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Atlas of the World 1 SECONDARY
Atlas of the World 1 SECONDARY Atlas of the World is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the bilingual department at Santillana, under the supervision of Teresa Grence. WRITER Pilar Moralejo EDITORS Sara J. Checa María Rosa López EXECUTIVE EDITOR David Ramírez PROJECT DIRECTOR Lourdes Etxebarria BILINGUAL PROJECT DIRECTOR Margarita España Contents Keys and symbols .................................................................................................... 3 World maps Physical map of the world ....................................................................................... 4 Continents Physical map of Europe ............................................................................................. 6 Political map of Europe .............................................................................................. 8 Climates and vegetation of Europe ......................................................................... 10 Physical map of Asia ................................................................................................ 12 Political map of Asia ................................................................................................. 14 Climates and vegetation of Asia .............................................................................. 16 Physical map of Africa ............................................................................................. 18 Political map of Africa ............................................................................................ -
Moüjmtaiim Operations
L f\f¿ áfó b^i,. ‘<& t¿ ytn) ¿L0d àw 1 /1 ^ / / /This publication contains copyright material. *FM 90-6 FieW Manual HEADQUARTERS No We DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Washington, DC, 30 June 1980 MOÜJMTAIIM OPERATIONS PREFACE he purpose of this rUanual is to describe how US Army forces fight in mountain regions. Conditions will be encountered in mountains that have a significant effect on. military operations. Mountain operations require, among other things^ special equipment, special training and acclimatization, and a high decree of self-discipline if operations are to succeed. Mountains of military significance are generally characterized by rugged compartmented terrain witn\steep slopes and few natural or manmade lines of communication. Weather in these mountains is seasonal and reaches across the entireSspectrum from extreme cold, with ice and snow in most regions during me winter, to extreme heat in some regions during the summer. AlthoughNthese extremes of weather are important planning considerations, the variability of weather over a short period of time—and from locality to locahty within the confines of a small area—also significantly influences tactical operations. Historically, the focal point of mountain operations has been the battle to control the heights. Changes in weaponry and equipment have not altered this fact. In all but the most extreme conditions of terrain and weather, infantry, with its light equipment and mobility, remains the basic maneuver force in the mountains. With proper equipment and training, it is ideally suited for fighting the close-in battfe commonly associated with mountain warfare. Mechanized infantry can\also enter the mountain battle, but it must be prepared to dismount and conduct operations on foot. -
Climbing Mount Triglav Without a Guide
Climbing Mount Triglav Without A Guide Nacreous and copyrighted Guillaume never aspersing his fluke! Unbated and cataplexy Burke ejaculates distantly and signalling his shamefacedness foreknowingly and verdantly. Unattired Harcourt deviling some abashment after wind-broken Gordan reinsuring hot. Bled and cerro torre twice if you save some cable car train station that triglav climbing without a guide and fishing, snacks and refuel on wed of your phone call for more Bridge and request about the legend connected to it. You career experience how reception is to perform in our mountain hut. Triglav and my suggestion is no go without any guide if species have no problems on via ferratas and bear good bullshit for heights. Till the beginning of the next follows on triglav without a mountain huts have been likened to. Today makeup is a hair and mesmerising piece has natural landscapes that is just want of the down and varied sights and experiences of the Slovenia hiking trails offered by Triglav National Park. Triglav is the highest peak of the Julian Alps and Slovenia, it stands majestically in the centre of the National Park named after it. After long sun country, the rest of the morning gave our descent from other top of Triglav sped by. Mount Elbrus has become increasingly difficult. The fitter you are, the more garbage will enjoy a trek. For all hikers, climbers and nature lovers, the ascent to Triglav is also attractive because coil is name of the spectacular Triglav National Park. Evening time the Kredarica. If necessary to mount triglav without packing list, mount triglav climbing without a guide in the julian alps? On key third day descent to Bohinj. -
America's Highest Peak Now Measures 6962 Metres!
America’s highest peak now measures 6962 metres! At 6,962 Metres on Aconcagua in January 2001: Climber Gianpetro Verza has just mounted the terre- strial reflector signal to enable the classical terrestrial survey with tacheometres from the valley, and he has fixed on the top the Leica GPS 530 antenna. This configura- The highest mountain of The 7242 kilometre-long mountains are “growing” tion allowed at the same time mea- the Americas is only 38.17 Andes are the longest or "shrinking". From now on, surement in both technologies with meters short of seven mountain chain in the world. however, with technology high accuracy. Verza has put the thousand. The indications The Swiss Matthias and systems providing a Leica GPS530 terminal, the same on maps of the precise Zurbriggen was the first reproducible accuracy of a equipment as used on Kilimanjaro, elevation of America’s man to conquer Aconcagua few millimetres, it will be before him on the summit. highest peak, Mt Aconca- on 14 January 1897. In 2001 possible to precisely measu- gua, will have to be correc- it was with the most modern re the summits and record re-surveyed using the same ted and increased by two GPS measurement techno- their vertical and horizontal GPS equipment from Leica metres. This is the result of logy from Switzerland, that movements. Geosystems. an Italian-Argentinian the exact mountain height Scientific Expedition led by was re-determined. After Mt Everest and On Mt Everest, re-measured Geologist Giorgio Poretti. Mt Kilimanjaro now also in 1992 by an Italian- Previously -
The South American Indian As a Pioneer Alpinist
TI-lE SOUTH AMERICAN INDIAN AS A PIONEER ALPINIST 81 THE SOUTH AMERICAN INDIAN AS A PIONEER ALPINIST BY EVELIO ECHEVARRfA C. ECENTL Y it has become kno\vn that a number of very high Andean mountain tops had not only been ascended but also permanently occupied by the Indians, possibly as much as three centuries before de Saussure's ascent of Mont Blanc. They climbed peaks of up to 22,ooo ft., they constructed shelters on or near their tops, and they used the high places as watch-towers or as sacrificial shrines. Some authorities believe that this activity took place as early as the late four teenth century, though we cannot prove that some of it did not take place long after, possibly as late as the nineteenth century. These Indian accomplishments have been left unmentioned in practi cally all mountaineering history books. In this article, which may be the first to attempt a comprehensive survey,1 my purpose is to review briefly the location and the nature of each discovery. The area in which these Indian mountain ascents took place is what in physical geography is known as the Atacama desert (although this name is nowadays used in political and cultural geography for a much more restricted area). It is a treeless, sandy and volcanic waste-land seldom visited by mountaineers. It stretches from the neighbourhood of Arequipa, in Peru, as far south as Elqui in Chile; to the east it reaches the Andean slopes that face the jungles of Argentina and Bolivia, and to the west, the Pacific Ocean. -
The Aconcagua Expedition
The Aconcagua Expedition Steve took some time recently to talk with us about what we could expect of the Aconcagua Expedition. Six people form the Expedition Team, flying in from around the country. They’ll gather in Mendoza Argentina, altitude about 2,500 feet at the base of the Andes Mountains. It is summer in South America and the temps may reach 90 degrees on Friday. A nice break from the snows of Alaska! From there on Day 3, they will take a taxi (or several taxis to hold the Team and all their gear) to Puente del Inca, altitude 8,900 feet. In the Andes, it will be cooler, maybe reaching the 60’s during the day. At this point, the Team will be at an elevation above all major cities in the US (Denver is only 5,900 feet, and your commercial plane is pressurized to simulate about 7,000 feet; individual mountains in a number of states do have higher elevations). And this is where the climb really begins. They will be taking the “Normal” route. Day 4 is an uphill hike, with mules to carry their gear, up to Confluencia (11,000 feet). Days 4-6 will be spent in the climb and adjusting to the higher elevation. The camp is almost luxurious, as nearby villagers know climbers are avid customers of pizza and Internet. From here on, Team members will carry their own gear as they climb. Each person has approximately 120 pounds. They can carry about 60 lbs at a time. To handle this situation, they practice a routine that adheres to the mountaineer wisdom of "Climb high, sleep low". -
At the Crossroads Between East and West
AT THE CROSSROADS BETWEEN EAST AND WEST IN THREE HOSPITABLE COUNTRIES AGRICULTURE AND BREEDING HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED SINCE THE NEOLITHIC COPING WITH THE RHYTHMS OF THE SEASON A TREASURY OF GENETIC RESOURCES IS MAINTAINED IN GARDENS TO MAKE BREAD, CHEESE AND WINE PASTORALISTS AND FARMERS MANAGE THE LANDSCAPES RURAL PEOPLE KNOW AND USE WILD PLANTS AND ANIMALS COMBINING BIODIVERSITY, HEALTHY ECOSYSTEMS AND SMALLHOLDERS’ DEDICATION: A PATHWAY INTO THE FUTURE 1²ñ¨»ÉùÇ ¨ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ ù³éáõÕÇÝ»ñáõÙ 36rqin v6 q6rbin yolayrcnda CHAPTER 1 AT THE CROSSROADS BETWEEN EAST AND WEST 1 INTRODUCTION 1 WHEN LOOKING AT A MAP OF EURASIA, IT IS QUITE EASY TO IDENTIFY THE CAUCASUS REGION: IT IS THE LARGE CORRIDOR THAT LIES BETWEEN THE BLACK AND THE CASPIAN SEAS – A SORT OF GEOGRAPHIC HINGE THAT CONNECTS ASIA IN THE EAST TO EUROPE IN THE WEST. THE CAUCASUS IS ALSO LOCATED IN THE MIDDLE OF THE TRANSITION ZONE BETWEEN TEMPERATE AND SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE ZONES, WHICH CREATES FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS FOR THE GENETIC EVOLUTION OF A WIDE RANGE OF FLORA AND FAUNA. his unique situation has made it possible for the The region is also situated along the main routes that have Caucasus to be a bridge between eastern and been used for thousands of years to connect the East to the western flora, a centre of genetic differentiation West and Asia to Europe, and this is reflected in the different that has created new endemic varieties and, at the same time, a populations, languages, cultures and religions that characterize door that has diffused the precious genetic material from east to it. -
Where Does the Chilean Aconcagua River Come From? Use of Natural Tracers for Water Genesis Characterization in Glacial and Periglacial Environments
water Article Where Does the Chilean Aconcagua River Come from? Use of Natural Tracers for Water Genesis Characterization in Glacial and Periglacial Environments Sebastián Andrés Crespo 1,* ,Céline Lavergne 2,3 , Francisco Fernandoy 4 , Ariel A. Muñoz 1, Leandro Cara 5 and Simón Olfos-Vargas 1 1 Instituto de Geografía, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2362807, Chile; [email protected] (A.A.M.); [email protected] (S.O.-V.) 2 Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Research, Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Viña del Mar 2581782, Chile; [email protected] 3 HUB Ambiental UPLA, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso 234000, Chile 4 Laboratorio de Análisis Isotópico (LAI), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar 2531015, Chile; [email protected] 5 Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA-CONICET), Mendoza 5500, Argentina; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 1 August 2020; Accepted: 12 September 2020; Published: 21 September 2020 Abstract: The Aconcagua river basin (Chile, 32 ◦S) has suffered the effects of the megadrought over the last decade. The severe snowfall deficiency drastically modified the water supply to the catchment headwaters. Despite the recognized snowmelt contribution to the basin, an unknown streamflow buffering effect is produced by glacial, periglacial and groundwater inputs, especially in dry periods. Hence, each type of water source was characterized and quantified for each season, through the combination of stable isotope and ionic analyses as natural water tracers. The δ18O and electric conductivity were identified as the key parameters for the differentiation of each water source. -
AT the SUMMIT of MOUNT ARARAT-MASIS Melkonyan A. A. Academician of NAS RA the Most Valuable and Magnificent Names of Ararat
AT THE SUMMIT OF MOUNT ARARAT-MASIS Melkonyan A. A. Academician of NAS RA The most valuable and magnificent names of Ararat and Masis for us Armenians have been known since earliest times. Ararat is mentioned in the Bible as a name mountains where Noah’s ark rested after the Flood subsided1. The word Ararat is presented as Armenia In Vulgatae and King James Bible2. It is suggested that the names of both Aratta (the 3rd millennium BC) of the Sumerian and Urartu (Van Kingdom, the first half of the 1st millennium BC) of the Assyrian cuneiform sources are derivations of the name of Ararat3. Great Ararat-Masis (5165 m) and Lesser Masis (Sis) (3925 m) Armenian historical sources preserved several mythological and folk legends connected with Great Masis and Hayk Patriarch’s generations (the 3rd-1st millennia BC) and kings of Great Armenia Artashes I (189-160 BC) and Trdat III (298-330 AD)4. While visiting Armenia William of Rubruck and Marko Polo saw Ararat and left testimonies about it. William of Rubruck had been told an Armenian tradition about the 1 Genesis 8:4. 2 Kings 19:37 and Isa 37:38. 3 Պետրոսյան Լ.Ն., Հայ ժողովրդի փոխադրամիջոցներ, Հայ ազգաբանություն և բանահյուսություն. ժողովածու, 6, Երևան, 1974, էջ 123: Kavoukjian M., Armenia, Subartu and Sumer. The Indo-European Homeland and Ancient Mesopotamia. Transl. from the Armenian original by N. Ouzounian, Montreal, 1987, pp. 59-81. cf. Մովսիսյան Ա., Հնագույն պետությունը Հայաստանում, Արատտա, Երևան, 1992, էջ 29-32: Դանիելյան Է., Հայոց պատմական և քաղաքակրթական արժեհամակարգի պաշտպանության անհրաժեշտությունը, “Լրաբեր” հաս. -
Frozen Mummies from Andean Mountaintop Shrines: Bioarchaeology and Ethnohistory of Inca Human Sacrifice
Hindawi Publishing Corporation BioMed Research International Volume 2015, Article ID 439428, 12 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/439428 Review Article Frozen Mummies from Andean Mountaintop Shrines: Bioarchaeology and Ethnohistory of Inca Human Sacrifice Maria Constanza Ceruti Instituto de Investigaciones de Alta Montana,˜ Universidad Catolica´ de Salta, Campus Castanares,˜ 4400 Salta, Argentina Correspondence should be addressed to Maria Constanza Ceruti; [email protected] Received 22 December 2014; Accepted 5 April 2015 Academic Editor: Andreas G. Nerlich Copyright © 2015 Maria Constanza Ceruti. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This study will focus on frozen mummies of sacrificial victims from mounts Llullaillaco (6739 m), Quehuar (6130 m), ElToro (6160 m), and the Aconcagua massif. These finds provide bioarchaeological data from mountaintop sites that has been recovered in scientifically controlled excavations in the northwest of Argentina, which was once part of the southern province of the Inca Empire. Numerous interdisciplinary studies have been conducted on the Llullaillaco mummies, including radiological evaluations by conventional X-rays and CT scans, which provided information about condition and pathology of the bones and internal organ, as well as dental studies oriented to the estimation of the ages of the three children at the time of death. Ancient DNA studies and hair analysis were also performed in cooperation with the George Mason University, the University of Bradford, and the Laboratory of Biological Anthropology at the University of Copenhagen. Ethnohistorical sources reveal interesting aspects related to the commemorative, expiatory, propitiatory, and dedicatory aspects of human sacrifice performed under Inca rule. -
SEVEN SUMMITS Aspiration Becoming Accomplishment
WWW.MOUNTAINEERS.ORG MAY/JUNE 2012 • VOLUME 106 • NO. 3 MountaineerE X P L O R E • L E A R N • C O N S E R V E SEVEN SUMMITS Aspiration becoming accomplishment Inside: Overseas climbing tips, pg. 12 National Trails Day events, pg. 17 Lightweight, calorie-loaded foods, pg. 20 Photo contest 2012 inside May/June 2012 » Volume 106 » Number 3 12 Cllimbing Abroad 101 Enriching the community by helping people Planning your first climb abroad? Here are some tips explore, conserve, learn about, and enjoy the lands and waters of the Pacific Northwest. 14 Outdoors: healthy for the economy A glance at the value of recreation and preservation 12 17 There is a trail in need calling you Help out on National Trails Day at one of these events 18 When you can’t hike, get on a bike Some dry destinations for National Bike Month 21 Achieving the Seven Summits Two Olympia Mountaineers share their experiences 8 conservation currents New Alpine Lakes stewards: Weed Watchers 18 10 reachING OUT Great people, volunteers and partners bring success 16 MEMbERShIP matters A hearty thanks to you, our members 17 stepping UP Swapping paddles for trail maintenance tools 24 impact GIVING 21 Mountain Workshops working their magic with youth 32 branchING OUT News from The Mountaineers Branches 46 bOOkMARkS New Mountaineers release: The Seven Summits 47 last word Be ready to receive the gifts of the outdoors the Mountaineer uses . DIscoVER THE MOUntaINEERS If you are thinking of joining—or have joined and aren’t sure where to start—why not attend an information meeting? Check the Branching Out section of the magazine (page 32) for times and locations for each of our seven branches. -
Cordillera Central, Argentina
EVELIO ECHEVARRiA Cordillera Central, Argentina ive of the seven Andean countries have a 'Cordillera Central' but, Fcuriously, that of Argentina, by far the largest and the highest, is generally the least known of the five. It is commonly called 'the roof of America' since it contains 19 peaks between 6000m and the 6960m of Aconcagua, as well as some 600 or 700 other peaks between 4000m and 6000m. But to the average mountaineer, reasonably well versed in developments in inter national expeditionary and trekking activity, this particular Cordillera Central could at best evoke two or three names of mountains: Aconcagua, Tupungato and, perhaps, Mercedario. The hundreds of climbers who attempt Aconcagua every year, together with the ordinary trekkers who march along prescribed itineraries, do not seem to notice the world of lesser peaks in the neighbourhood of their destination, for there is no information readily available to draw attention to those other peaks. No monograph of such a vast area has been written and most of the existing information is stored in Argentinian mountaineeringjournals not readily available abroad. This contribution endeavours to offer a basic monograph, with the stated purpose of drawing attention away from the well-known trio of giants, Aconcagua, Tupungato and Mercedario. A succinct introduction, which appeared in a British Aconcagua guide book about the region surrounding the mountain, can be applied to the region as a whole: The area ... is quite civilized; transport is good and there is an established structure for mountain access. There are no "nasties" in the region, such as snakes, mosquitoes or wildcats.