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Olympic Britain Social and Economic Change Since the 1908 and 1948 London Games

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Olympic Britain Social and Economic Change Since the 1908 and 1948 London Games Olympic Britain Social and economic change since the 1908 and 1948 London Games Olympic Britain Social and economic change since the 1908 and 1948 London Games Gavin Thompson, Oliver Hawkins, Aliyah Dar, Mark Taylor Nick Battley Adam Mellows-Facer, Chris Rhodes, Daniel Harari, Dominic Webb, Feargal McGuinness, Gavin Berman, Grahame Allen, Lorna Booth, Lucinda Maer, Matthew Keep, Nida Broughton, Paul Bolton, Rachael Harker, Richard Cracknell, Roderick McInnes, Tom Rutherford Contents Foreword Olympics Racing towards our limits Incomes & poverty Men’s Olympic record progression on the Show me the money track Inequality in incomes and wealth Grade Britain Workhouse to welfare The performance of the British team Child poverty and help for the poor It’s the taking part that counts Cheaper in those days? Competitors and events in the games Prices and earnings World class The benefits of Britain Africa at the Olympics Social security Bread and board Population Views on life’s essentials Survival of the littlest Infant mortality Leisure & lifestyles Have kids, settle down Mass conception Marital and maternal age since 1938 Public opinion since 1938 Grey Britain Liquor up The ageing of the UK population Alcohol consumption A necessary end Chilly holiday Changes in the causes of death How holidays have changed for the British The start of a new way to end and visitors to the UK Cremation A balmy celebration? Natural flourish Can we expect a sunny Olympics The causes of population change London Housing & home life All change Build it up, sell it off The London Underground The rise and fall of social housing Do you know the way to Haringey? All you need is love (and a marriage certificate) The changing population of London’s Marriage since 1900 boroughs Split pairs Home of the world Divorces since 1900 Diversity and London’s foreign-born population Kid and kin Size matters Children outside marriage London’s place in the world Education Mob school Pupil-teacher ratios and school participation Preachers and teachers Church, charity and the provision of education You’re hired Technology & communication Apprenticeships since the 1950s Power up Higher intelligence Energy use University participation Video killed the cinema’s star Cinema attendance Employment The other Diamond Jubilee Working miracles The UK singles chart and music sales Employment by age and gender Letters of thanks, letters from banks Jobs for the boys The postal service Gender balance in employment and the changing nature of work Transport Picket up Are we nearly there yet? Strikes and trade union membership Journey times by car and rail Plight train Food & agriculture The rail network and passenger journeys More chicken, less egg Lookout in the blackout Changes in food consumption patterns Road traffic accidents Wet fish and damp squids Four wheels good, two legs bad The UK fishing industry Transport and travel in the UK The rural revolution Gridlock in Great Britain How technology has changed farming Roads and car ownership The economy Parliament & elections Olympic growth and imperial decline Influence and indifference The UK economy Electoral participation and the right to vote From Empire to EU Partied out UK trade Political party membership Small change Red story, yellow story Britain and the gold standard Elections and voting Where the money goes Representatives of society Public spending Background and characteristics of MPs Some total Ancestral make–up The national debt Composition of the House of Lords Monarchy Crime & defence Sovereign says... Reforming prisons, reforming prisoners The King’s and Queen’s speeches since 1908 The prison population Hatches, matches and dispatches Crimes of the century The succession to the Crown Recorded crime Monarch airways The Fallen Royal visits since 1951 Military strength and deaths in combat Foreword Menzies Campbell IF NOTHING ELSE, Olympic Britain Great Depression are all within their proves that I am a medal prospect for the living memory. London Games – unfortunately not this But despite their longevity, our ‘children one! The 21.3 seconds I ran over 200m of 1908’ were born into a country where, in the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo would by today’s standards, mortality was have claimed gold by a clear second in the cruelly high. One in 40 died within their fourth modern Olympics, held in London first week of life and one in eight within in 1908. Sadly, in 2012, anything over 20 their first year. Growing up in a world seconds is unlikely to claim a medal. without antibiotics and most forms of Olympic Britain is not just about the vaccination, they were vulnerable to TB, enormous leap in human physical polio and diphtheria. achievement over the past century. It tells It was also a country of vast inequality. the story of the profound economic and Those born into the top 1% of households social change this country has witnessed would belong to a group that held 70% of since those first Games in London in the country’s wealth; those in the bottom 1908. It does so through the medium of 2% would have been classed as paupers, statistics which, among other things, tell eligible for help under the Poor Laws, us that of the 1.1 million people born in which could mean anything from welfare that year, around 550, or one in every to the workhouse, depending on where 2000, remain alive today. They have lived they lived. to a surreal old age that has encompassed both the development of controlled flight Around three-quarters would have and the advent of space tourism; the left school at 14, in 1922, having been discovery of antibiotics and the invention educated in schools where the average of an artificial human heart. The demise pupil-teacher ratio was 33 to 1, and only a of the Ottoman Empire (not to mention quarter of teachers were trained. Among the British), two World Wars and the women, who typically worked until marriage and not after, the most common conceptions of what constituted a decent jobs were in the domestic services and standard of living: by 1951, Seebohm textiles sectors; among men, it was metal Rowntree had updated his 1901 poverty manufacturing, transport and agriculture. line to include trade union membership, Fewer than 10,000 – less than 1% of our apples and a radio as basic needs. 1908 cohort – would have gone to one of Today, despite the UK’s obesity epidemic the country’s 20 universities, of whom just and the economic crisis, we are much 3,000 would have been women. healthier and wealthier still than in Fast forward to 1948, and the second 1948 (the statistics on wisdom are London ‘Austerity’ Games. They took regrettably unreliable!). We take more place against the backdrop of food foreign holidays than those in 1948 took rationing, the recent loss of India, the domestic breaks. Within Britain, we ‘jewel in the crown’ of Britain’s empire, a travel more in one year than those in debt burden three times higher than it is 1948 did in four years, thanks largely to today, and a housing shortage so severe the growth in car ownership. Divorces that 63% of people identified it as the and births outside marriage have gone country’s most pressing problem (today, from being a rare stigma to coming very the economy is cited as such by just 38%). close to being the norm. Meanwhile, Looking back to 1908, and the days of the ageing population and rising debt Empire, the country must have seemed burden mean the role and responsibili- irreparably dented, physically and psycho- ties of the state are again up for debate, logically, to our children of 1908. while the drawdown of troops from Iraq and Afghanistan opens a new chapter on But the prospects for their children were Britain’s role in the world. vastly improved. Infant mortality had halved by the 1930s, and many would As well as the trends I have described, have benefited from the creation of the Olympic Britain tells the story of when grammar school system in 1944. Our cremation became the ‘way to go’; 1908 children, meanwhile, could look explains the curious rise in chicken forward to growing old supported by a consumption, matched by the demise ‘cradle to grave’ welfare state. They lived of the egg; and reveals whether we are in a country where, in contrast to their more superstitious now than in 1948. It youth, everyone now had the vote; where is a record of our past for a year that may people could expect to live 15 years come to be seen as another turning point longer; and where there were, on average, in our history when the Olympics next 30 cinema trips per year for every man come to London. woman and child. Growing disposable income was giving rise to richer Olympics 5 Olympic Britain Racing towards our limits Men’s Olympic record progression on the track If today’s athletes had competed in the 1908 London Games, they would have appeared superhuman. THE WINNER OF THE men’s 5,000m and 1984 respectively hindered record in Beijing 2008 ran at a pace that would progression at these Games. have won the 1,500m in 1908, while the Location has played a role too. In the winner of the women’s marathon would 1968 Olympics at Mexico City, the have won the 1908 men’s race by half an high altitude produced a slew of new hour. short-distance records and a long-jump What explains this enormous leap in of 8.90m that remains the longest- human physical achievement? In short, standing Olympic record, but inhibited the development and availability of performance over longer distances.
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