Science The Circulatory System and Lifestyle Choices

Pupil Workbook Year 6 Unit 4

Name:

Existing Knowledge: What do you know about the heart, the circulatory system and what it means to have a healthy lifestyle?

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Session 1: What is the circulatory system?

Key Knowledge Key Vocabulary

 The circulatory system consists of three independent  Circulatory system systems that work together.  Heart  The heart (cardiovascular), the lungs (pulmonary) and  Cardiovascular arteries, veins, coronary and portal vessels (systemic).  Nutrients  The system is responsible for the flow of blood, nutrients, oxygen and other gases, and as well as hormones to and  Oxygen from cells.

Task: Look at the image of the heart and think about how blood travels around the body. Put your hand on your heart and feel your heart beat. What does it feel like? How do you think your heart is moving your blood around your body?

Write your ideas here: ______

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What makes up our circulatory system?

Your circulatory system is made up of three parts: the heart, the blood vessels and the blood itself. Your heart keeps all the blood in your circulatory system flowing. The blood travels through a network of blood vessels to every part of your body. It carries important materials such as oxygen, water and nutrients and it also removes waste products like carbon dioxide. The circulatory system contains three different types of blood vessels and these blood vessels make sure the blood gets to every single part of your body. The different types of blood vessels are:  Arteries  Veins  Capillaries The arteries carry blood away from the heart (remember ‘a’ for arteries with ’a’ for taking blood away from the heart) and the veins carry it back. The capillaries have thinner walls than the arteries and veins and allow nutrients, water and oxygen to pass in and out of cells. Humans have a double circulatory system which means that the heart pumps blood to the lungs and back so or bodies can get rid of carbon dioxide (when we breathe out) and take in oxygen (when we breathe in). When our blood has oxygen in it we say it is oxygenated and when it does not have oxygen in it we say it is deoxygenated. On this diagram you can see the oxygenated blood in red – this is pumped around the body by the heart (away from the heart) through the arteries and capillaries. When the oxygen has been used by the parts of the body, the blood then travels back to the heart through the capillaries and veins.

Task: Write five facts about the circulatory system using the information above:  ______

 ______

 ______

 ______

 ______

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Session 2: What is in your blood?

Key Knowledge Key Vocabulary

 Blood is pumped round the body through blood vessels  Blood vessels  The blood has many functions such as transporting oxygen,  Oxygen hormones, nutrients and water to the cells  Infection  Blood is made up of four different substances: red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets  White blood cells  The ‘normal’ percentage of each substance in the blood  Red blood cells  Each substance has a specific function  Plasma  The function of each substance in the blood  Platelets

Knowledge Quiz

1. How many circulatory systems do we have?

1 3 4

2. Which carry blood away from the heart?

Veins

3. Which carry blood back towards the heart?

Veins

4. What is the main organ in the circulatory system?

Brain Liver Stomach

5. How many chambers does our heart have?

1 3 4

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Task: Have you ever cut yourself or seen your own blood? What did it look like? What do you think blood is made up of?

______What is blood made from? We know that blood is a major part of the circulatory system and we know that it moves around the body in blood vessels. We also know that these blood vessels are known as:  Arteries  Veins  Capillaries But what is in our blood and what do the different substances in our blood do? From the diagram you can see that our blood is made from four different but very important things. These are:  Plasma  White blood cells  Platelets  Red blood cells

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Task: Colour the hundred square to show the amount of each substance in the blood. Use the percentages on the previous page to guide you!

 The red blood cells should be red (or marked with the letter ‘R’)

 The white blood cells and platelets should be grey (or marked with the letter ‘W’)

 The plasma should be yellow (or marked with the letter ‘P’)

What does each substance in the blood do?

Red Blood Cells: Red blood cells are red in colour – they are the reason your blood is red. They transport oxygen around the body and remove the waste carbon dioxide. Red blood cells are doughnut shaped (without a hole) and are very flexible. Around 2-3million are made by your body every second and they work for approximately 120 days before being moved to the spleen or liver for recycling.

White Blood Cells: White blood cells are white in colour. Thy fight off infections in the body as well as clear away dirt and help you to heal when you cut yourself. White blood cells do not make up much of the blood but they are very important. They have a rough texture and are very flexible in their shape. A white blood cell can also be known as a leukocyte.

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Plasma: Plasma is the gloopy, liquid part of the blood and it makes up around 55% of it. The plasma in your blood is yellowish in colour although this can vary slightly in shade. Plasma is made up of water but also contains nutrients, hormones, antibodies and protein. It moves nutrients, fats and vitamins around the body and helps with the transport of carbon dioxide when it is leaving the body. It also helps with the transport of other waste products.

Platelets: Platelets make your blood clot when you cut yourself. If you blood did not clot you would bleed continuously and your body would find healing very difficult. Platelets make up a very small proportion of the blood and are small in size – around 1/5 of the size of a red blood cell. They are colourless and usually ‘plate’ shaped unless they are clotting. At these times, they can change their shape to one which is needed – sometimes they can look like an octopus with long reaching tentacles.

Task: Complete the table by describing: what each substance in the blood looks like; what each substance in the blood does; what may happen if someone did not have enough of the substance in their blood.

Substance What I look like What I do What may happen without me Red Blood Cells

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White Blood Cells

Plasma

Platelets

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Task: Which substance in the blood do you think is most important? Explain your answer: ______

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Session 3:

What role do the lungs play in the circulatory system?

Key Knowledge Key Vocabulary

 To identify the main parts of the human circulatory system.  Lungs  Describe the purpose of the lungs in the circulatory system  Circulatory system  Describe how the lungs function  Blood vessels  To explore different ways the lungs can be affected  Carbon Dioxide  Oxygen

Knowledge Quiz

1. Which of the below are found in blood?

Red Blood Cells Platelets Plasma

2. Which of the below transport oxygen around the body?

Red Blood Cells Platelets Plasma

3. Which of the below is the liquid part of the blood?

Red Blood Cells Platelets Plasma

4. Which of the below fights off infections and helps you to heal?

Red Blood Cells Platelets Plasma

5. Which of the below helps your blood to clot?

Red Blood Cells Platelets Plasma

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Task: What do you know about the lungs and their function in the circulatory system? ______

What are the different parts of the lungs? The lungs are made up of many different parts. Below you can see some of those parts:

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Task: Looking at the locations of the parts of the lungs in the previous diagram, can you match those key words to the description of their location and function?

Trachea Conducts air into the lungs. You have one main one on the right and main one on the left splitting off from the trachea.

Tiny sacks found at the very ends of the bronchioles. It is Bronchus here that oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the lungs and the bloodstream.

Bronchiole The windpipe – a tube which is around 4 inches long. It carries air down to the lungs.

Alveoli Small, narrow air passages that branch off from main bronchus. They carry air deeper into the lung tissue.

How do the lungs work? Air is taken in through our nose/mouth to the lungs where it oxygenates the blood. Carbon dioxide is also removed from the body via the lungs, nose and mouth when we breathe out. Playing a central part in this process are the lungs, two organs in the chest that work closely with the blood circulation. Breathing is the cycle of moving air into and out of the lungs. Blood is carried from the heart to the lungs by arteries. The arteries split into many branches, forming an intricate network of vessels that carry blood to the lungs’ alveoli. There, oxygen enters the blood, and carbon dioxide leaves it. In this image, the parts of the lungs are not included but you can see the position of the heart and the layers of arteries and veins. When air is breathed in, it passes down the trachea. This divides into two airways – each called a bronchus and the plural of this is bronchi. The bronchi go to the two lungs. Inside the lungs they spilt into smaller bronchi and then split into even smaller airways called bronchioles. At the ends of each of the bronchioles you have alveoli. Each lung contains millions of alveoli (they are air sacks), which are where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place between the lungs and the bloodstream. The groups of alveoli look like tiny bunches of grapes and they are surrounded by a network of capillaries. The swapping of carbon dioxide for oxygen in the lungs is called gas exchange.

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Task: Fill in the missing words in the paragraphs below. Your missing words are: gas exchange, bronchioles, lungs, trachea, circulatory, oxygen, capillaries, arteries, bronchi, carbon dioxide, blood, alveoli

To be able to breathe we need ______. The purpose of breathing is to breathe in ______and expel (or breathe out) ______.The lungs are part of the respiratory system which connects to the ______system.

When we breathe, the air travels to our lungs down the central ______which then splits into two separate ______- each taking air into the two lungs. These then branch off into even smaller bronchi and then even smaller still ______.

______is carried to the lungs by the ______and much smaller blood vessels called ______. ______are tiny sacs in our lungs which are the same shape as a bunch of grapes and are the place where oxygen is swapped with carbon dioxide. We call this swapping a ______.

Heart rate and breathing rate investigation:

Task: Complete the experiment. Equipment  Yourself  A timer or a watch/clock (can be on a smart phone or tablet) Method 1. Take you resting heart rate (when you are sat down or lying down) for a minute by pressing your fingers against your neck or wrist as shown and counting the beats. Write the beats in the table. 2. Take your breathing rate for a minute, how many breaths do you take when resting for a minute? Write the number in the table. 3. Now try so vigorous exercise on the spot (jumping jacks, burpees, running on the spot). 4. Straight away take your heart rate again. Write the number in the table. 5. Take your breathing rate again for a minute (If you have relaxed after a minute or taking your heart rate, you might need to do exercise again to ensure you are taking a breathing rate when your body is coping with exercise). Write the number in the table.

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Results Table

Before Exercise After Exercise

Breathing Rate

Heart Rate

Do you notice a pattern between your heart rate and your breathing rate? Why do you think this is?______

What can make breathing difficult?

If someone has asthma or hay fever their respiratory system is different and changes further during a particular attack. Task: Describe the differences you can see between a healthy airway, an asthmatic airway and an airway during an asthma attack:

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Session 4:

How are nutrients moved around the body?

Key Knowledge Key Vocabulary

 Our body needs nutrients to function  Nutrients  The digestive system breaks nutrients down  Water  Nutrients are transferred to the circulatory system  Digestive  The circulatory system transports nutrients around to the  Circulatory different parts of the body  System  How the nutrients are transported around the body by the  Blood vessels circulatory system

Knowledge Quiz

1. The main organ responsible for breathing is the:

Heart Lungs Stomach

2. The windpipe leading down to our lungs is the:

Alveoli Bronchi Bronchioles

3. The tiny sacks inside our lungs where gas exchange takes place are the:

Alveoli Bronchi Bronchioles

4. The larger airways leading into our lungs are the:

Alveoli Bronchi Bronchioles

5. The smallest airways branching off inside our lungs are the:

Alveoli Bronchi Bronchioles

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Task: Why do you think we need nutrients? Where do you think we get them from?

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Why does our body need nutrients? Our bodies need nutrients for many different reasons and there are also many different types of nutrients found in many different types of foods:  Carbohydrates make sure the body has energy. They also store energy and help keep our bodies warm when it is cold (insulate).  Minerals keep the body healthy. Iron is a mineral and we need it to keep oxygen moving around the body. Calcium is a mineral and we need it to keep our teeth and bones strong.  Fats are important. They also give our body the energy it needs to move.  Fibre keeps our digestive system moving. Without fibre, our food would not move through our intestines and it would be difficult to remove waste food from our body.  Protein is needed for the body to grow and repair itself.  Water keeps everything in our body functioning correctly.  Vitamins keep our body healthy. There are lots of different types of vitamin including vitamin D, vitamin C and vitamin B.

Task: Complete the table to show the function of each type of nutrient needed by our body and the show what may happen to our body if we did not have enough of that nutrient:

Why the nutrient is needed What may happen without

ates

Carbohydr 19

Minerals

Fats

Fibre

Protein

Water

Vitamins

Do you think any of the above nutrients are more important than the others? Explain your answer: ______

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How do nutrients move into our circulatory system from our digestive system? Our digestive system is the bodily system which breaks down the food we eat into the important materials our body needs. It also removes waste food from our body. The image to the left shows our digestive system and you will have look at this in more detail in a previous unit of work. In our digestive system, food travels from the mouth, down the oesophagus and into the stomach where it is churned and broken down into smaller pieces. After the stomach, the food moves into the small intestine – the long, pink tube you can see coiled up in the middle of the digestive system on the image. It is in the small intestine that the food is further broken down and the nutrients are absorbed into the circulatory system – into the blood stream – and are transported around the body.

What happens to carbohydrates, proteins and fats? Carbohydrates are broken down by something called carbohydrase enzymes. They break the carbohydrates down into sugars. These sugars give our bodies energy. Proteins are broken down by something called protease enzymes. They break the proteins down into amino acids. These amino acids are used by our bodies for growing and repairing. Fats are broken down by something called bile – this comes from the liver. They are then broken down even further by something called lipase enzymes. The fats become fatty acids and glycerol. We need these in order to have energy to move and exercise.

Task: Complete the table using the information above:

Carbohydrates Fats Proteins

Broken down by

Broken down into

How used by the body

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This is what it looks like inside the small intestine! The small intestine is a muscular tube with a number of different layers between the inside layer (mucosa) and the outside layer (serosa). You can see here that the mucosa layer is lined what looks like lots of tiny hairs. These are called villi. They are attached to veins and arteries. You can see a close-up of one below too. The muscle layer in the small intestine walls move the food particles back and forth. As they pass through the tiny villi they are absorbed by the blood vessels where they can then be transported around the body in the bloodstream.

villi serosa

vein

artery mucosa

muscle layer

Task: Explain what the small intestine looks like and what takes place inside it: ______

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Session 5: How can diet, exercise and lifestyle impact the heart and body?

Key Knowledge Key Vocabulary

 Diet can improve the health of your heart and body  Heart  Exercise can improve the health of your heart and body  Diet  Lifestyle choices can have a positive or negative impact on  Exercise your heart and body  Lifestyle  What it means to have a healthy lifestyle and make healthy  Circulatory system lifestyle choices

Knowledge Quiz

1. The organ in which nutrients pass through to our bloodstream is the:

Heart Lungs Stomach

2. The tiny hairs which cover the inside of our small intestine are called:

Alveoli Veins Villi

3. Which of the below do our bodies need?

Carbohydrates Proteins Water

4. Carbohydrates are broken down by enzymes called:

Carbohydrase Bile Lipase

5. Proteins are broken down by enzymes called:

Carbohydrase Bile Lipase

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Task: Have a look at food packaging you can find at home or at this label. Can you notice the rainbow coloured nutrient guidance on the packaging? What does this information tell you?

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What does food packaging tell us? The label on a food package tells us information about the food inside. It is colour coded to help us decide if a food is healthy or not based on the amounts of different nutrients found in that food. The percentages tell us how much of our daily allowance the food will provide. Daily allowances are how much of each nutrient or mineral a specialist thinks we should have in a day. We need certain amounts of all nutrients but going over that percentage each day by a large amount would be unhealthy rather than healthy. Task: Fill in the table. Find foods or labels from foods and use the table to note down the amounts and percentages of fats, sugars and salt. Use the notes section to say whether you think the food item is a good choice for you to eat. Remember that most foods are fine to eat as long as you don’t eat too much of them.

Food Item Fats Sugars Salt Notes

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How do fats, sugars and salt impact our body? Fats, sugars and salt can impact our body in different ways. Our body needs each of these things in order to function properly but alongside the important positives, each have negative impacts on the body if too much is consumed (eaten).

Fats can be separated into saturated fats and unsaturated fats. Saturated fats help our bodies to absorb vitamins and help to keep the right levels of sugar in our blood stream. Unsaturated fats make us feel full and can protect us against heart disease. However, too many saturated fats can cause obesity and too many unsaturated fats can also cause obesity if they are consumed in excess.

Your body needs a small amount of sugar to maintain a healthy level of sugar in the blood. You get the amount of sugar you need by eating a balanced diet – it is found in nearly all foods. You do not need to add any extra sugar to your diet in addition to this. Sugar can have many negative impacts if you continuously have too much – it can make your organs fat; it can cause obesity; can make the walls of your arteries tense; can cause heart disease and also makes you feel hungry and so you may overeat.

Salt is also found in most foods. Some of the salt in your body helps to make sure all of your bodily processes work effectively. It also keeps your blood pressure at the right level. If you have too much salt in your body it can cause your kidneys to stop working properly and over time this will damage them. Too much salt also puts a lot of pressure on your arteries and causes them to shrink – this would mean your blood pressure would not be at the level it should be. 25

Task: Complete the table using the information above to show the positives and negatives associated with saturated fats, unsaturated fats, sugars and salt:

Positives Negatives

Saturated Fats

Unsaturated Fats

Sugars

Salt

Task: Using what you know about the positives and negatives of fats, saturated fats, sugars and salt, decide whether the information on this food label shows it is good for you or bad for you. Explain your thinking:

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How does exercise keep us healthy? Exercise is an important way to keep healthy and lower your risk of heart disease. Exercising for 30 minutes or more on most days can help you keep to a healthy weight and even lower the blood pressure. Just as exercise strengthens other muscles in your body, it helps your heart muscle become more efficient and better able to pump blood throughout your body. This means that the heart pushes out more blood with each beat, allowing it to beat slower but with more impact each time. This keeps your blood pressure under control. When you exercise regularly, your body's tissue (including the heart) does a better job of pulling oxygen from your blood. This allows your heart to work better under stress and keeps you from getting out of breath during high-intensity activities. Task: Create a daily lifestyle instruction leaflet for you and your friend and family. This should include details of diet and exercise. To be persuasive, you must include details on why these are important and the changes it can make to the heart and body:

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Session 6: What impact do drugs have on the human body?

Key Knowledge Key Vocabulary

 Drugs impact on the way a human body functions  Drugs  Certain drugs can be used for positive effect in the  Addiction form of medicine  Medicine  Certain drugs have a negative effect on the body and health  Alcohol  We can classify drugs by their effect  Cigarettes  Good lifestyle choices can support a healthy body  Stimulant  Depressant  Analgesic  Hallucinogen

Knowledge Quiz

1. We can find out about the different nutrients in food by reading the packaging:

False

2. Fats can be split into which two groups:

Saturated Fats Salt Fats Unsaturated Fats

3. Too much of which can make organs fat and can actually make you feel hungry?

Saturated Fats Salt Unsaturated Fats

4. Too much of which can cause your kidneys to stop working properly?

Saturated Fats Salt Unsaturated Fats

5. At least how many minutes of exercise should you try to do each day?

10 Minutes 30 Minutes One Hour

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Task: What do you think drugs are? Write your ideas down: ______

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Task: Read each of the statements and decide whether or not you think it is fact or a myth (fiction). Write fact or myth in the column next to the statement. You can then find the answers at the end of this session.

Statement Fact or Myth? If it’s a prescription, it must be safe; you can’t get addicted to something your doctor prescribes. ‘Natural’ drugs are safer than man-made synthetic ones.

If you have a good job and family life, you can’t be a drug or alcohol addict.

Drug addiction is a choice.

You just need to stop taking drugs or stop drinking and you will be fine.

Legal drugs (cigarettes, alcohol, etc.) are not harmful.

There are alcohol limits when driving, but you can take drugs and drive.

Just trying a drug once won’t make me an addict or do me any harm.

Legal or Illegal? A drug is the name given to any substance that has an effect on your body when it enters your body systems. All drugs contain different chemicals which can come from natural or man- made sources. Some drugs are legal (which means the law states we are allowed to take them) and some drugs are illegal (which means the law states we are not allowed to take them). Different countries have different laws for different drugs. Some are legal in some places but are not legal in others.

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Legal drugs include medicines like cough syrup and painkillers such as paracetamol and ibuprofen. Tea and coffee which contain caffeine are also classed as legal drugs. If used properly, these drugs are not considered harmful and they do not have serious side effects on the body – this means they do not anything negative or harmful to the body. However, if you take too many of them they can become dangerous. Prescribed drugs are those which you have been given to you by a doctor. Only a doctor can give you access to these drugs. They are legal if you access them this way. The reason you cannot go and simply buy them is because they can have harmful side effects if they are not used properly and they may cause problems for some people. Only a doctor will be able to see if the drugs are right for you. Prescribed drugs can be addictive and doctors will make sure you have the right amount. Alcohol is also a drug. It is legal in some countries and illegal in others. There are also restrictions around how much you should have and how old you are before you are allowed to drink it – only adults aged 18 and above are able to buy alcohol. Alcohol is a drug made from grains, fruits and vegetables which are then processed. People drink because it can help them to feel more relaxed and in some countries it is a sociable thing to do. However too much alcohol can cause many problems: loss of control in sensible thoughts; loss of control of the body and speech; memory loss; a possible increase in violent behaviour; a feeling of being sick. If someone drinks too much alcohol for many years it can also cause: high blood pressure; liver damage; stomach damage and addiction. In addition to alcohol, cigarettes are legal drugs but also come with restrictions on where can buy them and how old you need to be before you are allowed to buy them. Only adults over the age of 18 are able to buy cigarettes. Smoking was very popular in the past before people were made aware of how dangerous it can be. Now many people have stopped smoking as they know smoking can cause damage to the body: they increase the chances of developing lung cancer (as well as other cancers) and can cause heart disease. Smoking is also very addictive. Warnings are now found on the packets of cigarettes in both picture and written form. Smoking inside public places is also banned as is it dangerous to breathe in the smoke from a cigarette someone else is smoking. Illegal drugs are drugs that should not be taken. People who do take, buy or sell these drugs are breaking the law and are doing so by choice. Drug dealers are criminals. Some illegal drugs are: ecstasy, heroin, cocaine and cannabis. Illegal drugs are very addictive and very dangerous – that is why they are illegal. You can damage your body or even die from taking an illegal drug. People take them for fun or because they are bored or because they think they will make them feel good. Some people even take them because they think they have to because their friends are taking them but they do not. You should never take an illegal drugs.

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Task: Tick to show whether the drug is legal, legal but has some restrictions or illegal:

Drug Legal Legal with Illegal Restrictions Coffee

Alcohol

Cannabis

Tea

Prescription Drugs

Ecstasy

Cough Medicine

Cocaine

Paracetamol

Heroin

Cigarettes

Task: What do you think you can or should do if you are offered any drugs? Why? ______

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______

Task: Design a poster to share the dangers of both illegal and legal drugs with others:

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Answers to fact or myth statements:

 Myth #1: Although many medications are perfectly safe if taken in the prescribed dosage for a short period of time, prolonged use can be dangerous and even addictive. Some prescription drugs are especially hazardous if the user exceeds the prescribed dosage or takes a combination of drugs. You should never take something that has been prescribed for someone else.  Myth #2: Natural drugs affect your brain and produce dangerous side effects just as much as synthetic drugs.  Myth #3: Drugs affect people from all kinds of backgrounds.  Myth #4 Using drugs is a choice, but when using drugs over a prolonged period of time your body and brain chemistry changes - when this happens, you become an addict and cannot control your usage  Myth #5: An addict will likely need help to do this and in fact a sudden and rapid ‘detox’ program can be highly dangerous (even fatal). You cannot be ‘cured’ from an addiction as it is a chronic illness. However, you can manage it, usually with help.  Myth #6: Legal drugs are harmful AND addictive, they are just legal. Legal in one country also doesn’t mean that it is legal in another country.  Myth #7: Many prescription drugs say that you shouldn’t drive as they can impair your abilities, reactions and judgements.  Myth #8: Just trying a drug once may not initially form an addition but over time it can lead to addiction. One dose of a drug could also kill you or leave you seriously ill – especially if you don’t know what else has been added to it.

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