Le Rivoluzioni Arabe La Transizione Mediterranea

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Le Rivoluzioni Arabe La Transizione Mediterranea Francesca Maria Corrao (a cura di) Le rivoluzioni arabe La transizione mediterranea Con i contributi di Gennaro Gervasio Aldo Nicosia Simone Sibilio Andrea Teti Lorenzo Trombetta © 2011 Mondadori Education S.p.A., Milano Tutti i diritti riservati Prima edizione Mondadori Università ottobre 2011 www.mondadoriuniversita.it www.mondadorieducation.it Edizioni 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Stampato in Italia - Printed in Italy Stampa Mondadori Printing N.S.M. – Cles (TN) Riguardo ai diritti di riproduzione, l’editore si dichiara disponibile a regolare eventuali spettanze derivanti dall’utilizzo di testi e immagini per le quali non è stato possibile reperire la fonte Progetto di copertina di Alfredo La Posta Indice IX Nota XI Avvertenza 1 Premessa 7 1. Il mondo arabo. Due secoli di storia e cultura, Francesca M. Corrao 7 Gli antefatti: guerre e riforme in epoca ottomana 11 La formazione della coscienza nazionale e le lotte per la liberazione 14 Tra le due guerre 19 La politica nazionale e l’unità araba 24 Dall’euforia post-liberazione alla cultura della resistenza 29 La politica del petrolio e l’apertura ai capitali stranieri 33 L’affermarsi dei movimenti islamici: soluzioni politiche alla crisi economica 37 Gli investimenti «liberal» per rispondere alla crisi 40 Le trame mediterranee della politica economica e culturale 44 Lo scontro/incontro con l’altro 48 2. La condizione delle donne nel mondo arabo e il contributo dato alle rivoluzioni, Francesca M. Corrao 50 Storia e testimonianze 54 Emancipazione e diritti: appunti in margine allo stato dell’arte 58 Le analisi e le riflessioni sul conflitto di genere 60 Dalla segregazione al forum virtuale 65 3. La politica della democratizzazione in Medio Oriente e il feticcio della società civile, Andrea Teti 65 Società civile e politica della democratizzazione in Medio Oriente 67 La democratizzazione e il ruolo della società civile 70 «Società civile» come categoria dell’azione politica 72 Società civile e dinamiche dell’opposizione 76 Società civile e contraddizioni nell’assistenza alla democratizzazione 79 Conclusione: società civile e motori della rivoluzione VI indice 81 4. La rivoluzione dei (nuovi) media arabi, Simone Sibilio 81 Sulla network society del mondo arabo. Una breve introduzione critica 86 Rivoluzioni, immagini, narrazioni. Ridiscutere il ruolo del web 88 La rivoluzione del paesaggio dei media arabi 98 I new media nelle sollevazioni del mondo arabo 106 Il nuovo ambiente interconnesso dell’informazione. Le televisioni nelle trame della rete 108 Conclusioni 110 5. La Tunisia dalla rivoluzione alla nuova costituzione, Aldo Nicosia 111 Patria, presidente e partito 113 Il patto di sicurezza 113 Elezioni monopolizzate e costituzione su misura 114 L’Europa e la Tunisia 116 Le organizzazioni per i diritti umani, alternativa ai partiti 119 Arte e resistenza 121 Le rivolte del sud 123 Il 14 gennaio 124 Internet, e la video-rivoluzione 127 La stampa e i mass-media 129 Quale Islam per la Tunisia? 130 La corruzione dei Trabelsi e i loro complici 131 Identità tunisina 134 6. Egitto: una rivoluzione annunciata?, Gennaro Gervasio 134 Introduzione 135 Nel solco di Sadat. Nascita di un regime 141 Gli attori principali nell’era di Mubarak: una visione dinamica 154 Rivoluzione di Gennaio 160 Considerazioni conclusive 162 7. Siria. Verso la transizione, Lorenzo Trombetta 162 Le paure dei padri, lo slancio dei figli 164 Chi comanda in Siria 172 La questione confessionale 179 I giovani violano lo spazio politico 194 Considerazioni finali. Gli altri paesi arabi 195 Le spaccature yemenite 196 Una stagione di fiamme in Bahrein 197 Le monarchie saudita e hashemita al confronto con le proteste dei giovani 199 Fuochi di Libia indice VII 200 Il Maghreb tra riformismo e rivoluzione 202 E in Palestina? 203 Considerazioni finali 209 Bibliografia 232 Cronologia 243 Schede bibliografiche 254 Nota bibliografica sugli autori Nota Le conclusioni finali sono di F.M. Corrao e G. Gervasio con le schede curate da: A. Nicosia sulla Libia, G. Gervasio e S. Sibilio sulla Palestina, ancora G. Gervasio su Marocco e Yemen, A. Teti sul Bahrein e L. Trombetta sull’Arabia Saudita e la Giordania. Le schede biografiche, la bibliografia e la cronologia sono a cura di Donatella Vincenti. Avvertenza Per i nomi propri, i titoli di libri e le parole arabe citate nel testo si è adoperata una traslitterazione scientifica semplificata. Per i toponimi si è seguita la grafia italianizzata, ove possibile (Beirut e non Bayru¯t); per i nomi propri, si è adottata la grafia italianizzata nei casi di personaggi noti, ma anche meno noti, in Occidente (Nasser e non ‘Abd al-Na¯sir), indicando la traslitterazione araba soltanto la prima volta che il nome compare nel testo. Nel caso di autori arabi maghrebini e di quelli che scrivono in francese o inglese si è riportata la trascrizione dei nomi nelle rispettive lingue (es. Habib Tengour ed Etel Adnan). Per la traduzione dei titoli dei film, si è scelto di dare quella adottata nella distribuzione in lingue occidentali, laddove esiste. Le traslitterazioni usate sono le seguenti: tre sole coppie di vocali (a\a¯, i\ı¯, u\u¯), le prime brevi e le altre lunghe; (w) e (y) seguite da vocale sono lunghe. Se sono precedute dalla vocale (a) e non sono seguite da vocale allora originano i dittonghi (au) e (ai). Non sono indicate le consonanti enfatiche (ha, sad, dad, ta, za). Le lettere (gh) corrispondono al suono della g dura, ma più gutturale e raschiato; la (j) indica la g dolce di gelato. Il gruppo (sh) corrisponde al suono di sci. Le lettere (dh) indicano il suono interdentale dell’inglese those; il gruppo (th) quello di think; (kh) invece corrisponde al suono della jota spagnola. Il segno (‘) corrisponde al suono gutturale della lettera ‘ayn; il segno (’) indica la hamzah che riproduce un arresto nell’emissione della voce. Per alleggerire il testo, si è scelto di indicare la ta¯’ marbuta alla fine delle parole arabe solo se in stato costrutto (es. Dha¯kirat al-jasad). Al Sogno mediterraneo di Ludovico Corrao Premessa Un dipinto dalla pennellata espressionista del pittore egiziano ‘A¯ dil al-Sı¯wı¯ è emblematico di un mondo per noi lontano: ritrae un uomo in barca che pesca nel Nilo, alle spalle ha il tipico cielo terso egiziano che si staglia puro su un orizzonte infinito; questo folgorante turchese si ri- flette sulle onde intrise di verde petrolio, sfumato da strisce di rosso cupo e nero illuminate da punte di verde brillante. Questa visione, per metà idilliaca e per metà inquietante, evoca un mondo incontaminato che si rispecchia in un paesaggio aggredito dall’economia del petrolio, dalle guerre, dall’industrializzazione e dalla cementificazione selvaggia delle spiagge invase dall’inquinante turismo di massa. Il quadro Il miracolo dell’Oriente (2009) allude anche a qualcos’altro. Mostra una doppia vi- sione di una stessa realtà: quella bucolica dell’Orientalismo nella pittura moderna occidentale e quella reale come la percepisce chi vive nel paese che ha ispirato alcune storie delle Mille e una notte. In quei riflessi c’è un Narciso che si interroga sulla sua identità plurale, sulla complessità della sua lunga storia e della sua cultura, descritta da numerosi intellettuali arabi come Edward Sa‘ı¯d, Adonis e Amı¯n Ma‘alu¯f (Maalouf). Questo mondo così lontano, ma geograficamente vicino a noi, è in grande trasformazione: a partire dal dicembre del 2010 le coste del Nord Africa, seguite da altri paesi in Medio Oriente, sono state scosse da rivoluzioni, salutate nel mondo come la «Primavera araba». La comunità internazionale è stata colta di sorpresa; dopo anni in cui si accusava il mondo arabo islamico di essere la culla del terrorismo e dell’immobilismo politico, d’un tratto appaiono sugli schermi e in rete milioni di giovani scesi in piazza per chiedere giustizia e libertà. Si scopre così che internet non è dominio esclusivo dei terroristi (Filiu 2006); i giovani mediorientali usano la rete non solo per banali conver- sazioni, ma anche per promuovere un dibattito politico e, come si è visto di recente, anche per fare pressione sul proprio governo e costringerlo a concedere giustizia e libertà con mezzi civili e pacifici M( ezran – Co- loMbo – van GenuGten 2011). 2 le rivoluzioni arabe I giovani arabi reclamano il diritto di potere esprimersi liberamente; infatti dalla fine del colonialismo i governi avevano soffocato le diffe- renti voci dell’opposizione politica in una morsa di controllo poliziesco (CaMpanini 2006). Il discorso del presidente Obama all’Università del Cairo nel giugno del 2009 ha colto nel segno, ha incoraggiato i giovani a credere nella libertà. Da dove viene questo profondo e diffuso anelito alla libertà? Dove e quando nasce la libertà di pensiero nella storia moderna del mondo arabo, e a che punto della storia moderna, e perché è iniziata la repres- sione politica? Queste domande ci portano a ritroso nel tempo e su di esse sembra oggi opportuno riflettere. Nei paesi arabi è emerso in questi mesi quanto maturava da anni: il bisogno di libertà politica ed economica, l’esigenza del rispetto dei diritti umani e le richieste di una nuova classe politica più attenta e com- petente che non coincidesse con i figli della vecchia guardia. Negli anni passati il reiterarsi periodico di moti di protesta non aveva sortito alcun cambiamento. Le promesse di giustizia e di una più equa redistribuzione del reddito erano state sempre disattese con il prete- sto, addotto sia a livello locale che internazionale, di dovere fare fronte all’emergenza del terrorismo e all’avanzare dell’integralismo di matri- ce islamica. Si ricordano a proposito la vittoria congelata del FIS in Algeria nel 1991, e di recente la paralisi politica seguita alla vittoria elettorale di Hamas in Palestina.
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