A Monograph E C H I N O I D

Home , Amblypneustes, Toxopneustes, Toxopneustes pileolus, Tripneustes depressus

A MONOGRAPH OF THE ECHINOIDEA

III. 2 CAMARODONTA. I. ORTHOPSID^, GLYPHOCYPHID^, TEMNOPLEURID^ AND TOXOPNEUSTID^

TH. MORTENSEN

WITH 56 PLATES AND 321 FIGURES IN THE TEXT

PUBLISHED AT THE EXPENSES OF THE CARLSBERG AND THE RASK-0RSTED FUNDS

ATLAS

COPENHAGEN C. A. REITZEL • PUBLISHER 1943 Explanation of the Plates. O n account of the war there has been some difficulties with the reproduction of the plates of the present volume. The same paper as that used for the plates of the previous volumes was no longer available; neither could the fine warm tint of the plates of the previous volumes be attained. It proved necessary to have the photographic plates reproduced in half-tone, instead of in heliotype; but since, as will be seen, the very finest net available has been used, hardly any of the finer details are obscured. On the whole, I venture to think that the scientific value of the plates of the present volume is not inferior to that of the previous volumes, even though their appearance is not quite as beautiful.

K ebenhavn, in February 1943. Th. Mortensen.

Plate I. Figs. I—2. Temnopleurus toreumaticus (Leske). Specimens from Sandheads, Bay of Bengal. Aboral (i) and oral side (2). — 3. Temnopleurus ioreumaticus (Leske). Young specimen from the Gulf of Iran. Oral side (cf fig. 12). — 4—5. Temnopleurus Hardwickii impressus Mrtsn. Oral (4) and aboral side (5). — 6. Temnopleurus toreumaticus (Leske). Specimen from Singapore. Oral side (cf. fig. 9). — 7—-8. Temnopleurus toreumaticus brevispinus Diakonov. Oral (7) and aboral side (8). — 9. Temnopleurus toreumaticus (Leske). Specimen from Singapore. Aboral side (cf fig. 6). — 10— II. Temnopleurus toreumaticus Mortenseni Diakonov. Aboral (10) and oral side (11). — 12. Temnopleurus toreumaticus (Leske). Young specimen from the Gulf of Iran. Aboral side (cf fig. 3). All figures natural size. On the plate figs. 4—5 are erroneously named Temnopl. toreumaticus impressus, instead of Temnopl. Hardwickii impressus. Plate II. Figs. I—6. Temnopleurus Alexandri (Bell). Aboral (i, 6), oral (2, 5), and side view (3, 4). .— 7—8. Temnopleurus Alexandri scalaris Mrtsn. Specimens from the Kei Islands. Aboral (8) and oral side (9). 9. Temnopleurus toreumaticus (Leske). Specimen from Mozambique. Side view (cf. figs. 19—20). —■ 10— 11. Temnopleurus toreumaticus (Leske). Specimens with green test. Side view (10) and aboral side (11). — 12— 14'. Temnopleurus toreumaticus (Leske). Specimens from Tomo, Japan. Aboral (12), oral (14), and side view (13). — 15. Temnopleurus toreumaticus (Leske). Specimen from Penang. Aboral side. — 16— 18. Temnopleurus Hardwickii impressus Mrtsn. Aboral (16), oral (18), and side view (17). — 19—-20. Temnopleurus toreumaticus (Leske). Mozambique. Aboral (19) and oral side (cf. fig. 9). — 21. Temnopleurus toreumaticus (Leske). Specimen from Queensland, with unusually large pits. All figures natural size. Plate III. Figs. I—2. Temnopleurus {Toreumatica) Reevesii (Gray). Aboral (i) and oral side (2). — 3. Temnopleurus [Toreumatica) apodus (A. Agassiz & H. L. Clark). Oral side, x 2. — 4—5. Temnopleurus [Toreumatica) Michaelseni (Doderlein). Cotype. Aboral (4) and oral side (5) (cf. figs. 13— 15). — 6— II. Temnopleurus Alexandri scalaris Mrtsn. Specimens from the Kei Islands. Aboral (6, 7, 9) and oral side (8). Side view (10, 11). — 12. Temnopleurus [Toreumatica) Reevesii (Gray). Specimen from the Gulf of Siam. Aboral side. — 13— 15. Temnopleurus [Toreumatica) Michaelseni (Doderlein). Oral (13), aboral (15), and side view (14) (cf-figs. 4—5). — 16— 20. Temnopleurus [Toreumatica) Reevesii (Gray). Aboral (17, 20), oral (19), and side view (16, 18). Fig. 17, specimen from off Jolo, figs. 18—20 specimens from Hakata Bay, Japan. — 21— 23. Temnopleurus Hardwickii (Gray). Side view (21), aboral (22), and oral side (23). Figs. 22—23 specimen from Toba, Japan. — 24. Temnopleurus Hardwickii (Gray). Specimen from Hakata Bay, Japan, with Melobesia growing on the test. — 25—30. Temnopleurus Hardwickii (Gray). Side view (25), aboral (26, 29, 30), and oral side (27). Spec imens from Jap a n ; fig. 30 specimen from Tokio Bay. — 31—33. Temnopleurus [Toreumatica) apodus (A. Agassiz & H. L. Clark). Side view (31), aboral (32), and oral side (33) (cf. fig. 3). X 3 — 34—36- Temnopleurus [Toreumatica) decipiens (de Meijere). Aboral (34), oral (36), and side view (35). X3. Fig. 3x2; figs. 31—36 X 3; all the other figures natural size. Figs. 31—36 H alkier phot.

Plate IV. Figs. I—2. Salmacis bicolor Kgdiiiiz. Specimens from Durban. Oral (i) and aboral side (2). —• 3—7. Salmacis bicolor L. Agassiz. Denuded tests. Oral (3), aboral (4, 5, 7), and side view (6) (cf figs. I—2). — 8. Salmacis bicolor L. Agassiz. Specimen from the Philippines (“Albatross” St. 5482), infested with parasitic snails. Aboral side. — 9. Salmacis roseo-viridis Koehler. Oral side. All figures natural size.

Plate V. Figs. I—3. Salmacis bicolor rarispina L. Agassiz. Aboral (i), oral (2), and side view (3). — 4—6. Salmacis rubricincta H. L. Clark. Side view (4), oral (5), and aboral side (6). — 7—-9. Salmacis roseo-viridis Koehler. Oral (7), aboral (8), and side view (9). — 10. Salmacis bicolor L. Agassiz. Abnormal specimen, from Mauritius. — II. Salmacis bicolor rarispina 1j. Abnormal specimen [“Salmacis Woodsi” Ramsay). — 12. Salmacis bicolor rarispina L. Agassiz. Large specimen, side view. All figures natural size.

Plate VI. Figs. I—-2. Salmacis bicolor L. Agassiz. Specimens from Mauritius. Aboral (i) and oral side (2). •— 3—-8. Salmacis bicolor rarispina ~L. Agassiz. O ral (3), aboral (4, 5, 7, 8), and side view (6). Figs. 3 and 8 same specimen. Fig. 7 shows a specimen which has been infested with the crab Z^brida Adamsii the spines have been partly eaten away by the crab. — 9— 13. Salmaciella erythracis (H. L. Clark). Specimens from off Cape Gardafui (John Murray Ex pedition). Aboral (9, 12), oral (10, 13), and side view (11). All figures natural size. Plate V II. Fig. I. Salmacis spheroides (Linnaeus). Specimen from Amboina, dark green. Side view (cf. figs. 8—9). — 2. Salmacis spharoides (Linnaeus). Specimen fi'om Singapore. Side view. — 3. Salmacis sphceroides (Linnaeus). Young specimen from Bowen, Queensland; has been crushed, but the wound has healed up and closed, also the part which looks like a hole in the figure. — 4. Salmacis spharoides variegata Mrtsn. Type specimen. Side view. — 5. Salmacis spharoides (Linnaeus). Johore Strait. Side view. — 6— 7. Salmacis spharoides (Linnaeus). Bowen, Queensland. Aboral (6) and oral side (7). — 8^—9. Salmacis spharoides (Linnaeus). Specimen from Amboina, dark green. Aboral (8) and oral side (9) (cf. fig. i). All figures natural size.

Plate VIII. Figs. I—2. Salmacis Belli.unicolor Mrtsn. Type specimen. Aboral (i) and oral side (2). — 3. Salmacis virgulata L. Agassiz. Specimen from Samalona, Makasser. Side view (cf. PI. IX. i- — 4—6. Salmacis virgulata L. Agassiz. Singapore. Side view (4), aboral (5), and oral side (6). — 7—8. Salmacis Belli Doderlein. Specimen from the Kei Islands. Oral (7) and aboral side (8). — 9. Salmaciella Dussumieri (L. Agassiz). Singapore. Aboral side (cf PL X. 3). All figures natural size.

Plate IX . Figs. I—2. Salmacis virgulata L. Agassiz. Specimens from Samalona, Makasser. Oral (i) and aboral side (2) (cf PI. V III. 3). — 3—4. Salmacis virgulata L. Agassiz. Indian Ocean. Side view (3) and aboral side (4). — 5. Salmacis virgulata L. Agassiz. Samalona, Makasser. Oral side. — 6. Hybrid of Salmacis spharoides x Temnopleurus Alexandri. Specimen from Queensland, identified by H. L. C la rk as Salmacis virgulata. — 7. Salmaciella Dussumieri (L. Agassiz). Specimen infested by parasitic snails. All figures natural size.

Plate X. Figs. I—2. Salmacis spharoides (Linnaeus). Port Jackson. Aboral (i) and oral side (2) (cf fig. 7). — 3. Salmaciella Dussumieri (L. Agassiz). Singapore. Oral side (cf PI. VIII. 9). — 4—6. Salmacis virgulata L. Agassiz. Denuded specimens from Indo-Ghina. Aboral (4), oral (5), and side view (6). NB. Figs. 4 and 6 apparently show broad and deep horizontal furrows, as characteristic of Temnopleurus, but not of Salmacis. This appearance is produced by a streak of green colour along the horizontal sutures; the sutures themselves are not at all broad and deep, and the specimen is a typical Salmacis virgulata. — 7—8. Salmacis spharoides (Linnaeus). Specimen from Port Jackson, side view (7) (cf. figs. i—2); specimen from Amboina, oral side (8). — 9. Salmacis spharoides (Linnaeus). Specimen from Singapore, attacked by the crab ^ebrida Adamsii White, which has devoured the spines along its track. — 10. Salmacis spharoides (Linnaeus). Specimen from the Johore Strait. Denuded. Aboral side. — I I — 12. Salmacis Belli Doderlein. Side view. Specimens from Amboina (11) and the Kei Islands (12). All figures natural size. Plate XI. Figs. I— 2. Salmaciella oligopora (H. L. Clark). Cotype. Aboral (i) and oral side (2). — 3. Salmaciella oligopora (H. L. Clark). Specimen from Port Jackson. Oral side (cf. figs. 5 and 7). — 4. Salmaciella oligopora (H. L. Clark). Abnormal specimen. Aboral side. — 5. Salmaciella oligopora (H. L. Clark). Port Jackson. Side view (cf. figs. 3 and 7). — 6. Salmaciella oligopora (H. L. Clark). Cotype. Side view (cf. figs. i—2). — 7. Salmaciella oligopora (H.L. Clark). Port Jackson. Aboral side (cf figs. 3 and 5). — 8— 10. Salmaciella Dussumieri (L. Agassiz). Indo-China. Oral (8), aboral (10), and side view (9). — I I — 13. Salmaciella Dussumieri (L. Agassiz). Singapore. Aboral (11) and oral side (12). All figures natural size.

Plate X II. Figs. I—2. Mespilia globulus (Linnaeus). Java Sea. Oral (i) and aboral side (2). — 3. Mespilia globulus (Linnaeus). Zamboanga. Specimen showing spines and pedicellariae. Aboral side. — 4—6. Mespilia globulus (Linnaeus). Java Sea. Aboral (4) and side view (5, 6). — 7— 16. Mespilia globulus levituberculata Y oshiw ara. Misaki, Japan; 8, 13—15, specimens with the spines preserved, to comp, with fig. 3, the typical M . globulus. — 17. Mespilia globulus albida H. L. Clark. Specimen from Port Denison, Queensland. Aboral side. — 18— 22. Microcyphus Rousseaui L. Agassiz. Denuded tests in aboral (18, 20), oral (21, 22), and side view (19). Fig. 18 represents the form named by L am bert Micr. Decaryi. — 23—25. Microcyphus Rousseaui L. Agassiz. Specimens from Ghardaqa, Red Sea, with spines well pre served. Aboral (23), oral (25), and side view (24). All figures natural size.

Plate XIII. Figs. I—2. Amblypneustes ovum (Lamarck). Specimens identified by H. L. Clark. Side view (i) and oral side (2). — 3—4. Amblypneustes pallidus (Lamarck). Port Adelaide. Aboral (3) and side view (4). — 5— 7. Amblypneustes pallidus (Lamarck). S. Australia. Identified by H. L. Clark. Oral (5), aboral (7), and side view (6). — 8— 10. Amblypneustes formosus Ya\e.ncmnnt5. Oral (8), aboral (10), and side view (9). — I I — 16. Amblypneustes formosus Yaltnciennts. Tests in aboral (11, 13), oral (12, 14), and side view (i5> 16). — 17—22. Amblypneustes pallidus subglobosus Mrtsn. Types. O ral (17, 21), aboral (18, 20), and side view (19, 22). — 23— 25. Pseudechinus grossularia (Studer). Holotype. Aboral (23), oral (25), and side view (24). — 26. Amblypneustes pachistus H. L. Clark. Abnormal specimen. Side view. — 27. Amblypneustes formosus Valenciennes. Side view. X 2.5. — 28. Amblypneustes ovum (Lamarck). Side view. — 29. Amblypneustes leucoglobus Doderlein. Side view. — 30. Amblypneustes leucoglobus Doderlein. Part of test, showing the small, club-shaped, white-tipped secondary spines, x 2.5. All figures, except 27 and 30, natural size.

Plate X IV . Figs. I—2. Amblypneustes pachistus Yi.'L. C\ar\i. Port Western, Victoria. Aboral (i) and oral side (2). — 3—4. Amblypneustes grandis H. L. Clark. Port Western. Aboral (3) and side view (4). — 5—6. Amblypneustes pachistus ruber T)6dcr\ein. O ral (5) and side view (6). — 7—8. Amblypneustes pachistus H. L. Clark. Port Western. Side view (7) and oral side (8). Figs. 9— 10. Amblypneustes pachistus G\di.rk. Side view. — I I — 14. Amblypneustes grandis H. L. Clark. Port Western. Oral (11, 14), aboral (12), and side view (13). — 15— 16. Amblypneustes grandis H. L. Clark. Port Western. Specimen with spines well preserved. Aboral (15) and oral side (16). All figures natural size.

Plate XV. Figs. I— 2. Holopneustes inflatus Liitken. O ral (i) and side view (2) (of. fig. 11). 3. Holopneustes injlatus Liitken. Abnormal, elongate specimen. — 4—6. Holopneustes purpurascens Lutken. Type specimen. Oral (4), aboral (6), and side view (5). — 7—9. Holopneustes injlatus Lutken. Port Jackson. Oral (7), aboral (9), and side view (8). — 10^—12. Holopneustes inflatus Lutken. Specimens from Victoria. Side view (10) and aboral side (11, 12). Fig. II the same specimen as figs. i—2. All figures natural size.

Plate X V L Fig. I. Hybrid of Holopneustes porosissimus X Holopn. inflatus. Side view (cf. fig. 8). — 2—3. Holopneustes porosissimus L. Agassiz. Side view. — 4—6. Holopneustes porosissimus L. Agassiz. Specimen with the spines well preserved. Aboral (4), oral (6), and side view (5). — 7. Holopneustes porosissimus L. Agassiz. Cape Leewin. Specimen identified by H. L. Clark. Aboral side. — 8. Hybrid o i Holopneustes porosissimus x Holopn. inflatus i^) Cape Leewin. Side view. — 9— 13. Holopneustes porosissimus L. Agassiz. Aboral (9, 12), and oral side (10, 11, 13). — 14. Perignathic girdle (auricles) of Holopneustes porisissimus ~L. All figures natural size.

Plate X V n . Fig. I. Holopneustes inflatus Lutken. Specimen from New Zealand. O ral side (cf. fig. 10). — 2—4. Holopneustes inflatus Lutken. Side view. The specimen represented in fig. 3 abnormal. — 5—6. Holopneustes inflatus J^xitken. Port Jackson. Specimens with the spines well preserved. Aboral (5) and side view (6). — 7—8. Holopneustes inflatus Lutken. Holotype. Aboral (7) and side view (8). — 9. Holopneustes inflatus Lutken. High specimen. Side view. — 10. Holopneustes inflatus Lutken. New Zealand. Side view (cf fig. i). — II-—12. Holopneustes inflatus Lutken. Specimen fig. 11 from Victoria. Specimen fig. 12 unusually high {H. purpurascens Lutken). — 13— 20. Microcyphus keiensis Mrtsn. Figs. 13, 19, and 20 the holotype. Aboral (13, 14), oral (15, 18, 20), and side view (16, 19). — 21. Microcyphus ceylanicus Mrtsn. Side view. Cotype, in the British Museum. — 22— 24. Microcyphus excentricus Mrtsn. Holotype. Aboral (22), oral (24), and side view (23). — 25—28. Pseudechinus Huttoni Benham. Side view (25, 26), aboral (27), and oral side (28). All figures natural size.

Plate X V H L Figs. I—5. Trigonocidaris micropora Mrtsn. Types. Aboral (i), oral (3, 5), and side view (2, 4). X 2. — 6—9. Trigonocidaris radiata Mrtsn. Types. Aboral (6, 7, 9) and oral side (8). X 3. (Figs. 6 and 7 of the same specimen). — 10— 13. Trigonocidaris albida A. Agassiz. Aboral (10), oral (11, 12), and side view (13). X 2. — 14— 18. Trigonocidaris indica Mrtsn. Aboral (14, 15), oral (16), and side view (17, 18). 14 x 3; 15— 18 X 2. Figs.19— 21. Lamprechinus sculptus Mrtsn. Type. Oral (19), aboral (21), and side view (20). x 2. — 22. Prionechinus forbesianus (A. Agassiz). Specimen from the “ Albatross” St. 5607. Aboral side, x 2. — 23— 29. Orechinus monolini (A. Agassiz). Aboral (23), oral (24, 26), and side view (27, 28). 23, 28, 29 X 3; 24— 27 X 2. — 30—34- Opechinus albus Mrtsn. Figs. 33— 34 the holotype. Fig. 31 specimen from the Kei Isl. (St. 59). O ral (30, 33), aboral (34), and side view (31, 32). X 2. — 35—36- Opechinus variabilis (Doderlein). Side view (35) and aboral side (36). X 2 (cf. PI. X IX . 28). — 37— 47. Genocidaris maculata A. Agassiz. Specimens from the Canary Islands. Side view (37, 39), aboral (38, 40, 41, 43, 46, 47), and oral side (42, 44, 45). X 3.

Plate X IX . Figs. I—2. Temnotrema sculptum A. Agassiz. Oral (i) and aboral side (2). The buccal membrane removed in fig. I. X 2. — 3. Temnotrema scilla Mazzetti. Aboral side, x 3. — 4. Temnotrema reticulatum Mrtsn. Aboral side, x 3. — 5— 7. Temnotrema reticulatum Mrtsn. Denuded tests. Aboral (5), oral (7), and side view (6). x 3. — 8. Temnotrema scilhe Mazzetti. Denuded test. Aboral side, x 3. — 9— II. Temnotrema elegans Mrtsn. Oral (9), aboral (10), and side view (11). Vi- — 12. Temnotrema rubrum (Doderlein). Abnormal specimen; only a single series of plates in the inter ambulacrum turning upwards in the figure. X 2. — 13— 14. Temnotrema pulchellum (Mrtsn.). Aboral (13) and side view (14). X 2. — 15— 18. Temnotrema scilla Mazzetti. Denuded tests. Aboral (15, 16), oral (18), and side view (17). X 3. — 19—21. Opechinus variabilis (Doderlein). Oral (19), aboral (20), and side view (21). X 2. — 22— 27. Prionechinus forbesianus (A. Agassiz). Side view (22, 26), oral (23, 24), and aboral side (25, .27). X 2. Specimen fig. 22 from the “Albatross” St. 5607, the one mentioned in the Echinoidea of the “Albatross” Philippine Expedition II, p. 40, as being abnormal, castrated; specimen fig. 26 from the “ Albatross” St. 5619. — 28. Opechinus variabilis (Doderlein). Oral side. X 2 (cf. PL X V III. 35—36). — 29—33. Microcyphus annulatus Mrtsn. Side view (29, 33), aboral (30, 32), and oral side (31). Vi- — 34—41- Microcyphus maculatus h%2i's&YL. Side view (34, 38, 41), oral (35, 37), and aboral side (36, 39, 40). Vi- — 42—44. Microcyphus olivaceus (Doderlein). Aboral (42), oral (44), and side view (43). ^/i.

Plate XX.

Figs. I—3. Asterechinus elegans Mrtsn. Holotype. Oral (i), aboral (2), and side view (3). x 2. — 4—6. Desmechinus versicolor (Mrtsn.). Specimen from the Kei Islands. Oral (4), aboral (6), and side view (5). X 2. — 7—^9- Desmechinus versicolor (Mrtsn.). Specimen from the “Albatross” St. 5355. Aboral (7), oral (8), and side view (9). i/i- — 10— ^13. Printechinus impressus Koehler. Aboral (10, 12), oral (13), and side view (11). 10 x 2; 11— 13 7i- — 14— 16. Printechinus viridis Mrtsn. Holotype. Oral (14), aboral (15), and side view (16). x 2. — 17^—^19- Desmechinus rufus (Bell). Aboral (17), oral (18), and side view (19). Vi- — 20—25. Erbechinus spectabilis (Mrtsn.). O ral (20, 23), aboral (24, 25), and side view (21, 22). Vi- — 26—30. Temnechinus excavatus Forbes. Aboral (26), oral (27, 30), and side view (28, 29). 26—29 ViJ 30 x 2. — 31—'32- Desmechinus anomalus H. L. Clark. Holotype. Oral (31) and side view (32). X 1.5. By the courtesy of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Plate X X L Figs. 1—3. Progonechinus eocenicus Duncan & Sladen. Holotype. Aboral (i), oral (2), and side view (3) X 4. — 4. Opechinus tuberculosus (d’Archiac & Haime). The specimen figured by Duncan & Sladen. Tertiary Echinoidea of Kachh and Kattywar. PI. XIII. 16—17. X 2. 5- Opechinus costatus (d’Archiac & Haime). The specimen figured by Duncan & Sladen Op cit. PI. X III. 9— 10. X 2. 6. Opechinus affinis (Duncan & Sladen). Holotype. x 4. 7- Opechinus affinis (Duncan & Sladen). Another specimen, x 4. — 8. Opechinus Rousseaui (d’Archiac & Haime). Specimen figured by Duncan & Sladen Op cit PI. X III. 14— 15. — 9. Opechinus Rousseaui (d’Archiac & Haime). Specimen figured by Duncan & Sladen Op cit. PI. X I. 7. X 4. — ID. Orthopsis similis (d’Archiac & Haime). Paratype. X 2. II 16. Orthopsis similis (d’Archiac & Haime). Holotype. Aboral (11, 15), oral (12, 16), and side view (13, 14). II, 13, 16 X 2; 12, 14, 15 Vi- 17 18. Leptopleurus granulatus (Duncan & Sladen). Holotype. Aboral (17) and oral side (18). x 4. — 19. Mespilia Whitmcei Bell. Type specimen, x 2. Figs. 1—7, 17—19. By the courtesy of the British Museum, Natural History; figs. 8—16. By the courtesy of the Geological Survey of India. Dr. Sahni phot.

Plate XXII. Figs. I—II. Cyrtechinus verruculatus (Ltitken). Side view (i, 5), oral side (2, 6), and aboral side (3, 4, 7—11). Fig. 8 is the holotype. Specimens i, 2, 3, and 7 from Mauritius, 4—6, 9—11 from Hilo, Hawaii. Fig. II X 2.5, the others, i — 10, natural size. , 14- Mudechinus inconspicuus Mrtsn. Holotype. Aboral side (12, 13) and side view (14). X 2.5. Figs. 12 and 13 of the same specimen; fig. 12, a poorer copy, only by a mistake put on the plate. — 15— 16. Mudechinus Yoshiwara. Holotype. Side view (15) and aboral side (16). x 2.5. 17. Mudechinus multicolor Y o ^h w a ra . Specimen from Ghardaqa, Red Sea. Natural size. — 18. Mudechinus scotiopremnus australiensis Mrtsn. Aboral side (cf figs. 24—27). N atural size. 19 23- Mudechinus scotiopremnus H. L. Clark. Specimens 19—20 from Ghardaqa, 21—23 from Suez. N atural size. — 24— 27. Mudechinus scotiopremnus australiensis Mrtsn. (cf. fig. 18). N atural size. — 28. Mudechinus scotiopremnus B.. la. C\a.rk. (Russo’s specimen, cf text, volume HI. 2, p. 406). N atural size. 29. Mudechinus scotiopremnus H. L. Clark. Young specimen from Ghardaqa. x 2.5. 30—37- Mudechinus darnleyensis (Ten. Woods). Aboral (30, 31, 36), oral (35, 37), and side view (33—34). N atural size. 3^ 39- Mudechinus stictus H. L. Clark. Side view (38) and aboral side (39). X 2.5. — 40. Mudechinus amhonensis purpurascens Mrtsn. Aboral side, x 2.5. 41—45- Mudechinus ambonensis Mrtsn. O ral (41, 44) and aboral side (42, 43, 45). x 2.5. By a mistake no. 32 has been passed over on this plate.

Plate XXIII. Figs. I—17. Gymnechinus epistichus H. L. Clark. O ral (i, 3, 4, 10, 16) and aboral side (2, 5— 7, 16, 17). Side view (8, 9, 14). Lantern (11— 13). Figs. 11— 12 x 2, the others natural size. — 18—22. Gymnechinus Robillardi (de Loriol). Aboral (18, 19) and oral side (21—22). Side view (20). N atural size. Figs.23—28. Gymnechinus pulchellus Mrtsn. Aboral (23, 27), oral (24—26), and side view (28). Natural size. ^ 29—32. Lytechinus panamensis Mrtsn. Aboral (29, 31), oral (32), and side view (30). Natural size. — 33—40- Lytechinus anamesus H. L. Clark. Side view (33, 35), aboral (34, 36—38), and oral side (39—40). N atural size.

Plate XXIV. Figs. I—2. Lytechinus variegatus atlanticus A . Agassiz. Bermuda. Aboral (i) and oral side (2). —■ 3—5. Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck). Specimen from Tobago, B.W.I., in side view (3) and from the aboral side (5). Denuded test, oral side (4). — 6—8. Lytechinus variegatus carolinus A. Agassiz. Fig. 6 is a cotype. 7—-8, specimens from Florida, oral (7) and aboral side (8). — 9. Lytechinus variegatus atlanticus A. Agassiz. Denuded specimen, side view. All figures natural size.

Plate X XV . Figs. I— II. Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck). Various specimens, showing variation in colour of test. Aboral side (i—2, 5— 10), and side view (3, 4, 11). — 12. Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck). Finely preserved specimen from Santos (Salm in), in the Stock holm Museum. — 13. Spharechinus cygni Loven. Side view. Type specimen, in the Stockholm Museum. Fig. 12. By the courtesy of Prof. Sixten Bock, Stockholm Museum. All figures natural size.

Plate X X V L Fig. I. Pseudocentrotus depressus (A. Agassiz). Large specimen from Misaki; denuded. Aboral side. — 2. Pseudocentrotus depressus (A. Agassiz). Specimen from Nagasaki. Aboral side. — 3. Toxopneustes pileolus {lja.ma.rck). Specimen from Amakusa, Japan; showing globiferous pedicellariae. Aboral side. — 4. Toxopneustes maculatus (Lamarck). Test, oral side. — 5—6. Lytechinus semituberculatus (Valenciennes). Oral (5) and aboral side (6). —• 7—8. Pseudoboletia indiana (Michelin). Specimen from Honolulu. Oral (7) and aboral side (8) (cf. PI. X LIV . 5). All figures natural size.

Plate XXVIL Figs. I—2. Toxopneustes pileolus (Lamarck). Aboral side. — 3—4. Toxopneustes pileolus (Lamarck). 4-radiate specimen, from Kagoshima. Aboral (3) and oral side (4). All figures natural size.

Plate XXVIIL Figs. I—-2. Toxopneustes pileolus (Lamarck), i, specimen from Misaki, oral side; 2, specimen from Mauritius (green), aboral side. — 3—4. Toxopneustes elegans Doderlein. Aboral (3) and oral side (4). All figures natural size.

Plate XXIX. Figs. I—5. Toxopneustes pileolus (Lamarck). Showing variation in colour of the test and in the tuberculation. Specimen 2 from Amboina, 4 from Misaki, 5 from the Gulf of Siam. All natural size. Plate X X X . Figs. I—4. Toxopneustes pileolus (Lamarck), i. Oral side; 2. aboral side of specimen with red spines, from Mauritius; 3. aboral side of specimen from Fiji; 4. aboral side of a cotype of Toxopneustes chlor- acanthus H. L. Clark. All natural size.

Plate XXXI. Figs. I—5. Toxopneustes roseus A.. Agassiz. Aboral (i, 2) and oral side (4, 5); side view (3). — 6—8. Toxopneustes elegans Doderlein. Aboral (6), oral (7), and side view (8). — 9. Lantern of Toxopneustes pileolus (Lamarck). All figures natural size.

Plate XXXIL Figs. I—3. Pseudoboletia atlantica H. L. Clark. Aboral (i, 3) and oral side (2). — 4—5. Lantern of Pseudoboletia atlantica H. L. Clark, in side view (4) and from above (5). The points of the compasses in fig. 5 broken. — 6— 7. Pseudoboletia indiana (Michelin). Oral (6) and aboral side (7). — 8— 10. Toxopneustes maculatus (Lamarck). Aboral side (8, 9) and side view (10). All figures natural size.

Plate XXXIIL Figs. I—2. Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus). Large specimen, blue, from Hilo, Hawaii. Oral (i) and aboral side (2). — 3. Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus). Specimen from Hilo, Hawaii. Aboral side. — 4. Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamarck). Var. Specimen from the Gulf of Guinea. Aboral side. — 5. Toxopneustes pileolus (Lamarck). Side view. — 6. Toxopneustes pileolus (Lamarck). Inside of test, showing perignathic girdle and lantern. All figures natural size.

Plate XXXIV.

Fig. I. Pseudocentrotus depressus (A. Agassiz). O ral side. — 2—6. Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus). Specimens from Tonga (2), Natal (3), Puerto Galera (4, 6), and from Hilo, Hawaii (5). All natural size.

Plate XXXV.

Figs. I—2. Tripneustes depressus A. Agassiz. Oral (i) and aboral side (2) (cf PL XXXVIII. 9). — 3—4. Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus). Specimens from Puerto Galera, Philippines. Aboral (3) and oral side (4). All natural size.

Plate XXXVI. Figs. I—4. Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamarck). Oral (i, 3) and aboral side (2, 4). Specimens 2—4 from Tobago, B.W.I. All natural size.

Plate XXXVII. Figs. I—2. Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus). Specimen from Puerto Galera, Philippines (i), oral side. Spec imen from Inhaca, Delagoa Bay (2), aboral side (cf. fig. 10). — 3. Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamarck). Young specimen. Aboral side. Figs. 4— 10. Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus). 4. Young specimen from Hilo, Hawaii. Aboral side. 5. Large, blue specimen from Hilo, Hawaii; side view (cf PI. XXXHL i—^2). 6 and 9. Specimens from Puerto Galera, Philippines. Aboral side (6) and side view (9). 7—8. Specimens from Port Jackson; oral side. 10. Specimen from Inhaca, oral side (cf. fig. 2). — I I — 12. Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamarck). Large specimen from St.Thomas, side view (11), and young specimen from St.John, aboral side (12). All natural size.

Plate XXXVHL — I— 2. Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus). Specimen from Natal, side view (i), and from Inhaca, Delagoa Bay, side view (2). — 3—4. Tripneustes gratilla Inside of test, showing perignathic girdle (3); lantern, side view (4). — 5-—8. Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamarck). Aboral (5) and oral side (6). Side view (7—8). — 9. Tripneustes depressus A. Agassiz. Side view (cf PI. X X X V . i—2). All natural size.

Plate XXXIX. Figs. I—4. Spharechinus granularis (Lamarck). Specimens i, 2, and 4 from the Mediterranean; oral side. Specimen 3 from Portugal; side view. — 5. Pseudocentrotus depressus (A. Agassiz). Side view. — 6. Pseudoboletia atlantica H. L. Clark. Oral side. All natural size.

Plate XL. Figs. I—^5. Sphter echinus granularis (Lamarck), i. Specimen with violet spines, from the Canaries (cf. Pl.X LI.i), oral side. 2—3. Specimens with white spines, aboral side. 4. Specimen from Naples, oral side. 5. Specimen from M adeira, oral side. — 6. Pseudoboletia atlantica H. L. Clark. Side view. All natural size.

Plate X LI. Figs. I—3. Sphareckinus granularis (Lamarck), i. Specimen with violet spines (cf PI. XL. i), from the Canaries; side view. 2—3. Specimen from Naples, side view (2) and aboral side (3). — 4— 7. Spharechinus granularis (Lamarck). Young specimens from the Canaries, showing variation in colour; aboral side. All natural size.

Plate XLII. Figs. I'—3. Pseudoboletia atlantica H. L. Clark. O ral (i) and aboral side (2, 3). — 4—5. Pseudoboletia maculata Troschel. O ral (4) and aboral side (5). All natural size.

Plate XLIII. Figs. I—2. Pseudoboletia atlantica H. L. Clark. Oral (i) and aboral side N atural size. Plate XLIV. Fig. I. Pseudoboletia atlantica H. L. Clark. Side view. — 2—5. Pseudocentrotus depressus (A. Agassiz). Aboral side (2), oral side of denuded specimen (3) and of specimen with the spines preserved, same as fig. 2 (5). Side view of denuded specimen (4). •—■ 5. Pseudoboletia indiana (Michelin). Side view (cf. PL XXVI. 7—8). All natural size. Plate XLV.

Fig. I. Globiferous pedicellaria of Temnotrema sculptum A. Agassiz, x 160. — 2. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Temnotrema sculptum A. Agassiz, x 200. — 3. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Temnotrema sculptum A. Agassiz; from the inside, x 200. — 4. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Temnotrema bothryoides (L. Agassiz); from the inside, x 200. — 5. Point of primary spine of Temnotrema bothryoides (L. Agassiz), x 160. — 6. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Temnotrema elegans (Mrtsn.); from the inside, x 200. — 7. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Temnopleurus decipiens (de Meijere). x 200. — 8. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Temnopleurus decipiens (de Meijere); from the inside. X 200. — 9. Globiferous pedicellaria of Mespilia globulus levituberculata Yoshiwara. x 200. — 10. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Temnopleurus apodus (A. Agassiz & H. L. Clark); from the inside, x 180. — II. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Temnopleurus apodus (A. Agassiz & H. L. Clark), x 200. — 12. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Temnopleurus apodus (A. Agassiz & H. L. Clark); side view. X 180. — 13. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Temnopleurus decipiens (de Meijere). x 200. —• 14. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Temnotrema pulchellum (Mrtsn.). x 200. — 15. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Temnotrema sculptum A. Agassiz, x 200. — 16. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Temnotrema hawaiiense A. Agassiz & H. L. Clark, x 200. — 17. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Temnopleurus apodus (A. Agassiz & H. L. Clark), x 180. — 18. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Mespilia globulus (Linnaeus). X 120. — 19. Spicules from tubefoot of Temnopleurus Michaelseni (Doderlein). x 360. — 20. WaXwe. o i tvidentditG Y>e,dice;\\a.ridL o i Mespilia globulus levituberculata Yosh.iwa.rdi. x 160. — 21. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Temnotrema pallescens H. L. Clark, x 200. — 22. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Temnotrema pallescens H. L. Clark, x 200. — 23. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria, small form, of Temnotrema pallescens H. L. Clark, x 200. — 24. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Temnotrema pallescens H. L. Clark. X 200. — 25. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Temnopleurus Michaelseni (Doderlein). x 200. — 26. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Temnopleurus Michaelseni (Doderlein); from the inside, x 175. 27. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Temnopleurus toreumaticus (Leske). x 120. — 28. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Temnopleurus toreumaticus (Leske). Specimen from Port Curtis (cf. Vol. i n . 2, p. 82). X 170. 29. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Temnopleurus Michaelseni (Doderlein). x 175. — 30. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Temnopleurus Michaelseni (Doderlein); side view, x 175. — 31. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Temnopleurus Michaelseni (Doderlein); from the inside, x 175. — 32. Tridentate pedicellaria of Mespilia globulus levituberculata Yoshiwara. x 80.

Plate XLVI. Fig. I. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Salmacis bicolor rarispina L. Agassiz; of a specimen from Zam boanga. From the inside, x 80. — 2—4. Valves of tridentate pedicellaria; of Salmacis roseo-viridis Koehler; half side view, x 80. — 5. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Salmacis rubricincta H. L. Clark; side view, x 80. — 6. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Salmacis Belli unicolor Mrtsn.; side view, x 80. Fig. 7. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Salmacis Belli Doderlein; from the inside. X 80. 8—9. Valves of globiferous pedicellaria of Salmaciella Dussumieri (L. Agassiz); from the inside. 8. x 120; 9. X 105. —___ 10. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Salmaciella oligopora (H. L. Clark); from the mside. x 80. __ II. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Salmacis rubricincta H. L. Clark, x 80. — 12. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Salmacis rubricincta H. L. Clark, small form (cf fig. 15). X 80. __ 13. Globiferous pedicellaria of Salmacis bicolor rarispina L. Agassiz. Small form, open (cf. figs. 19—• 20). X 60. __ i^. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Salmacis rubricirwta H. L. Clark, x 200. — 15. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Salmacis rubricincta H. L. Clark; side view (cf. fig. 12). X 80. __ 16. Tridentate pedicellaria of Salmacis bicolor rarispina L. Agassiz, x 43- __ 1-7. Tridentate pedicellaria of Salmacis Belli Doderlein. x 43. __ 18. Terminal part of subambital spine of Salmaciella Dussumieri (L. Agassiz). X 15. — 19. Globiferous pedicellaria of Salmacis bicolor rarispina L. Agassiz. Large form (cf fig. 20). X 50. — 20. Globiferous pedicellaria of Salmacis bicolor rarispina L. Agassiz. Small form (cf fig. 19). X 50. __ 21. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Salmaciella Dussumieri (L. Agassiz); side view. X 80. __ 22. Tridentate pedicellaria of Salmaciella Dussumieri (L. Agassiz), x 50. — 23. Tridentate pedicellaria of Salmacis roseo-viridis Koehler, x 43.

Plate XLVII. Fig. I. Globiferous pedicellaria of Microcyphus zigzag L. Agassiz, x 200. — 2. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Microcyphus zigzag L. Agassiz, x 300. __ 3. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Amblypneustespallidus (Lamarck), specimen from S. Australia. X 200. — 4 - Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Holopneustes inflatus Lutken, specimen from Port Jackson. X 200. 5. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria o f Amblypneustes pallidus subglobosus Mrtsn. Specimen from Bun- bury, W. Australia. X 200. 6. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Microcyphus olivaceus (Doderlein). X 90. 7. Ophicephalous pedicellaria of Microcyphus annulatus Mrtsn. x 80. 8. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Microcyphus zigzag L. Agassiz, x 300. 9. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Microcyphus zigzag L. Agassiz. X 70. 10. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Microcyphus olivaceus (Doderlein). X 100. 11. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Microcyphus ceylanicus Mrtsn. x 200. 12. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Amblypneustes grandis H. L. Clark. X 200. 13. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Microcyphus ceylanicus Mrtsn. X 160. 14. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Microcyphus olivaceus (Doderlein). X 200. 15. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Microcyphus maculatus Godeffroyi Mrtsn. X 200. 16. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Microcyphus ceylanicus Mrtsn. X 160. 17. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Microcyphus annulatus Mrtsn. x 200. 18. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Microcyphus Rousseaui purpuratus Mrtsn. x 160. 19. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Microcyphus Rousseaui L. Agassiz, x 200. 20. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Microcyphus Rousseaui L. Agassiz. X 160. 21. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Microcyphus keiensis Mrtsn.; elongate form, resembling tridentate pedicellarise; half side view. X 120. 22. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Microcyphus keiensis Mrtsn. X 160. 23. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Microcyphus Rousseaui L. Agassiz. Side view. X 160. 24. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Microcyphus Rousseaui L. Agassiz. From the inside. X 160. Fig. 25 Tridentate pedicellaria o f Pseudechinus albocinctus (Hutton). The neck shortened (cf. fig. 31). x 90. — 26 Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Microcyphus keiensis Mrtsn. x 100. — 27 Point of primary spine of Microcyphus olivaceus (Doderlein) (cf fig. 29). X 70. — 28 Tridentate pedicellaria of Pseudechinus Huttoni Benham. x 90.

— 29 Point of secondary spine of Microcyphus olivaceus (Doderlein) (cf. fig. 27). X 70. — 30 Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Microcyphus maculatus L. Agassiz, x 160. — 31 Pedicellaria of Pseudechinus albocinctus (Hutton), intermediate between the tridentate and the ophicephalous types. The neck shortened (cf fig. 25). x 90.

Plate XLVHI. Fig. 1 Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Amblypneustes leucoglobus Doderlein. x 120. 2 Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Holopneustes inflatus Liitken. x 200. 3 Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria o i Amblypneustes ovum (Lamarck). X 200. 4 Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Holopneustes porosissimus L. Agassiz, x 200. 5 Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Amblypneustes grandis H. L. Clark, x 120. 6 Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Amblypneustes formosus Valenciennes, x 200. 7 Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Amblypneustes ovum (Lamarck); from the inside. X 200. 8 Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria o i Amblypneustes leucoglobus Doderlein. x 120. 9 Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Amblypneustes ovum (Lamarck). Side view. X 200. 10 Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Amblypneustes leucoglobus Doderlein. x 200. 11 Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Amblypneustes pallidus subglobosus Mrtsn. Specimen from Bunbury, W. Austraha. X 160. 12 Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria o i Amblypneustes ovum (Lamarck) (cf. fig. 17)- X 120. 13 Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Holopneustes porosissimus L. Agassiz. X 200. 14 Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Amblypneustes formosus Valenciennes, x 200. 15 Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Amblypneustes formosus Valenciennes, x 165. 16 Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria o i Amblypneustes pallidus (Lamarck). Specimen from S. Austra lia. x 165. 17 Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria, elongate form, of Amblypneustes ovum (Lamarck) (cf. fig. 12). X 120. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Holopneustes porosissimus L. Agassiz, x 160. — 19 Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria, elongate form, of Amblypneustes pachistus H. L. Clark (cf. figs. 20 and 22). X 120. — 20 Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria, elongate form, of Amblypneustes pachistus H. L. Clark (cf. figs. 19 and 22). X 120. — 21 Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Holopneustes inflatus Liitken, specimen from Port Jack son. (cf. fig. 26, from the same specimen). X 160. — 22 Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Amblypneustes pachistus H. L. Clark (cf. figs. 19 and 20) X 120. — 23 Point of secondary spine of Amblypneustes formosus Valenciennes, x 120. — 24 Point of primary spine of Holopneustes porosissimus L. Agassiz, x 120. — 25 Point of secondary spine of Amblypneustes leucoglobus Doderlein. x 120. — 26 Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria o i Holopneustes inflatus Liitken. Specimen from Port Jackson (cf fig. 21, from the same specimen), x 160.

Plate XLIX. Fig. 1. Tridentate pedicellaria of Orechinus monolini (A. Agassiz) (“Albatross” St. 5601) (cf. fig. 7). X 80. 2 . Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Orechinus monolini (A. Agassiz). Broad form (“Albatross St. 5637). X 160.

Monograph of the Echinoidea. III. 2. Fig. 3. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Orechinus monolini (A. Agassiz). From the inside (cf fig. 5). X 80. — 4. Globiferous pedicellaria of Orechinus monolini (A. Agass.); showing the small mucous glands between the large poison glands, x 65. — 5. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Orechinus monolini (A. Agass.); side view (cf fig. 3). x 80. — 6. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Orechinus monolini (A. Agass.); intermediate form between the broad tridentate (fig. 2) and the ophicephalous pedicellariae (figs. 8, 9) (“Albatross” St. 5637). X 160. — 7. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria, slender form, of Orechinus monolini (A. Agass.) (“ Albatross” St. 5601) (cf. fig. i). X 120. — 8. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Orechinus monolini (A. Agass.). x 160. — 9. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of (A. Agass.) (“Albatross” St. 5637). x 160. — 10. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Orechinus monolini (A. Agass.). X 200. — II. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria o i Lamprechinus sculptus Mrtsn. (Type specimen), x 200. — 12. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Asterechinus elegans Mrtsn. (Type specimen), x 180. — 13. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Asterechinus elegans Mrtsn. (Type specimen), x 180. — 14. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Asterechinus elegans Mrtsn. (Type specimen), x 200. __ 15. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria, from the buccal plates, of Prionechinus sagittiger A. Agassiz. X 200. — 16. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Jj-ferecAOTto Mrtsn. (Type specimen), x 120. — 17. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Lamprechinus sculptus Mrtsn. (Type specimen), x 200. — 18. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria o i Lamprechinus sculptus Mrtsn. (Type specimen), x 130. — 19. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Lamprechinus sculptus Mrtsn. (Type specimen), x 200. — 20. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria o f Prionechinus forbesianus (A. Agassiz). From the same spec imen as fig. 28. x 180. — 21. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria o i Prionechinus forbesianus (A. Agassiz) (“Albatross” St. 5664). X 200. — 22. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria o i Prionechinus forbesianus (A. Agassiz). From the same specimen as fig. 23 (“Albatross” St. 5664). X 180. — 23. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria o f Prionechinus forbesianus (A. Agassiz). From the same specimen as fig. 22 (“Albatross” St. 5664). X 180. — 24. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Prionechinus sagittiger A. Agass. x 200. — 25. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Prionechinus sculptus A. Agass. & H. L. Clark, x 200. — 26. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Lamprechinus sculptus M rtsn.(?). “ Siboga” St. 156. x 200. — 27. Globiferous pedicellaria of (A. Agass.). X 120. — 28. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Prionechinus forbesianus (A. Agass.). (From the same specimen as fig. 20). x 180. — 29. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria o i Prionechinus forbesianus (A. Agass.). (“Albatross” St. 5664). X 180. — 30. Tridentate pedicellaria of (A. Agass.) (cf. fig. 35). X 85. — 31. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria ofPn’oKecAmM^^cM/j!)to A. Agass. & H. L. Clark (cf. fig. 33). X 160. — 32. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria oiPrionechinus sagittiger A. Agass. (Type specimen). X 120. — 33. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of A. Agass. & H. L. Clark (cf. fig. 31). X 160. — 34. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Prionechinus forbesianus (A. Agass.) (“Albatross” St. 5664). X 120. — 35. Tridentate pedicellaria of (A. Agass.) (cf fig. 30). X 85.

Plate L.

Fig. I. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Trigonocidaris indica Mrtsn. x 180. — 2. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Trigonocidaris albidioides A. Agassiz & H. L. Clark (cf. fig. 5). x 180. Fig. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Trigonocidaris micropora Mrtsn. Side view (cf. fig. 4). x 120. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Trigonocidaris micropora Mrtsn. From the inside (cf. fig. 3). X 120. — 5 Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Trigonocidaris albidioides A. Agass. & H. L. Clark (cf fig. 2), X 180. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Trigonocidaris micropora Mrtsn. x 120. — 7 Tridentate pedicellaria of Trigonocidaris micropora Mrtsn. (cf. fig. 6). x 80. — 8 Valve of globiferous pedicellaria, small form, of Trigonocidaris micropora Mrtsn. (cf figs. 3, 4). X 120. — 9 Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Trigonocidaris micropora Mrtsn. x 200. — 10 Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Trigonocidaris radiata Mrtsn. From the inside (cf fig. 11). X 200. — 11 Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Trigonocidaris radiata Mrtsn. Side view (cf. fig. 10). x 200. — 12 Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Trigonocidaris radiata Mrtsn. x 200. — 13 Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Trigonocidaris micropora Mrtsn. x 180. — 14 Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Opechinus albus Mrtsn. x 200. — 15 Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Opechinus variabilis (Doderlein). x 160. — 16 Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Printechinus viridis Mrtsn. Side view (cf fig. 25). X 200. — 17 Valve of globiferous pedicellaria o i Printechinus impressus Koehler, x 200. — 18 Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Opechinus variabilis (Doderlein). x 200. 19 Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Printechinus viridis Mrtsn. x 200. — 20 Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Printechinus viridis Mrtsn. x 160. — 21 Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Opechinus albus Mrtsn. x 200. — 22 Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Opechinus variabilis (Doderlein). x 200. — 23 Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Opechinus albus Mrtsn. x 200. — 24 Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Desmechinus rufus (Bell), x 160. — 25 Valve of globiferous pedicellaria o f Printechinus viridis Mrtsn. From the inside (cf fig. 16). X 200. — 26 Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Desmechinus rufus (Bell), x 200. — 27 Tridentate pedicellaria of Desmechinus versicolor (Mrtsn.). Specimen from the Kei Isl., St. 25 (cf. fig. 33). X 120. — 28 Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Desmechinus rufus (Bell). From the buccal plates. X 160. — 29 Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Desmechinus versicolor (Mrtsn.). Side view (cf fig. 31). x 85. — 30 Globiferous pedicellaria of Desmechinus versicolor (Mrtsn.). Openings of the stalk-glands not visible. The spicules not distinguishable at the magnification at which the figure was drawn; introduced from a higher magnification, x 35. — 31- Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Desmechinus versicolor (Mrtsn.). From the inside (cf fig. 29). X 85. — 32. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Desmechinus versicolor (Mrtsn.). x 85. — 33- Tridentate pedicellaria o f Desmechinus versicolor Mrtsn. (“Albatross” St. 5355) (cf fig. 27). X 70.

Plate LI.

Fig. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Cyrtechinus verruculatus (Lutken). x 95. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Cyrtechinus verruculatus (Lutken). x 120. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Cyrtechinus verruculatus (Lutken). x 120. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Cyrtechinus verruculatus (Lutken). x 150. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Cyrtechinus verruculatus (Ltitken). x 200. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Nudechinus scotiopremnus H. L. Clark. Specimen from the Red Sea. x 200. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Nudechinus scotiopremnus H. L. Clark. Specimen from the Red Sea. x 180. Fig. 8. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Mudechinus scotiopremnus H. L. Clark. Specimen from Broome. X i 8o. — g. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria o i Nudechinus multicolor (Yoshiwara). Type specimen, x 200. — 10. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Nudechinus multicolor (Yoshiwara). Type specimen, x 200. — II. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Nudechinus inconspicuous (Mrtsn.). x 200. — 12. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Nudechinus multicolor (Yoshiwara). Type specimen, x 200. — 13. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Nudechinus scotiopremnus H. L. Clark. Specimen from the Red Sea. x 200. — 14. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Nudechinus stictus H. L. Clark, x 200. — 15. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Nudechinus stictus H. L. Clark, x 200. — 16. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Nudechinus stictus H. L. Clark, x 200. — 17. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Nudechinus darnleyensis (Tenison Woods). X 120. — 18. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria, small form, of Nudechinus darnleyensis (Tenison Woods). X 160. — 19. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Nudechinus darnleyensis (Tenison Woods). Side view. X 200. — 20. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Nudechinus darnleyensis (Tenison Woods). Front view. X 200. — 21. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria o i Nudechinus ambonensis Mrtsn. x 200. — 22. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria oi Nudechinus Gravieri (Koehler). Front view. X 160. — 23. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of jVafifecAiwai.Grayfieri (Koehler). Side view, x 160. — 24. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria oi Nudechinus Gra^ieti (Koehler). X 200. — 25. Globiferous pedicellaria of Nudechinus scotiopremnus H. L. Clark, x 120. — 26. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Nudechinus ambonensis Mrtsn. x 200. — 27. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Nudechinus ambonensis Mrtsn. x 200. — 28. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Nudechinus ambonensis Mrtsn. x 160.

Plate LI I.

Fig. I. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Goniopneustes^pentagonus (A. Agassiz), x 120. — 2. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of (A. Agassiz). X 120. — 3. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Goniopneustes pentagonus (A. Agassiz), x 200. — 4. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Goniopneustes pentagonus (A. Agassiz), x 190. — 5. Claviform pedicellaria of Cyrtechinus verruculatus (Liitken). A large drop of mucus has issued from the stalk-glands; it is half covered by skin, as is evident from the spicules. The glands are distended by the secreted mucus which appears as a central bal^; distinctly limited against the wall of the gland. X 70. — 6. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Lytechinus euerces H. L. Clark, x 120. — 7. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Lytechinus euerces H. L. Clark, x 100. — 8. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria, small form, of Lytechinus euerces H. L. Clark, x 100. — 9. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria, large form, of Lytechinus euerces H. L. Clark, x 100. — 10. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Gymnechinus abnormalis H. L. Clark, x 200. — II. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Gymnechinus pallidus Koehler (= G. Robillardi (de Loriol)). X 140. — 12. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Gymnechinus Robillardi (de Loriol). x 200. — 13. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Gymnechinus Robillardi (de Loriol). x n o . — 14. Head of tridentate pedicellaria of Gymnechinus Robillardi (de Loriol). X 100. — 15. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Lytechinus euerces H. L. Clark, x 200. — 16. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Lytechinus callipeplus H. L. Clark, x 200. 17. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Gymnechinus epistichus H. L. Clark. X 200. — 18. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Gymnechinus pallidus Koehler (= G. Robillardi (de Loriol)). X 120. Fig. 19- Tridentate pedicellaria of Gymnechinus pulchellus Mrtsn. x 100. 20. Tridentate pedicellaria of Gymnechinus pulchellus Mrtsn. x 75. 21. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Gymnechinus Robillardi (de Loriol). x n o . 22. Tridentate pedicellaria of Gymnechinus abnormalis H. L. Clark, x 140. 23- Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Gymnechinus epistichus H. L. Clark, x 160. 24—25. Tridentate pedicellaria of Gymnechinus epistichus H. L. Clark, x 75.

Plate LIII.

Fig.I. Tridentate pedicellaria o i Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck), x 45. — 2. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria o i Lytechinus pictus (Verrill); type specimen, x 160. — 3. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria o i Lytechinus semituberculatus (Valenc.). x 200. — 4. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Lytechinus semituberculatus (Valenc.). x 100. — 5. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of t o (Valenc.). x no. — 6. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria o i Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck), x 75. — 7. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria o i Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck), x 75. — 8. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Lytechinus pictus (Verrill); type specimen, x 130. — g. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Lytechinus callipeplus H. L. Clark (cf. fig. 10). x n o . — 10. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria, small form, of Lytechinus callipeplus H. L. Clark (cf. fig. 9). X no. — II. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria oi,Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck), x 95. — 12. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck), x 95. — 13. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria o i Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck), x 200. — 14. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of H. L. Clark. X 165. — 15. Tridentate pedicellaria of Lytechinus panamensis Mrtsn. x 160. — 16. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria o i Lytechinus panamensis Mrtsn. x 200. — 17. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Lytechinus panamensis Mrtsn. x 80. — 18. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Lytechinus anamesus H. L. Clark, x 100. — 19. Globiferous pedicellaria of Lytechinus anamesus H. L. Clark. The head is turned so as to be seen directly from above, x 70. — 20. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Lytechinus anamesus H. L. Clark, x 90. — 21. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Lytechinus callipeplus H. L. Clark, x 165. — 22. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Lytechinus anamesus H. L. Clark, x 75. — 23. Tridentate pedicellaria of Lytechinus euerces H. L. Clark, x 65.

Plate LIV . Fig. I. Tridentate pedicellaria of Toxopneustes pileolus (Lamarck). Specimen from Japan (cf. fig. 8). X 24. — 2. Valve of small globiferous pedicellaria, with its poison gland, of Toxopneustes roseus (A. Agassiz). Note the long efferent ducts of the poison gland. The skin is prepared off; the muscle fibres in the wall of the poison sac visible, x 70. — 3- Valve of small tridentate pedicellaria of Toxopneustes pileolus (Lamk.); specimen from Jolo. x 48. — 4 - Valve of large globiferous pedicellaria of Toxopneustes pileolus (Lamk.); side view. X 48. — 5- Valve of small globiferous pedicellaria of Toxopneustes pileolus (Lam k.); half side view (cf fig. 6). X 48. — 6. Valve of small globiferous pedicellaria of Toxopneustes pileolus (Lamk.); front view (cf fig. 5). X 48. 7- Valve of large globiferous pedicellaria of Toxopneustes roseus (A. Agassiz); front view, x 48. Tridentate pedicellaria of Toxopneustes pileolus (Lamk.); specimen from Amboina (cf fig. i). X 24. Fig. 9- Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria o f Toxopneustes pileolus (Lamk.); specimen from Jolo. x 75. 10. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Toxopneustes pileolus (Lamk.); specimen from Japan, x 160. II. Large globiferous pedicellaria of Toxopneustes roseus (A. Agassiz), x 15. The marginal band of spicules (cf. figs. 15, 16) nearly absent, traces of it seen only on the two valves in side view; probably its disappearance is due to maceration. — 12. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria, small form from the buccal plates, of Toxopneustes elegans Doderlein. x 160. — 13- Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Toxopneustes pileolus (Lamk.); specimen from Ellice Isl. x 30. — 14. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Toxopneustes pileolus (Lamk.); specimen from Jolo. x 48. 15- Head of small globiferous pedicellaria of Toxopneustes roseus (A. Agassiz); open, seen from above, x 35. — 16. Head of large globiferous pedicellaria of Toxopneustes pileolus (Lamk.); open, seen from above. X 22. , The skin of the globiferous pedicellarise of Toxopneustes is full of very small spicules of dumb bell shape; at the magnification with which figs. 11, 15, and 16 are drawn they appear only like a very fine dust. Along the edge these spicules are extremely numerous and densely packed, forming a thick, very conspicuous band, as shown in figs. 15 and 16.

Plate LV. Fig. I. Tridentate pedicellaria of Pseudoboletia atlantica H. L. Clark. The skin of neck and stalk full of small spicules. X 40. — 2. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Pseudoboletia maculata Troschel; larger form (cf. fig. 6). x 85. — 3. Small globiferous pedicellaria of Pseudoboletia atlantica H. L. Clark. The stalk-glands are very strongly developed, whereas the head is quite small — a transition to the claviform pedicellaria (cf fig. 20). X 45. — 4. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria, large form, of Pseudoboletia indiana (Michelin); specimen from Honolulu (cf fig. 10). x 85. 5- Tridentate pedicellaria of Pseudoboletia maculata Trqschel. X 35. 6. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Pseudoboletia maculata Troschel; smaller form (cf. fig. 2). X 160. — 7 Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria o i Pseudoboletia indiana (Mich.); specimen from Mauritius. X 80. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Pseudoboletia indiana (Mich.); specimen from Honolulu, x 100. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Pseudoboletia indiana (Mich.); specimen from Honolulu. X 80. — 10. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria, small form, of Pseudoboletia indiana (Mich.); specimen from Honolulu (cf. fig. 4). x 160. 11 Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria, from the buccal plates, of Pseudoboletia indiana (Mich.); specimen from Honolulu (cf. figs. 7, 9). X 80. 12. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria, small form, of Pseudoboletia indiana (Mich.); specimen from Honolulu (cf fig. 15). X 50. 13. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Toxopneustes pileolus (Lamk.); specimen from Japan, x 30. 14. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Toxopneustes roseus (A. Agassiz), x 30. 15. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Pseudoboletia indiana (Mich.); specimen from Honolulu (cf. fig. 12). X 50. 16. Globiferous pedicellaria oiPseudoboletia maculata Troschel. x 35. Note the short efferent ducts of the poison gland. 17. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria o f Pseudoboletia maculataTvo’&cheX. x 50. 18. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Pseudoboletia indiana (Mich.); specimen from Mauritius. X 50. 19. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Pseudoboletia atlantica H. L. Clark, x 50. Fig. 20. Globiferous pedicellaria oiPseudoboletia atlantica H. L. Clark; the head turned so that the opened valves are seen from the inside; the skin full of spicules. Stalk-glands close under the head, not very swollen (cf fig. 3). x 45. — 21. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria, from the buccal plates, of Pseudoboletia maculata Troschel. (cf. fig. 117). X 80.

Plate LV I. Fig. I. Tridentate pedicellaria of Spharechinus granularis (Lamk.). x 30. — 2. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Tripneustes depressus A . Agass.(?). Specimen from the Ham burg M useum (Mus. Godeffroy) (cf. fig. 12). X 85. — 3. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamk.) (cf. fig. 7). x 75. 4. Globiferous pedicellaria, larger form, from a specimen 8 mm h.d., of Pseudocentrotus depressus (A. Agass.) (cf. fig. 5). X 80. — 5. Globiferous pedicellaria, small form, from a specimen 8 mm h.d., of Pseudocentrotus depressus (A. Agass.) (cf fig. 4). X 80. — 6. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamk.); specimen from the Isl. Rolas. X 120. — 7. Tridentate pedicellaria of Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamk.). x 48. — 8. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Spharechinus granularis (Lamk.). x 45. — 9. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamk.); side view (cf. fig. 15). x n o . — 10. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Sphterechinus granularis (Lamk.). x 180. — II. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Tripneustes gratilla (Linn.); specimen from Durban, x 75. — 12. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Tripneustes depressus A. Agass. (cf fig. 2). X 80. — 13. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria, small form, of Pseudocentrotus depressus (A. Agass.) (cf. figs. 14, 23—25)- X 45. — 14. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Pseudocentrotus depressus (A. Agass.) (cf figs. 13, 23—^24). X 45. — 15. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria, front view, of Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamk.) (cf fig. 9). X 110. — 16. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamk.). x 160. — 17. Valve of ophicephalous of Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamk.). x 85. — 18. Valve of triphyllous pedicellaria of Pseudocentrotus depressus (A. Agassiz), x 200. — 19. Tridentate pedicellaria o i Pseudocentrotus depressus (A. Agassiz) (cf fig. 26). x 70. — 20. Valve of globiferous pedicellaria of Pseudocentrotus depressus (A. Agassiz), x 80. — 21. Valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria of Pseudocentrotus depressus (A. Agassiz), x 80. — 22. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria o i Pseudocentrotus depressus (A. Agassiz) (cf fig. 26). x 40. — 23. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Pseudocentrotus depressus (A. Agassiz) (cf figs. 13, 14, 24, 25). X 45- — 24. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria o i Pseudocentrotus depressus (A. Agassiz) (cf figs. 13, 14, 23, 25). X 45- — 25. Valve of tridentate pedicellaria of Pseudocentrotus depressus (A. Agassiz) (cf figs. 13, 14, 23, 24). X 45- — 26. Tridentate pedicellaria of Pseudocentrotus depressus (A. Agassiz) (cf. fig. 19). x 70. V> //1 .-Xx f JF - -.8b2S^ ■ ^ ^ ^

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1 - 8. SALMACIS BICOI.OK L. AGASSIZ; 9. SALM. KOSRO-VIHIDIS KOKHLKK. PL.V. m o n o g r a p h o f t h e ECHlNOlDEA.in. ',

V. HUTH PHOT.

H , n A R K - 7— 9. SAl.M. ROSKO-VIRlDrS KOEHLKR: 10. SALM. 1-3, 11-12. SALMACIS B.COLOR RARISWNA L. A G A S .IZ : 1— 2. SALMACIS BICOLOR L. AGASSIZ: 3 - 8. SAI.M. BICOI.OR RARISPINA L. AGASSIZ; !) — 13. SALMACIKI.I.A KRYTHKACIS (H. L. CI.ARK). 1— 3, 5 — 9. SALMACIS SPH/EROIDKS (LINN.-KUS) ; 4. SAI.M. SI>H.4-:K()IDKS VARIKC.ATA MRTSN. T. HUTH PHOT.

1— 2. SALMACIS BELLI UNICOLOR MRTSN; 8 — 6. SAL^^ VIRGULATA L. AGASSIZ; 7 - 8. SAL.\L BF.Ll.l DODKRLEIN ; 9 . SALiLAClKLLA DUSSUMIKRI (L. AGASSIZ). -■V ■ m m .

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1 1 — 1 2 . HALMACIS BHLLI DODERLKIN. 1— 7. SALMACIKI.I.A OUCOPORA (H.L. CLARK); 8 13. SALMACIKM.A DL’SSUMIKRI (L. AC.ASSIZ). PL. XIL

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1— 6. MKSPILIA GI.ORUI.US (L1NN.4-:US); 7 — l( i. M. GLOBULUS LK Vn'UBKRCULATA YOSHIW ARA; 17. M. GI.OBULUS ALBIDA H. L. C l.AR K; 18- 2o. MICRO-

CYPHUS ROUSSKAUI I.. AtLVSSIZ. V. HUTH PHOT.

1—2, 28. AMBLYPNEUSTES OVUM (I.AMARCK); 3— 7. AMBI.Yl’N. I’ALIJDDS (LAMARCK): 8—16, 21. AMBl.Yl'N. FOKMOSUS VALENCIENNES; 17—22. AMBLYPN. PALLIDUS SUBGLOBOSUS MRTSN; ‘23— 2.'). PSEUDECHINUS (iROSSULARLA (STUDER); 26. AMBLYl’N. PACHISTUS H.L. CLARK; 2 9 — 30. AMBLYPN. LKUCOC.LOBUS DODERLEIN. M lf;

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1— 2, 7-10. AMHLYPNKUSTKS IWCillSTUS H. L. Ci.AKK : >i- 4, 11 Iti. AMRI.VPN. (;HA.\I)IS H. I,. CLARK; 5 (). AMlU.ViW. PACHISTUS KCliKHKH DODHRI.KIN. 1— 3, 7— 12. HOLOl’NKLJSTKS INFI.ATUS LUTKKN; 4 (i. HOLDl’N. Hl'RI'UKASCKNS F.iJTKKN. 1, 8. HOLOPNEUSTES POROSISSIMUS L. .AG.ASSIZ X HOLOl’N. INFL.ATUS LUTKRN; 2 — 7, 9 — 14. HOl.OPN. POROSISSIMUS I.. ,\GASSrZ. 1 — 12. HOLOI’NELISTF.S INFL.\TUS LUTKF.N: 13 - 2 0 . MlCROCYl’HUS KIKNSIS MRTSN; 21. MICROCYl'HUS CFYI..\NICUS MRTSN;

2 2 — 24. MICR. KXCFNTRICUS MRTSN: 25 -28. PSFITI)KCHINi:S Hl’TTONI HKNH.A.M. V. HUTH & HAI.KIER PHOT.

1— 5. TRIGONOCIDARIS .MICROPOR.A MRTSN; ()— 9. TRIGONOC. RADIATA MRTSN; 10 13. THIGONOC. AI.BIDA A. AGASSIZ; 1-1-18. TRIGONOC. INDICA MRTSN; 19— 21. I.A.MI’RECHINUS SCl'i.PTUS MKTSN; 22. PRIONKGHINUS FORBKSIANUS (A. AGASSIZ); 2 3 — 29. ORRCHINUS MONOLINI (A. AGASSIZ); 3 0 — 84. OPKCHINUS AI.IUJS MRTSN; 3 5 — 36. OPhX'H. VAR1AI5II.IS (DODKRI.KIN) ; 37— 47. GENOCIDARIS MACUI.ATA A. AGASSIZ. V. HUTH & HAl.KIER PHOT.

1— 2. T K M N O T R E M A SCULPTUM A. AGASSIZ; 3,8,15 18. T K M N O T R K M A SCILL.10 MAZ/.KTTI; 4 -7. T K M N O T K K M A KETICL'I.ATUM MRTSN; 9 11. T E M N O T R E M A ELEGANS MRTSN; 12. TE M N O T R E M A Rl'BRUM (DODERI.EIN) ; 13 14. TE M N O T K E M A I’Ur.CHEEI.UM MRTSN; 1!) 21, 28. OPECHINUS VARIA-

BiLis (d o d e r l e i n ); 22— 27. rrionechinus f o r b e s i a n [:s (a . a g .v ss i z ); 2 9 — 8.‘i. .m i c r o c y i ’HI's a n n u i .a t u s m r t s n ; :i4— 41. microcyphus m a c u - LATUS 1.. AGASSIZ; 42 44. NUCROCYI’HUS OI.IVACEES (DODERI.EIN). v.llCTIl 1MI()T.(KXCKI'T

1_8. AKTEHKCHINUS KLKGANS MRTSN; 4-9. DKSMECHINL’S VKRSICOLOR (M R TSN ); 10— 18. I'RINTKCHINUS I.MI>RKSSUS K O K Ill.K R ; 14 16. PRINT- KCHINUS VIRIDIS MRTSN ; 17 — 19. DKSMKCHINUS RUFUS (BELL); 20 2o. KRBF.CHLNUS SPKCTA BII.IS (MRTSN); 2() ISO. TK.MNhXHINUS KXCAV ATUS PORBKS;

;il -3 2 . DKSMKCHINUS ANCnLAI.US H. L. CLARK. 1 — 3. PHOGONKCHINUS F.OCKNICUS DUNCAN 4 SI.ADEN; 4. OPKCHiNUS TUBKRCLILOKI S ( d ’ARCHIAC c'i HAIME) ; 5. OPHCIl. COSTATUS (d ’ARCHIAC & HAIMK);

6 — 7. OPKCH. AFFINIS (DUNCAN & SLADEN); 8 - 9. OPECH. ROUSSEAUI ( d ’ARCHIAC & HAIME); 10 — l(i. ORTHOPSIS SIMII.IS (d 'ARCHIAC & HAIME); 1 7 - 1 8 . LEPTOPLEURUS ORANUI.ATUS (DUNCAN & S1>ADEN) : 19. MESPIEIA WHITMyKI HEEL. ^^-yOi i''-- y Ar-

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V. HUTH PHOT.

1 — 11. CYRTECHINUS VERRUCULATUS (LUTKEN); 12 — 14. NCDECHINUS INCONSPICUi:S MRTSN ; 15 — 17. NUDECH. MULTICOLOR (YOSHIWAR.A); 18, 2 4 — 27.

NUDECH. SCOTIOPREMNUS AUSTRALIENSIS .MRTSN.; 1 9 - - 2 3 , 2 8 — 29. NUDECH. SCOTIOPREMNUS H. 1.. CLARK; 3 0 — 37. NUDECH. DARNLEYENSIS (TEN.

w o o d s ); 3 8 — 39. n u d e c h . s t ic t u s h . l . Cl a r k ; 40. n u d e c h . a m b o n e n s i s plirpurascens m r t s n .; 4 1 — 45. n u d e c h . a m b o n e n s i s m r t s n . , V. 'V-/.

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V. HUTH PHOT.

l-2,9.L Y T E C H IN U S V A R IK G A T U SA T L A N T IC U SA .A tlA SS IZ ;8-5.I,Y T K C H .V A R lK G A T U S(l.A M A R C K );6-8. l.YTEC'H. VAR1KC;ATUS CAROl.INUS A. AGASSIZ. 1— 12. I.YTRCHINUS VARIEGATUS (l.AMARCK); 13. .SPH/KRECHINUS CYGNI I.OVEN. 1— 2. PSKUDOCENTROTUS DKPRESSUS (.\. ,\G.ASSIZ); 3. TOXOPNKUMTKS PILKOLUH (LAM.VRCK); 4. TOXOPN. M.\(;U1.,\TUS (L.AM.V RCK) ; 5 — 6. I.YTECHINUS SE.MITUBERCUL.XTUS (V.ALENCIENNKS); 7 - 8. PSF.UDOBOLETLA INDI.ANA (MICHELIN).

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_ - ^ ' # f e - EUSTKS ROSEUS A. AGASSIZ ; 6 - 8. TOXOl'N. KLKOANS DODKRLKIN; 9. TOXOPN. ini.KOI.US (LAMAKCK). 1 — 5. TOXOPNEUSTES V. HUTH PHOT.

1 — 5. PSEUDOBOLETIA ATLANTICA H. L. CI.ARK; 6 — 7. FSEUDOBOLKTIA INDIANA (MICHKI.IN); 8 - 1 0 . TOXOPNKUSTRS MACUI.ATLiS (l.AMARCK). 1— 3. TRIPNEUSTRS GRATILLA (I.INNA:US) ; 4. TRIPNKUiSTKS VENTRICOSUS (LAMARCK); 5 — (i. TOXOPNKU.STKS PILK01>US (l.AMARCK). 1. l>SKUr)Oe-KNTROTUS DKPKESSUS (A. AGASSlZ); 2 - ( i. TRIPNKUSTKS CRATILLA (l.INN.+U'S). 1 2. TRIl'NEUSTKS DKHRKSSUS AOASSIZ; 3 - 4. THiraKUSTK.S CRATII.LA (l.INN.-KUS). \i

% ^ M r it A /^ 0 &h -Ul'-r'X^r-^C-'. ■■ • W f 1— 2 , 4 — 10. TRIl^NKUSTKS GRATII.LA (l.INN/EUS); 3, 11 - 12. TRIPNKUSTKS VKNTKICOSUS (I.AMARCK). 1 — 4. TIUPNKII.STKS GRATILI.A (LINN.^US); 5 — S. TRIPN. VENTHICOSUS (LAMARCK); 9. TRIPN. DKPRKSSUS A. AGASSIZ. V. HUTM I'HOT.

1 - 4. SPH.KRKCHINUS (iliANl'I.ARIS (I.AMARCK): 5. PSRUDOCENTHOTUS DKPRKSSU.S (A.AG ASSIZ); 6. PSHUDOBOLKTIA ATI.ANTICA H. L. CLARK. /^; 0 : n ^

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1 ■). Sl>H.t:RKCHIN[TS GKANl'I.ARrS ( I.A.MARCK); (). PSKUDOBOLHTIA ATF.ANTICA H. I.. CI.AKK. 1 — 7. s i >h a ;r e c h in d s g r a n u l a r i s ( l a m a r c k ). l'SKi:i)()H()l,KTI.\ ATLAN'TICA H. L. CLARK ; 4 5. I’SKL'DOHOI.KTIA MACUI.ATA TKOSCHKI.. V, lU Tli I'HdT.

1. PSK.L'DOBOI.RTIA ATLANTICA H. I.. C I.AR K ; 2 — 5. PSEIIDOCKNTROTUS DEPRESSUfS (a . AOASSIZ); 6. PSEUDOBOl.ETIA INDIANA (MICHELIN). \

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1 8, If). TKMNOTRKMA SCUI.PTUM A. ACASSIZ; 4 - 5. 'rKMNOTR. BOTHRYOIDES (L. AC.ASSIZ); 6. TKMNOTH. KI.KGANS (MRTSN); 7 -8, 13. I'F.MNORLKURrS DKriI’IKNS (l)E MKI.IKRK); i), 18, 20, 32. MK.Sl'II.IA (ILOBUIAJS LF.VITUKKRCIM.ATA YOSHIW: 10— 12, 17. TKMNOPLKl’liUS

APODl'S (A. AC.ASSIZ .vi II. I.. rl..\HK): U . TKMNOTRKMA Pri.CHF.LI.UM ( m RTSN); K). TKMN'O’I'R. HAWAIIF.NSF, ,\. AC.ASSIZ * H. 1,. CI.ARK;

19, 25,26, 29 81. t f m n o p i .. miciiaklsfni (ixiDKiii.KiN); 21— 24. t f m n o t r . i>a l i .e s c f \ s h . i,. c i ..\r k ; 27 -28. t f m .x o p i .. torfumaticus (i .k s k e ). I i \ J ] ./.X'/" ' /x •' \ / ! 'i /'

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TH. MORTENSEN DEL.

1 -3 15 TEMNOTREMA SCULPTUM A. AGASSIZ; 4 — 5. TEMNOTR. BOTHRYOIDES (L. AGASSIZ); 6. TEMNOTH. ELEGANS (MRTSN); , - ; 7 - 8 13 tem’nopleurus decipiens (de mei.iere); 9, 18, 20, 32. mespilia globulus levituberculata yoshiw; 10-12, 17. TEMNOPtEURUS APODUS (A. AGASSIZ & H. L. CLARK); 14. TEMNOTREMA PULCHELLUM (mRTSN) ; 16. TEMNOTR. HAWAIIENSE A. AGASSIZ & H. L. CLARK;

19, 25, 26, 29— 81. t e m n o p l . michaelseni (d o d e r l e in ); 2 1 — 24. t e m n o t r . p a l l e s c e n s h . l . c l a r k ; 2 < — 28. t e m n o p l . TOREUMATicuSifiA. e). TH. MORTENSEN DEL.

1, 13, 16, 19 — 20. SALMACIS BICOLOR RARISPINA L. AGASSIZ; 2—4, 23. SALMACIS ROSRO-VIRIDIS KOEHLER; 5^ 11 — 12, 14—15. SALMACIS RUBRICINCTA H. L. CLARK; 6. SALMACIS BELLI UNICOLOR MRTSN; 7, 17. SALMACIS BELLI DODERLEIN ; 8—9, 18, 21—22. SALMACIELLA DUSSUMIERI (L. AGASSIZ); 10. SALMACIELLA OLIGOPORA (H. L. CLARK). 11 12

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TH. MORTENSKN DEL. 1 — 2, 8 — 9. MICROCYPHUS ZIGZAG L. AGASSIZ; 3. AMBLYPNRUSTES PALLIDUS (LAMARCK); 4. HOLOPNEUSTES INFLATUS LUTKEN; 5. AMBLYPN.’pALLIDUS SUBGLOBOSUS MRTSN; 6, 10, 14, 27, 29. MICROCYPHUS OLIVACEUS (DODERLRIN); 7, 17. MICROCYPH. ANNULATUS MRTSN; 11, 13, 16. MICROCYPH. CEYLANICUS MRTSN; 12. AMBLYPN. GRANDIS H. L. CLARK; 15. MICROCYPH. MACULATUS GODEFFROYI MRTSN; 18. MICROCYPH. ROUSSEAUI PURPURATUS MRTSN; 19—20, 23—24. MICROCYPH. ROUSSEAUI L. AGASSIZ; 21—22, 26. MICROCYPH. KEIENSIS MRTSN; 25, 31. PSEUDECHINUS ALBOCINCTUS (HUTTON); 28. PSEUDECH. HUTTONI BENHAM; .SO. MICROCYPH. MACULATUS L. AGASSIZ. 20

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24 25 26 22

TH. MOHTEN’SKN DEI..

1, 8, 10, 25. AMBLYPNEUSTKS LEUCOGLOBUS DODERLEIN; 2, 21, 26. HOLOPNEUSTES INFLATUS LUTKEN; .3, 7, 9, 12, 17. AMBLYPN. OVU.M (LAMK.); 4,' 13, 18, 24. HOLOPN. POROSISSIMUS L. AGASSIZ: 5. AMBLYPN. GRANDIS H. L. CLARK; 6, 14— 15, 23. AMBLYPN. FORMOSUS VALENC.; 11. AMBLYPN. PALLIDUS SUBGLOBOSUS MRTSN; 16. AMBLYPN. PALLIDUS (LAMK); 19—20, 22. AMBLYPN. PACHISTUS H. L. CLARK. _ J TH. MORTENSKN DEL.

1 — 10. ORECHINUS MONOLINl (A. AGASSlZ); 11, 17 — 19, 26. LAMPRECHINUS SCULPTUS MRTSN; 12 — 14, 16. ASTERECHINUS RLEGANS MRTSN; 15, 24, .32. PRIONECHINUS SAGITTIGER A. AGASSIZ; 20—23, 27—30, 34— 35. PRIONECH. FORBESIANUS (A. AGASS[Z); 25, 31, 83. PRIONECH. SCULPTUS A. AGASS. it H. L. CLARK.

TH. MORTENSEN DEL.

c ^ AnAc«T7 * H T n ARK- 3 —4 6 — 9, 13. tr ig o n o c id . m ic r o p o r a m r t s n ; " 1. ™ ,00»0C ,D *R ,S IHD.CA 2, 6. ,5 , 18,’ 22. OPBCH,™* V A BIiBlU S (l>(,»ERLF.™)i ^ " V ,0-12. ,„ao»cm . »»»,»» m h t s n ; 14, 21, ^ ^4, 26, '28. ( bb W; 16 19-20, 25. PRINTECHINUS VIRIDIS MRTSN; 17. PRINTECH. IMPRESSUS KOEHLER; ^ ’ 27, 29—33. DESMECH. VERSICOLOR (MRTSN). TH. MORTENSEN DEL.

,-6. cv.«c„»o. 9 ^ 1 0 , 12. KlIBtCH. MULTICOLOR t™ ™ ™ * * ’ JJ' “ zTnODBCH. AMB0»BHSIS «RTS»; 2 2 -2 1 . TOOBCH. ORAVIBHI (KOBBLBlO,- 17— 20. NUDECH. DARNLEYENSIS (TENISON-WOODS) , 21, TH. MORTRNSEN DEL.

1 - 4 GONIOPNEUSTES PENTAGONUS (A. AGASSIZ); 5. CYRTECHINUS VERRUCULATUS (lCTKEN); 6 - 9 , 15. LYTECHINUS EUERCES H. L. CLARK; 10, 22. GYMNECHINUS ABNORMALIS H. L. CLARK; 11, 18. GYMNECH. PALLIDUS KOEHLER; 1 2 -1 4 , 21. GYMNECH. ROBILLARDI (DE LORIOl);.. 16. LYTECH. CALLIPEPLUS H. L. CLARK; 17, 2 3 -2 5 . GYMNECH. EPISTICHUS H. L. CLARK; 1 9 -2 0 . GYMNECH. PULCHELLUS TH. MORTENSEN DEL.

1, 6, 7, 11 — 13. LYTECHINUS VARIEGATUS (LAMARCK) ; 2, 8. LYTECH. PICTUS (VERRILL); 3—5. LYTECH. SEMITDBERCULATDS (VALENC.); 9, 10, 21. LYTECH. CALLIPEPLUS H. L. CLARK; 14, 18—20, 22. LYTECH. ANAMESDS H. L. CLARK; 15—17. LYTECH. PANAMENSIS MRTSN; 23. LYTECH. EUERCES H. L. CLARK. 1, 3—6, 8—10, 13—14, 16. TOXOPNEUSTES PILEOLOS (LAMARCK); 2, 7, 11, 15. TOXOPN. ROSEOS (A. AGASSIZ); 12. TOXOPN. ELEGANS DODERLEIN. 1, 3, 19, 20. PSEUDOBOLETIA ATLANTICA H. L. CLARK; 2, 5—6, 16—17, 21. PSEUDOBOL. MACULATA TROSCHEL; 4, 7 — 12, 15, 18. PSEUDOBOL. INDIANA (MICHELIN); 13. TOXOPNEDSTES PILEOLUS (LAMARCK); 14. TOXOPN. ROSEUS (a . AGASSIZ). 1, 8, 10. SPH^RECHINUS GRANULARIS (LAMARCK); 2, 12. TRIPNEUSTES DEPRESSUS A. AGASSIZ 3, 6—7, 9, 15—17. TRIPN. VENTRICOSOS (LAMARCK); 11. TRIPN. GRATILLA (LINN.); 4—5, 13—14, 18—26. PSEUDOCENTROTUS DEPRESSUS (a . AGASSIZ).