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205 © the Author(S) 2017 B. Prifti, US Foreign Policy in the Middle East INDEX A aerial strikes, 191 Abdülmecid II, 139 affiliates, 144, 169 ability, 13 Afghanistan, 8, 9, 49, 53, 61, 75, absolute gains, 201 77–80, 83, 86, 91, 98, 109, 118, absolute power, 44 121, 122, 125, 155–7, 171–3, the Abu Nidal Organization (ANO), 177, 186, 187, 192, 195 103 war, 109, 125, 157, 173, 187, 192 academic, 41, 159 Africa, 83 access, 7 aggression, 71, 128 act aggressively, 45 aggressive, 9, 34, 45, 65 active role, 38 actions, 78 active servicemen, 101 behavior, 34, 38, 41, 43, 50, 61, 71, act of war, 138 85, 96, 98, 104, 135 actor-general, 31 strategies, 52 actor-specific theory, 30 aggressor, 20, 41, 50, 68, 109 addicted, 35 states, 50 addicted to war, 34 agreement, 16, 53, 62, 63, 125, 130, administration, 10 165, 169, 170, 177, 178, 193 adversaries, 13, 40 aircraft carrier, 64, 126 adversary, 104, 105, 190 Air Defense Identification Zone, 37 advisors, 32 air power, 6, 41, 73, 144, 198 advisory structure, 32 air space, 6 aerial, 44, 48 airstrikes, 142, 144 aerial attack, 103 Albania, 155 © The Author(s) 2017 205 B. Prifti, US Foreign Policy in the Middle East, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-45327-9 206 INDEX Aleppo, 174 Andreas, J., 34 Algiers Agreement, 44 angerous, 44 alliance(s), 6, 15, 34, 40, 63, 86, 97, Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement, 104, 108, 134, 147, 171, 174, 7 178 Angola, 83 Allied Land Command, 134 annex, 37 allies, 1, 6, 34, 60, 74, 86, 94, 101, annexation, 37, 196 104, 115, 117, 119, 120, 125, of Crimea, 37, 38 127–30, 133, 141, 144–6, 170, anomaly, 135 177, 187, 193, 195, 197 anonymity, 133 ally, 3, 67, 69, 116, 125, 127, 144, another, 12 170, 193–5, 197, 199 anti-aggressor coalition(s), 21, 50 al-Qaeda, 91, 103, 116, 177 anti-American, 7, 69, 79, 91, 95, al-Qaeda in Iraq, 137 107–9, 113, 117, 120, 129, 134, Al Sadr, Moqtada, 166 141, 157, 159, 166, 167, 170, ambitions, 66 174, 186, 192, 195 American, 13 antidoctrinal doctrine, 118 decline, 12, 13 anti-Iranian, 116, 163 disapproval, 8 anti-Soviet alliances, 61 dominance, 12 approach, 19 hegemony, 92, 115, 192, 196 Arab armies, 17 leadership, 12 Arab-Israel conflict, 14, 15 moment, 113, 114 Arab League, 16 nationals, 9 Arab nationalism, 75 power, 41 the Arabs, 16 soil, 8 Arab Spring, 114, 116, 118 world system, 14 the Arab Spring, 114 amphibious, 44 Arab states, 16, 17, 98, 114, 116, analysis, 23, 33, 153 128, 154, 171, 174, 176, 178, analytic explanation, 29 190 anarchic, 45, 67, 79, 115, 127, 170, arbitrary, 98 196 archenemy, 132 international system, 44, 45 the Arctic, 40 nature, 95 area(s), 21, 190 status, 50, 60, 64, 67, 77, 78, 101, area of responsibility, 84 104, 146, 199 Area of Responsibility (AoR), 48 structure, 65, 78, 127 areas of contention, 130 system, 44, 50, 60, 71, 74, 77, 85, argument(s), 10, 17, 21, 34, 37, 41, 108, 159 42, 51, 60, 66, 93, 124, 156, world, 43, 60 159, 172, 177, 178 anarchy, 32, 43, 61, 71, 77, 81, 85, armaments, 106 95, 97, 98, 108, 157, 188 armed forces, 100, 104 INDEX 207 Armenia, 155, 156, 159, 161–3, 166, axis of evil, 106 177 Axis Powers, 62, 63 Armenian genocide, 134 Ayatollah Mohammad Baqr Al Hakim, armored vehicles, 100, 165 167 arms embargoes, 130, 200 Azerbaijan, 155, 156, 159, 161–3, arms race, 66, 121 166, 177 arms transfers, 75 Azeris, 162, 163, 165 army, 48 cadets, 104 troops, 9, 175 B arsenal, 16 al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr, 136 artillery, 100, 101, 165 Baghdad Pact, 15, 86 ascendancy, 6, 173 balance, 21, 67 Asiatic Mediterranean, 198 balance of power, 15, 17, 19, 20, 46, aspirant, 14 48, 61, 67, 68, 104, 108, 115, aspiration, 123, 135, 163, 192 135, 141, 145, 157, 171, 175–7, aspiring hegemon, 46, 185 186, 193, 196, 198 al Assad, Bashar, 133 balance-of-power, 77, 174 Assad regime, 116 balance-of-power logic, 19, 43, 45, Assefi, Hamid Reza, 164 135, 170 assistance, 73, 74, 94, 100, 144, 160, balancer(s), 69, 105, 134, 154 165, 172, 175, 186, 191, 200 balancing, 15, 72 Association of Southeastern Asian balancing force, 15, 125, 194 Nations, 200 balancing strategy, 20, 68 assumption(s), 4, 21, 31, 36, 37, balkanization, 189 43–5, 92, 93, 153, 169, 170, Balkans, 35, 124, 131, 194 188 ballistic missile, 100 asymmetric, 157 barbarians, 35 asymmetrical warfare, 107, 137 Barbary Pirates, 38 Atlantic Ocean, 40, 155 Barbary States, 38 atomic bomb(s), 62, 159 barriers, 40, 69 Atomic Weapons Requirements Study battalions, 144, 166 for 1959, 6 battle, 100, 101, 137, 140, 145 Atoms for Peace, 169 bedrock assumption(s), 43–5 attack, 8, 11 behavioral patterns, 45, 51, 74, 115, attempts, 11 135, 146, 199 Australia, 49 Beirut, 161 authoritarian governments, 79 Belgium, 191 authorities, 160 beliefs, 32, 36, 52 Authorization for Use of Military Force benchmarks, 170 Against Iraq Resolution, 106 Bering Strait, 155 autonomy, 11 the biggest threat, 37 208 INDEX bilateral, 200 Bush Doctrine, 8, 22, 91–3, 95, 96, agreement, 137 108, 118, 120, 121, 157 treaty, 163 the Bush Doctrine, 22, 51 biological, 101, 103 Bushehr, 165 biological weapons, 101, 103 Bush, George H. W., 18, 94, 118 bipolar international system, 47 Bush, George H. W. (President), bipolarity, 38, 64, 77, 91 8–10, 31, 92, 94, 95, 103, 104, bipolar structure, 81 106, 107, 113, 115 blackmailing, 80 Byzantine Empire, 35 Black Sea, 123 Blair, T., 1 blending, 15 C blind assertion, 35 calculations, 32 bloc, 162, 166 caliph, 137, 139 bombing, 8 caliphate, 133, 135, 139, 174, 194 Bonn Conference, 172 campaign, 8 borrow, 41 camps, 19, 20 Bosphorus Straits, 123 Canada, 100, 155 brand of Islamism, 132 candidacy, 124 Brazil, 14 capabilities, capability, 6, 8, 11, 13, 15, Brezhnev Doctrine, 197 29, 37, 38, 40, 53, 67, 77, 80, British Empire, 13, 35 81, 94, 96, 100, 101, 104, 108, Brzezinski, 1, 12, 155, 159 109, 133, 142, 155, 157, 165, Brzezinski, Z., 3, 38 176, 186, 194, 195, 197–201 buck-catcher, 20, 47 capitulation, 60, 107, 146 buck-passer, 47 Captain Mahan, 6 buck-passing, 14, 21, 42, 46, 60, 82, captured sailors, 38 86, 185 carry the buck, 20, 158 buck-passing strategy, 20, 47, 63, 68, Carter (President), 77 72, 74, 80, 86, 104, 117, 128, Carter Doctrine, 22, 61, 75, 77, 78, 142, 144, 147, 189, 197 81, 84, 85 the buck-passing strategy, 142 the Carter Doctrine, 186 buffer state, 178, 190 cases, 3, 11, 13, 20, 21, 41, 46, 48, buffer zone, 4 50–2, 54, 61, 73, 86, 95, 102, build up, 40 104, 117, 122, 138, 145, 146, burden, 21, 46 156, 158, 159, 170, 171, 174, bureaucracy, 48 177, 185, 187, 192 bureaucratic, 32 case studies, 54 bureaucratic structure, 31 case study analysis, 30 Bureau of Human Rights and Caspian Sea, 155, 162, 169 Humanitarian Affairs, 79 the Caspian Sea, 122, 162 Bush administration, 91, 93, 108 Caucasus, 122, 131, 162 INDEX 209 causal mechanism, 54 clandestine cooperation, 177 causal relationship, 54 clandestine nature, 51 ceasefire, 70 the Clifford-Elsey Report, 67 CENTCOM, 83 close strategic partnership, 131 center of power, 107, 113, 196 coalition, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 69, 72, central, 7 74, 80, 83, 86, 98, 106, 132, authority, 44 139, 162, 167, 178, 192 government, 12 forces, 132, 139, 167 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 2, of states, 83 7, 65, 70, 76, 99, 123, 124, 140 coalition of the willing, 98, 106 centrifuges, 168 coastline, 122 ceremony, 104 cognitive characteristics, 32 challenge(s), 5, 12, 13, 30, 35, 51, Cohen, Saul B., 130 114, 125, 131 coherent organization, 29 challengers, 35 Cold War, 5, 8, 10, 15, 18, 21, 22, challenging, 13 36–8, 41, 42, 50, 51, 53, 59–62, change, 50–2 68, 78, 80, 85, 86, 94, 98, 108, chaos, 15 109, 121, 125, 130, 131, 134, character, 32 135, 146, 154–8, 169, 185, 186, characteristics, 9, 29 194, 195, 197, 198, 200 characterized, 10 the Cold War, 4, 5, 122, 130, 146, Charlie Hebdo, 191 177, 185, 197 Chechnya, 156, 159, 164 collateral damages, 139 chemical weapons, 101, 103, 107, collective action problem, 14, 20, 192 108, 144, 176 collective actions, 14, 17 Cheney, Dick, 92 collective interest, 14 Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 165 collective security, 9 chessboard, 194 colonial powers, 43 chess game, 17 combat aircraft, 100, 101, 165 China, 4–6, 12, 14, 20, 35–8, 40, 44, combination, 16 72, 74, 91, 98, 117, 147, 155, common prosperity, 9 176, 189, 196, 198–201 common traits, 52 Chinese threat, 1 communism, 94, 121 Christian, 38, 51, 156, 159, 162, 164, Communist expansion, 72 177 comparative, 30 Christian Armenia, 51 comparative case study analysis, 22, Christian Russia, 51 54, 61, 185, 187 civilian, 108, 138, 139, 144 comparative historical analysis, 10 population, 138 comparison, 120 targets, 138 competition, 33 Civil Rights Movement, 53 component(s), 15, 17 civil war, 116, 140 components of military power, 44 210 INDEX compound question, 10 cooperation, 18, 51, 71, 97, 102, 120, compressing time and space, 7 126, 131, 134, 135, 143, 146, conflict, 15–17, 19, 20, 35, 40, 153, 156, 158, 173, 175, 191, 43–5, 51, 59, 63, 72, 74, 83, 195 94, 98, 100, 103, 116, 126, cost-efficient, 21 128, 132, 134, 142, 146, 159, counterfactual analysis, 176 161–4, 166, 170, 177, 186, 191, counterfactual arguments, 171 194, 195 counterterrorism, 115, 142 conflicts, 15 counter-terrorism strategy, 141 conflictual situation, 37 coup d’état, 7, 51, 114, 116, 159 confrontation, 14 covert operations, 7, 94 congressional, 107 Cressey, G., 6 congruence method, 54, 171, 188 Crimea, 37, 43, 98, 118, 196 consecutive, 35 crime against humanity, 132 conservative, 53, 62 criteria, 29 consistency, 10 cross fertilization, 29 constitution, 162 cross-national study analysis, 30 constraints, 21, 32, 33, 36, 45, 48, Cuba, 130, 185 146, 196 Cuban missile crisis, 60, 78, 130 contain, 8, 20, 51, 69, 80, 95, 122, culture, 32, 37 125, 128 cybernetic approach, 94
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