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Myanmar's Annihilation of the Rohingya

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GENOCIDE ACHIEVED, GENOCIDE CONTINUES: MYANMAR’S ANNIHILATION OF THE ROHINGYA ANNIHILATION MYANMAR’S GENOCIDE CONTINUES: GENOCIDE ACHIEVED, Pen ny Green / Thomas MacManus / Alicia de la Cour Venning de la Cour / Thomas MacManus Alicia Green ny Published by: International State Crime Initiative School of Law Queen Mary University of London GENOCIDE ACHIEVED, GENOCIDE CONTINUES: MYANMAR’S ANNIHILATION OF THE ROHINGYA Penny Green / Thomas MacManus / Alicia de la Cour Venning School of Law (CC) International State Crime Initiative 2018 This publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐ NoDerivatives 4.0 International license: you may copy and distribute the document, only in its entirety, as long as it is attributed to the authors and used for non‐commercial, educational, or public policy purposes. ISBN: 978‐0‐9934574‐6‐3 (Paperback) and 978‐0‐9934574‐7‐0 (eBook‐PDF) Published by: International State Crime Initiative School of Law Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road London E1 4NS United Kingdom www.statecrime.org Authors: Professor Penny Green, Queen Mary University of London Dr Thomas MacManus, Queen Mary University of London Alicia de la Cour Venning, Queen Mary University of London Recommended citation: Green, P., MacManus, T. and de la Cour Venning, A. (2018) Genocide Achieved, Genocide Continues: Myanmar’s Annihilation of the Rohingya. London: International State Crime Initiative. All photographs, unless otherwise stated, taken by ISCI researchers. Front page image: A group of Rohingya refugees, who had recently arrived in the Bangladesh camp of Kutupalong, waiting for humanitarian assistance, October 2017 Layout and design: Paul Jacobs, QMUL CopyShop Printing: QMUL CopyShop School of Law GENOCIDE ACHIEVED, GENOCIDE CONTINUES: MYANMAR’S ANNIHILATION OF THE ROHINGYA Penny Green / Thomas MacManus / Alicia de la Cour Venning CONTENTS MAPS 5 TIMELINE OF GENOCIDE 7 ABBREVIATIONS 9 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 11 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 13 1. INTRODUCTION 21 METHODOLOGY 23 2. PREPARING FOR ANNIHILATION: PRE-OCTOBER 2016 25 INCREASED RESTRICTIONS 27 THE KILADUANG (DU CHEE YAR TAN) MASSACRE 28 3. FINAL PREPARATIONS: 9 OCTOBER 2016 – 25 AUGUST 2017 31 REPRESSIVE AND THREATENING MEASURES 33 MILITARISING NORTHERN RAKHINE STATE 36 NATIONAL VERIFICATION CARD (NVC): A QUIETER TOOL OF GENOCIDE 41 INTIMIDATORY VILLAGE MEETINGS 44 4. GENOCIDE’S DENOUEMENT 49 MASSACRES AND OTHER KILLINGS 51 RAPE AND GENDERED VIOLENCE 56 PILLAGING AND BURNING VILLAGES 60 3 GENOCIDE ACHIEVED, GENOCIDE CONTINUES: MYANMAR’S ANNIHILATION OF THE ROHINGYA 5. THE GENOCIDE CONTINUES 63 ‘SOCIAL DEATH’: FATE OF ROHINGYA STILL IN MYANMAR 63 TREACHEROUS FLIGHTS FROM GENOCIDAL VIOLENCE 65 DANGER AND DEATH IN THE BANGLADESH CAMPS 66 6. ERADICATION FROM HISTORY: SYMBOLIC ENACTMENT 71 DENIAL AND COVER-UP 72 ERASURE OF HISTORY AND CULTURE 76 APPROPRIATION OF PROPERTY AND REMAKING NORTHERN RAKHINE STATE 77 ROHINGYA RESILIENCE AND CAMP LIFE 79 7. CONCLUSION 83 BIBLIOGRAPHY 86 APPENDIX I: ISCI CORRESPONDENCE WITH UK GOVERNMENT 2014-2016 90 4 o!( o!( o!( !o( o!( !o( o!( o!( o!( o!( ! ! ! ! o ! !( ! o!( ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! o o ! !! !( !( MAPS ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Myanmar Information Management Unit ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Northern Townships! ! of Rakhine State ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! (with border area! arrivals as of 11 Sept 2017) ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 92°0'E ! ! 92°30'E ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! o Cox's Bazar ! ! ! ! ( ! ! ! ! !( ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! o ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !( ! ! ! o ! ! !( ! ! ! ! ! ! CHIN STATE ! ! ! ! BANGLADESH ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Naikhongchhari!# ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !Paletwa! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !( o ! ! !( ! ! ! ! ! ! ! PALETWA ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Kutupalong ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! # ! ! ! ! Taungpyoletwea! ! ! ! ! ! ! !( ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Balukhali ! ! ! # ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! o ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ( Mainnerghona# ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! # ! ! ! # ! Burmapara ! ! ! # ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Hakimpara ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! MAUNGDAW! ! # ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! Baharchhara ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! # ! ! # ! BUTHIDAUNG! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! Roikhong ! ! ! ! #! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! # ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 21°0'N # ! ! 21°0'N Leda ! ! RAKHINE! STATE ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Legend ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Nayapara# !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! o ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ( # ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !( ! ! ! Towns ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! KYAUKTAW! ! ! Village ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! o ! ! ! ! ! ! ! o ! ! ! ! ( ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ( ! Buthidaung ! ! # ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! o ! ! !( ! ! ! ! ! ( ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Airports ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Kyauktaw! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !( ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Areas with new arrivals, !! ! ! ! !! ! # ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Maungdaw! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! makeshift settlements & !(! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! spontaneous sites ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! as of 11 Sept 2017 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Shore ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! o ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !( ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Township Boundary ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Inter-State Boundary ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! International Boundary ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Transporation !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Main Road ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! RATHEDAUNG ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Others Road ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! PONNAGYUN! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Landcover ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! o ! ! Crop and Vegetation Snow Ice ! ! ! ! ( ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Rathedaung! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !( ! ! ! o 20°30'N Urban Build-up ! ! 20°30'N Forest ! ! ! !( ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Mixed Forest BareLand ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! Grassland Wetland ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Shrubland Water ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0 5 10 20 km ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !( ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Map ID: MIMU1523v01 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Creation Date: 11 September 2017, 36 x 60 inches ! ! ! ! ! ! o ! ! ( ! ! ! Projection/Datum: Geographic/WGS84 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Data Source: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ISCG - http//cxbcoordination.org ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! BASE MAP - MIMU;Boundaries - WFP,modified by MIMU 2008; ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Landcover - LP DAAC - MCD12Q1 2011 V.5 IGP (Type1) ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Place name - Ministry of Home Affair (GAD) ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! translated by MIMU ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! SITTWE! ! ! ! ! ! ! Map produced by the MIMU - E-mail: [email protected] ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Website: www.themimu.inf ! ! ! o ! o ! ! ! ( ! ! ! ! Sittwe ! ! Copyright © Myanmar Information Management Unit 2017. May be used free of charge with attribution. ! !( ! ! ! o ! ! 92°0'E 92°30'E !( ! ! ! ! ! PAUKTAW ! ! ! Disclaimer: The names shown and the boundaries used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 5 ! o!( !o( o!( o!( o!( o!( !o( !o( o!( o!( !o( o!( o!( o!( o!( o!( !o( o!( o!( o!( o!( o!( GENOCIDE ACHIEVED, GENOCIDE CONTINUES: MYANMAR’S ANNIHILATION OF THE ROHINGYA Myanmar Information Management Unit Village Tracts of northern Rakhine State (Buthidaung, Maungdaw, Rathedaung Townships) 92°30'E 93°0'E 21°30'N 21°30'N BANGLADESH Tat Chaung In Tu Lar CHIN STATE Kar Lar Day Hpet Bauk Shu Ye Aung San Hpweit Ya Bway Paletwa Kyaung (! Samee Na Hpay !( Hlaing Thi Kha Maung Seik Ba Da Kar Nan Yar Thit Tone Kaing Nar Gwa Nga Yant Son Chaung Mee Taik Ta Man Thar Taungpyoletwea Yae Nauk !( Ngar Thar Thet Kaing Kha Maung Taung Nyar Kyaung Taung Tin May Chaung Pyo Pa Da Kar Day Let Yar War Nar Li Thea Chaung Pa Da Kar Min Gyi Ywar Thit Kun Thee (Tu Lar Pin Tu Li) Wet Kyein Goke Pi Laung Yon Kyun San Kar Kyun Pauk Leik Ya Pauk Pin Yin Done Paik (Aung Sin Oe Seik Pyin) Kyauk Chaung Myo Mi Chaung Kyein Chaung Kyun Pauk Myaw Chaung Ta Ya Gu Pyu Su Laung Don Myauk Ye Ah Htet Zee Pin (a) Pan Pyu Ma Chaung Be Chaung Sa Bai Kone Yae Twin Pyin Pyu Ma Ka Yin Ma Pyu Ma Doe Tan Ngar Sar Kyu Kyaung Nyin Tan Zee Hton Taung Ka Nyin Myo Thit Aw Ra Ma (a) Kyet Yoe Pyin Tan Yee Chaung Nga Khu YaNga Kat Pa Kaung Yae Myet Taung Ngan Chaung Pyin Hla Khu Ya Nga Yant Pwint Hpyu Chaung U Shey Kya Chaung Hpar Wut Ba Da Nar 21°0'N
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    ICC-01/19-7 04-07-2019 1/146 RH PT Cour Penale (/\Tl\) _ni _t_e__r an _t_oi _n_a_l_e �i��------------------ ----- International �� �d? Crimi nal Court Original: English No.: ICC-01/19 Date: 4 July 2019 PRE-TRIAL CHAMBER III Before: Judge Olga Herrera Carbuccia, Presiding Judge Judge Robert Fremr Judge Geoffrey Henderson SITUATION IN THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF BANGLADESH / REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR PUBLIC With Confidential EX PARTE Annexes 1, 5, 7 and 8, and Public Annexes 2, 3, 4, 6, 9 and 10 Request for authorisation of an investigation pursuant to article 15 Source: Office of the Prosecutor ICC-01/19-7 04-07-2019 2/146 RH PT Document to be notified in accordance with regulation 31 of the Regulations of the Court to: The Office of the Prosecutor Counsel for the Defence Ms Fatou Bensouda Mr James Stewart Legal Representatives of the Victims Legal Representatives of the Applicants Unrepresented Victims Unrepresented Applicants (Participation/Reparation) The Office of Public Counsel for The Office of Public Counsel for the Victims Defence States’ Representatives Amicus Curiae REGISTRY Registrar Counsel Support Section Mr Peter Lewis Victims and Witnesses Unit Detention Section Victims Participation and Reparations Other Section Mr Philipp Ambach No. ICC-01/19 2/146 4 July 2019 ICC-01/19-7 04-07-2019 3/146 RH PT CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 5 II. LEVEL OF CONFIDENTIALITY AND REQUESTED PROCEDURE .................... 8 III. PROCEDURAL