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Review of Rhyncogonus of the Hawaiian Islands Samuelson-Rhynco-Final 6/8/03 5:25 PM Page Ii Samuelson-Rhynco-final 6/8/03 5:25 PM Page i Review of Rhyncogonus of the Hawaiian Islands Samuelson-Rhynco-final 6/8/03 5:25 PM Page ii DEDICATED TO ELWOOD CURTIS ZIMMERMAN IN HONOR OF HIS 90TH YEAR G. ALLAN SAMUELSON is an entomologist in the Department of Natural Sciences, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawai‘i Samuelson-Rhynco-final 6/8/03 5:25 PM Page iii Review of Rhyncogonus of the Hawaiian Islands (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) G.A. Samuelson Bishop Museum in Entomology 11 Bishop Museum Press Honolulu, 2003 Samuelson-Rhynco-final 6/8/03 5:25 PM Page iv Cover: Rhyncogonus fuscus Perkins, drawn by Paul M. Schroud. Published by Bishop Museum Press 1525 Bernice Street Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817-2704, USA Copyright ©2003 Bishop Museum All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America ISBN 1-58178-022-2 ISSN 0893-3146 Samuelson-Rhynco-final 6/8/03 5:25 PM Page v Samuelson — Review of Hawaiian Rhyncogonus v TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments vii Abstract viii Introduction 1 Materials and Methods Systematics Keys to species groups and species of Hawaiian Rhyncogonus Rhyncogonus alternatus Rhyncogonus biformis Rhyncogonus blackburni Rhyncogonus bryani Rhyncogonus depressus Rhyncogonus exsul Rhyncogonus extraneus Rhyncogonus femoratus, n. sp. Rhyncogonus fordi Rhyncogonus freycinetiae Rhyncogonus funereus Rhyncogonus fuscus Rhyncogonus gagneorum, n. sp. Rhyncogonus giffardi Rhyncogonus haupu, n. sp. Rhyncogonus howarthi, n. sp. Rhyncogonus kahili, n. sp. Rhyncogonus kapapa, n. sp. Rhyncogonus kauaiensis Rhyncogonus koebelei Rhyncogonus lahainae Rhyncogonus minor Rhyncogonus molokaiensis Rhyncogonus montygorum, n. sp. Rhyncogonus mutatus Rhyncogonus nitidus Rhyncogonus obsoletus Rhyncogonus oleae Rhyncogonus olokui, n. sp. Rhyncogonus pi, n. sp. Rhyncogonus ricei, n. sp. Rhyncogonus saltus Rhyncogonus segnis Rhyncogonus sharpi Rhyncogonus simplex Rhyncogonus sordidus Rhyncogonus squamiger Rhyncogonus stellaris, n. sp. Rhyncogonus stygius Samuelson-Rhynco-final 6/8/03 5:25 PM Page vi vi BISHOP MUSEUM BULLETIN IN ENTOMOLOGY 11 (2003) Rhyncogonus sylvicola Rhyncogonus tristis, n. sp. Rhyncogonus tuberculatus Rhyncogonus vestitus Rhyncogonus vittatus Rhyncogonus welchii Rhyncogonus wiliwilinui, n. sp. Rhyncogonus zeta, n. sp. Rhyncogonus fallax group Literature Cited Samuelson-Rhynco-final 6/8/03 5:25 PM Page vii Samuelson — Review of Hawaiian Rhyncogonus vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am indebted to Scott E. Miller, formerly of Bishop Museum and presently chairman of Systematic Biodiversity at the Smithsonian Institution: he had invited me to take on this study for partial ful- fillment of a U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service contract. Neal L. Evenhuis, chairman of Bishop Museum’s Natural Sciences Department continued the administration of the project and provided much assistance and encouragement for which I am most grateful. Sharon Shute of The Natural History Museum, London made available specimens critical to this project: without her generous assistance, this study would have been perfunctory: I am indeed most grateful to her. Hélène Perrin of the National Museum of Natural History in Paris accepted selected voucher specimens for deposit in their collection. Roberta L. Brett, Vincent F. Lee, and Norman D. Penny of the California Acad- emy of Sciences, San Francisco and David G. Furth of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington pro- vided details on holdings in their collections. Robin C.A. Rice of Kipu, Kaua‘i had donated his extensive Rhyncogonus collection of the 1970s to Bishop Museum, this forming a most valuable resource in the present study. Everett J. Ford, Jr of Woodbury, Tennessee, generously donated to Bishop Museum his extensive Coleoptera collection, one especially rich in Hawaiian species. Steven L. Montgomery and William D. Perreria, both of O‘ahu, provided a wealth of information on collecting sites and provided recently collected specimens. Hank Oppenheimer of Maui Land and Pineapple Company made recent collections of W Maui species and provided habitat data. Coleen Cory, Sam Gon, and Brian Valley of The Nature Conservancy, Honolulu and Läna‘i City, provid- ed logistics and permission for field work in dry forest habitats on Läna‘i. Betsy H. Gagné of the Hawaii State Department of Lands and Natural Resources, Honolulu, provided valuable informa- tion on Hawaiian Natural Area Reserves and granted permission to study in several of them. Bernarr Kumashiro of the Hawaii Department of Agriculture and Dick Tsuda of the University of Hawai‘i, both in Honolulu, generously made their collections available. Elin Claridge, University of California, Berkeley, also studying Rhyncogonus, visited Bishop Museum on her return from the S Pacific and took samples of the Hawaiian species for DNA analysis. Ron Englund, Bradley Evans, Gordon M. Nishida, Robert Paoa, David J. Preston, Robert L. Pyle, all of Bishop Museum, provid- ed various assistance with locality data, imagery, and maps; it was David’s expertise and intense effort that contributed to the quality illustrations. Jamilyn Tinao, student of Chaminade University, Honolulu, learned dissection techniques and did some preliminary sketches of genitalia. D. Liittschwager and S. Middleton of San Francisco photographed the still living Rhyncogonus lahainae during their stop at Bishop Museum. Maya LeGrande of the University of Hawaii Botany Department and K.R. Wood of the National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalaheo, made recent col- lections of Rhyncogonus from Kaua‘i. Paul M. Schroud of Plover, Wisconsin, provided a habitus view of Rhyncogonus fuscus for the cover. Marie Breugmann, Michael Richardson, and Christa Russell of the US Fish & Wildlife Service, Honolulu, were most cooperative and helpful with con- tract matters. This paper is Contribution No. 2001-017 to the Hawaii Biological Survey Samuelson-Rhynco-final 6/8/03 5:25 PM Page viii viii BISHOP MUSEUM BULLETIN IN ENTOMOLOGY 11 (2003) ABSTRACT The Hawaiian components of Rhyncogonus are revised. Treated are 47 species of which 14 are pro- posed as new: R. femoratus, n. sp., R. gagneorum, n. sp., R. haupu, n. sp., R. howarthi, n. sp., R. kahili, n. sp., R. kapapa, n. sp., R. montygorum, n. sp., R. olokui, n. sp., R. pi, n. sp., R. ricei, n. sp., R. stellaris, n. sp., R. tristis, n. sp., R. wiliwilinui, n. sp., R. zeta, n. sp.; 1 is elevated to full species: R. fordi Zimmerman; and 2 are synonymized: R. dubius Perkins and R. lanaiensis Perkins. Lectotypes are designated for 18 species. The Hawaiian species, divided here into provisional species groups, are contrasted and keyed with a separate group of 3 species from the adjacent Line Islands and Wake Island. Information is included when possible on the ecology and the threatened status of each species. All species are keyed and illustrated. Samuelson-Rhynco-final 6/8/03 5:25 PM Page 1 Samuelson — Review of Hawaiian Rhyncogonus 1 INTRODUCTION Rhyncogonus is restricted to the Pacific (Polynesia) and no longer flourishes on adjacent continen- tal areas. These species, along with Microgonus Van Dyke, have retained archaic characters that help define their primitive tribe, Rhyncogonini (Sharp, 1919: 77). All species are flightless with apparently no vestige of metathoracic wings, yet they are distributed around the Pacific on some of the most isolated islands on Earth. Their probable but inadvertent association with migratory birds may provide the answer to their broad insular distribution. Rhyncogonus Distribution Rhyncogonus ranges from the Northwestern to Windward Hawaiian Islands, Line Islands, Wake Island, and southern Polynesia from the Kermadec Islands to Rapa and Henderson. Clusters of southern endemics are found in the Societies, Marquesas, Australs, and Tuamotus (Fig.1). The Hawaiian species are most numerous on the islands of Kaua‘i and O‘ahu and become pro- gressively less numerous on the younger islands to the southeast. The oldest Hawaiian islands with extant Rhyncogonus are two high-island remnants, Necker and Nihoa of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, each with a single endemic. Nearly all of the Hawaiian species are endemic to a single island but 2 are treated here as bi-insular: R. simplex Perkins from Moloka‘i and O‘ahu; R. vestitus Sharp from Maui and Läna‘i. Rhyncogonus is possibly monophyletic through the Hawaiian part of its range but it appears to contain a number of clades that are suggested in the provisional species group assignments. The entire genus is ripe for cladistic analysis, and that will come eventually. In my preliminary search for an outgroup to the Hawaiian species, a statement by Van Dyke (1937: 90) seemed worth considering: “The small, more or less convex and rather uniformly pilose species, R. vagus, from Fanning Island, R. fosbergi from Christmas Island and R. hendersoni from Henderson Island resemble the smaller Hawaiian species.” Since 2 of these species are from the Line Islands to the south of Hawai‘i, they were thought to be good outgroup candidates. Another species, R. fallax Perkins, from Wake Island was not discussed by Van Dyke. Along with the orig- inal description of R. fallax, Perkins (1926: 62) wrote: “Without dissecting it, I am uncertain of the sex of this very abnormal species [a male], which has a facies quite different from any of the Hawaiian forms and at first sight appeared to be another genus. On critical examination, however, no important differences from Rhyncogonus could be found, all of its peculiarities being approached by one or other of this genus.” Isolated Wake Island at the same latitude as Hawai‘i Island but 3200 km west, seems to have no close affinities with any island group, however, as it turns out, R. fallax and the two Line Islands species, R. fosbergi Van Dyke and R. vagus Van Dyke, are all very close- ly related, and they are hereby assigned to the fallax group, differing from all Hawaiian species by a peculiar “beak-like” conformation at the elytral preapex. R. hendersoni Van Dyke from distant Henderson Island in the Pitcairn Island Group, lacks the “beak-like” character and is not included in this group. Summary of Rhyncogonus Distributional Patterns in Hawai‘i Hawaiian Rhyncogonus tend to group into 2 elevational zones that can be simply classed as coastal/lowland and montane.
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