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CÔTE D'ivoire: Quest for Durable Solutions Continues As the Electoral

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CÔTE D'ivoire: Quest for Durable Solutions Continues As the Electoral CÔTE D'IVOIRE: Quest for durable solutions continues as the electoral process moves forward A profile of the internal displacement situation 22 September, 2010 This Internal Displacement Country Profile is generated from the online IDP database of the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC). It includes an overview and analysis of the internal displacement situation in the country prepared by IDMC. IDMC gathers and analyses data and information from a wide variety of sources. IDMC does not necessarily share the views expressed in the reports cited in this Profile. The Profile is also available online at www.internal-displacement.org. About the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, established in 1998 by the Norwegian Refugee Council, is the leading international body monitoring conflict-induced internal displacement worldwide. Through its work, the Centre contributes to improving national and international capacities to protect and assist the millions of people around the globe who have been displaced within their own country as a result of conflicts or human rights violations. At the request of the United Nations, the Geneva-based Centre runs an online database providing comprehensive information and analysis on internal displacement in some 50 countries. Based on its monitoring and data collection activities, the Centre advocates for durable solutions to the plight of the internally displaced in line with international standards. The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre also carries out training activities to enhance the capacity of local actors to respond to the needs of internally displaced people. In its work, the Centre cooperates with and provides support to local and national civil society initiatives. For more information, visit the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre website and the database at www.internal-displacement.org. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre Norwegian Refugee Council Chemin de Balexert 7-9 1219 Geneva, Switzerland Tel.: +41 22 799 07 00 [email protected] www.internal-displacement.org 2 CONTENTS OVERVIEW 7 QUEST FOR DURABLE SOLUTIONS CONTINUES AS THE ELECTORAL PROCESS MOVES FORWARD 7 RÉSUMÉ DU PROFIL EN FRANÇAIS 11 LA RECHERCHE DE SOLUTIONS DURABLES SE POURSUIT DANS UN CONTEXTE D’AVANCEMENT DU PROCESSUS ELECTORAL 12 CAUSES AND BACKGROUND 18 BACKGROUND 18 A CHRONOLOGY OF KEY EVENTS (2010) 18 WARRING PARTIES INVOLVED IN THE POST-SEPTEMBER 2002 CRISIS: AN OVERVIEW 21 THE MANIPULATION OF ETHNIC FACTORS FOR POLITICAL AND IDEOLOGICAL PURPOSES, 1893- 2010 23 MERCENARIES AND REFUGEES FROM LIBERIA RECRUITED BY ALL PARTIES TO THE CONFLICT, END 2002-2003 25 “REGIONAL WARRIORS” RE-RECRUITED TO FIGHT IN CÔTE D’IVOIRE, 2004-2005 28 UN SANCTIONS IVORIAN LEADERS IN WAKE OF ORCHESTRATED ANTI-UN VIOLENCE, FEBRUARY 2006 29 COCOA TRADE HAS CONTRIBUTED TO FUNDING THE ARMED CONFLICT AND FUEL POLITICAL INSTABILITY, 2002-2010 31 CONFLICT DIAMOND PHENOMENON PERSISTS IN CÔTE D'IVOIRE (2010) 34 VIOLENCE AND XENOPHOBIA ON THE RISE AHEAD OF THE ELECTIONS (2010) 36 PEACE EFFORTS 38 SUMMARY OF PEACE EFFORTS, 2003 - 2005 38 UN PEACEKEEPING MISSION ESTABLISHED IN CÔTE D’IVOIRE, 2004-2010 40 THE PEACE PROCESS MOVES FORWARD THANKS TO HOME-GROWN AGREEMENT, MARCH– APRIL 2007 42 PROGRESS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE OUAGADOUGOU AGREEMENT, APRIL 2007- DECEMBER 2010 43 MAIN CAUSES OF DISPLACEMENT 55 XENOPHOBIA AND ANTI FOREIGNER SENTIMENTS ARE A ROOT CAUSE OF DISPLACEMENT (2004) 55 GOVERNMENT AND REBEL FORCES CAUSE MASS DISPLACEMENT IN ABIDJAN AND PROVINCES IN AFTERMATH OF FAILED COUP OF SEPTEMBER 2002 59 ABUSES IN REBEL-HELD AREAS CAUSE RENEWED DISPLACEMENT FOLLOWING NOVEMBER 2004 CRISIS (2004-2005) 61 RESUMPTION OF ARMED CLASHES AND MOB VIOLENCE IN ABIDJAN CAUSES DISPLACEMENT AND MASS EVACUATION OF EXPATRIATES (NOVEMBER 2004) 63 3 INTER-COMMUNAL CLASHES DISPLACE CIVILIANS, 2002-2010 65 POPULATION FIGURES AND PROFILE 72 GLOBAL FIGURES 72 TOTAL NUMBER OF IDPS IS UNDETERMINED (MAY 2010) 72 SOME 600,000 PEOPLE ARE STILL DISPLACED (APRIL 2009) 74 IDP NUMBER REMAINS 709,000 FOR PLANNING PURPOSES (JANUARY 2008) 74 MORE THAN 1 MILLION IVORIANS WERE ESTIMATED TO BE DISPLACED AT THE HEIGHT OF THE CONFLICT (2003) 76 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 76 SOME 31,000 IDPS IN THE WEST BY THE END OF MARCH 2010 (MAY 2010) 76 UP TO SOME 440,000 PEOPLE STILL DISPLACED IN ABIDJAN, HIGHEST PROPORTION IN YOPOUGON AND ABOBO (2008) 77 ABIDJAN HOSTS ALMOST 70 PER CENT OF IDPS IN GOVERNMENT-HELD SOUTH (NOVEMBER 2006) 78 THE CENTRE D'ACCUEIL TEMPORAIRE DES DÉPLACÉS IN GUIGLO CLOSES BUT IDPS STILL REMAIN (OCTOBER 2008) 79 DISAGGREGATED DATA 80 DEMOGRAPHIC DATA OF IDPS (JUNE 2010) 81 ETHNICITY OF IDPS IN ABIDJAN (2008) 82 DEMOGRAPHIC DATA OF IDPS IN GOVERNMENT ZONES (MARCH 2006) 83 PATTERNS OF DISPLACEMENT 85 GENERAL 85 VAST MAJORITY OF IDPS LIVE WITH HOST FAMILIES OR COMMUNITIES (MAY 2010) 85 CONTINUOUS VIOLENCE CAUSES REPEATED SHORT-TERM DISPLACEMENT (2008) 87 CHAIN DISPLACEMENT AFFECTS THE WEST (JULY 2007) 88 PHYSICAL SECURITY & FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT 90 PHYSICAL SECURITY 90 HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES AGAINST IDPS AND RETURNEES IN THE WEST (JANUARY 2010) 90 RAPES ARE ON THE INCREASE BUT PERPETRATORS ARE RARELY PROSECUTED (MAY 2010) 90 PROTECTION CONCERNS FOR CHILDREN (MARCH 2010) 93 DISPLACED WOMEN AND GIRLS ARE MOST VULNERABLE TO SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND SEXUAL EXPLOITATION (OCTOBER 2008) 96 LEVELS OF INSECURITY REMAIN HIGH ESPECIALLY IN MOYEN CAVALLY AND VALLÉE DU BANDAMA REGIONS (MAY 2010) 98 FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT 100 HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN CÔTE D'IVOIRE (JUNE 2010) 100 ROADBLOCKS CONTINUE TO HINDER FREE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE AND GOODS (JANUARY 2010) 102 SUBSISTENCE NEEDS 105 4 GENERAL 105 POVERTY ON THE RISE SINCE 1985 (MAY 2009) 105 HEALTH 106 REDUCED ACCESS TO HEALTH IN AREAS OF DISPLACEMENT AND RETURN (SEPTEMBER 2010) 106 IDPS WITH HIV FACE PARTICULAR DIFFICULTIES (APRIL 2008) 108 FOOD 110 HIGH MALNUTRITION RATES ACROSS THE COUNTRY (DECEMBER 2009) 110 SHORTFALL OF FUNDING FOR AGENCIES SUPPORTING FOOD NEEDS (MARCH 2010) 113 SHELTER 113 IDPS' HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS (2006) 113 WATER AND SANITATION 114 EFFORTS ARE CARRIED OUT TO IMPROVE ACCESS TO WATER AND SANITATION (JANUARY 2009) 114 WATER AND SANITATION FACILITIES REMAIN PRECARIOUS FOR IDPS AND HOST COMMUNITIES (DECEMBER 2007) 116 ACCESS TO EDUCATION 119 GENERAL 119 DISPLACEMENT HAS LED TO MAJOR DIFFERENCES IN ACCESS TO EDUCATION IN THE NORTH AND IN THE SOUTH OF THE COUNTRY (MARCH 2010) 119 LACK OF QUALIFIED TEACHERS IN AREAS OF RETURN REMAINS A SERIOUS CONCERN (JULY 2008) 119 SUMMARY OF EDUCATION DATA ON IDPS (MARCH 2006) 121 ISSUES OF SELF-RELIANCE AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 123 SELF-RELIANCE 123 EMPLOYMENT STRATEGIES USED BY IDPS (2008) 123 INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES IN THE WEST SUFFER FROM DISPLACEMENT AND LITTLE SUPPORT BY HUMANITARIAN ACTORS (2007) 124 DOCUMENTATION NEEDS AND CITIZENSHIP 126 GENERAL 126 THE IDENTIFICATION PROCESS AIMS AT ADDRESSING THE NEEDS OF THE UNDOCUMENTED (MAY 2010) 126 LIFE FOR THE UNDOCUMENTED IS DIFFICULT (MAY 2010) 128 RENEWAL OF NATIONAL IDENTITY CARDS AND INCLUSION ON THE VOTER LIST IS MADE DIFFICULT BECAUSE OF RELIGIOUS OR ETHNIC AFFILIATION (FEBRUARY 2010) 130 PROPERTY ISSUES 131 GENERAL 131 THE CASE OF THE PROTECTED FORESTS IN THE WEST (APRIL 2010) 131 5 THE 1998 RURAL LAND ACT POSES IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES IN THE CONTEXT OF DISPLACEMENT (JANUARY 2010) 134 LAND ISSUES ARE AT THE HEART OF THE DISPLACEMENT SITUATION (2008) 137 PROPERTY RESTITUTION POSES PROBLEMS IN THE NORTH (2007) 142 PATTERNS OF RETURN AND RESETTLEMENT 143 GENERAL 143 OVERVIEW OF RETURNS (JUNE 2010) 143 RETURN PROCESSES (MAY 2010) 146 TENSIONS REMAIN HIGH BETWEEN RETURNING IDPS AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES (JANUARY 2010) 148 PEACE PROCESS PROMOTES RETURN BUT OBSTACLES REMAIN (JANUARY 2010) 148 SUMMARY OF DATA ON IDPS’ WISHES TO RETURN OR RESETTLE (SEPTEMBER 2008) 150 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL RESPONSES 153 NATIONAL RESPONSE 153 OVERVIEW: NATIONAL RESPONSE (2010) 153 THE NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION IS NOT FULLY FUNCTIONAL (2009) 153 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS ON THE ISSUE OF CHILDREN AND ARMED CONFLICTS (2008) 154 GOVERNMENT SETS UP COMMITTEE FOR IDP PROTECTION (2007) 155 INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE 155 OVERVIEW: INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE (2010) 155 VARIOUS FUNDING MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN USED TO SUPPORT RETURN MOVEMENTS AND IDPS (2009) 156 REFERENCES TO THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES ON INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT 158 KNOWN REFERENCES TO THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES 158 LIST OF SOURCES USED 161 6 OVERVIEW Quest for durable solutions continues as the electoral process moves forward Download pdf version (300 KB) While the implementation of the Ouagadougou Peace Accord saw some progress in mid-2010, in particular with the announcement of a new date for the elections and agreement on the voter list, fears of renewed violence and further displacement remain. At the same time, internally displaced people (IDPs) continue to struggle for durable solutions. In the absence of country-wide monitoring mechanisms, it is difficult to obtain a clear estimate of the number of people still displaced. It is similarly unclear to what extent IDPs have been able to integrate locally in their areas of displacement or resettle elsewhere in the country, as only return movements have been (partly) monitored. Assistance to IDPs has been gradually integrated into wider relief and development programmes, although protection concerns have remained especially in the west and in northern areas under the control of the Forces Nouvelles (FN) rebels. Although return movements have continued both spontaneously and with the support
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