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Nationalism in the French Revolution of 1789
The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Honors College 5-2014 Nationalism in the French Revolution of 1789 Kiley Bickford University of Maine - Main Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors Part of the Cultural History Commons Recommended Citation Bickford, Kiley, "Nationalism in the French Revolution of 1789" (2014). Honors College. 147. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors/147 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors College by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NATIONALISM IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1789 by Kiley Bickford A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for a Degree with Honors (History) The Honors College University of Maine May 2014 Advisory Committee: Richard Blanke, Professor of History Alexander Grab, Adelaide & Alan Bird Professor of History Angela Haas, Visiting Assistant Professor of History Raymond Pelletier, Associate Professor of French, Emeritus Chris Mares, Director of the Intensive English Institute, Honors College Copyright 2014 by Kiley Bickford All rights reserved. Abstract The French Revolution of 1789 was instrumental in the emergence and growth of modern nationalism, the idea that a state should represent, and serve the interests of, a people, or "nation," that shares a common culture and history and feels as one. But national ideas, often with their source in the otherwise cosmopolitan world of the Enlightenment, were also an important cause of the Revolution itself. The rhetoric and documents of the Revolution demonstrate the importance of national ideas. -
Populist Discourse in the French Revolution Rebecca Dudley
Sigma: Journal of Political and International Studies Volume 33 Article 6 2016 Do You Hear the People Sing?: Populist Discourse in the French Revolution Rebecca Dudley Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sigma Part of the European History Commons, International and Area Studies Commons, and the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Dudley, Rebecca (2016) "Do You Hear the People Sing?: Populist Discourse in the French Revolution," Sigma: Journal of Political and International Studies: Vol. 33 , Article 6. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sigma/vol33/iss1/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sigma: Journal of Political and International Studies by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Do You Hear the People Sing?: Populist Discourse in the French Revolution by Rebecca Dudley The rallying cry of the French Revolutionaries was "Liberte! Egalite! Fraternite!" (liberty, equality, fraternity), and the French Revolution, a pivotal moment in French, European, and world history, has been consistently considered one of the first and most significant nationalist movements. Research and literature thus far on discourse in this revolution have focused on nationalism Qenkins 1990; Hayward 1991; O'Brien 1988), along with the discourses of violence and terror that led to the graphic revolu tion (Ozouf 1984; Leoussi 2001). The presence of nationalist discourse and nationalist sentiment in the French Revolution is undeniable, but there are other elements poten tially missing from the current analyses. -
THE COMPLICATIONS of RESISTING REVOLUTION Michael Chrzanowski [email protected]
University of Massachusetts nU dergraduate History Journal Volume 3 Article 1 2019 ENEMIES OR SAVIORS: THE COMPLICATIONS OF RESISTING REVOLUTION Michael Chrzanowski [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/umuhj Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Chrzanowski, Michael (2019) "ENEMIES OR SAVIORS: THE COMPLICATIONS OF RESISTING REVOLUTION," University of Massachusetts nU dergraduate History Journal: Vol. 3 , Article 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7275/nxx6-v711 Available at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/umuhj/vol3/iss1/1 This Primary Source-Based Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Massachusetts ndeU rgraduate History Journal by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SUMMER 2019 UNDERGRADUATEChrzanowski: ENEMIES HISTORY OR SAVIORS JOURNAL 1 ENEMIES OR SAVIORS: THE COMPLICATIONS EOFNEMIES RESISTING OR REVOLUTION SAVIORS: THE COMPLICATIONS OF RESISTING REVOLUTION MICHAEL CHRZANOWSKI MICHAEL CHRZANOWSKI Published by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst, 2019 1 SUMMER 2019 UniversityUNDERGRADUATE of Massachusetts Undergraduate HISTORY History Journal, JOURNAL Vol. 3 [2019], Art. 1 2 ABSTRACT Domestic opposition to the government in Paris was a constant throughout the French Revolution. Although the revolutionary government repressed each instance of unrest, the various opposition movements’ motivations and goals provide a lens through which we can re-evaluate the values of liberty, equality, and justice that revolutionaries articulated. One domestic opposition movement, the Federalist Revolt of 1793, had major significance for the course of the Revolution. The Federalist Revolt raised questions about fundamental aspects of the Revolution itself: who were the sovereign people? Who claimed to represent the people? Was violence integral to claiming sovereignty? I explore a number of aspects of the Federalist Revolt. -
Jacobins Maximilien Robespierre the Committee of Public Safety
The Reign of Terror Jacobins The most famous political group of the French Revolution was the Jacobins. Also known as the Society of the Friends of the Constitution, the club originally met at Versailles, organized by deputies of the Estates-General (and then National Assembly). They later met as a club in Paris. By July 1790, their membership grew to about 1,200 Parisian members, with 152 affiliate clubs; the number of members continued to grew thereafter. The club’s main concern was to protect what the revolutionaries had achieved so far—and prevent any reaction from the aristocracy. This desire resulted in the Reign of Terror. The Jacobins felt that it was their duty to catch anyone suspected of opposing the Revolution. The Jacobins also led the dechristianizing movement and organized Revolutionary festivals. Maximilien Robespierre Possibly the most well-known Jacobin was Maximilien Robespierre. He was trained as a lawyer and practiced law by representing poor people. When the Estates-General was summoned in 1789, the Third Estate elected him as one of their deputies. He was thirty years old. Robespierre was a quiet, simple man, with a weak voice. Yet he was able to make himself heard. He spoke more than five hundred times during the life of the National Assembly, and it was here that he gained supporters. He was a philosopher and sided with the ideals of the Enlightenment. He used this background to help shape the Declaration of the Rights of Man. He was a proponent of everything the Declaration stood for. He believed in equal rights, the right to hold office and join the national guard, and the right to petition. -
The French Revolution
HIS 111: Western Civilization – Early Modern to Present Learning Unit 2: Lecture The French Revolution Speaker: Bruce Dickerson The American Revolution ushered in a transformative era, and with the adoption of the Constitution and Bill of Rights, the first truly democratic, constitutional form of government based on the ideas of the Enlightenment came into existence. Americans established a government that was divided between three branches with a separation of powers that also provided for a strong central government. This American experiment in self-governance demonstrated that the ideas of the Enlightenment could become reality and certainly influenced political developments in Europe, perhaps contributing to the outbreak of the French Revolution. The revolution in France was also an attempt to embrace Enlightenment ideas, but the causes of the French Revolution were many. The American Constitutional Convention of 1787 France was a society that was divided along class lines with legal inequality existing between the three Estates of the clergy, the aristocracy, and commoners. The overwhelming majority of the population of France were commoners. Most of these commoners were poor peasant farmers who found it increasingly difficult to meet the demands of taxation. This political and social inequality was an important source of the growing discontent in France. Along with a Meeting of the Estates General bankrupt, ineffective government, the influence of the ideas of the Enlightenment was more than enough to bring about revolutionary change. In 1788, the government of Louis XVI faced widespread unrest and the threat of financial collapse. Attempts to reform the system had failed, so Louis took the unprecedented step of summoning the Estates-General. -
To View Expanded Department of France History
2019 Edition A Message from National Commander Brett P. Reistad The American Legion’s story begins in the Department of France. It was here in the months following the armistice of Nov. 11, 1918, where members of the American Expeditionary Forces waited to re-enter an uncertain future, having fought with their lives to make, as President Woodrow Wilson pledged, the world “safe for democracy.” The cost of fulfilling that pledge can be calculated in many ways, foremost of which is the number of Americans – more than 117,000 – who gave their lives to fulfill it. The enduring benefit of accomplishing such a deadly and difficult mission was a stronger America, a nation that would become revered worldwide as a beacon of hope, liberation and international integrity. When Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., called three other officers to Paris in January 1919 to discuss the future ahead for America, they did so with the cost of war fresh on their minds. On that occasion, and in a follow-up gathering the next month, they made a commitment that wartime U.S. veterans worldwide would spend the next century fulfilling – to make America stronger, to honor the fallen, to preserve and protect the hard-won peace and to “cement the ties of comradeship” forged in battle. From the Paris Caucus of March 15-17, 1919, through establishment of overseas Memorial Day commemorations and the American Battle Monuments Commission, to the inception of an international coalition of wartime veterans – Federation Interalliee des Anciens Combatants – that laid a foundation later adopted in many ways through NATO, the early American Legion in France built and nurtured respect and understanding of the United States that continues today. -
The Republic
SECTION 2 The Republic Getting Started As you BEFORE Y OU R EAD read, take 5SETHEInteractive Reader and Study Guide notes on the changes TOFAMILIARIZESTUDENTSWITHTHESECTION MAIN I DEA READING F OCUS KEY T ERMS AND P EOPLE made in French gov- CONTENT An extreme government 1. What changes did the radical Maximilien Robespierre ernment and society changed French society and government make in French guillotine and on the Reign of Interactive Reader and Study Guide, tried through harsh means society and politics? counterrevolution Terror. Section 2 to eliminate its critics within 2. What was the Reign of Reign of Terror France. Terror, and how did it end? The Republic Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________ The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 2 MAIN IDEA An extreme government changed French society and tried through harsh means to eliminate its critics within France. Key Terms and People Jean-Paul Marat Maximilien Robespierre Mountain member and a leader of the National Convention guillotine an execution device that drops a sharp, heavy blade through the victim’s neck counterrevolution a revolution against a government established by a revolution Reign of Terror series of accusations, arrests and executions started by the Mountain MUST DIE! Taking Notes As you read the summary, use a chart like the one below to record changes in French government and society as well as those brought about by the Reign of Terror. Jacques-Louis David painted the Death of Marat Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. -
Groups/Political Parties of the French Revolution AOS 2
Groups/political parties of the French Revolution AOS 2 COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY The CPS was formalised in March 1783. From 10 July 1793 to 27 July 1794, the Committee of Public Safety had a stable membership of twelve deputies and was delegated the authority to conduct the war and govern France. Working together and sharing responsibility, the so-called Great Committee initiated a number of radical measures to ensure France’s survival ranging from the institution of “Maximums” on wages and prices to a systematic use of Terror to cow opponents. The most notable members of the committee were Maximillien Robespierre, Georges Couthon, Louis- Antoine Saint-Just, and Lazare Carnot, the “organizer of victory.” Ultimately, fears of the continuing Terror, and of Robespierre’s personal power, led to a coup on 9 Thermidor (27 July), which broke the power of the Great Committee. The institution lasted another seventeen months until November 1795, but its powers were restricted to war and diplomacy. PARIS REVOLUTIONARY OR INSURRECTIONARY COMMUNE Most famously, that of Paris, but “commune” was the name given to every municipal government under French control after 14 July. Elected through the forty-eight sections (see section), the Paris Commune emerged as a center of radical thought and action. The first mayor was Bailly who was key in the revolutionary events of the Estates-General. The Commune was in command of the National Guard of the city On the 9th August 1792, the Commune underwent a name change and became the Revolutionary Commune. It was dominated by sans-culottes. The Commune precipitated most of the revolutionary journées (days),but most notably 10 August 1792, which overthrew the monarchy, and 31 May–2 June 1793, which led to the expulsion of the Girondins from the National Convention. -
Dictatorship in History and Theory: Bonapartism, Caesarism, And
CY332/Baehr&Richter-FM 0 521 825636 October 15, 2003 8:21 Dictatorship in History and Theory bonapartism, caesarism, and totalitarianism This book is unusual in bringing together the work of historians and political theo- rists under one cover to consider the subject of nineteenth- and twentieth-century dictatorships. A distinguished group of authors examine the complex relationship among nineteenth-century democracy, nationalism, and authoritarianism, paying special attention to the careers of Napoleon I and III and of Bismarck. An important contribution of the book is consideration not only of the momentous episodes of coup d’etat,´ revolution, and imperial foundation that the Napoleonic era heralded, but also the contested political language with which these events were described and assessed. Political thinkers were faced with a battery of new terms – “Bonapartism,” “Caesarism,” and “Imperialism” among them – with which to make sense of their era. In addition to documenting the political history of a revolutionary age, the book examines a series of thinkers – Tocqueville, Marx, Max Weber, Antonio Gramsci, Carl Schmitt, and Hannah Arendt – who articulated and helped to reshape our sense of the political. Peter Baehr is Associate Professor of Political Sociology at Lingnan University. His books include Founders, Classics, Canons (2002) and Caesar and the Fading of the Roman World (1998). He is the editor of The Portable Hannah Arendt (2000) and co-editor, with Gordon Wells, of The Protestant Ethic and the “Spirit” of Capitalism and Other Writings (2002) and Max Weber (1995). Melvin Richter is Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the City University of New York, Graduate Center, and Hunter College. -
RADICAL REVOLUTION and REACTION Chapter 22.2 MOVE to RADICALISM
RADICAL REVOLUTION AND REACTION Chapter 22.2 MOVE TO RADICALISM National Convention abolishes monarchy and forms First French Republic French citizens began forming clubs with different opinions and goals The radical club called Jacobins called for the execution of the king Later called for execution of all those associated with the king Louis XVI was executed by guillotine on charge of treason Execution created new enemies at home and abroad MOVE TO RADICALISM Execution of Louis XVI began shift to radicalism Commune: local Paris gov’t led by Georges Danton Demanded radical change Britain, Portugal, Spain, and the Dutch joined Austria and Prussia and declared war on France to put an end to the revolution National Convention gave power to the Committee of Public Safety (CPS) led by Maximilien Robespierre to meet this crisis REIGN OF TERROR Robespierre and the CPS adopted policies to protect France from domestic threats Policies became known as the Reign of Terror Revolutionary courts were set up to prosecute counter- revolutionaries and traitors 40,000 killed; 16,000 by guillotine Robespierre assured citizens bloodshed was temporary Revolutionary armies created to enforce CPS policy Robespierre wanted to create a Republic of Virtue made up of “good citizens” REIGN OF TERROR Women took a more active role in government Nat’l Convention pursued “de-Christianization” First French Repub. forms largest army in Euro. history to defend itself from invaders Robespierre obsessed with cleansing France Sentenced to death by colleagues REACTION AND THE DIRECTORY Moderate leaders took control after Robespierre’s death Ended Reign of Terror Slashed CPS’s power Reopened churches Drafted another new constitution Constitution of 1795 Only people with large amounts of land/wealth could vote Set up a council of 5 leaders called the Directory Corrupt, greedy The Directory relied on the military to keep power General Napoleon Bonaparte overthrow the Directory in a coup d'état; seized power . -
Peter Mcphee, Maximilien Robespierre's False Friends
34 French History and Civilization Maximilien Robespierre's False Friends Peter McPhee At the close of the sessions of the National Assembly in September 1791, Maximilien Robespierre was chaired from the chamber by a group of Parisians to shouts of “Vive l’Incorruptible!”, a reference to the nickname he had enjoyed for several months.1 He had also made some close political friends: in particular, Jérôme Pétion (who had been chaired from the session with him), Camille Desmoulins and Georges Danton. But across the next thirty months Robespierre agreed – however reluctantly – that all three should be tried for capital offences. How had friendships come to this? What was the relationship between friendship and politics? And what effects may the deaths of erstwhile friends have had on Robespierre’s health and his political judgment? After his return to Paris from a brief holiday in November 1791, Robespierre wrote glowingly to his best friend Antoine Buissart in Arras about the affection showered on him at the Jacobin Club and in public. On the day of his return, he had gone directly to the Club, where he was made its president on the spot. In particular, he had been delighted to see his friend Jérôme Pétion, victorious over Lafayette in elections as mayor of Paris: “I supped the same evening at Pétion’s. With what joy we saw each other again! With what delight we embraced! … The burden with which he is charged is enormous, but I have no doubt that the love of the people and his qualities will give him the means to bear it. -
Chapter 18: the French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789-1815
0544A-0544D C18 TE-Nat/FL©05 3/11/04 1:28 PM Page 544 Chapter 18 Resources Timesaving Tools ™ Use Glencoe’s Presentation Plus! • Interactive Teacher Edition Access your Teacher Wraparound Edition and multimedia teacher your classroom resources with a few easy clicks. tool to easily present dynamic lessons that visually excite your stu- Interactive Lesson Planner Planning has never been easier! Organize your • ® week, month, semester, or year with all the lesson helps you need to make dents. Using Microsoft PowerPoint you can teaching creative, timely, and relevant. customize the presentations to create your own personalized lessons. TEACHING TRANSPARENCIES Graphic Organizer Student Chapter Map Overlay Activity 18 Transparency L2 Transparency 18 L2 Transparency 18 L2 Graphic Organizer 15: Chain-of-Events or Flowchart CHAPTER TRANSPARENCY 18 The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789–1815) “My glory is not to have won France and Europe Map Overlay Transparency 18 forty battles, for Waterloo’s 20°W 10°W 0° 10°E 20°E 30°E France, 1789 defeat will destroy the memory SWEDEN North Sea Baltic Sea of as many victories. But what RUSSIA 0 150 300 mi. 50° GREAT N BRITAIN nothing will destroy, what 0150 300 km 40°E r e v i R e will live eternally is my n ATLANTIC i Paris h OCEAN R Civil Code.” N FRANCE W Sea E ck Bla —Napoleon Bonaparte S O 40 TT °N OM AN Corsica GAL E TU M PI RE POR APPLICATION AND ENRICHMENT Primary Source History Simulation Historical Significance Cooperative Learning Enrichment Activity 18 L3 Reading 18 L2 Activity 18 L1 Activity 18 L2 Activity 18 L1/ELL Name Date Class Name Date Class Name Date Class Name Date Class Name Date Class ISTORY ★ Enrichment Activity 18 ★ ★ Historical Significance Activity 18 H IMULATION P RIMARY S OURCE R EADING ! ★ ★ ★ 18 S CTIVITY 18 Cooperative Learning Activity 18 The Levée en Masse A HANDOUT MATERIAL Three Ways Napoleon Changed the World Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Four months after the French revolution- spread of the revolution.