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Recovery of the Critically Endangered River Pipefish, Syngnathus Watermeyeri, in the Kariega Estuary, Eastern Cape Province

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Recovery of the Critically Endangered River Pipefish, Syngnathus Watermeyeri, in the Kariega Estuary, Eastern Cape Province View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by South East Academic Libraries System (SEALS) Research in Action South African Journal of Science 103, May/June 2007 199 historical range in 1963, which led to the Recovery of the critically endangered 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals8 describing S. watermeyeri as extinct. The river pipefish, Syngnathus watermeyeri, validity of this classification was ques- in the Kariega Estuary, Eastern Cape tioned by Whitfield and Bruton,4 as 50 years had not passed since the last speci- province mens had been collected in the wild. Since these publications, a breeding population of S. watermeyeri was identified in the a b* a P.D. Vorwerk , P.W. Froneman and A.W. Paterson TOC East Kleinemonde Estuary.9 In 2003, however, a flood event in this estuary resulted in the apparent localized extinc- N INTENSIVE ICHTHYOFAUNAL SURVEY IN typically associated with beds of sub- tion of S. watermeyeri, which was thought the permanently open Kariega Estuary merged macrophytes (mainly Zostera to be the result of the dramatic decline in along the Eastern Cape coast has identi- A capensis and Ruppia cirrhosa), where it the availability of suitable habitat due to fied a breeding population of the critically 2 endangered river pipefish, Syngnathus water- feeds almost exclusively on zooplankton. the submerged macrophyte beds being meyeri, within the middle and upper reaches Sexual maturity is attained at approxi- flushed out to sea. No specimens have of the system. This is the first recorded cap- mately 10 cm standard length (SL) and subsequently been recorded in the East ture of this species in the estuary for over four the lifecycle is completed within the estu- Kleinemonde Estuary, as the macrophyte decades. We suggest that the presence of ary.3 Whitfield and Bruton4 suggested beds have not subsequently re-estab- S. watermeyeri is the result of the heavy rain- that the observed decline in abundance of lished. Here we report on the discovery of fall within the region, which contributed this species within its home range was a cohort of the endangered river pipefish to the establishment of optimum habitat requirements (mesohaline conditions and likely due to reduced habitat and food in the permanently open Kariega Estuary, increased food availability) of the pipefish. availability, resulting from catchment which is most likely due to the re-estab- management practices, mainly abstrac- lishment of a salinity gradient in the estu- Introduction tion of fresh water. ary and increased food sources resulting The river pipefish, Syngnathus water- The South African Red Data Book on Fishes5 from enhanced freshwater inflow. meyeri, was originally recorded in only was the first publication to acknowledge three Eastern Cape estuaries, the perma- that the river pipefish was threatened and Materials and methods nently open Bushmans and Kariega estu- advised that the ‘status and conservation An intensive survey of the ichthyofauna aries, and the temporarily open/closed of the species’ be established. Between of the littoral zone of the Kariega Estuary (TOC) Kasouga Estuary.1 The pipefish is 1989 and 1992, extensive surveys were was undertaken between 2 and 9 Novem- aSouth African Environmental Observation Network conducted within the home range of the ber 2006 (Fig. 1). In total, 60 stations were (SAEON) Elwandle Node, Somerset Street, Grahams- town 6140, South Africa. pipefish to determine its status. No speci- occupied along the length of the estuary. bZoology and Entomology Department, Rhodes Univer- mens were recorded in the three estuaries A 5-m seine net with a 500-µm mesh size sity, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa. 6,7 *Author for correspondence. during the survey. Before 1996, the last was used for sampling. In addition, tem- E-mail: [email protected] specimens had been collected from its perature and salinity were measured, Fig. 1. Map of the sampling stations within the Kariega Estuary during November 2006. Also indicated are the locations along the South African coast of the four estuaries mentioned in the text. 200 South African Journal of Science 103, May/June 2007 Research in Action Discussion The heavy rainfall that fell over the southeastern Cape region during the early spring of 2006 contributed to the formation of a distinct horizontal gradi- ent in salinity in the Kariega Estuary, for the first time since 1991.6,7,10,11 The biologi- cal response to the influx of fresh water into the estuary currently forms part of an extensive study being conducted by members of the South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, the South Afri- can Environmental Observation Net- work (SAEON) and Rhodes University. The study reported here collected 20 specimens of S. watermeyeri from the middle and upper reaches of the estuary. These are the first reported examples of the pipefish in the estuary for over four decades.4 Further indication of the species’ eradication from the Kariega Estuary was the lack of representatives collected by Whitfield and Paterson11 dur- ing quarterly sampling in 1999. All of our specimens were juveniles, with standard lengths ranging from 24 mm to 76 mm. The predominance of juveniles suggests successful breeding/recruitment within the estuary. The apparent spatial variabil- ity in the different size classes of S. water- meyeri during our study is the first re- ported for this species. It is worth noting that, over the past year, further specimens of the pipefish have also been recorded in the tempo- rarily open/closed Kasouga Estuary and the permanently open Bushmans River Estuary within the same geographical region. In both instances the pipefish were associated with extensive beds of submerged macrophytes. Molecular evi- dence suggests that the specimens col- lected earlier from the East Kleinemonde Fig. 2.The physico-chemical environment (A), vegetation cover (B), density of Syngnathus watermeyeri (C) and Estuary and those gathered in 2005 from mean standard lengths (D) recorded during the November 2006 survey within the Kariega Estuary.SL, standard the Bushmans River Estuary belong to length; psu, practical salinity unit. the same population (M. Mwale, pers. comm.). Although this is speculation, the using a Horiba U10 water sampler. The was collected during the survey from the resurgence of this species in its original percentage of submerged vegetation cover middle and upper reaches of the estuary home range estuaries may be a result of was also estimated by eye at each station (Fig. 2C). The length of the specimens re-colonization following the East Kleine- within the Zostera beds being sampled. ranged from 24 mm to 76 mm, all there- monde flood event of 2003. If so, this fore being juveniles. Pipefish densities evidence provides the first indication Results ranged from 0.05 to 0.2 individuals per of coastal transport by S. watermeyeri. Water temperature along the estuary square metre. Peaks in the abundance of Alternatively, the populations have been was fairly uniform, ranging between 21°C the fish were associated with those in continuous existence in these systems and 25°C (Fig. 2A). A distinct horizontal stations where mesohaline conditions although at extremely low densities. It gradient in salinity was evident, with prevailed and the percentage vegeta- appears, however, that the current popu- low-salinity waters (4 psu) recorded at the tion cover exceeded 80% (Fig. 2B). A lation is fairly resilient and, following head of the estuary and marine waters at distinct spatial pattern in the SL values the good rainfall in 2006, the fish had its mouth (35 psu) (Fig. 2A). The percent- was evident, with the specimens collected bred successfully, with several juveniles age vegetation cover at the various sites from the middle reaches being smaller recorded. along the estuary was highly variable and (24–59 mm SL) than those observed in These preliminary observations suggest ranged from 5% to 100% (Fig. 2B). the upper reaches (63–76 mm SL) of the the revival of the river pipefish in selec- A total of 20 specimens of S. watermeyeri estuary (Fig. 2D). ted Eastern Cape estuaries. Syngnathus News & Views South African Journal of Science 103, May/June 2007 201 watermeyeri relies on zooplankton for ered highly endangered, because of its Ichthyology, No. 2. feeding and young individuals require limited distribution and susceptibility to 3. Whitfield A.K. (1995). Threatened fishes of the 3,4 world: Syngnathus watermeyeri Smith, 1963 microzooplankters as a food source. hypersaline conditions and large flood (Syngnathidae). Environ. Biol. Fish. 44, 152. 12 Wooldridge indicated that microzoo- events. Provision of a freshwater reserve 4. Whitfield A.K. and Bruton M.N. (1996). Extinction plankters are eradicated from estuaries could ensure regular pulses of water of the river pipefish Syngnathus watermeyeri in the under low-flow conditions. The eggs of to the estuary during appropriate sea- Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Zool. 92, 59–61. copepods lie dormant until fresh water sons, which would improve the species’ 5. Skelton P.H. (1987). South African Red Data Book flows sufficiently to indicate the presence chances of survival. —Fishes. S. Afr. Natl Sci. Prog. Rep. 137. CSIR, of a food resource (chlorophyll), at which Finally, consideration should be given Pretoria. time the eggs hatch. It is worth noting that to changing the common name of this 6. Whitfield A.K. and Ter Morshuizen L.D. (1992). Is the river pipefish extinct? Conserva 7, 21. during a simultaneous study of the zoo- species from the river pipefish to the 7. Ter Morshuizen L.D. and Whitfield A.K. (1994). plankton community in the Kariega Estu- estuarine pipefish, as suggested by The distribution of littoral fish associated with ary at the time of the heavy rains in 2006, Whitfield.2 This species has only ever eelgrass Zostera capensis beds in the Kariega Estu- zooplankton density increased fourfold ary, a southern African system with a reversed been recorded in permanently and tem- salinity gradient.
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