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Rakhine State Needs Assessment September 2015

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Rakhine State Needs Assessment September 2015 Rakhine State Needs Assessment September 2015 This document is published by the Center for Diversity and National Harmony with the support of the United Nations Peacebuilding Fund. Publisher : Center for Diversity and National Harmony No. 11, Shweli Street, Kamayut Township, Yangon. Offset : Public ation Date : September 2015 © All rights reserved. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Rakhine State, one of the poorest regions in Myanmar, has been plagued by communal problems since the turn of the 20th century which, coupled with protracted underdevelopment, have kept residents in a state of dire need. This regrettable situation was compounded from 2012 to 2014, when violent communal riots between members of the Muslim and Rakhine communities erupted in various parts of the state. Since the middle of 2012, the Myanmar government, international organisations and non-governmen- tal organisations (NGOs) have been involved in providing humanitarian assistance to internally dis- placed and conflict-affected persons, undertaking development projects and conflict prevention activ- ities. Despite these efforts, tensions between the two communities remain a source of great concern, and many in the international community continue to view the Rakhine issue as the biggest stumbling block in Myanmar’s reform process. The persistence of communal tensions signaled a need to address one of the root causes of conflict: crushing poverty. However, even as various stakeholders have attempted to restore normalcy in the state, they have done so without a comprehensive needs assessment to guide them. In an attempt to fill this gap, the Center for Diversity and National Harmony (CDNH) undertook the task of developing a source of baseline information on Rakhine State, which all stakeholders can draw on when providing humanitarian and development assistance as well as when working on conflict prevention in the state. CDNH was established to coordinate all stakeholders working on interfaith and communal issues throughout Myanmar, and to conduct research on complex national issues. As part of its mission to share knowledge and stimulate discussion, CDNH also organizes trainings, workshops and conferences on conflict prevention, rule of law, interfaith dialogues, social and political tolerance and civic education. A report like this would not have been successfully completed without the assistance of several organ- isations and individuals. We would like to thank the Rakhine State Government, especially the Chief Minister and members of the state cabinet, community leaders, representatives of international organ- isations and civil society groups, and individuals who provided necessary assistance to CDNH’s team when conducting the survey. Our special thanks also go to the United Nations Peace Building Fund for its financial support in setting up CDNH and then launching this project. We would additionally like to thank the Center for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD) and its country representative Adam Cooper for the secondment of Steve Ross, an employee of the HD, to CDNH to help with the assessment project. We would also like to thank Steve Ross for his contribution to this report. Our special thanks also go to three long time friends of mine: Mary Callahan, Ardeth Maung Thawnghmung and OP (who prefers to be mentioned through the acronym of her name) for reviewing the report and pro- viding valuable comments to us. Last but not least, we would like to express our deep appreciation to the members of CDNH who channeled their utmost energy and dedication toward the completion of this valuable report. Finally, we would like to note that even an ambitious report like this one could not exhaustively rep- resent the views of all people and organisations in the state. However, the authors feel confident that the following findings reflect noteworthy trends in statewide public opinion. Kyaw Yin Hlaing Director Center for Diversity and National Harmony Yangon, Myanmar | i | ACKNOWLEDGING THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF CDNH STAFF MEMBERS This report is the product of tremendous contributions by a number of CDNH staff mem- bers. In gathering the necessary data, the following individuals played instrumental roles: U Thang Cin Thwang, U Moe Win Aung, Daw Sandy Soe, Daw Khet Khet Tin, Daw May Than Than Htay, Daw Khin Sandar Myint, U Kyaw Zaya and U Lin Htin. Traveling extensively in Rakhine state, they conducted thousands of surveys, interviews and focus group discussions. They were also involved in completing the arduous work of data entry. Mathilde Tréguier, a program manager, developed the research design, conducted several in- depth interviews, monitored focus group discussions and drafted the entire report in collab- oration with Steve Ross. After Steve’s secondment to CDNH ended, Mathilde took charge of completing the report under my supervision. Subsequently, Maude Morrison, another pro- gram manager, meticulously edited the report. This acknowledgement section would not be complete without recognizing the painstaking logistical and administrative support provided by CDNH’s administrative department. With- out their constant support, the project could not have been completed smoothly and success- fully. All in all, this report is an outcome of the collective effort of all members of CDNH and I am keenly aware of their invaluable contributions. Kyaw Yin Hlaing Director Center for Diversity and National Harmony Yangon, Myanmar | ii | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Rakhine is the second poorest state in Myanmar, characterized by malnutrition, low income poverty and weak infrastructure compounded by natural hazards. On top of this, Rakhine State has been characterized by a lack of peaceful cohabitation between the Buddhist and Muslim communities residing in the state. Although clashes have happened sporadically since the end of the British rule, the underlying grievances of both communities have given rise, since June 2012, to a wave of severe intercommunal violence that has contributed to the deterioration of living conditions in the state for both communities. Today, some 140,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs), the vast majority of whom are Muslim, remain in camps with inadequate access to food, shelter, and livelihoods while the rest of the population in the state continues to face challenges in meeting their basic needs. If not tackled and solved appropriately, this issue is likely to have a highly disruptive effect on the country’s transition towards development, peace and reconciliation. Despite the numerous challenges facing Rakhine State, there has not yet been a systematic and comprehensive assessment that simultaneously addresses humanitarian needs and underde- velopment, conflict prevention, and reconciliation. CDNH’s research helps to fill this knowl- edge gap through detailed quantitative and qualitative analysis of the needs of both Rakhine and Muslim communities. This report serves to inform the work of government officials, humanitarian and development and peacebuilding practitioners, as well as community-based organisations in Rakhine State. Humanitarian Needs and Underdevelopment • Overall, the situation faced by all residents of Rakhine State is challenging, with all communities experiencing high levels of poverty and inadequate access to livelihoods, food, and quality health and education services. These challenges are compounded by historic underspending on infrastructure and human capital. • While all Rakhine residents face difficulties in meeting their basic needs, Muslim com- munities, especially those displaced by conflict, face particularly acute challenges, in large part because of their lack of citizenship. This results in a cascade of negative effects, including a lack of protection for basic rights and restrictions on freedom of movement, which inhibits adequate access to livelihoods, healthcare, and education (including higher education). Muslims were also much more likely than Rakhine to report in the questionnaires and interviews a deterioration of their conditions over the past few years. • Inadequate access to livelihoods is a significant concern and perhaps explains low levels of satisfaction with income levels among Rakhine and Muslims. Incomes for most Rakhine and Muslims are reported to have declined in the past three years and more than 70% of Muslims surveyed in eight out of ten townships said their income was poor or very poor or that they had no income. Low levels of cash and savings mean that Rakhine State residents are extremely vulnerable to shocks in their income, whether from conflict, natural disasters, or health emergencies. Among Muslims, IDPs’ fear of movement or actual movement restrictions limit income generating activities for large segments of the population, who have no or very little access to | iii | productive lands and markets and rely almost exclusively on food assistance. • Most of those internally displaced by conflict in Rakhine State are from the Muslim community. In addition to chronic poverty, they face a range of humanitarian needs associated with their displacement. In the past three years, the situation has deterio- rated for most Muslims, many of whom face challenging conditions in IDP camps. • Food is the main expenditure for most households in Rakhine State, and has become an increasing concern over the past three years; food shortages were cited as one of the main difficulties faced by Rakhine and Muslims in the past six months. Access to adequate food appeared especially low in Mrauk-U and Kyauktaw, in Northern Rakh- ine State,
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