See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236863542 Metallurgy of prehistoric Armenia ARTICLE · JANUARY 2011 READS 110 6 AUTHORS, INCLUDING: Khachatur Meliksetian Ernst Pernicka National Academy of Sciences of Armenia Curt Engelhorn Zentrum Archäometrie an… 39 PUBLICATIONS 70 CITATIONS 243 PUBLICATIONS 4,054 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Pavel Avetisyan National Academy of Sciences of Armenia 27 PUBLICATIONS 83 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Available from: Khachatur Meliksetian Retrieved on: 10 March 2016 Anatolian Metal V Herausgeber: Ünsal Yalçın Bochum 2011 Montanhistorische Zeitschrift titelbild Der ANSCHNITT. Beiheft 24 Alacahöyük gehört zu den wichtigsten prähistorischen Städten in = Veröffentlichungen aus dem Deutschen Anatolien. Besonders berühmt sind die frühbronzezeitlichen Für- Bergbau-Museum Bochum, Nr. 180 stengräber mit ihren zahlreichen Grabbeigaben aus Gold, Silber und Bronze, darunter die frühesten Eisenfunde Anatoliens. Zum Grabinventar zählten auch zahlreiche bronzene Sonnenstandar- ten und Tierfiguren. Im Vordergrund ist eine dieser Sonnenstan- darten zu sehen. Sie dient heute als Symbol des Kultur- und Tou- rismusministeriums der Türkei. Im Hintergrund ist eine schroffe Landschaft bei Derekutuğun, Diese Publikation entstand mit Kreis Bayat, Provinz Çorum zu sehen. In Derekutuğun wurde seit freundlicher Unterstützung der dem 5. Jt. v. Chr. gediegenes Kupfer bergmännisch gewonnen. Im Vordergrund ist eine der prähistorischen Strecken abgebildet. Fotos stammen von Herausgeber. Der Anschnitt Herausgeber: Vereinigung der Freunde von Kunst und Kultur im Bergbau e.V. Vorsitzender des Vorstandes: Dipl.-Ing. Bernd Tönjes Vorsitzender des Beirats: Bergassessor Dipl.-Kfm. Dr.-Ing. E.h. Achim Middelschulte Geschäftsführer: Bibliografische Informationen der Deutschen Bibliothek Museumsdirektor Prof. Dr. phil. Rainer Slotta Die Deutschen Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Schriftleitung (verantwortlich): Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten Dr. phil. Andreas Bingener M.A. sind im Internet über http/dnd.ddb.de abrufbar. Editorial Board: Dr.-Ing. Siegfried Müller, Prof. Dr. phil. Rainer Slotta; Dr. phil. Michael Farrenkopf redaktion Wissenschaftlicher Beirat: Ünsal Yalçın Prof. Dr. Jana Geršlová, Ostrava; Prof. Dr. Karl-Heinz Ludwig, Bremen; Prof. Dr. Thilo Rehren, London; Prof. Dr. Klaus Tenfel- Christian Wirth de (†), Bochum; Prof. Dr. Wolfhard Weber, Bochum Layout, titelgestaltung Layout: Karina Schwunk Angelika Wiebe-Friedrich ISSN 0003-5238 Druck Anschrift der Geschäftsführung und der Schriftleitung: WAZ-Druck GmbH & Co. KG, Duisburg Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum Am Bergbaumuseum 28, D-44791 Bochum Telefon (02 34) 58 77 112/124 Telefax (02 34) 58 77 111 http://www.bergbaumuseum.de Einzelheft 9,- Euro, Doppelheft 18,- Euro; isBn 3-937203-54-0 Jahresabonnement (6 Hefte) 54,- Euro; kostenloser Bezug für die isBn 978-3-937203-54-6 Mitglieder der Vereinigung (Jahres-Mitgliedsbeitrag 50,- Euro) Dieser Band ist Robert Maddin gewidmet Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort 9 Grußwort 11 Rainer Slotta & Andreas Hauptmann Robert Maddin and the Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum 13 James D. Muhly Robert Maddin: An Appreciation 17 Mehmet Özdoğan The Dynamics of Cultural Change in Anatolia 21 H. Gönül Yalçın Die Karaz-Kultur in Ostanatolien 31 Ulf-Dietrich Schoop Çamlıbel Tarlası, ein metallverarbeitender Fundplatz des vierten Jahrtausends v. Chr. im nördlichen Zentralanatolien 53 Horst Klengel Handel mit Lapislazuli, Türkis und Karneol im alten Vorderen Orient 69 Metin Alparslan & Meltem Doğan-Alparslan Symbol der ewigen Herrschaft: Metall als Grundlage des hethitischen Reiches 79 Ünsal Yalçın & Hüseyin Cevizoğlu Eine Archaische Schmiedewerkstatt in Klazomenai 85 Martin Bartelheim, Sonja Behrendt, Bülent Kızılduman, Uwe Müller & Ernst Pernicka Der Schatz auf dem Königshügel, Kaleburnu/Galinoporni, Zypern 91 Hristo Popov, Albrecht Jockenhövel & Christian Groer Ada Tepe (Ost-Rhodopen, Bulgarien): Spätbronzezeitlicher – ältereisenzeitlicher Goldbergbau 111 Tobias L. Kienlin Aspects of the Development of Casting and Forging Techniques from the Copper Age to the Early Bronze Age of Eastern Central Europe and the Carpathian Basin 127 Svend Hansen Metal in south-eastern and central europe between 4500 and 2900 Bce 137 Evgeny N. Chernykh eurasian steppe Belt: radiocarbon chronology and Metallurgical Provinces 151 Andreas Hauptmann Gold in Georgia i: scientific investigations into the composition of Gold 173 Thomas Stöllner & Irina Gambashidze Gold in Georgia ii: the Oldest Gold Mine in the World 187 Khachatur Meliksetian, Steffen Kraus, Ernst Pernicka Pavel Avetissyan, Seda Devejian & Levron Petrosyan Metallurgy of Prehistoric Armenia 201 Nima Nezafati, Ernst Pernicka & Morteza Momenzadeh early tin-copper Ore from iran, a Posssible clue for the enigma of Bronze Age tin 211 Thomas Stöllner, Zeinolla Samaschev, Sergej Berdenov †, Jan Cierny †, Monika Doll, Jennifer Garner, Anton Gontscharov, Alexander Gorelik, Andreas Hauptmann, Rainer Herd, Galina A. Kusch, Viktor Merz, Torsten Riese, Beate Sikorski & Benno Zickgraf tin from Kazakhstan – steppe tin for the West? 231 Autorenliste 253 Khachatur Meliksetian, Steffen Kraus, Ernst Pernicka Pavel Avetissyan, Seda Devejian & Levron Petrosyan Metallurgy of Prehistoric Armenia Abstract demonstrated (Yalçin & Pernicka 1999) that native cop- per was used during these times. Native copper occurs This paper is focussed on the chemical compositions as rare component in some copper ore deposits and it and lead isotope ratios of archaeological metal artefacts was utilised by man for making metal objects before the related to the early stages of metallurgy in Armenia – 5th millennium BC. The earliest reliable evidence for cop- from the Neolithic until the Late Bronze Age. Possible per smelting is dated to the 5th millennium BC and is relationships between artefacts and Armenian and oth- found at sites related to the Late Ubaid period in Meso- er copper ores in the region are also discussed. potamia (Zwicker 1977; Hauptmann 1982; Seeliger et al. 1985) and Late Neolithic and Chalcolithic sites in Iran (Pigott 1999). Recently, copper beads and their fragments as well as Introduction some pieces of copper ore minerals - malachite and azurite - were excavated in Armenia in the Neolithic set- In the last century the archaeological and geological tlement of Aratashen. They date to the early 6th millen- research revealed numerous new sites of prehistoric nium BC and thus represent as yet the earliest appear- metallurgical activities in Armenia and the Caucasus. ance of copper in the southern Caucasus (Fig. 3). These The early appearance of metallurgy in South Caucasia beads and fragments weighing from 0.37 to 0.72 g each and the abundance of copper and polymetallic ores make (total weight 12.55 g) were made of a copper sheet rolled this region particularly important for archaeometallurgi- up around a stem. These objects are similar to the rare cal studies (Fig. 1). Few recent finds of copper objects metal finds known from Neolithic sites in northern Mes- dating back to the early 4th and late 5th / early 6th mil- opotamia and eastern Anatolia from the beginning of the lennium BC strongly support this assumption. 8th millennium to the end of the 6th millennium BC. The beads of Aratashen turned out to be pure copper and The archaeological metal finds in the territory of Arme- we assume that native copper was used for making these nia cover all significant phases of the early stages of objects, as smelted copper usually contains higher con- metallurgy (Fig. 2): Neolithic use of native copper, the centrations of impurities like arsenic, antimony and co- transition to extractive metallurgy in the Eneolithic pe- balt. This point of view is in good agreement with other riod, the extensive use of copper, arsenical copper, contemporary copper objects in the Near East (Yalçin & some other alloys and the early appearance of tin bronz- Pernicka 1999; Schoop 1995). es in the Early Bronze Age and the transition to more advanced metallurgy and alloying in the Middle and Late The transition to extractive metallurgy between the 5th Bronze Age. and 4th millennium BC is also evident in the territory of Armenia. The metal objects from the Eneolithic settle- ment of Teghut, analysed in 1980 (Gevorgyan 1980) Early Metal Use: Neolithic and turned out to be made of arsenical copper (3 – 4.6 % Eneolithic As) and date back to the late 5th millennium BC. Sev- eral small pins made of arsenical copper originate from The earliest metal items made of copper – beads and the recently excavated Late Eneolithic settlement in Ner- small objects – were discovered in eastern Anatolia and qin Godedsor and date to the early 4th millennium BC northern Mesopotamia and date back to the end of the (Fig. 4). The composition of these pins is similar to the 8th millennium BC (Braidwood et al. 1981; Pernicka objects from Teghut, arsenical copper with an arsenic 1990). It is usually assumed and in fact it has been content ranging from 4 to 5 %. 201 Khachatur Meliksetian, Steffen Kraus, Ernst Pernicka, Pavel Avetissyan, Seda Devejian & Levron Petrosyan Fig. 1: A schematic map of the Republic of Armenia, showing the metallogenic provinces, the origin of the archaeological artefacts analyzed in this study and the locations of the main copper deposits. Fig. 2: List of periods and related chemical groups of studied artefacts. Fig. 4: Pins from the Late Eneo- lithic