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If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. - ~---- National Institute on Drug Abuse MONOGRAPH SERIES I I ESEARCH ANALYSIS and flLIZATION SYSTEM ~ <:l emiology of <::) "ant buse: ~ a-- Ipdate \1\'-1\ ; .... , ili\;~ ~ 41 ,- -.,... , --------------~ U. S~ DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES • Public Health Service • Alcohol. Drug Abuse. and Mental Health Adminlstrallon \ j Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse: An Update Editors: Raquel A. Crider, Ph.D. Beatrice A. Rouse, Ph.D. Division of Epidemiology and Statistical Analysis National Institute on Drug Abuse NIDA Research Monograph 85 1988 NCJRS MAR 10 1989 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN s~~Q U I S fT SON § Public Health Service , Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Admiflistration National Institute on Drug Abuse 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, Maryland 20857 NIDA Research Monographs are prepared by the research divisions of the National Institute on Drug Abuse and published by its Office of Science. The primary objective of the series is to provide critical reviews of research problem areas and techniques, the content of state-of-the-art conferences, and integrative research reviews. Its dual publication emphasis is rapid and targeted dissemination to the scientific and professional community. Editorial Advisors MARTIN W. ADLER, Ph.D. MARY l. JACOBSON Temple Umverslty School 01 Medicine National Federation of Parents for Philadelphia, Pennsylvama Drug·Free Youth Omaha, Nebraska SYDNEY ARCHER, Ph.D. Rensselaer Polytechmc Institute Troy, New York REESE T. JONES. M.D. Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Instttute RICHARD E. BElLEVILLE, Ph.D. San FrancISco, California NB Associates, Health SCiences Rockville, Maryland KARST J. BESTEMAN DENISE KANDEL, Ph.D. College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alcohol and Drug Problems Association Columbia University of North Amenca New York, New York Washington. D.C. GILBERT J. BOTVIN, Ph.D. Cornell University Medical College HERBERT KLEBER. M.D. New York. New York Yale University School 01 Medicine New Ha~en, Connecticut JOSEPH V. BRADY, Ph.D. The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine RICHARD RUSSO Baltimore. Maryland New Jersey State Department 01 Health Trenton. New Jersey THEODORE J. CICERO. Ph.D. Washu1gtOn University School of Medicine SI. LOUIS, Missouri NIDA Research Monograph Series CHARLES R. SCHUSTER, Ph.D. Director. NIDA THEODORE M. PINKERT, M.D .• J.D. Acting Associate Director tor SCience, NIDA 115908- U.S. Department of Justice 115910 National Institute of Justice This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the National Institute of Justice. Permission to reproduce this ool'l"'~ted material has been granted by Public Domain/U.S. ~ept. of Health and Human Services to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permis­ sion of the oopyftfJi'lt owner. Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse: An Update -------------------- ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is based upon papers and discussion from the RAUS review on the epidemiology of inhalant abuse which took place on September 30 and October I, 1986, at Rockville, Maryland. The review meeting was sponsored by the Office of Science and the Division of Epidemiology and Statistical Analysis, National Institute on Drug Abuse. COPYRIGHT STATUS The National Institute on Drug Abuse has obtained permission from the copyright holders to reproduce certain previously published material as noted in the text. Further reproduction of this copyrighted material is permitted only as part of a reprinting of the entire publication or chapter. For any other use, the copyright holder's permission is required. All other material in this volume except quoted passages from copyrighted sources is in the public domain and may be used or reproduced without permission from the Institute or the authors. Citation of the source is appreciated. Opinions expressed in this volume are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions or official policy of the National Institute on Drug Abuse or any other part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The U.S. Government does not endorse or favor any specific commercial product or company. Trade, proprietary, or company names appearing in this publication are used only because they are considered essential in the context of the studies reported herein. DHHS publication number (ADM)88-1577 Printed 1988 NIDA Research Monographs are indexed in the Index Medicus. They are selectively included in the coverage of American Statistics Index, BioSciences Information Service, Chemical Abstracts, Current Contents, Psychological Abstracts, and Psychopharmacology Abstracts. iv PREFACE The Research Analysis and Utilization System (RAUS) is designed to serve four functions: II Collect and systematically classify the findings of all intramural and extramural research supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); II Evaluate the findings in selected areas of particular interest and formulate a state-of-the-art review by a panel of scientific peers; III Disseminate findings to researchers in the field and to administrators, planners, instructors, and other interested persons; III Provide a feedback mechanism to NIDA staff and planners so that the administration and monitoring of the NIDA research program reflect the very latest knowledge gleaned from research in the field. Since there is a limit to the number of research topics that can be intensively reviewed annually, a few subjects are chosen each year to undergo a thorough examination. Distinguished scientists are invited to participate. Each scientist is provided reports from NIDA-funded research and asked to add information derived from the literature and his or her own research and prepare a comprehensive state-of-the-art review paper on the assigned topic. These papers, together with an overview and discussions make up a RA US Review Report in the NIDA Research Monograph series. "Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse: An Update" was selected as a subject for a comprehensive RAUS review in 1986 to focus on the factors related to the multi-year increase in inhalant abuse among high school seniors. The papers on which the review is based are presented in this monograph. Drs. Raquel Crider and Beatrice Rouse served as the scientific moderators of the meeting. The overview provides a summary of the individual papers and the discussion which took place at the meeting. Jacqueline P. Ludford, Chief, Research Analysis Branch, Office of Science, is the RAUS coordinator for NIDA. v IISrtfY CONTENTS Preface .................................... v Inhalant Overview Raquel A. Crider and Beatrice A. Rouse ........... 1 Current Topics in Inhalant Abuse Karen Kerner............................. 8 Inhalant Abuse by Young Children Fred Beauvais and E.R. Oetting ................. 30 Indian Youth and Inhalants: An Update Fred Beauvais and E.R. Oetting ................. 34 Inhalant Abuse in a Small Rural South Texas Community: A Social Epidemiological Overview Alberto G. Mata, Jr., and Sylvia Rodriguez Andrew.... 49 The Continuing Problem of Youthful Solvent Abuse in New York State ~~~e~h~c~~~~le~.o~~n.n~ .~~r.e~, .a.n~ .... .'!. ~ .~? '1 .. 77 Program Experiences with the Solvent Abuser in Philadelphia Terence M. McSherry........................ 106 Inhalant Use and Abuse in Canada Reginald G. Smart. ......................... 121 Epidemiology of Solvent/Inhalant Abuse in Mexico Elena Medina-Mora and Arturo Ortiz............. 140 social and Psychological Factors Underlying Inhalant Abuse i I 5 '110 I E.R. Oetting, Ruth W. Edwards, and Fred Beauvais .... 172 List of NIDA Research Monographs ................ 204 vii Inhalant Overview Raquel A. Crider, Ph.D., and Beatrice A. Rouse, Ph.D. Inhalant use by high school seniors has increased steadily at a time that most other drug use has declined. Annual inhalant use, for example, increased from 4.3 percent in 1983 to 6.9 percent in 1987. In contrast, annual marijuana use declined from 42.3 percent in 1983 to 36.3 percent in 1987 (Johnston 1988). Annual use among youth in the National Household Survey of Drug Abuse also increased from 2.9 percent in 1972 to 4.6 percent in 1979 and 5.0 percent in 1985 (NIDA 1988). Yet, perhaps because inhalant abuse is often thought to be confined to special populations or because the prevalence is low compared to other drugs of abuse, this increase has gone practically unnoticed. This monograph seeks to highlight the problem of inhalant abuse, identify the populations at risk, and discuss various approaches for control, prevention, and intervention. Chapters in the volume were prepared by participants in a Research Analysis and Utilization System (RAUS) review held by the National Institute on Drug Abuse in the fall of 1986. Inhalants can be grouped into four classes: (1) volatile solvents such as glue, gasoline, and paint thinner, (2) aerosols such as spray paints, (3) anesthetics such as ether, chloroform, and nitrous oxide, and (4) amyl and butyl nitrite. The volatile solvents, aerosols, and anesthetics are the primary focus of this volume. Data in the monograph clearly document the seriousness of the problem. Initial use of inhalants starts very young, sometimes 1 preceding the initial use of alcohol or tobacco. Research suggests that youth
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