bosso et al., 2013; Khoury et al., 2015; Phillips conservation (Castañeda-Álvarez et al., 2016). Ex situ conservation et al., 2006). strategies have been given most attention, and a large amount of With a production of over 125 million tonnes each year, bananas germplasm is already stored in gene banks. Such a strategy also are considered one of the most important fruit crops in the world makes it possible to distribute genetic material to crop breeders. (FAO, 2018). However, considerably less conservation efforts and Nevertheless, current ex situ conservation has four major draw- strategies exist for their wild relatives compared to rice, wheat and backs. First, only a small proportion of the inter- and intraspecific maize (Castañeda-Álvarez et al., 2016). Bananas belong to the genus genetic variation present in CWR is currently stored in gene banks Musa L. of the Musaceae, a small plant family consisting of three gen- (Castañeda-Álvarez et al., 2016; Guarino & Lobell, 2011). In Europe, era Musa, Ensete Bruce and Musella (Franch.) C.Y.Wu ex H.W.Li. The only 1,095 CWR taxa (6% of CWR present in Europe) were included genus Musa is by far the most diverse and well-known member of in the EURISCO catalogue of ex situ plant genetic resources (Ford- this family with over 75 described species and subspecies. The ma- Lloyd et al., 2011). Second, some CWR produce recalcitrant seeds jority of cultivated and edible bananas are derived from hybridization that cannot survive with traditional ex situ conservation techniques events within and between two species: Musa acuminata Colla and such as drying and freezing (Bonner, 1990). Third, plants conserved Musa balbisiana Colla (Häkkinen & Väre, 2008; Perrier et al., 2011). ex situ are not influenced by the same evolutionary selection pro- Edible bananas are diploid, triploid or tetraploid hybrids, typically cesses as in their native environment, limiting the development of containing genetic information from M. acuminata subspecies (the new genetic variation. As a result, accommodation to a gradually “A” genome) and from M. balbisiana (the “B” genome). Few cultivars changing environment and new biotic interactions is prevented also contain genetic information of M. schizocarpa N.W.Simmonds (Heywood, 2016; Meilleur & Hodgkin, 2004). Lastly, to safeguard (the “S” genome), such as in East African Highland Bananas and ge- ex situ collections from disappearing due to local natural or hu- netic information from species from the Australimusa section (the man-caused disasters, safety duplication of accessions is strongly “T” genome) (Carreel, 1994; Němečková et al., 2018). Fe'i bananas encouraged. Currently, duplication of germplasm is not always are another group of rare, edible bananas belonging to the former documented and many accessions might not be duplicated at all Australimusa section and are independently domesticated from M. (FAO, 2014). acuminata and M. balbisiana (Ploetz et al., 2007). The presence of It is thus
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