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Diversity and Distribution of Seagrasses Around Inhaca Island, Southern Mozambique

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Diversity and Distribution of Seagrasses Around Inhaca Island, Southern Mozambique View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector South African Journal of Botany 2002, 68: 191–198 Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd Printed in South Africa — All rights reserved SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY ISSN 0254–6299 Diversity and distribution of seagrasses around Inhaca Island, southern Mozambique SO Bandeira Department of Marine Botany, Göteborg University, PO Box 461, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, PO Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique e-mail: [email protected] Received 21 September 2000, accepted in revised form 15 August 2001 Nine seagrass species were identified around Inhaca as tion key is presented. Seagrasses covered half of the well as a more narrow form of Thalassodendron cilia- whole intertidal area around Inhaca Island and diversity tum (Forsk.) den Hartog occurring in rocky pools at the was also high at community level. Transects at macro north east coast. Seagrasses were mapped and and micro scales showed zonation of species which grouped in seven distinct community types (in order of may be due to tidal gradients or topographic variation. areas covered): Thalassia hemprichii/Halodule wrightii, Cluster analysis indicated ecological dissimilarities Zostera capensis, Thalassodendron ciliatum/Cymodocea between co-dominant species. A decline of Zostera serrulata, Thalassodendron ciliatum/seaweeds, capensis has recently been seen outside the local vil- Cymodocea rotundata/Halodule wrightii, Cymodocea lage. Baseline studies like this are important for coastal serrulata and Halophila ovalis /Halodule wrightii; with zone management in developing countries, where large the ninth species Syringodium isoetifolium occurring in future changes in seagrass cover can be expected. three of these communities. A dichotomous identifica- Introduction Although diversity and occurrence of seagrasses are gener- both distribution and other ecological performances. ally known on a global scale (Den Hartog 1970, Phillips and Recently, De Boer (2000) emphasised the importance of Menez 1988, Kuo and McComb 1989), very few studies seagrasses as a nutrient source in the southern bay at have been published from the east African region and Inhaca. Distribution and factors influencing their zonation Mozambique. In coastal areas of developing countries, one patterns in other areas of the western Indian Ocean were can expect large future changes as tourism, modern fishing mostly carried out in Kenya and Tanzania (Isaac 1968, Uku techniques, aquaculture, shipping and industrialisation et al. 1996, Björk et al. 1997, 1999). Despite all this, and the increase. Thus, baseline studies such as the present one importance those communities have as nursery and foraging are needed to document the original pristine and natural dis- areas for the fauna, including many commercial fishes tribution of dominant species and communities before (Larkum et al. 1989), there is still little research focussed on anthropogenic impact and changes in water quality have the distribution of seagrass communities and their zonation grown too large. Results of such studies should then be in the region. This paper updates and revises earlier taken into consideration for coastal zone management and research, emphasising the distribution and zonation of the the protection of biodiversity. seagrass communities around Inhaca Island. In Mozambique, the first publications of seagrasses were by Moss (1937) and Cohen (1939); they were followed later Methods by a number of studies performed by scientists based in South Africa (Kalk 1959, Macnae and Kalk 1962, Macnae Inhaca island is situated north east of Maputo Bay between 1969, Munday and Forbes 1979) dealing mostly with sea- latitudes 25°58’S and 26°05’S and longitudes 32°55’ and grasses of Inhaca Island but including also other areas of 33°00’E. The intertidal zones around this island have two the country. Later, marine botanical work covering southern contrasting features. The east side is exposed to the open Mozambique and a taxonomical compilation on seagrasses sea, to the dominant south east wind (Kalk 1995), and to an in the western Indian Ocean was published (Bandeira 1995, abrupt depth increase at the beach line. The west side, fac- 1997). Martins (1997) produced a first account on Zostera ing Maputo bay, is relatively protected having a gentle topo- capensis of Inhaca Island and the Maputo area covering graphic slope reaching in some areas a distance of 1km 192 Bandeira between the coast and the low spring tide level. The tidal Results amplitude vary between 0.1m and 3.9m. Inshore water tem- perature around Inhaca island varies within the extremes of Species diversity and taxonomical key 20–39°C, and the salinity within 30–39ppt (mean 35ppt) while being constant at 35ppt at the northern end of Inhaca Nine seagrass species distributed in three families were Island (Bandeira unpublished data). identified for Inhaca: Cymodocea rotundata Ehrenb. et Specimens of seagrasses were collected and identified Hempr. ex Aschers., C. serrulata (R. Br.) Aschers. et using literature (Macnae and Kalk 1969, Den Hartog 1970, Magnus, Halodule uninervis (Forsk.) Aschers. in Bossier, H. Larkum et al. 1989, Simpson 1989). Identification was wrightii Aschers., Syringodium isoetifolium (Aschers.) checked with herbarium material at Eduardo Mondlane Dandy, Thalassodendron ciliatum (Forsk.) den Hartog University Herbarium (LMU). A dichotomous identification (Cymodoceaceae), Halophila ovalis (R.Br.) Hook. f., key was made based on characters from both fresh and Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Aschers. in Petermann dried material as well as from literature (Isaac 1968, Macnae (Hydrocharitaceae) and Zostera capensis Setchell and Kalk 1969, Den Hartog 1970, Phillips and Menez 1988, (Zosteraceae). An identification key for these species is Larkum et al. 1989). given (Appendix 1). T. ciliatum occurs in two forms: in sandy To map the seagrass communities around Inhaca two substrate with broad/wide leaves and in rock pools with nar- main steps were followed. Firstly, the species composition row, shorter leaves. Different size-forms of leaf width were was determined semi-quantitatively by applying a nominal observed in Halophila ovalis varying from 1.5–14mm in scale of frequency of species occurrence: highly frequent, width. Size forms and leaf tip variants were also observed in frequent and present. The communities were then charac- Halodule wrightii. Such morphological variations also occur terised by the number of highly frequent species. Secondly, in Brazilian H. wrightii. (Creed 1997). ground truthing (walking and snorkelling during spring low tide) all over the island with a map 1:10 000 was made in Mapping order to delineate the contours of the seagrass communi- ties; a reference point on the island, for precision of map- Seven seagrass community types were identified around ping, was used (Kirkman 1996). Black and white aerial Inhaca (listed in order of areas covers): Thalassia photographs were also used to visualise inner and outer hemprichii/Halodule wrightii, Zostera capensis, contours of the seagrass beds. The community types were Thalassodendron ciliatum/Cymodocea serrulata, named after the most dominant species. For this, visual esti- Thalassodendron ciliatum/seaweeds, Cymodocea rotunda- mates of percentage cover based on density classes ta/Halodule wrightii, Cymodocea serrulata and Halophila (Tomasko et al. 1993) were also used. The area of each ovalis /Halodule wrightii (Table 1). The boundaries of each community type was calculated by weighing paper with the community type were drawn and the seagrass map was traced area. then established (Figure 1). Some of the seagrass communities show macro-scale Overall, seagrasses covered around 50% of the entire and micro-scale variation in species composition, which may intertidal area around Inhaca. The three largest community be derived from the tidal gradient and small scale topo- types: T. hemprichii/H. wrightii, Z. capensis and T. cilia- graphic variation. Therefore, macrotransects and microtran- tum/C. serrulata covers 88% of the seagrass beds around sects were performed to study the zonation patterns. Six the island (Table 2). T. hemprichii/H. wrightii is the most macrotransects, 1m wide, running from the coastline to the species-rich community type, where all nine seagrass low water spring tide level were marked and a sample col- lected in a 1m2 quadrat at each 10m of the transect. These macrotransects were outlined in three community types Table 1: Species composition in each seagrass community type (with higher species diversity): Thalassia hemprichii/Halodule wrightii, Thalassodendron ciliatum/ Community type Species Cymodocea serrulata and Zostera capensis. Two microtran- Th Tc Cs Cr Hw Hu Si Zc Ho sects showing species diversity on a small-scale depth gra- Th/Hw *** * * ** *** ** * ** ** dient were analysed during low tide in the T. hemprichii/H. Tc/Cs * *** *** * ** ** ** ** wrightii community type located at the south bay of the Cs *** * * * island. At 1m long microtransects, presence/absence of Cr/Hw *** *** * species were recorded at each cm. The reason for choosing Ho/Hw *** * *** only the T. hemprichii/H. wrightii community for closer analy- Zc * * *** sis was that this community shows a high species diversity Tc/seaweeds *** at a small scale. Also, most of its topography has small Cr–Cymodocea rotundata ***–highly frequent depressions
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