DOCSLIB.ORG

2021 Report to Congress on Improving International Fisheries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
2021 Report to Congress on Improving International Fisheries Improving International Fisheries Management 2021 Report to Congress NOAA FISHERIES REPORT TO CONGRESS IMPROVING INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES MANAGEMENT August 2021 Developed pursuant to the High Seas Driftnet Fishing Moratorium Protection Act Janet Coit Assistant Administrator for Fisheries National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Dr. Richard W. Spinrad Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere and NOAA Administrator Table of Contents I. Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................ 2 List of Acronyms ................................................................................................................................................. 4 II. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 III. Background ......................................................................................................................................................... 8 A. Process for Identification and Certification ......................................................................................................... 8 B. Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing ...................................................................................................... 8 C. Bycatch of Protected Living Marine Resources .................................................................................................. 9 D. Shark Conservation and Protection ................................................................................................................... 10 IV. IUU Fishing Certifications ............................................................................................................................... 12 A. Ecuador: Positive Certification .......................................................................................................................... 12 B. Mexico: Negative Certification ......................................................................................................................... 15 C. Republic of Korea: Positive Certification .......................................................................................................... 18 V. Identifications .................................................................................................................................................... 21 A. Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing ................................................................................................... 21 1. China .......................................................................................................................................................... 22 2. Costa Rica .................................................................................................................................................. 23 3. Guyana ....................................................................................................................................................... 24 4. Mexico ....................................................................................................................................................... 25 5. Russian Federation ..................................................................................................................................... 27 6. Senegal ....................................................................................................................................................... 28 7. Taiwan ........................................................................................................................................................ 30 B. Bycatch of Protected Living Marine Resources ............................................................................................. 31 1. Mexico ....................................................................................................................................................... 33 2. Other Nations and Entities Identified for Bycatch of PLMRs .................................................................... 34 3. Next Steps .................................................................................................................................................. 36 C. Shark Catch on the High Seas ........................................................................................................................... 37 VI. NOAA’s International Activities ..................................................................................................................... 40 A. Overview of Multilateral and Bilateral Engagement ...................................................................................... 40 B. Accomplishments and Efforts of Global and Regional Organizations ........................................................... 41 C. Accomplishments and Efforts of RFMOs ...................................................................................................... 46 VII. Other Initiatives and Issues .............................................................................................................................. 53 A. Maritime SAFE Act ........................................................................................................................................ 53 B. Seafood Import Monitoring Program ............................................................................................................. 54 C. MMPA Import Rule ....................................................................................................................................... 57 D. Capacity Building and Research Efforts to Reduce Bycatch of PLMRs ........................................................ 58 E. Enforcement Training Assistance ................................................................................................................... 59 F. Monitoring and Control of Transshipment ..................................................................................................... 60 G. RFMO Reporting Concerns ............................................................................................................................ 61 H. Forced Labor .................................................................................................................................................. 61 Appendix 1: International Fisheries and Related Agreements and Organizations ............................................ 64 Appendix 2: U.S. Laws Relevant to IUU Fishing, PLMR Bycatch, and Shark Conservation ........................... 70 Appendix 3: Issues of Concern Not Forming the Basis of an IUU Fishing Identification .................................. 72 1 I. Executive Summary Under the High Seas Driftnet Fishing Moratorium Protection Act (Moratorium Protection Act) (16 U.S.C. §§ 1826h-1826k), Congress requires the Secretary of Commerce to submit a biennial report identifying nations or entities whose vessels have been engaged in illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, bycatch of protected species, unsustainable fishing for sharks on the high seas, or whose own actions or failures undermine conservation measures of a regional fishery management organization (RFMO). After consulting with identified nations and entities on improving their relevant fisheries management and enforcement practices, the Secretary must certify in the next biennial report whether actions by the identified nations and entities have adequately addressed the activities of concern. In its 2019 Biennial Report to Congress, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) identified Ecuador for failing to comply with enforcement requirements of an RFMO, Mexico for having vessels fishing illegally in U.S. waters, and the Republic of Korea for failing to apply sufficient sanctions to deter its vessels from violating measures adopted by an RFMO. As required by the Moratorium Protection Act, Chapter IV of this report contains NMFS’ certification determinations for those nations. Ecuador and the Republic of Korea receive positive certifications on the basis of their corrective actions to address the activities for which they were identified in 2019. Mexico receives a negative certification because it did not take effective corrective action to address the increasing number of incursions and of repeat offenders. In Chapter V of this report, NMFS identifies seven nations and entities for activities related to IUU fishing: China, Costa Rica, Guyana, Mexico, the Russian Federation, Senegal, and Taiwan. Reasons for these identifications include illegal fishing in U.S. waters, fishing in violation of RFMO measures (including several shark conservation measures), failure to investigate violations or take appropriate corrective actions, and failure to provide required data to an RFMO. Another basis for identification is bycatch of protected living marine resources (PLMRs). NMFS identifies Mexico for bycatch of a PLMR (North Pacific loggerhead sea turtles) shared with the United States, and for failure to adopt management measures comparable to those of the United States. Based on the criteria in 16 U.S.C. § 1826k and a number of practical considerations, for this report NMFS prioritized the examination of bycatch of sea turtles in longline tuna and tuna- like fisheries
Load more

Recommended publications
  • SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES and RESPONSIBLE AQUACULTURE: a Guide for USAID Staff and Partners
    SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES AND RESPONSIBLE AQUACULTURE: A Guide for USAID Staff and Partners June 2013 ABOUT THIS GUIDE GOAL This guide provides basic information on how to design programs to reform capture fisheries (also referred to as “wild” fisheries) and aquaculture sectors to ensure sound and effective development, environmental sustainability, economic profitability, and social responsibility. To achieve these objectives, this document focuses on ways to reduce the threats to biodiversity and ecosystem productivity through improved governance and more integrated planning and management practices. In the face of food insecurity, global climate change, and increasing population pressures, it is imperative that development programs help to maintain ecosystem resilience and the multiple goods and services that ecosystems provide. Conserving biodiversity and ecosystem functions are central to maintaining ecosystem integrity, health, and productivity. The intent of the guide is not to suggest that fisheries and aquaculture are interchangeable: these sectors are unique although linked. The world cannot afford to neglect global fisheries and expect aquaculture to fill that void. Global food security will not be achievable without reversing the decline of fisheries, restoring fisheries productivity, and moving towards more environmentally friendly and responsible aquaculture. There is a need for reform in both fisheries and aquaculture to reduce their environmental and social impacts. USAID’s experience has shown that well-designed programs can reform capture fisheries management, reducing threats to biodiversity while leading to increased productivity, incomes, and livelihoods. Agency programs have focused on an ecosystem-based approach to management in conjunction with improved governance, secure tenure and access to resources, and the application of modern management practices.
    [Show full text]
  • Fisheries Management: an Historical Overview
    Fisheries Management: An Historical Overview CLINTON E. ATKINSON Introduction lowed by most other countries: Here we diseases of fish" (Brice 1898:138). have always considered that manage­ Although much of our early informa­ At this 50th Anniversary of the Mont­ ment of fisheries was a state's right and tion on the fisheries of the Pacific coast lake Laboratory we have heard accounts the jurisdiction of the Federal govern­ came from the first surveys of the vari­ of its role in studies of the fisheries re­ ment has been generally limited to 0us salmon streams in a search for source and its environment, fishing and Territories, the high seas, and manage­ suitable locations for hatcheries, the fishing methods, and utilization of the ment under international treaty and/or Smithsonian Institution and the u.S. catch. Now we will explore the manage­ administration and, in the case of sal­ Commission of Fish and Fisheries un­ ment of the fishery and marine mam­ mon and certain other freshwater fishes, dertook a comprehensive survey of the mal resources. access and protection of fish in navig­ fish and fisheries of the United States, If we examine the history of these able waters. Needless to say, this frag­ directed by Congress as a part of the management practices, we can recog­ mentation of management authority over 10th census (1880). The series of reports nize at least three stages of development fish and fisheries that share the waters generated by the survey still provide a or goals: 1) To stop the decline and of the several states or go beyond their wealth of information on the histories simply maintain the existing level of coastal zones has been the source of in­ of the various fisheries, their records of yield, 2) to determine, theoretically or numerable conflicts between the states exploitation, and the early efforts at empirically at least, the maximum sus­ or between the states and the Federal management.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture Management
    African Great Lakes Conference 2–5 May 2017 Entebbe, Uganda Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture Management Convenors: Richard Ogutu-Ohwayo Ian G. Cowx Theme objectives Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture Management underlying fishery biology and exploitation patterns fishery management and fishing rights/tenure livelihoods analysis and adaptation strategies to future changes in the fisheries from environmental and climate change; linkages between fisheries and aquaculture development; the food security and nutritional contribution; future management and adaptation strategies Handout Can fisheries management in the Great Lakes of Africa contribute to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals? Ian G. Cowx & Martin van der Knaap Hull International Fisheries Institute & FAO, Ghana Outline • Inland fisheries and the UN Sustainable Development Goals • Contribution of African Great Lakes fisheries to society • Pressures on African Great Lakes fish and fisheries • Management for sustainable fisheries and aquaculture in AGL UN Sustainable Development goals Aim: to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure prosperity for all SDG 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development Appears that inland fisheries are largely ignored Inland fisheries as an ecosystem service • 11.2 – 41.1 million tonnes of fish caught globally from inland waters : Provide 20% of all global captured food fish • 90 percent of global inland fisheries catch from developing countries • Fundamental to nutrition, food security, livelihoods and societal well-being • 60 million people directly involved in small-scale inland fisheries (30 million of which are women) • 20 grams of a small river fish contains the daily iron and zinc needs for a child. Wild & cultured fish, Inle Lake, Shan State, Myanmar Dependence on inland fish 90% of inland fish is caught in developing countries and 65% is caught in Low Income Food Deficient countries.
    [Show full text]
  • 4-4 MMN-01-2020-IUU-List.Pdf
    AUTORIDAD MARÍTIMA DE PANAMÁ F-410 (PANAMÁ MARITIME AUTHORITY) (DCCM) DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE MARINA MERCANTE V.00 (GENERAL DIRECTORATE OF MERCHANT MARINE) F-xx DEPARTAMENTO DE CONTROL Y CUMPLIMIENTO (PMB.00 ) (DEPARTMENT OF CONTROL AND COMPLIANCE) V.00 Merchant Marine Notice IUU LIST No.: MMN-01/2020 January, 2020 1. The purpose of this Merchant Marine Notice is to communicate that it is our effort to prevent Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing which remains one of the greatest threats to marine ecosystems due to its strong ability to undermine national and regional efforts to manage sustainable fisheries as well as the attempts to conserve marine biodiversity, we are providing an official list of all vessels that appear on the IUU fishing vessels list published by Regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) . 2. In this sense, this administration request to all Panamanian Recognized Organizations, Classification Societies and Law firms to do not provide any sort of service related to the Panama Merchant Marine and any of the fishing vessels mentioned on the attached list. 3. This administration reaffirms its commitment to end illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing, understanding how it adversely impacts the legitimate commercial fishery as well as the fish populations and expects all parties for their cooperation. January, 2020. Inquiries concerning the subject of this Circular or any other request should be directed to: Maritime Navigation and Safety Department Directorate General of Merchant Marine Panama Maritime Authority Phone: (507) 501-5033 Ing. Jose Luis Ortega E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] PanCanal Building Albrook, Panama City Republic of Panama Tel: (507) 501-5355 [email protected] ANEXO I LISTADO DE BUQUE CON REGISTRO DE PESCA ILEGAL (IUU) FECHA NOMBRE ACTUAL DEL DIRECCIÓN DEL PAIS DE NO.
    [Show full text]
  • Mainstreaming Biodiversity in Fisheries
    Marine Policy xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Marine Policy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/marpol Mainstreaming biodiversity in fisheries ⁎ K. Friedmana,b, , S.M. Garciac, J. Riced a FAO, Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Rome, Italy b The University of Western Australia Oceans Institute, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia c Fisheries Expert Group, IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management, Italy d Fisheries Expert Group, IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management, Emeritus Scientist, DFO, Canada ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Biodiversity mainstreaming, the consideration of biodiversity across fisheries and the range of actions taken by Biodiversity both fisheries and conservation governance streams is the subject of this paper. Evidence is presented that the Mainstreaming global fishery community incrementally adopted sustainable development principles from both before and after Sustainable development the 1992 adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity, integrating a broader set of ecosystems goals into Fisheries fisheries. Actions taken by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and regional and Conservation national fishery agencies to fulfil their mandate are discussed, in addition to objectives for more sustainable Cooperation fisheries that have led to significant expansions in legal frameworks, policies and practices in terms of biodi- versity conservation. The paper also highlights the growing importance of cross-sectoral cooperation in the resolution of historical disagreements between fisheries and environmental interests, in spite of the various sectoral interests. In this evolution, despite many target stocks not yet being sustainably managed, fisheries approaches are progressively focusing on a broader range of biodiversity considerations, whereas conservation interests are increasingly adopting more socially inclusive approaches.
    [Show full text]
  • Lake District Fisheries Management
    SUMMER 2009 Protecting& Rehabilitating for HEALTHIER LAKES A PUBLICATION FROM AMERY LAKES PROTECTION AND REHABILITATION DISTRICT WHAT’S INSIDE LAKE LITTER IT’S A PROBLEM ...... P. 2 BOARD NOTICES & MEETINGS ......... P. 2 LAKE NEWS ......... P. 3 CLEAN LAKES City of Amery… PROJECT ............ P. 4 COMPLETES STORMWATER ARMC: ENSURING THE MANAGEMENT PLAN HEALTH OF AMERY’S RESIDENTS AND WATER RESOURCES .. P. 5 The Amery City Council approved the Stormwater LAKE DISTRICT Management Plan at its Q&A FISHERIES March 2009 meeting. The WHO PAID FOR THE STORMWATER plan examines the sources of MANAGEMENT ...... P. 6 MANAGEMENT PLAN, AND WHO WILL PAY TO pollution to Amery Lakes and IMPLEMENT THE PLAN? the Apple River and provides The stormwater management plan and initial specific recommendations for implementation is funded by two Department of If you have issues or concerns, addressing these sources. The Natural Resources grants to the City of Amery. A stormwater planning grant allowed the city to please join us at one of our major goal of the stormwater hire the engineering firm SEH to develop the plan plan is to protect and improve scheduled meetings or call one with the help of a local stormwater committee. A of our board members. the water quality of the Amery lake protection grant provides funds to educate See page 2 for details. Lakes: Pike, North Twin, and city residents and pay for technical and financial South Twin. Recommendations assistance to put clean water practices in place. in the plan will also provide The grants are matched in large part by the Amery water quality improvement for Lakes District.
    [Show full text]
  • Overcoming Overexploitation of Fisheries: Creating a More Sustainable Fishing Industry Along the Gulf of Mexico Coast
    OVERCOMING OVEREXPLOITATION OF FISHERIES: CREATING A MORE SUSTAINABLE FISHING INDUSTRY ALONG THE GULF OF MEXICO COAST By Gwendolyn Ricco University of Colorado at Boulder A thesis submitted to the University of Colorado at Boulder in partial fulfillment Of the requirements to receive Honors designation in Environmental Studies May 2013 Thesis Advisors: Nancy Billica, Political Science, Committee Chair Dale Miller, Environmental Studies Sam Fitch, Political Science © 2013 by Gwendolyn Ricco Abstract With increasing global population coupled with high levels of consumption, natural resource scarcity is a vital issue in the management and restructuring of commercial industries. Resource conservation is a widely studied field to determine the current and past trends of resource availability. As oceans comprise 70 percent of our planet’s surface, the study of marine ecosystems and human impacts due to fishing enterprises is becoming increasingly important, especially as fishing stocks across the world are in danger of collapse. This study focuses on the role of fishery management policies and practices in the United States and in particular, how these policies can be changed to establish industries that promote long-term sustainability. Specifically, a policy recommendation for the Gulf of Mexico fishery system is advanced, drawing from the lessons learned through examination of Alaskan and New England fisheries. This Gulf of Mexico case study is designed to produce a dialogue considering the sustainability of our fishing industries in the United States by considering biological, political, and economic factors of each region in order to create a more local and contextualized policy recommendation for the Gulf of Mexico to transition effectively and efficiently towards a more sustainable future.
    [Show full text]
  • The International Legal Regime for Fisheries Management
    University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts - Papers Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences & Humanities 2004 The international legal regime for fisheries management Ben M. Tsamenyi University of Wollongong, [email protected] Shilpa Rajkumar [email protected] Lara Manarangi-Trott Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/lhapapers Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons, and the Law Commons Recommended Citation Tsamenyi, Ben M.; Rajkumar, Shilpa; and Manarangi-Trott, Lara, "The international legal regime for fisheries management" (2004). Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts - Papers. 189. https://ro.uow.edu.au/lhapapers/189 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] The international legal regime for fisheries management Keywords fisheries, egime,r management, legal, international Disciplines Arts and Humanities | Law Publication Details B. M. Tsamenyi, S. Rajkumar & L. Manarangi-Trott, 'The international legal regime for fisheries management' (Paper presented at the UNEP Workshop on Fisheries Subsidies and Sustainable Fisheries Management, UNEP Workshop on Fisheries Subsidies and Sustainable Fisheries Management, This conference paper is available at Research Online: https://ro.uow.edu.au/lhapapers/189 THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGIME FOR FISHERIES MANAGEMENT Martin Tsamenyi*, Lara Manarangi-Trott** & Shilpa Rajkumar*** INTRODUCTION The international response to the growing depletion of the world’s fisheries stocks and the degradation of their habitats has been through the elaboration and adoption of four classes of instruments. First, globally binding fisheries treaties were adopted to address the conservation and management of fish stocks, particularly straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks.
    [Show full text]
  • Combating Transnational Organized Crime in Fisheries
    COMBATING TRANSNATIONAL Mas Achmad Santosa Coordinator of Special Advisors ORGANIZED CRIME IN FISHERIES Presidential Task Force to Combat Illegal Fishing/Co-Lead Author of Blue Paper 16: “Organized Crime in Fisheries” TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME (TOC) UNDER THE PALERMO CONVENTION Article 2 of the Palermo Convention Article 3 of the Palermo Convention defines two elements of organized crime defines elements of TOC Organized criminal group A crime can be constituted as transnational organized crime if: • structured group of three or more persons, existing for a period of time and acting in • it is committed in more than one State; concert with the aim of committing one or • it is committed in one State but a more serious crimes or offences established in accordance with [Palermo] Convention, in substantial part of its preparation, order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a planning, direction, or control takes financial or other material benefit place in another State; • it is committed in one State but involves Serious Crime an organized criminal group that engages in criminal activities in more • conduct constituting an offence punishable by a maximum deprivation of liberty of at least than one State; or four years or a more serious penalty • it is committed in one State but has substantial effects in another State. DEFINING FISHERIES CRIME AS TOC The Annual European Union Organised Crime Situation Report (2003) expands on TOC definition, noting that in order for something to be described as organized crime, at least six of the following characteristics are required; and it must have characteristics 1, 3, 5, and 11: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptive Fisheries Management for Nearshore Fisheries Jono Wilson, Gavin Mcdonald, Rod Fujita, Kendra Karr
    Adaptive Fisheries Management for Nearshore Fisheries Jono Wilson, Gavin McDonald, Rod Fujita, Kendra Karr “If you don’t know where you’re going, you’ll end up someplace else” -Yogi Berra Introduction Effective management of marine capture fisheries promotes social and economic returns to fishery stakeholders while maintaining a portfolio of ecosystem benefits that society values. For some fisheries, management actions are determined using quantitative stock assessments to estimate the status of the resource relative to predefined targets or “reference points,” such as the biomass that achieves maximum sustainable yield (Walters and Martell 2002). However, more than 80% of global fisheries catch occurs in fisheries that lack the necessary data, resources, infrastructure, and expertise to use conventional stock assessment models to set sustainable management actions (Costello et al 2012). Instead, these fisheries often go unmanaged, or are managed with little scientific input, resulting in suboptimal harvest rates, ineffective regulations, and poor social and economic welfare for communities dependent on fishing. Management decisions in data- and resource-limited situations regarding how to appropriately adjust fishing pressure, and by how much, can be the most difficult assignment managers must undertake. Too often, fisheries are not managed at all or management measures are based on standard practices without an adequate scientific basis; this creates a high risk of overfishing and the loss of economic and social benefits from fisheries. Here we describe a way to make fishery management decisions based on science, even when data and capacity are limited. Designing this adaptive management framework starts by defining goals for key target species or ecosystem values using the input of both managers and stakeholders (e.g., fisherman, non-profits, etc.).
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Fisheries – Management and Proposed Solutions
    Marine Fisheries – Management and Proposed Solutions Author contact information Wynn W. Cudmore, Ph.D., Principal Investigator Northwest Center for Sustainable Resources Chemeketa Community College P.O. Box 14007 Salem, OR 97309 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: 503-399-6514 Published 2009 DUE # 0757239 1 NCSR curriculum modules are designed as comprehensive instructions for students and supporting materials for faculty. The student instructions are designed to facilitate adaptation in a variety of settings. In addition to the instructional materials for students, the modules contain separate supporting information in the "Notes to Instructors" section, and when appropriate, PowerPoint slides. The modules also contain other sections which contain additional supporting information such as assessment strategies and suggested resources. The PowerPoint slides associated with this module are the property of the Northwest Center for Sustainable Resources (NCSR). Those containing text may be reproduced and used for any educational purpose. Slides with images may be reproduced and used without prior approval of NCSR only for educational purposes associated with this module. Prior approval must be obtained from NCSR for any other use of these images. Permission requests should be made to [email protected]. Acknowledgements We thank David Lonsdale of Chemeketa Community College and Jan Hodder of the Oregon Institute of Marine Biology (University of Oregon) for their thoughtful reviews. Their comments and suggestions greatly improved the quality of this module. We thank NCSR administrative assistant, Liz Traver, for the review, graphic design and layout of this module. 2 Table of Contents NCSR Marine Fisheries Series description .................................................................................... 4 Marine Fisheries – Management and Proposed Solutions description ..........................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Legal Context of United States Fisheries Management and the Evolution of Rights-Based Management in Alaska
    369 The legal context of United States fisheries management and the evolution of rights-based management in Alaska K.R. Criddle School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences University of Alaska Fairbanks 11120 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK, United States of America 99801 [email protected] 1. LEGAL CONTEXT OF UNITED States FISHERIES MANAGEMENT 1.1 Overview Fisheries in the United States are governed under a composite of overlapping federal, multi-state, state, and tribal authorities and are conditioned by treaties and compacts. In general, individual states have jurisdiction over fisheries in lakes, streams, and rivers within state boundaries, and in marine waters within three miles of their coast. For Texas and the Gulf of Mexico coast (i.e. the west coast) of Florida, state jurisdiction extends to nine miles. Before 1976, federal jurisdiction included fisheries in lakes, streams and rivers within federal lands and in waters from three to twelve miles (or nine in Texas and Florida) offshore. That authority was extended to 200 miles pursuant to the Magnuson Fisheries Conservation and Management Act of 1976 (renamed the Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries Conservation and Management Act, MSFCMA, in the 1996 reauthorisation). Multi-state compacts, such as the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, the Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission and the Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, coordinate state management of shared stocks of migratory species. Subsistence, sport, and commercial fisheries in lakes, streams, and rivers that flow through or abut certain tribal lands are governed under treaties negotiated with indigenous peoples. In addition, the management of some fisheries operates within bounds established under international treaties.
    [Show full text]