DOCSLIB.ORG

The Well of the Past: Reinterpreting Secularism After 9/11

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

The Well of the Past: Reinterpreting Secularism after 9/11 Lailufar Yasmin MA (Georgia State University) MSocSci (University of Dhaka) BSocSci (Hons) (University of Dhaka) This thesis is presented in the fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Modern History, Politics and International Relations Faculty of Arts Macquarie University Sydney August 2015 Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ........................................................................................................ vii Abstract ................................................................................................................... ix Declaration .............................................................................................................. xi Acknowledgements ............................................................................................... xiii Dedication ............................................................................................................ xvii Introduction: The Well of the Past and 9/11 ........................................ 1 The Central Argument ............................................................................................. 9 Secularism as a Standard of Civilization ............................................................... 11 The Securitization of Religion and the Construction of Threat ............................ 17 Conceptual Framework: Who is International Relations For? ............................. 25 Thesis Outline........................................................................................................ 27 Chapter 1: Secularism: ‘The Great Invention of the West’ ............... 33 The Beginning of Religion-based Politics .............................................................. 39 Secularism as the Accommodation of Religious Differences ............................... 42 Secularity as an Areligious Concept ...................................................................... 46 Secularism: ‘The Great Invention of the West’ ..................................................... 49 The invention of secularism: accommodating religious difference .............. 50 Secularity as a Christian Concept? ........................................................................ 53 Secularity: an Islamic invention? ................................................................... 55 Contemporary Expressions of Secularism in the West ......................................... 59 Chapter 2: The Ottomans and Turkey: the Costs of Misrecognition .......................................................................................... 63 The Construction of Turkish Identity as the Bearer of Ottoman Heritage ........... 66 The Ottoman Empire as a Ghazi state ........................................................... 67 Transformation in the Ottoman Empire: external pressure or internal iv development? ................................................................................................ 69 Ottomanism and the Consolidation of the Identity of a ‘Turk’ ............................ 72 Creating a ‘civilized identity’—Turkey in the European Jacket ............................ 76 Kemalism—a rupture from or continuation of the Ottoman past? .............. 79 The Philosophical Roots of Turkish Nationalism: Ziya Gokalp and Yusuf Akcura ............................................................................................................. 81 The Idea of ‘Europe’ and the Ottoman Empire .................................................... 85 Turkey’s Drive for EU Membership ....................................................................... 91 Turkey as Europe’s Other ...................................................................................... 94 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 100 Chapter 3: An Islam-Modernist Synthesis: Turkey’s Quest for a New Identity in the Post 9/11 Era....................................................... 103 Kemalist Ideology and the Birth of Turkey ......................................................... 105 State Reforms and Women’s Liberation as a New Identity Creation ................. 110 Turkish Identity and Secularism .......................................................................... 113 The Turkish-Islamic Synthesis ............................................................................. 116 Democracy and the Rise of Islamic Elements in Turkish Politics ........................ 118 The Rise of the AK Parti....................................................................................... 124 Imperial Memories and the Identity of Turkey................................................... 127 Turkish Assertion of Identity and the Foreign Policy of the AK Parti ................. 130 Turkey’s relationship with Israel ................................................................... 132 Between Modernity and Islam—the Dilemma of Turkish Identity .................... 135 Chapter 4: Bengal and Bangladesh: Trapped in History ................ 139 Who are the Bengal Muslims? ............................................................................ 142 The Indian Independence Movement and the Construction of Hindu-Muslim Separateness in Bengal .................................................................................. 145 The Bengal Divide of 1905 and the Rise in Political Consciousness of the Muslims of Bengal ......................................................................................... 148 The State of Pakistan and the Issue of Religion .................................................. 159 The unequal relationship between East and West ............................................. 161 v The question of regional autonomy .............................................................. 164 The 1965 Indo-Pakistan War and a further isolation of East Pakistan .......... 165 The tumultuous politics of the 1960s ............................................................ 166 The Creation of Identity during the Pakistani Era: the Emergence of the Myth of Golden Bengal ........................................................................................... 167 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 172 Chapter 5: Creating the Ontological Category of Nationhood for Bengali Muslims: Secularism as a Self-Serving Ideology for Bangladesh ............................................................................................... 175 The Constitutional Creation of a Secular and Bengali Identity ........................... 177 The Practice of Secularism: Importing Religion in the Guise of Secularism ....... 180 The Rise of Overt Religiosity: the Regimes of Zia and Ershad ............................ 185 The Return to Democracy and the Beginning of Confrontational Politics ......... 190 The Return to a Secular Bengali Identity ............................................................ 194 The Trial of War Criminals and the Politicization of Identity .............................. 198 Conclusion: Secularism as a Political Weapon of Identity Creation ................... 200 Chapter 6: The Global Covenant of Being Civilized: Secular Options for Turkey and Bangladesh ....................................................................... 205 What is Secularism: The Contradiction between the State and Political Elites in Turkey ...................................................................................................... 207 The AK Parti and the rise of passive secularism .......................................... 207 The headscarf issue and the AK Parti .......................................................... 211 Secularists versus Islamists in Turkey ................................................................. 213 Bangladesh: the Rise of Islam-based Political Parties and Islamic Extremism ... 214 Changes in the social fabric of Bangladesh ................................................. 216 The Growth of Islam-based Political Parties and Intolerance ............................ 220 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 224 Chapter 7: Rethinking Secularism .......................................................... 227 Revisiting the Secularization Thesis: Post-Secularism ........................................ 228 From Post-Secularism to Multiple Secularisms ................................................... 232 vi Multiple Secularisms: Islam as a Marker of Identity ........................................... 234 Sharia Law and the West: a model for secularism? ..................................... 235 Identity Claims and Islamism .............................................................................. 237 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 245 The Conformation of Sovereignty and Secularism as Areligious Concepts ........ 246 The Struggle for Recognition and its Impact on Politics in the Islamic World .... 252 The Lessons from Turkey and Bangladesh .......................................................... 255 Bibliography ................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • A Respite to from Fatwas

    A Respite to from Fatwas

    C. M. Naim A Respite to and from Fatwas, please. A messenger brought me some news. It began: Darul Uloom Deoband, the self-appointed guardian for Indian Muslims, in a Talibanesque fatwa that reeked of tribal patriarchy, has decreed that it is “haram” and illegal according to the Sharia for a family to accept a woman's earnings. Clerics at the largest Sunni Muslim seminary after Cairo's Al-Azhar said the decree flowed from the fact that the Sharia prohibited proximity of men and women in the workplace. “It is unlawful (under the Sharia law) for Muslim women to work in the government or private sector where men and women work together and women have to talk with men frankly and without a veil,” said the fatwa issued by a bench of three clerics. The decree was issued over the weekend, but became public late on Monday, seminary sources said.1 One should not shoot the messenger if one does not like the message. True. But, allow me at least to discover what was being “messaged.” Strictly speaking, it was the following exchange on the website of the Darul Ifta (‘fatwa office’) of the Deoband seminary. (http://darulifta-deoband.org/. No changes in language and punctuation have been made in all the quotations below.) From the section on women’s issues. [1] Question: 21031, India. “Asalamu-Alikum: Can muslim women in india do Govt. or Pvt. Jobs? Shall their salary be Halal or Haram or Prohibited?” [2] Answer: 21031. 04 Apr, 2010 (Fatwa: 577/381/L=1431). “It is unlawful for Muslim women to do job in government or private institutions where men and women work together and women have to talk with men frankly and without veil.
  • Uhm Phd 9519439 R.Pdf

    Uhm Phd 9519439 R.Pdf

    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality or the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely. event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. MI48106·1346 USA 313!761-47oo 800:521-0600 Order Number 9519439 Discourses ofcultural identity in divided Bengal Dhar, Subrata Shankar, Ph.D. University of Hawaii, 1994 U·M·I 300N. ZeebRd. AnnArbor,MI48106 DISCOURSES OF CULTURAL IDENTITY IN DIVIDED BENGAL A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE DECEMBER 1994 By Subrata S.
  • 'Spaces of Exception: Statelessness and the Experience of Prejudice'

    'Spaces of Exception: Statelessness and the Experience of Prejudice'

    London School of Economics and Political Science HISTORIES OF DISPLACEMENT AND THE CREATION OF POLITICAL SPACE: ‘STATELESSNESS’ AND CITIZENSHIP IN BANGLADESH Victoria Redclift Submitted to the Department of Sociology, LSE, for the degree of PhD, London, July 2011. Victoria Redclift 21/03/2012 For Pappu 2 Victoria Redclift 21/03/2012 Declaration I confirm that the following thesis, presented for examination for the degree of PhD at the London School of Economics and Political Science, is entirely my own work, other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without the prior written consent of the author. I warrant that this authorization does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. ____________________ ____________________ Victoria Redclift Date 3 Victoria Redclift 21/03/2012 Abstract In May 2008, at the High Court of Bangladesh, a ‘community’ that has been ‘stateless’ for over thirty five years were finally granted citizenship. Empirical research with this ‘community’ as it negotiates the lines drawn between legal status and statelessness captures an important historical moment. It represents a critical evaluation of the way ‘political space’ is contested at the local level and what this reveals about the nature and boundaries of citizenship. The thesis argues that in certain transition states the construction and contestation of citizenship is more complicated than often discussed. The ‘crafting’ of citizenship since the colonial period has left an indelible mark, and in the specificity of Bangladesh’s historical imagination, access to, and understandings of, citizenship are socially and spatially produced.
  • The Jihadi Industry: Assessing the Organizational, Leadership And

    The Jihadi Industry: Assessing the Organizational, Leadership And

    The Jihadi Industry: Assessing the Organizational, Leadership, and Cyber Profiles Report to the Office of University Programs, Science and Technology Directorate, U.S. Department of Homeland Security July 2017 National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism A Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Center of Excellence Led by the University of Maryland 8400 Baltimore Ave., Suite 250 • College Park, MD 20742 • 301.405.6600 www.start.umd.edu National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism A Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Center of Excellence About This Report The authors of this report are Gina Ligon, Michael Logan, Margeret Hall, Douglas C. Derrick, Julia Fuller, and Sam Church at the University of Nebraska, Omaha. Questions about this report should be directed to Dr. Gina Ligon at [email protected]. This report is part of the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) project, “The Jihadi Industry: Assessing the Organizational, Leadership, and Cyber Profiles” led by Principal Investigator Gina Ligon. This research was supported by the Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate’s Office of University Programs through Award Number #2012-ST-061-CS0001, Center for the Study of Terrorism and Behavior (CSTAB 1.12) made to START to investigate the role of social, behavioral, cultural, and economic factors on radicalization and violent extremism. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S.
  • Language, Religion and Politics: Urdu in Pakistan and North India / 93

    Language, Religion and Politics: Urdu in Pakistan and North India / 93

    Language, Religion and Politics: Urdu in Pakistan and North India / 93 Tariq Rahman* Language, Religion and Politics: Urdu in Pakistan and North India Résumé. Langue, religion et politique : l’ourdou au Pakistan et dans le nord de l’Inde. L’ourdou, langue nationale du Pakistan et symbole identitaire des Indiens musulmans est associée à l’islam en Asie du sud. Cette association a été forgée pendant la période coloniale britannique. Les Britanniques ont remplacé le persan - langue du pouvoir moghol - par l’our- dou (aux échelons inférieurs) et l’anglais (aux échelons supérieurs) dans plusieurs régions du nord de l’Inde et de l’actuel Pakistan. L’ourdou s’est diffusé par le biais des réseaux scolaires et de communication dans l’Inde coloniale. Il devint le principal médium d’instruction dans les séminaires musulmans (madrasa-s) et la principale langue des écrits religieux. L’ourdou est également devenu un symbole important de l’identité musulmane et a contribué, juste après l’islam, à mobiliser la communauté musulmane pour demander la création du Pakistan en 1947. Au Pakistan, l’ourdou et l’islam sont des composantes symboliques importantes de l’identité nationale et s’opposent à l’expression des langues autochtones. Cette identité est principalement défendue par les partis politiques de droite et se positionne comme opposée non seulement aux identifications ethniques mais également à une identité occidentale plus globalisée et libérale qui serait symbolisée par l’anglais. En Inde cependant, l’ourdou soutient la minorité musulmane contre la domination hindoue nationaliste. De fait, l’ourdou, dans sa relation avec l’islam, joue un rôle complexe et parfois contradictoire au Pakistan et au nord de l’Inde.
  • Glossaries of Words 30 1

    Glossaries of Words 30 1

    ENG L I SH ARABI C P ERSI AN TU RK I SH ARM EN I AN K U RD I SH SY RI AC by the G eog rap hical Section of the Na z al 1a112 67206 " D vision N val St miralt i , a qfi , A d y LONDON PUBLI SHED BY ms M AJ ESTY ’S ST ION ERY FFICE AT O . To b e p urc h ased t h rough any B ookse lle r or d ire c t ly f rom E . S TI NERY FFICE a t h e f ollowi n ad d r sse M . TA O O t g e s I M P I AL HOU KI G WA D W 2 an Y LO O C . d ER SE , N S , N N , . , 28 A B I N D O N S T T N D W G E L O O N S. l R E , , . ; 37 P ETER STREET M ANCH ESTER ; ’ 1 ST. D W éRESCEN T CA D I F F AN RE S , R ; 23 F ORTH S T T E D I B U G H REE , N R ; or from E S ST EET D B LI . P N NBY LTD 116 G AFTO U O O , R N R , N 19 2 0 Print ed und e r t h e afith ority of ’ H rs M AJ ESTY S STATI O NERY OF F I CE B F D I CK H AL L at t h e U nive sit P re ss Ox ford .
  • The Domestic Politics of Pakistan's Lashkar-E-Taiba

    The Domestic Politics of Pakistan's Lashkar-E-Taiba

    The Milli Muslim League: The Domestic Politics of Pakistan’s Lashkar-e-Taiba By C. Christine Fair ASHKAR-E-TAIBA (LET) IS THE PAKISTANI ARMY’S MOST SUBSERVIENT proxy. Founded in Afghanistan during the fag end of the anti-Sovi- et jihad, LeT has never conducted a terrorist attack within Pakistan nor has it set its sights on any Pakistani target at home or abroad. For these reasons, the LeT enjoys the unstinting support of the Pakistani Lmilitary and intelligence establishment. In 2002, the United States designated LeT a Foreign Terrorist Organization along with Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM) after the latter conducted a suicide attack on the Indian Parliament in December 2001. That attack precipitated the largest Indian mobilization of forces since the 1971 war. The Pakistanis responded by moving their own forces from the west, where they were ostensibly supporting U.S. military operations in Afghanistan, to the east to counter a potential Indian attack. Washington, which was dependent upon Pak- istan’s cooperation on its western border, sought to alleviate India’s concerns. In an effort to get Pakistani forces to swing back towards the west, Washington pressured India to de-escalate while insisting that then-President Pervez Musharraf ban both JeM and LeT, which provided India with the requisite diplomatic victory to justify softening its rhetoric. THE DOMESTIC POLITICS OF PAKISTAN’S LASHKAR-E-TAIBA ■ 33 The bans were a feint: Pakistani intelligence notified both JeM and LeT of the pending bans, which allowed them to regroup under different names and move their funds to new bank accounts.
  • REPORT on CROP LANDRACES, CROP WILD RELATIVES and WILD HERBS (Including Medicinal and Aromatic Plants) Terra Lemnia Project / Strategy 1.1 / Activity 1.1.2

    REPORT on CROP LANDRACES, CROP WILD RELATIVES and WILD HERBS (Including Medicinal and Aromatic Plants) Terra Lemnia Project / Strategy 1.1 / Activity 1.1.2

    REPORT ON CROP LANDRACES, CROP WILD RELATIVES AND WILD HERBS (including medicinal and aromatic plants) terra lemnia project / STRATEGY 1.1 / ACTIVITY 1.1.2 Editors: Prof. Dr. PENELOPE BEBELI Agricultural University of Athens DIMITRA GRIGOROPOULOU Agronomist, MedINA Terra Lemnia collaborator SOFIA KYRIAKOULEA Ph.D. student, Agricultural University of Athens Updated Version DANAE SFAKIANOU Agronomist, MedINA Terra Lemnia collaborator December 2020 Dr. RICOS THANOPOULOS Agricultural University of Athens REPORT ON CROP LANDRACES, CROP WILD RELATIVES AND WILD HERBS (including medicinal and aromatic plants) terra lemnia project / STRATEGY 1.1 / ACTIVITY 1.1.2 Updated Version December 2020 EDITORS: Prof. Dr. PENELOPE BEBELI Agricultural University of Athens DIMITRA GRIGOROPOULOU Agronomist, MedINA Terra Lemnia collaborator SOFIA KYRIAKOULEA Ph.D. student, Agricultural University of Athens DANAE SFAKIANOU Agronomist, MedINA Terra Lemnia collaborator Dr. RICOS THANOPOULOS Agricultural University of Athens Coordinated by: Funded by: terra lemnia project | www.terra-lemnia.net MAVA 2017-2022 Mediterranean Strategy Outcome M6 Loss of biodiversity by abandonment of cultural practices Acknowledgements Professor Penelope Bebeli would like to acknowledge the support of Tilemachos Chatzigeorgiou, Aggeliki Petraki, Konstantina Argyropoulou and George Dimitropoulos in editing the text of this report. We acknowledge the contribution of Assistant Professor Maria Panitsa, Professor Erwin Bergmeier and Dr. Stefan Meyer in the identification of wild species as well as for providing the catalogue of the recorded Lemnian species. The authors would like to thank Ivy Nanopoulou and Dimitrios Papageorgiou for their participation in the expedition of 2018. The authors would also like to thank Anemoessa (Association for the Protection of the Environment and Architectural Heritage of Lemnos Island) and MedINA for their overall support in this endeavour.
  • IIUIUIIIIIIIIIII Ill 0109100008

    IIUIUIIIIIIIIIII Ill 0109100008

    IIUIUIIIIIIIIIII Ill 0109100008 564 LIVING TRAl Bangla calendar to ease tax collection. Actually no one knows when and how this day of celebration began. Baishakh is the first month of the Bangla calendar. Most of the events in rural Bangladesh still take place according to this calendar. Baishakh is considered to be the most auspicious month for undertaking any business venture. The day starts with partaking of a heavy breakfast of cheera, gur and yogurt. Then people get dressed to go to the fairs which take place every year at an appointed place, it being inevitably either the cool shade of a banyan tree or a riverfront usually at the bend of a river. The fair brings commodities of every sort, food of every variety, and sweets of endless kinds. The sight of clay dolls and toys made of plastic and rubber delight the children. A small boy hanging on to his father's arm stubbornly insisting on buying a toy of his liking, his father cannot afford, is a common sight. But tears vanish as soon as the boy sees his favorite puppet show or a clown wearing a mask. Each year the celebration of Pahela Baishakh turns into a human sea in parts of Dhaka. In the morning, processions called Prabhat Pheri come out with many fanfares. Cultural programs are organized to celebrate the New Year. Baishakhi melas (fairs) are held in the city. People of all ages throng these melas to buy toys, handicrafts, and sweets. Snake charmers, jugglers, and magicians mesmerize the enthusiastic crowd. We are describing how Pahela Baishakh was celebrated in Dhaka in the 1ast three years (2004, 2005 and 2006).
  • Interstate Alliances of the Fourth-Century BCE Greek World: a Socio-Cultural Perspective

    Interstate Alliances of the Fourth-Century BCE Greek World: a Socio-Cultural Perspective

    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 9-2016 Interstate Alliances of the Fourth-Century BCE Greek World: A Socio-Cultural Perspective Nicholas D. Cross The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/1479 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] INTERSTATE ALLIANCES IN THE FOURTH-CENTURY BCE GREEK WORLD: A SOCIO-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE by Nicholas D. Cross A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2016 © 2016 Nicholas D. Cross All Rights Reserved ii Interstate Alliances in the Fourth-Century BCE Greek World: A Socio-Cultural Perspective by Nicholas D. Cross This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in History in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ______________ __________________________________________ Date Jennifer Roberts Chair of Examining Committee ______________ __________________________________________ Date Helena Rosenblatt Executive Officer Supervisory Committee Joel Allen Liv Yarrow THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT Interstate Alliances of the Fourth-Century BCE Greek World: A Socio-Cultural Perspective by Nicholas D. Cross Adviser: Professor Jennifer Roberts This dissertation offers a reassessment of interstate alliances (συµµαχία) in the fourth-century BCE Greek world from a socio-cultural perspective.
  • Greece Study Guide

    Greece Study Guide

    Greece Study Guide IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF PAUL 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Introduction 3 Alexandria Troas 4 Amphipolis and Apollonia 7 Amphipolis 8 Apollonia 12 Athens 14 Corinth 17 Delphi 37 Heraklion Crete 40 Kos 41 Malta 45 Mars Hill 49 Neapolis 54 Nicopolis 58 Patmos 61 Philippi 64 Rhodes 66 Samos 72 Samothrace / Samothraki 79 Thessaloniki 81 Veria - Berea 94 IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF PAUL 2 Introduction “ In the first century, Christianity was a community of believers. Then Christianity moved to Greece and became a philosophy. Then it moved to Rome and became an institution. Then it moved to Europe and became a culture. And then it move to America and became a business.” - Priscilla Shirer Shaul / Paul went to Greece within the framework of his second and third journeys. It was during a night gourd 49 A.D., when Shaul / Paul, while at Troas of Asia Minor, had a vision in which he saw a man of Macedonia who called him to carry on with his work in the this man’s homeland: Come over into M acedonia, and help us. It is worth noting that this divine intervention, which Shaul/ Paul with his fellow laborers Silas, Titus and Timothy took as an invitation from the Lord to make the message of His Gospel know to that area, was not the first. Their arrival at Troas and, as a consequence, their turn westwards and more specifically to Greece had become manifest on two further occasions during this second journey of Shaul / Paul. IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF PAUL 3 On the first occasion, when the left Iconium, they were prevented by the Holy Spirit from turning eastwards, to Asia, and as a result they finally headed for the regions of Phrygia and central Galatia.
  • HIROSHIMA (A Tale of Nuclear Devastation)

    HIROSHIMA (A Tale of Nuclear Devastation)

    留 学 生 紹 介 HIROSHIMA (a tale of nuclear devastation) Division of Bio-chemistry,Faculty of Oral and maxillo facial surgery. SULTANA SARA ・Well, I t ried t o stop time com- pletely,but now its almost the ending t i m e t o w r i t e s o m e t h i n g f o r students of Dental school in J ournal S HIG AKUBU- very well than me but as a foreig n NEWS . S o, i decided to write student I want to share my experi- about me,, It has many thing s to do ence with you !! with having a boring (i mean won- ・Hiroshima, the one of the big g est derful) life. (Ha !! J ust kidding of city in J apan. Offcourse one of the course) beautiful city also. The people who ・To beg in, I turned twenty eig ht, am want to visit Hiroshima now mig ht a wife, mother of one boy and 2nd be surprised to see its beauty now. year student of Niig ata university But the city was not like this after 6 (feeling proud) toward earning a th aug ust 1945. it was the time 8.15 phd deg ree. Anywayz, today I like when the clock stopped. to share one cock and bull story,, ・It was the worst thing that did by (habing doubt ?? )Its about the story the American during any world war about Hiroshima. Thoug h I am sure so far. every japanees knows the story ・There are a lot of innocent people killed who never know why they were killed, they never even in the dream cannot imag ine that why they are suffering still now, they effect of the bombing are still continued in new g eneration.