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The Contributions of Charles Tilly to the Social Sciences 1 SIDNEY TARROW Cornell University Sgt2@Cornell.Edu Ó American Sociological Association 2018 DOI: 10.1177/0094306118792214 http://cs.sagepub.com FEATURED ESSAYS The Contributions of Charles Tilly to the Social Sciences 1 SIDNEY TARROW Cornell University [email protected] Evaluating Charles Tilly’s contributions to the social sciences is not an easy task: ‘‘Chuck Collective Violence, Contentious Politics, Tilly was a master of sociological thinking and Social Change: A Charles Tilly Reader, and methodology,’’ wrote two of his former edited by Ernesto Castan˜ eda and students when he passed away ten years Cathy Lisa Schneider. New York: ago; ‘‘But he was sufficiently concerned Routledge, 2017. 395 pp. $44.95 paper. about getting to the heart and dynamics of ISBN: 9781612056715. questions and topics that he never permitted the blinkers of disciplinary orthodoxy to Contested Mediterranean Spaces: Ethno- stand in his way’’2 (Michelson and Wellman graphic Essays in Honour of Charles Tilly, 2008). This breadth helps to explain Tilly’s edited by Maria Kousis, Tom Selwyn, greatness as a social scientist, although it and David Clark. New York: Berghahn makes synthesizing his contributions in his Books, 2011. 315 pp. $120.00 cloth. home discipline of sociology somewhat ISBN: 9780857451323. challenging—especially for a political scien- tist whose home discipline thinks of him Regarding Tilly: Conflict, Power, and Collective Action, edited by Marı´aJ. Funes. Lanham, MD: University Press 1 Full disclosure: Before Tilly left us, the author of America, 2016. 302 pp. $29.00 paper. coauthored two books and five articles with ISBN: 9780761867845. him and served as copy editor for his last book, Contentious Performances, when he was too ill to carry out the task. I am grateful to Eitan Ali- more as student of war and state-building mi, Marı´a Jesu´ s Funes, Ira Katznelson, Joseph than as a general social theorist.3 But on LaPalombara, Doug McAdam, David S. the tenth anniversary of his death, it seems Meyer, Ann Mische, Susan Tarrow, Barry Well- like a good time to try. man, and Viviana Zelizer for offering the sug- gestions that have helped me to undertake this review. Barry and Beverly Wellman generous- ly shared unpublished material that I have 3 An entire library of empirical essays and criti- quoted below. I have also drawn on three of cal reviews of Tilly’s work on the relations my own previous writings on Tilly’s contribu- between war and state-building followed his tions: Tarrow 1995, 1998, and 2008. publication of ‘‘War Making and State Making 2 Among the vast number of obituaries that fol- as Organized Crime’’ (1985) and Coercion, Cap- lowed Tilly’s death, perhaps the most telling ital, and European States (1990). After the publi- were those collected by the Social Science cation of his Coercion, Capital, and European Research Council (SSRC). See https:// States, an entire literature developed ‘‘correct- www.ssrc.org/fellowships/view/the-albert-o ing Tilly.’’ The most explicit ‘‘corrections’’ -hirschman-prize/charles-tilly-2008-prize-reci come from students of international relations. pient and the collections of articles published See, for example, Taylor and Botea (2008). It in The American Sociologist 41:423–428 (2010). is ironic that, of all the work that Tilly did on An essential source in scanning Tilly’s scholar- political processes, his puckish essay ‘‘War ly output is the online bibliography put Making and State Making as Organized together by the SSRC after his death. For the Crime’’ is his most-cited work in political sci- bibliography, go to http://essays.ssrc.org/til ence and probably the only one read by most ly/resources. international relations scholars. 513 Contemporary Sociology 47, 5 514 Featured Essays I will begin with Tilly’s fabled indifference on Tilly’s work from throughout his career to ‘‘disciplinary orthodoxy,’’ then turn to the but center on the broad field of contentious issue of whether there were one or many politics, leaving his contributions to the Tillys, stopping to point to a few lacunae in study of war and state-building somewhat his work, before examining some of the key in the background and, except for the Funes shifts in his approach to social reality. I will reader, giving little space to his ontological argue that—beginning in the 1970s—Tilly’s and epistemological writings. Scanning work evolved incrementally, but there was these books—as well as previous collec- a fundamental shift in his ontology in the tionsinspiredbyTilly’swork5—the ques- 1990s that dispensed with the remnants of tion that immediately arises is: ‘‘Was there his original structuralism and led to an out- an Essential Tilly behind his enormous pouring of ‘‘relational’’ work over the last scholarly production and constant change decade of his life. In the course of this discus- of genres?’’ Castan˜eda and Schneider’s sion I will draw selectively on the contribu- categorical approach suggests multiplicity; tions of these three books: Kousis and her colleagues’ ethnographic approach implicitly suggests it, too—if only because of what they leave out; only the Ernesto Castan˜eda and Cathy Lisa introduction to the Funes reader makes Schneider’s Collective Violence, Conten- a claim for unity (p. 3). After examining the tious Politics, and Social Change, which connections and the hinges between the var- makes careful selections from the vast ious phases of Tilly’s work, I will hazard body of Tilly’s work, moving deter- a guess about whether there was one Tilly minedly from subfield to subfield, or many. from The Vende´e to his work on states, war, and democracy, to inequality, political violence, and urban studies, A Leaper over Barriers ending with some of the down-to-earth philosophical reflections he penned Tilly once described his attitude to disciplin- toward the end of his life; ary boundaries with his tongue deeply Maria Kousis, Tom Selwyn, and embedded in his cheek, characterizing David Clark’s Contested Mediterranean historians as residents of a zoo. Watching Spaces, which takes a more specialized them at work, he joked, has approach to Tilly’s work, seeing him as an analyst of regional and urban interac- something in common with strolling tions and of the ‘‘clusters of interconti- from the polar bears to the emus to nental contacts and networks’’ that they the armadillos. Each species of histori- generate (pp. 1–2). an is confined to an artificially restrict- Marı´a J. Funes’s Regarding Tilly, which ed habitat, fenced off from its natural is a collection of reflections on Tilly’s predators and prey. In the historical work by twenty scholars from different zoo, however, the inmates often leap parts of the world, which may be—as the barriers to run through the specta- the editors claim—’’possibly the most tors, to invade other cages, and even synthetic, diverse and ambitious hom- occasionally to change themselves age to Tilly published to date’’ (p. 15).4 5 A first effort, Michael Hanagan, Leslie Page All three volumes begin with substantial Moch, and Wayne te Brake’s edited book, Chal- introductions by the editors, and all draw lenging Authority, appeared in 1998, before the final phase of Tilly’s work was yet visible. A second was an unpublished conference, ‘‘The 4 More full disclosure: As an author, with Doug Tillyfest: An International Conference in Hon- McAdam, of one of the chapters in that book, I our of Charles Tilly,’’ organized by Barry Well- of course cannot comment on this claim; but, man and Beverly Wellman in October 1995. A as I argue below, Funes’s is the most provoca- third was a special issue of Social Science Histo- tive effort to comprehend Tilly’s contributions ry, ‘‘In Honor of Charles Tilly,’’ published in that I know of. 2010. Contemporary Sociology 47, 5 Featured Essays 515 from one sort of beast into another.’’ his last and very different book, Contentious (Hawtree 2008) Performances (2008), as his best. Will the real Chuck Tilly please step forward? Tilly certainly leapt over barriers between What kind of a social scientist was Tilly? disciplines, but he sometimes kicked them Sociologists such as his students John over as he did so. Look at his fabled intro- Krinsky and Ann Mische see him as a formal- duction to An Urban World (1975); except ist, pointing to his use of an evolving series for his intense interest in migration in that of formalisms.8 Anthropologists such as book, you might think him a sworn enemy those who contributed to the Kousis reader of sociology. Similarly, while much of his emphasize the local elements in his work. work on the state was friendly to political Political scientists remember him best— science, one of his early books, The Formation and criticize him most energetically—for of National States in Western Europe (1975), his historical work on war and state-build- took aim at the giants of that field at the ing. As for his reflections on social science, time.6 As for economics, his Durable Inequality they cut through all these subject areas, (1998) was a dramatic indictment of individ- ranging from down-to-earth discussions ualistic interpretations of persistent inequal- of how events should be coded9 to classify- ity. And together with this author and Doug ing the errors of ‘‘big structure’’ analysis McAdam (2001), he attacked what he saw as (1984) to the heights of ontology and the static structuralism of the social move- epistemology. ment field at the turn of the century. Tilly’s ecumenism meant that his achieve- The methodological breadth in Tilly’s ments were differentially received in the work lends strength to the ‘‘many Tillys’’ main disciplines to which he contributed. hypothesis. Over the length of his career, In the three books under review here we we find quantitative and qualitative, long- get very different mixes of these interests.
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