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Flood Hazard Zonation of Vamanapuram River Basin

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Flood Hazard Zonation of Vamanapuram River Basin Flood Hazard Zonation of Vamanapuram River Basin, Trivandrum, India: Using Remote Sensingand GIS Techniques Rosemary Noble 1, Reshma J.K2 , Rajesh Raghunath3 & Vineetha P4 Abstract Floods are the most common natural disasters; their frequency, magnitude and the cost of damage are on the rise all over the world. According to European commission (2007), a flood can be defined as ‘a natural phenomenon that results in the temporary submerging with water of a land that does not occur under normal conditions’. Flash floods are considered to be one of the worst weather-related natural disasters. They are dangerous because they are sudden and are highly unpredictable following brief spells of heavy rain. The present study area Vamanapuram River basin in Kerala State, India presents a challenge in terms of repeated flash flood hazard in some parts. The aim of this study is to predict the potential flood hazard areas in Vamanapuram River Basin based on multi criteria assessment using remote sensing and GIS tools. The study follows a multi-criteria approach using Ranking method and integrates slope, land use land cover, soil, drainage density, annual rainfall and roads per micro-watershed parameters to propose a Flood Hazard Map. The estimation of flood hazard areas revealed that a major portion of the basin comprised of moderate to very high hazard zone. Only a little portion (8%) was found to be not vulnerable to potential flood hazard. Conversely, 36% of the basin was found within very high hazard zone. The results were validated to offer a cost-effective solution for planning mitigation in the flood prone areas. © 2014 GSS Journals. All rights reserved. Keywords: Flood Hazard Zonation, GIS, Weighted Overlay Analysis, Multi Criteria Assessment. 1. Introduction natural hazards that overwhelm local A natural disaster is defined by the UN as: response capacity and seriously affect the “the consequences of events triggered by social and economic development of a 1 Department of Environmental Sciences, All Saints College, Thiruvananthapuram-695007, Kerala, India, [email protected] (Corresponding author) 2 Department of Environmental Sciences, All Saints College, Thiruvananthapuram-695007, Kerala, [email protected] 3 International and Inter University Centre for Natural Resources Management, University of Kerala, Kariavattom-695581, email- [email protected] 4 Inter University center for Geospatial Technology, Karyavattom campus, University of Kerala, Kariavattom-695581, email- [email protected] 26 Rosemary Noble et al. region.”[1] . The term natural hazard implies to flood risks. Policies are then sketched to the occurrence of a natural condition or be applied to such areas to minimize and phenomenon, which threatens or acts manage such risk. Flood risk mapping using hazardously in a defined space and time. GIS and multi-criteria methods have been Different conceptualizations of natural applied in various case studies [5],[14],[19]. hazards have not only evolved in time, they The criteria used in this study were selected also reflect the approach of the different due to their relevance in the study area.This disciplines involved in their study. In this study deals with the first component of flood sense, a natural hazard has been expressed risk management, i.e. the definition of flood as the elements in the physical environment hazard areas in a specific region. The aim is harmful to man [4]; an interaction of people to identify flood hazard zones, where and nature [7]; the probability of occurrence mitigation measures should be taken. Thus, a of a potentially damaging phenomenon [20]; spatial, multi-criteria index has been and as a physical event which makes an presented to delineate such areas. impact on human beings and their 1.1 Background: literature review environment [2]. According to [12], floods are among the most recurring and Forkuo (2011) generated an efficient and devastating natural hazards, impacting upon cost effective methodology for preparing human lives and causing severe economic flood hazard maps in Ghana. Bhadra et damage throughout the world. It is al.,(2011)showed that GIS technique is understood that flood risks will not subside effective in extracting the flood in the future, and with the onset of climate inundation extent in a time and cost change, flood intensity and frequency will effective manner for the remotely located threaten many regions of the world hilly basin of Dikrong, where conducting [13].Flood has always been a recurrent conventional surveys is very difficult. phenomenon in India with more than 12 Thilagavathi (2011) used GIS to demarcate percent of the total land area in India is the flood hazard prone areas in the prone to recurrent flood. India receives 75% Papanasam Taluk into five zones of varying of rains during the monsoon season (June – degrees of flooding. Furthermore, Orok September). As a result almost all the rivers (2011)directed that a flood risk map should are flooded during this time resulting in to be able to identify the areas that are most the intense and recurrent floods. Flood vulnerable to flooding and estimate the hazard mapping is a vital component for number of people that will be affected by appropriate land use in flood areas. It creates floods in a particular area. easily read, rapidly accessible charts and The matter of preparing a reliable hazard maps [3] which facilitates the identification map is one of the latest concerns within the of risk areas and prioritize their mitigation subject of flood management. In a series of effects. A primary issue for flood studies (Forkuo E.K 2011, Islam and Sado management is to identify the area having 2000, Orok, H.I 2011, Sinhaet al., 2008) higher hazard potential. The purpose of various methodologies for creating flood flood hazard assessment is to tag the areas hazard maps are presented. Rejesk (1993) within a development plan that are at risk of introduced three different methods for flooding based on factors that are applicable hazard zoning. His first method describes a 27 Flood Hazard Zonation.... binary model which evaluates if the hazard is 46.12km and 171.84km respectively Schumm present or not in a particular raster cell. The (1956). Form factor value is 0.31 ie, basin is second method involves ranking different elongated in shape (Horton;1932). The major locations of an area depending upon the river draining through the watershed is the intensity of the hazard present. In the third Vamanapuram River, 88 km long. It starts approach some ‘hazard’ values have been from Chemmunji Motai and flows westward assigned to each of the raster cells based on to fall into the Anjengolake. The climate of the results of a multivariate model which the area is between a tropical savanna were built up on a host of variables related to climate and a tropical monsoon climate river flooding and associated hazards. hence it does not experience distinct 2. Study area seasons. The average temperature ranges Geographically the Vamanapuram river from 34 °C to 21 °C. The humidity is high and basin lies between 800 35’ to 800 50’ North rises to 90% during the monsoon season. latitudes and 760 40’ to 770 15’ East The major soil texture types found in longitudes and is spread over the districts of Vamanapuram are clay, gravelly clay, loam Thiruvananthapuram and Kollam of Kerala and gravelly loam. The area has Built Up, State. The watershed has a total area of Agriculture, Evergreen and Deciduous 766.89 sq.km (76689 ha) covering 31 villages forests, Wastelands and Water Body. Figure I spread over 33 panchayats, 8 blocks and two depict the spatial representation of the study districts. Length and perimeter of the basin is area. Figure1. Location map of the study area, Vamanapuram River Basin 3. Materials and Methods weighted overlay approach. For the flood- The study intends to carry out a flood hazard analysis, the main steps were data vulnerability analysis by applying the collection and construction of a spatial 28 Rosemary Noble et al. database from which the relevant factors were extracted, followed by assessment of the flood hazard using the relationship between flood and flood-related factors, and validation of the results (Lee and Pradhan 2006). Major data’s used in the study are Survey of India Topographic maps of scale 1:50000, numbered 58 D/10, 58 D/13, 58 D/14, 58 H/1 and 58 H/2 , ASTER DEM and remotely sensed image dated 11-March-2015. The roads, water body, and drainage were Figure 3: Land-use map of study area. digitized from SOI toposheets. The slope map was prepared using the digital elevation After the selection of indicators, their model (DEM) and slope generation tools in standardization, and the definition of ArcGIS software. The Drainage Density map indicator weights, an analysis was performed was prepared using Kriging method. The soil in a raster environment using ArcGIS9.3 map was prepared by digitizing the Kerala software to obtain the final flood risk index State Land use Board (KSLUB) soil map. The map. In the ranking method to generate rainfall distribution map was prepared from criterion values for each evaluation unit, Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) each factor was given weightage according data using IDW method. The land use/land to the estimated significance for causing cover map was extracted from (LISS-IV) flooding. Inverse ranking was applied to satellite image and unsupervised these factors, 1 is the least important and 4 is classification was done using ERDAS Imagine the most important factor. All weighted 9.1 software. Arc Hydro tool was used to maps were overlaid using addition and the process the DEM to delineate watershed, flood risk index was then calculated using sub-watersheds. The road map was overlaid the Raster Calculator. Adapted criteria and over micro-watersheds to derive the roads weightage for different thematic layers are per micro-watershed map.
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