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Nursing and Social Change, Third Edition

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Nursing and Social Change, Third Edition Nursing and social change Nursing and Social Change is essential reading for all students of nursing who wish to understand how their profession has developed in a historical context from its earliest beginnings to the present day. Now in its third edition, the book has been completely revised to take into account the challenges facing nurses today. The first half of the book covers the history of nursing and includes the latest research findings on the life and work of Florence Nightingale and new references for further reading. The second half of the book reflects the profound changes which have affected the profession over the years since the book’s second edition in 1980. Ten new chapters include contributions from senior members of the nursing profession who have been closely involved in the most recent health service reorganisation and the radical changes to nurse education. Topics covered include: • nurse education and Project 2000 • nursing and care in the community • nursing outside the NHS • nurses as managers • economic change and industrial relations • international and inter-regional organisation • health problems of the world Offering a unique combination of scholarship and readability, Nursing and Social Change provides students and teachers with a comprehensive and up-to-date source of reference. Contributors: June Clark, Professor of Nursing, University of Middlesex; Val Cowie, formerly Director of the Labour Relations and Legal Department, Royal College of Nursing; Margaret Green, Visiting Professor, Exeter College of Nursing; Paul Lloyd, RCN Adviser in Occupational Health Nursing; Shelagh Murphy, International Secretary, The Royal College of Nursing; Peter Nolan, Senior Lecturer, Department of Nursing Studies, University of Birmingham; Muriel Skeet, Consultant, World Health Organisation. Monica E.Baly, formerly a Regional Nursing Officer of the Royal College of Nursing, is now editor of the History of Nursing Journal. Nursing and social change Third edition Monica E.Baly London and New York First edition published 1973 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. Second edition published 1980 by William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd Third edition published 1995 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 © Third edition 1995 Monica E.Baly, selection and editorial matter, Chapters 1 to 19, and Epilogue; remaining chapters, the individual contributors; Chapter 25, June Clark and Monica E.Baly. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Baly, Monica E. (Monica Eileen) Nursing and social change/Monica E.Baly. –3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Nursing—History. 2. Nursing—Social aspects— History. I. Title. [DNLM: 1. History of Nursing. 2. Social change. WY 11.1 B198na 1994] RT31.B34 1994 610.73´09–dc20 DNLM/DLC for Library of Congress 94–10724 CIP ISBN 0-203-42487-5 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-73311-8 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-10197-2 (hbk) ISBN 0-415-10198-0 (pbk) Contents List of illustrations vii List of contributors ix Acknowledgements x Preface to the third edition xiii 1 Social change and attitudes to care 1 2 Change and care before the Reformation 13 3 The sixteenth-century transition 27 4 New approaches to care 38 5 The growth of hospitals in eighteenth-century England 50 6 The deserving and the undeserving poor 63 7 Those of unsound mind 83 8 Local government and sanitary reform 94 9 The influence of Florence Nightingale 111 10 Nursing reforms extended 124 11 Towards a health service 132 12 Registration and the growth of nursing organisations 145 13 Social change and nursing in the inter-war years 157 14 The legacy of the Second World War 168 15 The National Health Service 180 16 Adapting nursing to new demands 196 17 New demands on nursing 208 18 Who will nurse the patients of tomorrow? 218 v vi Contents 19 New problems for old in the community 236 20 Mental health nursing—origins and developments 250 Peter Nolan 21 Health at work 264 Paul Lloyd with Mavis Gordon 22 Nurses as managers 277 June Clark 23 Nursing education—‘Reports are not self-executive’ 295 Margaret Green 24 Nursing research 311 June Clark 25 The road to reorganisation 321 Monica E.Baly and June Clark 26 Nursing, economic change and industrial relations 337 Val Cowie 27 The health problems of the world 352 Muriel Skeet 28 International and inter-regional organisations 367 Shelagh Murphy Epilogue 384 Index 387 List of Illustrations PLATES ‘The Pauper Charity’ 76 FIGURES 1.1 The demographic transition in England and Wales 8 1.2 Population profiles, 1871 and 1990 9 5.1 Comparison of birth and death rates between 1700 and 1840 51 8.1 Population growth in England and Wales, 1700–1950 98 8.2 Health services in the nineteenth century 104 11.1 The growth of the health services 133 15.1 The structure of the National Health Service 186 16.1 Structure of the General Whitley Council 203 18.1 Proportional age distribution of first marriages, and projected figures 222 18.2 Infant mortality rates in England and Wales 223 18.3 Birth and death rates per 1,000 population in England and Wales 224 18.4 Trends in male life expectancy and infant mortality in England and Wales 228 21.1 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs 265 22.1 Health authority management—before Griffiths 292 22.2 Health authority management—after Griffiths 293 25.1 Population projections to the turn of the century, UK: the elderly 322 28.1 International patterns of health care, 1960–1990 382 TABLES 18.1 Nursing staff in hospitals (England and Wales) 220 18.2 Pre-registration nursing in training populations in relation to vii viii List of Illustrations recruitment and wastage, traditional and Project 2000 courses by speciality 232 18.3 Pre-registration nursing in training populations in relation to recruitment and wastage 233 18.4 NHS nursing staff: numbers by grade as of 1 September 1991 and March 1992 234 19.1 Elderly persons as a percentage of UK total population (males and females) 238 21.1 The use of health professionals, 1993 271 25.1 Health-care expenditure in 24 OECD countries: percentage of gross domestic product spent on health, 1989 330 25.2 Selected health status measures 331 Contributors Monica E.Baly, formerly lecturer for the Diploma in Nursing and Regional Officer of the Royal College of Nursing. June Clark, Professor of Nursing Studies, University of Middlesex. Val Cowie, formerly Director of the Labour Relations and Legal Department of the Royal College of Nursing. Mavis Gordon, Principal Occupational Health Tutor, Royal College of Nursing. Margaret Green, formerly Director of Education, Royal College of Nursing, Visiting Professor, Exeter College of Nursing. Paul Lloyd, Adviser in Occupational Health Nursing, Royal College of Nursing. Shelagh Murphy, International Secretary, Royal College of Nursing. Peter Nolan, Senior Lecturer, Department of Nursing Studies, University of Birmingham. Muriel Skeet, Consultant, World Health Organisation. ix Acknowledgements Acknowledgement is gratefully expressed to the following: Plates pp.76–9: Bath Reference Library. Chapter 1, Fig. 1.1: M.G. A. Wilson, Population Geography, Thomas Nelson Australia Pty Ltd. Figs. 1.2 and 1.3: District Nursing, Heinemann. Chapter 5, Fig. 5.1: G. Talbot Griffith, Population Problems of the Age of Malthas, Cambridge University Press. Chapter 8, Fig. 8.1: HMSO (Crown copyright). Chapter 15, Fig. 15.1: T. McKeown and C.R.Lowe, Introduction to Social Medicine, Blackwell, 1966. Chapter 18, Figs. 18.1, 18.2 and 18.3: HMSO (Crown copyright); Fig. 18.4: HMSO (Crown copyright); Table 18.3: Pre-registration nursing, figures supplied by the English National Board, March 1992; Table 18.4: DHSS, Aug. 1993, published by Nursing Standard. Chapter 21, Fig. 21.1: Open University. Chapter 22, Figs. 22.1 and 22.2: June Clark. Chapter 25, Fig. 25.1: NAHAT (1993), NHS Handbook, 1993–4, Figs. 25.2 and 25.3: OECD, Paris. Chapter 28, Fig. 28.1: OECD, Paris. x Setting out on the voyage to Ithaca You must pray that the way be long… Many be the summer mornings When with what pleasure, with what delight You enter harbours never seen before. Do not hurry the journey at all. Better that it should last many years; Be quite old when you anchor at the island, Rich with all you have gained on the way, Not expecting Ithaca to give you riches. Ithaca has given you your lovely journey— Without Ithaca you would not have set out. Ithaca has no more to give you now. Poor though you find it, Ithaca has not cheated you. Wise as you have become, with all your experience, You will have understood the meaning of an Ithaca. Cavafy, 1911 Preface to the third edition It is twenty years since the first edition of Nursing and Social Change was published. It was designed to supplement lectures for students doing Part A of the Diploma in Nursing, as the syllabus was at that time. The expanded second edition, published thirteen years ago, was designed to meet the defects of the first and to meet the needs of a wider group of post- registration students. If a week is a long time in politics, thirteen years is an aeon in the National Health Service at the present time and inevitably some of the later material is out of date.
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