Draft Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act Report

Photograph by Kevin Foster, USFWS

DRAFT FISH AND WILDLIFE COORDINATION ACT REPORT

KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR OAHU, HAWAII

DECEMBER 2007 DRAFT FISH AND WILDLIFE COORDINATION ACT REPORT

KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR OAHU, HAWAII

Prepared by

Mr. Kevin Foster, Dr. Zac Forsman and Ms. Nadiera Sukhraj U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office Honolulu, HI

Prepared for

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Honolulu District Fort Shafter, Hawaii

December 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ...... 1 Authority, Purpose and Scope...... 1 Prior Fish and Wildlife Service Studies and Reports...... 2

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AREA...... 5

FISH AND WILDLIFE RESOURCE CONCERNS AND PLANNING OBJECTIVES ...... 6

EVALUATION METHODOLOGY ...... 8 Marine Biological Assessment ...... 8 Algae...... 9 Corals ...... 9 Macroinvertebrates ...... 10 Reef Fish ...... 10

DESCRIPTION OF FISH AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES ...... 13 Existing Marine Resources...... 13 Jetty Site: Nearshore reef flat habitat (Survey Stations 1, 2, 3 and 4) Survey Station 1...... 14 Survey Station 2...... 15 Survey Station 3...... 16 Survey Station 4...... 17 Northwest of Entrance Channel: Porites sp. and shelf pavement habitats (Survey Stations 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11) Survey Station 5...... 18 Survey Station 6...... 20 Survey Station 7...... 21 Survey Station 8...... 22 Survey Station 9...... 24 Survey Station 10...... 25 Survey Station 11...... 26 Southeast of Entrance Channel: Porites sp., Pocillopora sp. and shelf pavement habitats (Survey Stations 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16) Survey Station 12...... 28 Survey Station 13...... 29 Survey Station 14...... 30 Survey Station 15...... 31 Survey Station 16...... 33 Entrance Channel: Reef crest habitat (Survey Stations 17, 18 and 19) Survey Station 17...... 34 Survey Station 18...... 35 Survey Station 19...... 37

Community Level Patterns ...... 38 Future without the Project...... 39

DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVES EVALUATED ...... 40 Alternative 1: Harbor and Channel Deepening (200 Anchor Point System)...... 42 Alternative 2: Harbor and Channel Deepening (200 Anchor Point System) with Jetty Parallel to the Entrance Channel (Preferred Alternative): ...... 42 Alternative 3: Harbor and Channel Deepening (200 Anchor Point System) with Jetty Angled to the Entrance Channel ...... 42 Alternative 4: Harbor and Channel Deepening (30 Pile Anchor System)...... 43 Alternative 5: Harbor Channel Deepening (30 Pile Anchor System) with Jetty Parallel to Entrance Channel...... 43 Alternative 6: Harbor Channel Deepening (30 Pile Anchor System) with Jetty Angled to Entrance Channel ...... 43 Alternative 7: No Action...... 43

PROJECT IMPACTS ...... 46 Methods for estimating project impacts...... 47 Alternative 1: Harbor and Channel Deepening (200 Anchor Point System)...... 48 Alternative 2: Harbor and Channel Deepening (200 Anchor Point System) with Jetty Parallel to the Entrance Channel (Preferred Alternative): ...... 50 Alternative 3: Harbor and Channel Deepening (200 Anchor Point System) with Jetty Angled to the Entrance Channel ...... 52 Alternative 4: Harbor and Channel Deepening (30 Pile Anchor System)...... 54 Alternative 5: Harbor Channel Deepening (30 Pile Anchor System) with Jetty Parallel to Entrance Channel...... 56 Alternative 6: Harbor Channel Deepening (30 Pile Anchor System) with Jetty Angled to Entrance Channel ...... 58 Alternative 7: No Action...... 60 Impact Analysis Results...... 60

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE RECOMMENDATIONS...... 62 Ensuring Success of Implemented Compensatory Mitigation...... 63 Suggested Projects for Compensatory Mitigation ...... 63 Scientific Monitoring of Compensatory Mitigation ...... 64 Performance Standards for Compensatory Mitigation ...... 65 Effectiveness of Implemented Compensatory Mitigation ...... 65 Best Management Practices: Impact Avoidance and Minimization...... 65

SUMMARY AND FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE POSITION ...... 67

REFERENCES CITED...... 68

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Map of the Pacific Ocean...... 71

Figure 2 Island of Oahu, Hawaii...... 72

Figure 3 Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu...... 73

Figure 4 Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Deep Draft Harbor with survey stations in proposed project area...... 74

Figure 5 Entrance channel, turning basin, and proposed jetty (North Entrance Channel) at the Kalaeloa Barbers Point Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii...... 75

Figure 6 Footprint of proposed jetty (north entrance channel) at Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii...... 76

Figure 7 Proposed Jetty Profiles at Kalaeloa Barbers Point Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii...... 77

Figure 8 Alternative 1: 200 Anchor Point System + Channel Dredging ...... 78

Figure 9 Alternative 2: 200 Anchor Point System + Channel Dredging + Parallel Jetty...... 79

Figure 10 Alternative 3: 200 Anchor Point System + Channel Dredging + Angled Jetty ...... 80

Figure 11 Alternative 4: 30 Piling Anchoring System + Channel Dredging ...... 81

Figure 12 Alternative 5: 30 Piling Anchoring System + Channel Dredging + Parallel Jetty...... 82

Figure 13 Alternative 6: 30 Piling Anchoring System + Channel Dredging + Angled Jetty...... 83

Figure 14 Bathymetry map for proposed construction site, Kalaeloa Barbers Point Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii...... 84

Figure 15 Anchor point area impacts to coral habitat. (Source: Ron Pang ACOE, 2007)...... 85

LIST OF TABLES

Table I. Harbor and Entrance Channel Deepening Alternatives...... 45

Table II. Estimate of channel wall impacts ...... 48

Table III. Alternative 1: Entrance channel dredge impacts: Summary of project-related impacts to coral reef habitat...... 50

Table IV. Alternative 2: Entrance channel and jetty dredge and fill impacts (parallel): Summary of project-related impacts to coral reef habitat...... 52

Table V. Alternative 3: Entrance channel and jetty dredge and fill impacts (angled): Summary of project-related impacts to coral reef habitat...... 54

Table VI. Alternative 4: Entrance channel dredge impacts: Summary of project-related impacts to coral reef habitat...... 56

Table VII. Alternative 5: Entrance channel and jetty dredge and fill impacts (parallel): Summary of project-related impacts to coral reef habitat...... 58

Table VIII. Alternative 6: Entrance channel and jetty dredge and fill impacts (angled): Summary of project-related impacts to coral reef habitat...... 60

Table IX. Alternatives 1-6: Summary of Temporary and Permanent Construction Impacts ...... 61

Table 1. Marine plant species observed for 19 survey stations at Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, May 8-July 6, 2007 ...... 86

Table 2a. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10m2 transects at Station 1, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, May 8, 2007 ...... 88

Table 2b. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10m2 transects at Station 2, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, May 8, 2007 ...... 89

Table 2c. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10m2 transects at Station 3, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, July 6, 2007 ...... 90

Table 2d. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10m2 transects at Station 4, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, July 6, 2007 ...... 91

LIST OF TABLES (Continued)

Table 2e. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10m2 transects at Station 5, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 19, 2007 ...... 92

Table 2f. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10m2 transects at Station 6, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 19, 2007 ...... 93

Table 2g. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10m2 transects at Station 7, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 19, 2007 ...... 94

Table 2h. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10m2 transects at Station 8, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 19, 2007 ...... 95

Table 2i. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10m2 transects at Station 9, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 7, 2007 ...... 96

Table 2j. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10m2 transects at Station 10, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 7, 2007 ...... 97

Table 2k. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10m2 transects at Station 11, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 7, 2007 ...... 98

Table 2l. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10m2 transects at Station 12, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 7, 2007 ...... 99

Table 2m. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10m2 transects at Station 13, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June18, 2007 ...... 100

Table 2n. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10m2 transects at Station 14, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 18, 2007 ...... 101

Table 2o. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10m2 transects at Station 15, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 18, 2007 ...... 102

iii

LIST OF TABLES (Continued)

Table 2p. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10m2 transects at Station 16, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 18, 2007 ...... 103

Table 2q. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10m2 transects at Station 17, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 29, 2007 ...... 104

Table 2r. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10m2 transects at Station 18, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 29, 2007 ...... 105

Table 2s. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10m2 transects at Station 1, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 29, 2007 ...... 106

Table 3a. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 1, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, May 8, 2007 ...... 107

Table 3b. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 2, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, May 8, 2007 ...... 108

Table 3c. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 3, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, July 6, 2007 ...... 109

Table 3d. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 4, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, July 6, 2007 ...... 110

Table 3e. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 5, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 19, 2007 ...... 111

Table 3f. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 6, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 19, 2007 ...... 112

Table 3g. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 7, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 19, 2007 ...... 113

LIST OF TABLES (Continued)

Table 3h. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 8, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 19, 2007 ...... 114

Table 3i. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 9, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 7, 2007 ...... 115

Table 3j. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 10, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 7, 2007 ...... 116

Table 3k. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 11, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 7, 2007 ...... 117

Table 3l. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 12, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 7, 2007 ...... 118

Table 3m. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 13, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 18, 2007 ...... 119

Table 3n. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 14, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 18, 2007 ...... 120

Table 3o. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 15, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 18, 2007 ...... 121

Table 3p. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 16, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 18, 2007 ...... 122

Table 3q. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 17, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 29, 2007 ...... 123

Table 3r. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 18, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 29, 2007 ...... 124

LIST OF TABLES continued

Table 3s. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 19, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 29, 2007 ...... 125

Table 4a. Macroinvertebrate species observed at 19 survey stations at Barbers Point (Kaleaola) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, May 8-July 6, 2007 ...... 126

Table 4b. Macroinvertebrate species abundance data for 19 survey stations at Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, May 8-July 6, 2007 ...... 126

Table 5. Reef fish species observed during roving diver survey for 19 survey stations at Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, May 8-July 6, 2007...... 133

Table 6a. Reef fish species total density and biomass observed at nineteen survey stations at Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, May 8-July 6, 2007...... 138

Table 6b. Reef fish species average density and biomass observed at two 25m2 Transects at Station 1, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, May 8, 2007 ...... 139

Table 6c. Reef fish species average density and biomass observed at two 25m2 transects at Station 2, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, May 8, 2007 ...... 139

Table 6d. Reef fish species average density and biomass observed at two 25m2 transects at Station 3, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, July 6, 2007...... 140

Table 6e. Reef fish species average density and biomass observed at two 25m2 transects at Station 4, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, July 6, 2007...... 141

Table 6f. Reef fish species average density and biomass observed at two 25m2 transects at Station 5, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 19, 2007...... 142

Table 6g. Reef fish species average density and biomass observed at two 25m2 transects at Station 6, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 19, 2007 ...... 143

LIST OF TABLES continued

Table 6h. Reef fish species average density and biomass observed at two 25m2 transects at Station 7, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 19, 2007 ...... 144

Table 6i. Reef fish species average density and biomass observed at two 25m2 transects at Station 8, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 19, 2007 ...... 145

Table 6j. Reef fish species average density and biomass observed at two 25m2 transects at Station 9, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 7, 2007 ...... 146

Table 6k. Reef fish species average density and biomass observed at two 25m2 transects at Station 10, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 7, 2007 ...... 147

Table 6l. Reef fish species average density and biomass observed at two 25m2 transects at Station 11, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 7, 2007 ...... 148

Table 6m. Reef fish species average density and biomass observed at two 25m2 transects at Station 12, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 7, 2007 ...... 149

Table 6n. Reef fish species average density and biomass observed at two 25m2 transects at Station 13, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 18, 2007 ...... 150

Table 6o. Reef fish species average density and biomass observed at two 25m2 transects at Station 14, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 18, 2007 ...... 150

Table 6p. Reef fish species average density and biomass observed at two 25m2 transects at Station 15, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 18, 2007 ...... 151

Table 6q. Reef fish species average density and biomass observed at two 25m2 transects at Station 16, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 18, 2007 ...... 152

Table 6r. Reef fish species average density and biomass observed at two 25m2 transects at Station 17, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 29, 2007 ...... 153

vii

LIST OF TABLES continued

Table 6s. Reef fish species average density and biomass observed at two 25m2 transects at Station 18, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 29, 2007 ...... 154

Table 6t. Reef fish species average density and biomass observed at two 25m2 transects at Station 19, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 29, 2007 ...... 155

viii

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1. Marine Photographs by Survey Station ...... I-1

APPENDIX 2. Relationships between community variables for Barber’s Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii...... II-1

APPENDIX 3. Coral, Algae and Invertebrate Maps for Barber’s Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii...... III-1

APPENDIX 4. Reef Fish Distribution Maps for Barber’s Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii...... IV-1

ix KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

INTRODUCTION

Authority, Purpose and Scope

This is the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's (Service’s) draft report on plans developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) for harbor modifications at Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Deep Draft Harbor on the island of Oahu in the State of Hawaii. This report has been prepared under the authority of the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1934 [16 U.S.C. 661 et seq.; 48 Stat. 401], as amended (FWCA), and other authorities mandating Department of the Interior (DOI) concern for environmental values. This report is also consistent with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 [42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.; 83 Stat. 852], as amended (NEPA). The purpose of this report is to document existing fish and wildlife resources at the proposed project site and to insure that fish and wildlife conservation receives equal consideration with other proposed project objectives as required under the FWCA. The report includes an assessment of conspicuous diurnal fish and wildlife resources at the proposed project site, an evaluation of potential impacts associated with the proposed alternative actions, and recommendations for fish and wildlife mitigation measures.

The proposed Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor Modification project is authorized under Section 103 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1965 (Public Law 89-298), in accordance with provisions contained in House Document No. 93, 89th Congress, lst Session. This civil works project is sponsored by the Corps in partnership with the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation, Harbors Division. The overall purpose of the project is to modify the existing Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor to service vessels carrying larger cargo loads than those the harbor was originally constructed to accommodate. Proposed modifications to Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor include deepening the entrance channel and basin and construction of a jetty on the north side of the entrance channel.

The existing harbor includes an entrance channel that is 1,426 meters (m) (4,280 feet [ft]) long, 150 m (450 ft) wide, and 12 m (40 ft) deep; and an inshore basin that is approximately 92 acres in area and 11.6 m (38 ft) deep. The harbor is currently able to accommodate vessels of the Enterprise Class with specifications that include: 240 m (720 ft) length, 31 m (95 ft) beam, and 11 m (34 ft) loaded draft.

Current users of Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor have indicated the need for harbor modifications to service ships with larger cargo loads than originally anticipated. Depth limitations result in transportation inefficiencies since vessels are restricted in the amount of cargo they can carry when entering the harbor. Also, vessels are restricted from entering and exiting the harbor due to adverse weather conditions and reversing tidal currents (e.g., strong long-shore currents) and must wait for favorable conditions (Parsons et al., 2001). These limitations and delays result in higher transportation costs that are ultimately passed on to the consumer. Proposed plans have been altered several times before arrival at a final preferred action for harbor modifications. Components of the preferred action, which would allow vessels to carry greater cargo loads in and out of the harbor in most weather conditions, include: 1 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

a. deepening the basin to 12 m (42 ft), b. deepening the entrance channel to 12.8 m (44 ft), and c. constructing a 125-m (375-ft) long jetty on north side of the harbor entrance.

Service biologists have discussed the proposed project with staff of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS); the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Aquatic Resources (DAR); and the Hawaii Office of State Planning, Coastal Zone Management Program (CZMP). Concerns relative to the protection and conservation of important fish and wildlife resources at Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor expressed by DAR and CZMP were incorporated into this FWCA report. Copies of this report are being provided to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); the Clean Water Branch (CWB), Hawaii Department of Health; NMFS; DAR; CZMP; and the Department of Land Utilization, City and County of Honolulu.

Prior Fish and Wildlife Service Studies and Reports

In September 1975, the Service provided comments to the Corps on preconstruction studies for improvements to Honolulu Harbor and for a new Barber’s Point Deep Draft Harbor. The Service recommended that construction-related planning address concerns for federally listed endangered and threatened species, migratory shorebirds, and marine resources at the proposed project site. Specifically, the Service recommended that planning address impacts to the federally endangered Hawaiian stilt (Himantopus mexicanus knudseni); migratory shorebirds including the Pacific golden plover (Pluvialis.fulva), wandering tattler (Heteroscellus incanus), ruddy turnstone (Arenaria interpres), and sanderling (Calidris alba); and important baitfish, such as the anchovy (Stolephorus purpureus), locally known as nehu.

In May 1976, the Service reviewed the Corps’ draft Environmental Statement and draft Phase I General Design Memorandum--Plan Formulation for Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Deep Draft Harbor. The Service recommended that potential impacts to the marine environment from the proposed stockpiling of approximately 10 million cubic yards of coralline material be analyzed. Also, the Service requested that the draft be expanded to specifically assess the potential stockpiling impacts to fish and wildlife trust resources.

In June 1976, the Service attended a Corps-sponsored meeting to discuss a circulation study concerning the proposed project at Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor. Discussion focused on development of a mathematical model to determine flushing rates and sediment transportation. Also, the Corps stated at this meeting that it would require employment of cutter-head technology to conduct dredging activities.

In July 1977, the Service reviewed a Conservation District Use Application for the proposed dredging of Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Deep Draft Harbor. The Service recommended that the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources consider employing silt curtains to prohibit the release of silt from the harbor to the open ocean.

2 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

In November 1977, the Service responded to a Draft Environmental Impact Statement for Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Deep Draft Harbor, which was released by the Hawaii Department of Transportation. The Service recommended guidelines for transplanting and propagating the plants Achyranthes spelendens var. rotundata and Euphorbia skottsbergii var. kalaeloana. The Service also recommended special consideration for two species of shrimp, Triops longicaudatus and Halocaridina rubra, both found in the nationally unique anchialine pools of Hawaii. Finally, the Service recommended safety guidelines for the prevention of and response to oil spills as a result of construction-related activities within the project site.

In January 1979, the Service responded to a Corps public notice (December 1978) concerning the placement of temporary fill at the mouth of the proposed Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Deep Draft Harbor and construction of a wave absorber around the harbor periphery. The Service recommended the Corps implement measures to collect silt resulting from construction activities, reduce turbidity and erosion at the project site, and ensure that petroleum products or similar contaminants be controlled so that they do not enter the water.

In September 1982, the Service concluded formal consultation under section 7 of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) with the issuance of a biological opinion concerning the construction and operation of the proposed Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Deep Draft Harbor. In the opinion, the Service concluded that the proposed harbor project would not likely jeopardize the continued existence of E. skottsbergii var. kalaeloana.

In March 1983, the Service responded to a Corps request to review the Environmental Assessment for Changes in the Procedures for Construction of the proposed Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Deep Draft Harbor (December 1982). The Service recommended that future dredging projects employ cutter-head equipped pipeline dredges to reduce suspended sediments and avoid the need for blasting. The Service recommended employing barges instead of temporarily stockpiling dredged material on the reef.

In August 1983, the Corps asked the Service to comment on a copy of the Environmental Assessment for Remedial Offshore Blasting to Augment Auguring Operations at Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Deep Draft Harbor. The Service responded by recommending the Corps conduct pre- and post-blast reconnaissance surveys of the affected areas to insure that endangered and threatened species would not be harmed and to estimate the impacts of each blast to reef fish populations.

In June 1987, the Service conducted a site visit at Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Deep Draft Harbor. The objective was to ascertain the extent that marine life could recover in the harbor basin, based on biological factors, not habitat acreage. The report concluded that the harbor floor would likely provide habitat for infaunal invertebrates, and that corals, benthic algal communities, or reef fish might colonize the vertical surfaces around the harbor only if the existing fine sediment layer in the harbor was flushed by outward flowing currents.

In October 1995, the Corps requested information on federally listed, proposed, and candidate endangered or threatened species that may be present at the Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Deep Draft Harbor facility. The Service responded by providing the Corps with a species list, noting that the 3 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

endangered Hawaiian black-necked stilt (Himantopus mexicanus knudseni) was not known to occur at the site, but that it may be attracted from nearby areas by sedimentation ponds created to dewater dredged material. We also informed the Corps that two endangered plants, A. splendens var. rotundata and Chamaesyce (formerly Euphorbia) skottsbergii var. skottsbergii occur in the Ewa Plain area but are not present at the harbor site. The Service recommended no excavated materials be stockpiled in any areas that would impact these plants. Although threatened green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) are not known to nest on Oahu, they are known to frequent nearshore waters fronting the harbor, and the Service recommended that NMFS be contacted for project-related concerns regarding this species.

In February 1996, Corps, Service, and NMFS representatives met to discuss preconstruction planning for the proposed Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Deep Draft Harbor project. The following proposed modifications of the harbor were considered: deepening the existing turning basin and entrance channel, flaring the seaward end of the existing entrance channel, and constructing a jetty extending seaward from the shoreline on the north side of the channel. Major wildlife concerns identified at the meeting included coral-reef habitat loss due to entrance channel flaring and jetty construction, coral-reef habitat degradation due to turbidity resulting from blasting and dredging in the basin and channel, and adverse impacts to sea turtles and humpback whales from blasting. It was concluded that new surveys recommended in a Service Planning Aid Letter would form the basis for an updated fish and wildlife investigation authorized under section 2(b) of the FWCA.

In May 1996, the Corps produced the Barber’s Point Harbor Modification Study, Island of Oahu, Hawaii: Reconnaissance Report (Corps 1996). This report provided details for three alternatives to accomplish modifications to the harbor, as discussed at the February 1996 meeting.

In November 1997, the Service produced a Draft FWCA report for the Corps’ Barber’s Point Deep Draft Harbor Modification Study, Island of Oahu, Hawaii. The focus of the report was to evaluate proposed project-related activities and their potential to impact trust fish and wildlife resources that occur within the project area.

In November 1998, the Corps produced an Environmental Assessment (Environmental Impact Statement Preparation Notice) for Modifications to Barber’s Point Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii. The Service recommended that the document discuss ecological impacts of the proposed modifications for each of the alternative actions presented and that particular attention be given to addressing potential impacts to endangered and threatened species, coral, algae, migratory birds, and rare, native species.

In July 2000, the Service concluded informal section 7 consultation under the ESA for proposed modifications to Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Deep Draft Harbor. Although one federally listed water-bird and two listed plants occur in the vicinity of the project, the Service concurred with the Corps’ finding that the proposed action is not likely to adversely affect H. mexicanus knudseni, A. splendens var. rotundata, and C. skottsbergii var. skottsbergii.

In August 2000, the Corps produced a Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (Draft SEIS) on Modifications to Barber’s Point (Kalaeloa) Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii. Three 4 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

different construction alternatives were addressed. The Service recommended improved analyses to evaluate construction-related impacts to coral reef resources and impacts to coral larvae as a result of increased sediment levels in the water column due to dredging. The Service recommended that marine debris removal be considered as potential mitigation for lost coral reef resources associated with project construction-related activities.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AREA

The proposed project area is on the island of Oahu (Figure 1). One of the oldest of the main Hawaiian Islands, Oahu is located in the southeastern portion of the 1,600-mile Hawaiian archipelago. The island of Oahu is at 21"18'06" North Latitude and 158"04'24" West Longitude, between the islands of Kauai, to the northwest, and Molokai, to the southeast. The land area of the island is approximately 607 square miles.

Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor is located on the southwest (leeward) side of Oahu where the climate is dry and warm (Figure 2). Trade winds prevail from the northeast with occasional “Kona winds” from the southeast, averaging between 6 and 17 miles-per-hour (Parsons 1995). The average annual daily minimum and maximum temperatures at Kalaeloa (Barber’s Point) recorded at the U.S. Magnetic Observatory range between 18 and 29 degrees Celsius (65-85 degrees Fahrenheit). Annual rainfall varies between 10 and 30 inches, with much of the rainfall occurring during the winter months. Severe storm events impacting the project site, especially storms tracking from the west and south, are more likely to occur during the winter months.

Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor is approximately 20 miles west of downtown Honolulu. The harbor occupies an area of about 310 acres. It is bounded on its northern side by the Ko Olina Resort, to the east and south by the Campbell Industrial Park, and to the west by the ocean (Figure 3). The coastal waters offshore of Kalaeloa (Barber’s Point) are used for recreational boating and fishing activities.

The Hawaii DAR has indicated that the dominant fishing activities at Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor include pole and line fishing from shore (Dave Gulko, Pers. Comm.). Targeted organisms include jacks, pufferfish, surgeonfish, and other reef fish. Also, West Beach Marina, a component of Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor, is an important docking facility for recreational boats that frequent the surrounding reefs outside the harbor. The Hawaii DAR notes that the reefs surrounding the harbor are exceptionally rich and support a diverse community of marine organisms. The Hawaii DAR has identified the presence of very large and presumably old Porites lobata coral colonies that occur in the project area and has urged that these colonies be protected from possible negative impacts as a result of the proposed construction-related activities.

On February 2, 2005, the M/V Cape Flattery, a 555 ft bulk carrier vessel, ran aground on coral reef habitat several hundred meters south of the entrance channel to Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor. The primary impact to coral reef resources included direct physical impacts from the weight of the vessel on the reef and from the tow-lines that were used to remove the vessel from the reef. Several acres of reef habitat were crushed as the vessel shifted position on the reef 5 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report before it was eventually pulled off the reef by tug boats. A second type of injury to coral reef resources occurred during the vessel removal process, when slackened tow-lines lay across the reef, clipping corals and abrading the reef substrate over several acres. Currently, the evaluation of impacts to and restoration of coral reef resources from the grounding event is ongoing. A Natural Resource Damage Assessment is being coordinated among several state and federal natural resource agencies, including DAR, NMFS, and the Service.

FISH AND WILDLIFE RESOURCE CONCERNS AND PLANNING OBJECTIVES

The Service's primary concerns with the proposed project include potential impacts to endangered species and other fish and wildlife resources and their habitats from dredging and filling activities in the marine environment. Specific Service planning objectives are to maintain and enhance the existing significant habitat values at the proposed project site by (1) obtaining basic biological data for the proposed project site, (2) evaluating and analyzing the impacts of proposed-project alternatives on fish and wildlife resources and their habitats, (3) identifying the proposed-project alternative least damaging to fish and wildlife resources, and (4) recommending mitigation for unavoidable project-related habitat losses consistent with the FWCA and the Service's Mitigation Policy.

Under the authority of the ESA, the Department of the Interior and the Department of Commerce share responsibility for the conservation, protection, and recovery of federally listed endangered and threatened species. Authority to conduct consultations has been delegated by the Secretary of the Interior to the Director of the Service and by the Secretary of Commerce to the Assistant Administrator for Fisheries of the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Section 7(a)(2) of the ESA requires federal agencies, in consultation with and with the assistance of the Service or NMFS, to insure that any action authorized, funded, or carried out by such agency is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any listed species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of designated critical habitats. The Biological Opinion is the document that states the opinion of the Service or NMFS as to whether the federal action is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of listed species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat.

The Service's Mitigation Policy (Service, 1981) outlines internal guidance for evaluating project impacts affecting fish and wildlife resources. The Mitigation Policy complements the Service's participation under NEPA and the FWCA. The Service's Mitigation Policy was formulated with the intent of protecting and conserving the most important fish and wildlife resources while facilitating balanced development of this nation's natural resources. The policy focuses primarily on habitat values and identifies four resource categories and mitigation guidelines. The resource categories are the following: a. Resource Category 1: Habitat to be impacted is of high value for the evaluation species and is unique and irreplaceable on a national basis or in the ecoregion section. b. Resource Category 2: Habitat to be impacted is of high value for the evaluation species and is relatively scarce or becoming scarce on a national basis or in the ecoregion section. 6 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

c. Resource Category 3: Habitat to be impacted is of high to medium value for the evaluation species and is relatively abundant on a national basis.

d. Resource Category 4: Habitat to be impacted is of medium to low value for the evaluation species.

The coral reef fronting Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor is the habitat of major concern. Coral reef habitat, including sub-habitats such as sea urchin bore holes, crevices, ledges, overhangs, and depressions in the reef, comprise the biological community within the proposed project site and represents the major habitat of concern. The institutional significance of U.S. coral reefs has been established through their designation as Special Aquatic Sites under the Clean Water Act (40 CFR Part 230 §230.44/FR v.45n.249) (CWA) and as a Federal Trust Resource (Executive Order [E.O.] 13089 on Coral Reef Protection). These areas possess special ecological characteristics of diversity, productivity, habitat, wildlife protection, easily disrupted biological integrity, and contribute to the general overall environmental health or vitality of an entire ecosystem of a region.

Coral reefs are relatively scarce on a national basis and are currently in a world-wide state of decline (Wilkinson 2004). In Hawaii, coral reefs have been subjected to extensive historical and recent adverse impacts, and the extent of healthy and productive coral reefs has declined, particularly for several main Hawaiian islands (e.g., Oahu, Maui, and Molokai Islands) (Waddel 2005). The Service considers most coral reef habitat in the U.S. Pacific to fall under either the Resource Category 1 or 2 designations. The coral reef at the proposed project site is considered Resource Category 2 habitat. The Service’s resource goal for Category 2 habitat is no net loss of in-kind habitat values. Under this designation, the Service will recommend ways to mitigate losses, through measures to avoid or minimize significant adverse impacts. In the event losses are unavoidable, measures to immediately rectify, reduce, or eliminate losses commensurate with project permitting, licensing or implementation will be recommended under the FWCA as necessary compensation for the replacement of in-kind habitat values. An effective and verifiable mitigation program planned and executed by the project proponent is required under NEPA and the CWA.

For the purpose of this report and analysis, “coral reef habitat” at the proposed project site is represented by five primary habitat types: nearshore reef flat habitat, Porites sp. habitat, Pocillopora sp. habitat, shelf pavement habitat, and reef crest habitat. Other physical features, such as sand, sea urchin bore holes or channels, ledges, overhangs and crevices are described as sub-habitats that occur within one of the primary habitat types.

Corals were selected as a primary evaluation species for this analysis. Although coral polyps are very small and sensitive, coral colonies are fundamentally important in providing the basic foundation for habitat that supports other invertebrates and reef fishes. Corals contribute a large amount of the calcareous raw material that forms and maintains the basic structural framework of the reef. Coral colonies add significantly to the submarine topographic relief in which a large number of fish and invertebrate species find shelter and food. Coral polyps themselves are an important food source for some fishes and other marine life.

7 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Reef fish, algae, and non-coral invertebrates were also selected as evaluation species for the habitats that may be affected by the proposed project. The species assemblages selected for study are known to be sensitive to land and water use actions, play roles in nutrient cycling and energy flow, utilize common environmental resources, and may serve as “early warning” or indicator species for the affected fish and wildlife community at the proposed project site. Selection of a diverse assemblage of organisms allows an evaluation at the community level to provide a broader ecological perspective of the project site’s relative contribution to the overall coral reef resources that occur on the reef fronting Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor.

EVALUATION METHODOLOGY

Marine Biological Assessment

A marine biological assessment was conducted between May and July 2007, on the reef fronting Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor to evaluate potential impacts to fish and wildlife resources based on the proposed project design criteria provided by the Corps. Nineteen survey stations were assessed to describe the coral reef community on this area of reef and to gauge potential project- related impacts from seven alternatives that include: Alternative 1 - No Jetty, with Deepening; Alternative 2 - Jetty Parallel to North Side of Channel; and Alternative 3 - Jetty North of and at an Angle to Channel. The distribution and relative abundance of algae, corals, other macro- invertebrates, and reef fishes were compiled. Also, Global Positioning System (GPS) data were collected to identify the location of each survey transect.

Service biologists Mr. Kevin Foster, Mr. Gordon Smith, Dr. Dwayne Minton, Ms. Nadiera Sukhraj, and Dr. Zac Forsman, and NMFS biologist Dr. Evelyn Cox conducted the marine survey work for this project. Mr. Foster collected macro-invertebrate and algae data, Mr. Smith and Ms. Sukhraj collected reef fish data, Dr. Minton, Dr. Forsman, and Dr. Cox collected coral data and sea turtle data. All marine survey work was conducted between 9:00 am and 5:00 pm. SCUBA gear was used to evaluate each survey site and the duration of each dive ranged between 40 and 60 minutes. Mr. Foster provided all photographs and collected all GPS data illustrated in this report. Vessel support was provided by DAR, through coordination with Mr. Dave Gulko, and by Cates International, through coordination with Mr. Randy Cates.

Survey stations were randomly selected with consideration given to project construction designs received from the Corps as of October, 2006 (Figure 4). Prior to the marine assessment field work, random points were generated on a map using GIS software. During the field work, biologists navigated to each survey station using pre-registered Latitude/Longitude points stored in a Garmin 76S GPS device. At each survey station, a weight (1 pound), tethered to a surface buoy, was dropped to mark the survey location. Reef fish biologists descended to the reef substrate first, and checked the depth of the weight as it rested on the reef. Afterwards, using a compass and depth gauge, they followed the reef contour in a general direction away from the entrance channel while deploying transect lines on the reef bottom. The biologists followed a general northwesterly (e.g., 330 degrees compass bearing) direction when survey stations were conducted north of the entrance channel and a southeasterly (e.g., 120 degrees compass bearing) direction when survey stations were conducted south of the entrance channel. After a brief 10- 8 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

minute head start, benthic biologists (coral, algae, macro-invertebrate) descended to the survey transect lines and began their data collection.

Algae

The community composition of macro-algae at each station was documented as presence/absence to within 0.5 m on either side of the survey transect line. Brown (Phaeophyta), green (Chlorophyta), red (Rhodophyta), and blue-green (Cyanophyta) macro-algae were identified to the species level whenever possible. When species identification was not possible in the field, generalized descriptive categories were used. Coralline algae were not identified to the species level.

Corals

Hard corals (scleractinian corals) and soft corals (alcyonacean corals) were censused along two 10-m line transects at each station and were identified to the species level. All visible hard and soft coral colonies with centers located within 0.5 m of each side of each transect line were identified, counted and visually assigned to one of eight categories (0 to <2 centimeters [cm], 2 to <5 cm, 5 to <10 cm, 10 to <20 cm, 20 to <40 cm, 40 to <80 cm, 80 to <160 cm, and >160 cm in greatest diameter) at each station. Unattached coral fragments and coral colonies exhibiting a growth pattern resulting in subdivision (fission) were identified and considered as separate individuals. Representative photographs of habitat along each transect were collected.

Mean colony densities, percent cover, densities of fragments and recent visible sexual recruits, percentages of large colonies subdivided by fission (colonies ≥10 cm in diameter) are reported. Coral cover was indirectly estimated using size category data with the following formula and correction factors:

2 Xi = π x (0.5 x minimum size for category) x number of category colonies; 0 to < 2 cm = 1.

Yi = 0.167 x Xi + 0.167 x (0.9 x Xi) + 0.167 x (0.8 x Xi) + 0.167 x (0.7 x Xi) + 0.167 x (0.6 x Xi) + 0.167 x (0.5 x Xi); Xi determined only for colonies < 160 cm.

Yi represents equal probability of 50 to 100 % of each colony, in 10 % increments, falling within 0.5 m of either side of a transect line.

2 2 2 Yj = 0.167 x (0.5 x Xi) + 0.167 x (12000 cm ) + 0.167 x (14000 cm ) + 0.499 x (16000 cm ); Xi determined only for 160 cm colonies.

Yj modifies area values for 160 cm colonies as the full area of a 160 cm diameter circle can not fall within a 1 m wide transect.

Species cover = ∑ Yi + Yj for each species on a transect.

This estimation method assumes all coral colonies are perfect circles and are randomly distributed through space. The assumption that colonies are circular is not met for many of the 9 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

encrusting species, especially for those in large size categories. Therefore, estimates of coral cover are over-estimations of the actual percent cover at each site.

The Shannon index of diversity was determined for species occurrence and mean colony numbers and percent cover at each survey station. The Shannon index was calculated as:

H` = Σ (pi ln pi) where pi is the proportion of all individuals of species i

This index uses the natural log of the proportion of each species observed to represent both numbers of species and numbers of colonies present. The Shannon index ranges from 0 (low diversity) to S (which equals the total number of each species present). The related index value of equability was also calculated. Equability varies from 0 to 1, with communities in which all species are equally abundant have an index of 1. Equability is calculated as:

J = H`/Hmax = Σ pi ln (pi)/ln (S) where S = number of species

Recent sexual recruits were defined as observed colonies less than 5 cm in greatest diameter that did not appear to result from processes of fission or fragmentation. Sexual recruits within this size range are considered to have settled within the previous five years under favorable conditions (Kolinski 2004, in review, unpub. data).

Coral age estimates followed Kolinski (2007), which relied on repeated measurements of colonies in an area near Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor, as well as values from the literature. The growth rates (as measured from longest diameter ± S.D.) from Kolinski (2007) are as follows: Montipora encrusting 2.29 cm yr-1; Pocillopora meandrina, 1.99 ± 0.15 cm yr-1; Pocillopora eydouxi, 4.76 ± 2.05 cm yr-1; Porites lobata and P. evermanni, 1.76 ± 0.21 cm yr-1. Recent sexual recruits grow at a slower rate than larger colonies (Kolinski 2004, Edmunds 2007) and were estimated to reach the initial 2.5 cm size class following Kolinski (2007): Montipora sp., 6 years; Pocillopora meandrina, 3 years; Pocillopora eydouxi, 6 years (to reach 8.1/8.9 cm); Porites lobata and Porites evermanni, 5 years (also see Kolinski 2004 and Grigg and Maragos 1974).

Macro-invertebrates

Species Density Data: Conspicuous marine invertebrates were observed and recorded within 0.5 m on each side of the line within the same two 10-m-long sections of the 25-m transect lines that were placed on the reef bottom at each station. Species targeted for observation included the following: cnidarians (e.g., zoanthids and sea anemones), echinoderms (e.g., sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and sea stars), mollusks (e.g., clams, oysters, sea snails, and octopus), and crustaceans (e.g., hermit crabs, lobsters, large crabs, guard crabs, and shrimp). Along each 10-m transect section, a 1-m2 area was measured at 1-m intervals, for a total of 10 sub-samples per transect and 20 sub-samples per survey station. These data were used to calculate population densities of both conspicuous mobile (e.g., sea urchin) and sessile (e.g., oysters) species.

10 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Species Presence Data: Following the collection of density data, qualitative timed-swim surveys were conducted to record observations of conspicuous macro-invertebrate species within a larger area. This area included reef substrate within approximately 5 m on each side of the line within the two 10-m sections of the 25-m transect lines at each station. This was accomplished by swimming in a non-overlapping zigzag search pattern and recording species present within that area. The timed-swim was conducted for approximately 20 minutes over the combined area encompassed by both 10-m transect sections at each station. The purpose of the timed swim was to document the presence of less abundant species that might not be observed within the smaller 10-m-long transect sections surveyed earlier.

The Shannon index of diversity was determined for species occurrence at each survey station. The Shannon index was calculated as:

H` = Σ (pi ln pi) where pi is the proportion of all individuals of species i

J = H`/Hmax = Σ pi ln (pi)/ln (S) where S = number of species

Reef Fish

Divers collected reef fish data using a belt-transect protocol that has been used widely in a variety of marine environments, particularly coral reef habitats (Freidlander et. al., 2003, Gulko et al. 2002). Fish observations were made by two divers swimming side-by-side on a 25-m belt transect. Two transects were sub-sampled per station. Divers recorded both the number of fish by species and the size of all individuals encountered. Diver 1 was also responsible for measuring rugosity, while Diver 2 conducted a roving diver fish survey (timed-swim survey). The timed-swim surveys were conducted throughout each station after transect observations were completed. The timed-swim was used to compile a more complete list of species present throughout the station, especially by adding relatively rare or particularly wary species, but the numbers or sizes of observed fish were not recorded during these timed-swims.

25-m Belt Transects:

During the deployment leg of the transect line, each diver recorded size-class-specific (Total Length, TL) counts of all fishes greater than 5 cm within visually estimated but defined belt widths (2m on each side of the line), while smaller (and more cryptic) fish (i.e. less than 5 cm long) were counted during the “swim-back” leg (1m on each side of the line). The vertical water column component of the belt survey areas extended approximately 2m above the substrate. Each fish was identified to species. The result was that each diver obtained a density estimate of all fishes > 5 cm Total Length (TL) within a 25-m long x 2-m wide (50-m2) area on an initial 11 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

(“swim-out”) leg (25-m x 4-m combined area from 2 divers), followed by a density estimate of small < 5 cm TL within a 25-m long x 1-m wide (25-m2 area) on the subsequent (“swim back”) leg (25-m x 2-m total), on each of two transects, at each dive-station. Fish larger than 5 cm TL observed on the “swim-back” leg were not recorded. Thus, two completed transects would yield data on large, relatively vagile fishes within 200 m2 and data on small, site-attached reef fishes within 100 m2. Also, divers looked for on lesions or tumors on fishes and in order to photograph or otherwise describe these anomalies. At the end of the second transect line, divers deployed an anchored float to indicate the end of the second transect line. GPS data were collected at this point and the buoy was retrieved upon surfacing by the benthic team.

Rugosity Measurement and Fish Census:

Reef substrate rugosity (a measure of benthic topography or substrate “roughness”) was measured for each 10 m transect section using methods described in Kolinski and Jokiel (2002). Upon completion of the second belt transect, both divers swam to the start of the second 25 m transect line. Diver 1 deployed a rugosity chain along the first 10 m of the line and recorded the length of chain deployed. While Diver 1 was performing this task, Diver 2 conducted a roving fish census in the area around the second belt transect, noting species present and whether they were juvenile or adult stages of the species. The length of this survey was 5 minutes. Diver 2 stayed within 10 m of the transect line, but may have rotated in any direction for the visual census. The roving diver method was used to identify larger and more vagile fish species that were not recorded, or may have been missed, using the belt transect method and to make note of any relatively rare species. The species recorded were used to generate a more comprehensive species list to better describe biodiversity and better identify rare species of concern at the station. Total length (TL) and number of fish were not recorded for this census. However, Diver 2 made notes about school sizes and/or sizes of individual fish (examples: school of A. sandvicensis (30+); roi greater than 30 cm) for inclusion in the report discussion.

After the rugosity chain measurement was recorded for the second transect line, both divers swam to the start of the first transect line. Diver 1 deployed the rugosity chain along the first 10 m of the line and recorded the chain measurement. While Diver 1 performed this task, Diver 2 conducted the roving fish census for the area around the first transect. At the end of this task, both divers surfaced and retrieved the surface buoy at the beginning of the transect line.

For each fish species, a length-weight conversion, W = a*SLb, was used to estimate the weight of all fish present at a site (where parameters a and b are constants, SL is Standard Length in millimeters, and W is the estimated weight in grams). This biomass estimate (expressed as metric tons per hectare) is a combined representation of both fish numbers and fish size per unit area and is widely used in fishery science. These results are useful for comparison with studies of coral reef habitat elsewhere in the western and central Pacific. Size and length information for over 150 fish species were obtained from a variety of literature and agency sources (Freidlander, pers. comm.; DAWR pers. comm.). In cases where length-weight conversions were not readily available for a given species, we used values developed for species of the same genus with similar morphological characteristics.

12 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

The number of different fish species was reported as S. This simple measure of diversity does not account for the relative contribution of individuals representing each species. Data collected during the timed-swim surveys were used to determine S. Reef fish diversity was also calculated using the Shannon diversity index (H`, described above in Coral Methods), which does incorporate the number of individuals of each taxa observed. Belt transect observations, for which numbers of each species encountered were recorded and used to derive H`.

DESCRIPTION OF FISH AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

Existing Marine Resources

Five broad habitat types, qualitatively characterized by diver observations and topography, were observed within and adjacent to the proposed project site. These habitat types closely follow nearshore bathymetric contours, and can be delineated by depth throughout most of the area. They include: Nearshore Reef Flat: characterized by a mix of consolidated reef pavement, ledges and depressions that are colonized by high densities of boring sea urchins, algae and coral in shallow depths located seaward of the shoreline.

Porites sp. Habitat: characterized as benthic habitat primarily comprised of encrusting Montipora and small, medium and large size class Porites sp. coral colonies, generally located seaward of the nearshore reef flat.

Pocillopora sp. Habitat: characterized as benthic habitat dominated by encrusting Montipora and high densities of small and medium size class Pocillopora sp. coral colonies, located seaward of the Porites sp. habitat and adjacent to the southeastern edge of the entrance channel.

Shelf Pavement: characterized by scoured limestone with turf algae, sand patches, and small, low-relief coral colonies in low densities, generally located seaward of the nearshore reef flat and on both sides of the entrance channel.

Reef Crest: characterized by encrusting Montipora and low to moderate densities of mixed (Porites/Pocillopora sp.) corals, located adjacent to the entrance channel.

Long fibrous ropes and metal cable lines are strewn across and cemented to the benthic substrate in the Porites sp., Pocillopora sp. and shelf pavement habitats. Likewise, metal debris is scattered along the northwest and southeast edges of the entrance channel.

Four survey stations were located in the vicinity of the proposed Jetty placement site (Stations 1- 4), seven stations were located northwest of the entrance channel (Survey Stations 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11), five stations were located southeast of entrance channel (Survey Stations 12,13,14,15, and 16), and three stations were located adjacent to the entrance channel (Survey Stations 17, 18 and 19). Survey stations were numbered and surveyed in chronological order, with the exception of survey stations 3 and 4. 13 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Jetty Site: Nearshore reef flat habitat (Survey Stations 1, 2, 3 and 4)

Survey Station 1

General Habitat

Transects for this survey station were located on the nearshore reef flat (rugosity = 1.5 ± 0.2 S.D.) northwest of the entrance channel, approximately 38 m (125 ft) from shore, at a depth of about 4 m (14 ft). The habitat is comprised of consolidated reef pavement that is colonized by algae and high densities of boring sea urchins. It is likely this area receives high wave action during the winter months and periodically during the summer southerly swells.

Algae

Nine species of marine algae were recorded at this station (Table 1). Observations consisted of blue-green algae (Cyanophyta): Hormothamnion sp and Symploca sp; red algae (Rhodophyta): Ceramium sp, Hypnea musciformis, Laurencia brachyclados, Martensia fragilis, and unidentified crustose coralline algae; and green algae (Chlorophyta): Halimeda opuntia and Neomeris annulata.

Corals

One-hundred-five coral colonies (9 species) were recorded within two 10 m2 transects set across nearshore reef flat (Table 2a and Table 3a). One additional coral species (Pavona varians) was observed near the survey transects. There were 8 Porites sp colonies larger than 20 cm in diameter; the largest colony was estimated to be between 28 and 50 years old. The Shannon index of diversity was 1.71 (equability = 0.77) based on colony numbers and 0.21 (equability = 0.10) based on coral coverage. Montipora and Porites spp dominated in terms of abundance and coral cover. Variability in colony abundance was moderate between transects. Coral cover was low (4.7%) for all species. Eighty percent of colonies were less than 20 cm in greatest diameter with 41% less than 5cm. Few colonies (1%, mostly Montipora and Pocillopora sp) were identified as unattached fragments. The majority of recent recruitment of species appeared to be larval in nature. Fission of large colonies was relatively high (13% of large colonies were completely parted by fission). Size density and coverage data suggest coral habitat complexity and reproductive potential are relatively low. It is likely that coral community development has been limited primarily by seasonal wave exposure in the nearshore environment.

Macro-invertebrates

Twenty-one species from 13 families of non-coral macro-invertebrates were recorded at this station (Table 4a). The Shannon index of diversity was 0.61 (equability = 0.31). Abundance measurements were collected for a subset of these species, which are represented in Table 4b, and include the following species. Boring sea urchins, Echinostrephus acciculatus (1.2/m2) and Echinometra mathaei (10.4/m2), were numerous on the reef flat. Mobile urchins, Echinothrix calamaris (0.2/m2) and Tripneustes gratilla (0.1/m2) were observed congregated between coral colonies and foraging on the reef. The slate-pencil urchin, Heterocentotus mammillatus (0.05 14 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

m2), was observed in small crevices. The top-shell snail Trochus intextus (0.05/m2) was observed foraging in a patch of turf algae. Pinctada margaritifera (0.05/m2), the sessile black- lipped pearl oyster, was also observed at this station.

Reef Fishes

Twenty-three fish species representing 10 families were observed at this station (Table 5, Shannon Diversity H΄= 2.06). The area was not a suitable nursery for juvenile fish, as there was little habitat for reef fish to occupy. Total estimated reef fish biomass at this site was low (Table 6a and 6b). Reef fish observed at this survey station, but not throughout the proposed project area, were the sergeant major (Abudefduf abdominalis), the Hawaiian shrimp goby (Psilogobius mainlandi), the barred filefish (Cantherhines dumerilii), and the undulated moray eel (Gymnothorax undulatus).

Survey Station 2

General Habitat

Transects for this survey station were located on the nearshore reef flat northwest of the entrance channel, approximately 15 m (50 ft) from shore, at a depth of about 6 m (19 ft). The habitat has low coral relief and low coral cover, with patches of macro-algae (rugosity = 1.6 ± 0.3 S.D.). There were a few small natural depressions in the area (<2m) that supported small and encrusting coral species.

Algae

Five species of marine algae were recorded at this station (Table 1). Observations consisted of blue-green algae (Cyanophyta): Hormothamnion sp; red algae (Rhodophyta): Centroceras sp, Ceramium sp, and unidentified crustose coralline algae; and green algae (Chlorophyta): Neomeris annulata.

Corals

Seventy-five coral colonies (6 species) were recorded within two 10 m2 transects set across nearshore reef flat (Table 2b and Table 3b). One additional coral species (Pavona duerdenii) was observed near the survey transects. The Shannon index of diversity was 1.38 (equability = 0.77) based on colony numbers and 0.06 (equability = 0.03) based on colony coverage. Montipora patula dominated colony numbers and cover. Variability in colony abundance was high among transects. Coral cover was very low (2%) for all species. Eighty-eight percent of colonies were less than 20 cm in greatest diameter with 39 % less than 5cm. Few colonies (<1%, mostly Porites and Pocillopora spp) were identified as unattached fragments. The majority of recent recruitment of species appeared to be larval in nature. Fission of large colonies was relatively high (32% of large colonies were completely parted by fission). Size density and coverage data suggest coral habitat complexity and reproductive potential are relatively low. It is likely that coral community development has been limited primarily by seasonal wave exposure in the near shore environment. 15 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Macro-invertebrates

Fourteen species from 10 families of non-coral macro-invertebrates were recorded at this station (Table 4a). The Shannon index of diversity was 0.18 (equability = 0.16), which was the lowest value of invertebrate diversity observed. Abundance measurements were collected for a subset of these species, which are represented in Table 4b and include the following species. This area supports high densities of the boring sea urchins Echinostrephus acciculatus (0.65/m2) and Echinometra mathaei (33.4/m2), which were observed boring numerous channels, creating sub- habitat for snails and small reef fish. The mobile urchin Tripneustes gratilla (0.6/m2) was observed foraging on the reef.

Reef Fishes

Fifteen fish species representing 8 families were observed at this station (Table 5, Shannon Diversity H΄= 1.36). Very few reef fish were observed along either transect, which may have been due to low coral cover and/or strong bottom currents (Table 6a and 6c). Reef fish observed at this survey station but not throughout the proposed project area included the yellow tang (Zebrasoma flavescens) and the most frequently observed fish, which was the saddle wrasse (Thalassoma duperrey).

Survey Station 3

General Habitat

Transects for this survey station were located on the nearshore reef flat (rugosity = 1.4 ± 0.4 S.D.) northwest of the entrance channel, at a depth of about 4 m (14 ft). This is a high energy environment with spur and groove habitat features, which provide shelter for invertebrates and reef fish. Low coral cover was observed throughout the area.

Algae

Eight species of marine algae were recorded at this station (Table 1). Observations of marine algae consisted of blue-green algae (Cyanophyta): Lyngbya sp, Symploca sp, and an unidentified blue-green species; red algae (Rhodophyta): Ceramium sp and Martensia fragilis; green algae (Chlorophyta): Neomeris annulata; and brown algae (Phaeophyta): Padina australis and Sphacelaria sp.

Corals

One-hundred-one coral colonies (10 species) were recorded within two 10 m2 transects set across nearshore reef flat (Table 2c and Table 3c). There were 9 Porites sp colonies larger than 20 cm in diameter; the largest colony was estimated to be between 16 and 28 years old. The Shannon index of diversity was 1.85 (equability = 0.80) based on colony numbers and 0.14 (equability = 0.61) based on colony coverage. Porites lobata dominated colony numbers and cover. Variability in colony abundance was low among transects. Coral cover was very low (3%) for all species. Eighty-one percent of colonies were less than 20 cm in greatest diameter with 40% 16 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

less than 5 cm. Few colonies (2%, mostly Pocillopora sp) were identified as unattached fragments. The majority of recent recruitment of species appeared to be larval in nature. Fission of large colonies was relatively high (32% of large colonies were completely parted by fission). Size density and coverage data suggest coral habitat complexity and reproductive potential are relatively low. It is likely that coral community development has been limited primarily by seasonal wave exposure in the near shore environment.

Macro-invertebrates

Twenty-four species from 14 families of non-coral macro-invertebrates were recorded at this station (Table 4a). The Shannon index of diversity was 0.67 (equability = 0.49). Abundance measurements were collected for a subset of these species, which are represented in Table 4b and include the following species. The boring sea urchins Echinostrephus acciculatus (0.45/m2) and Echinometra mathaei (14.8/m2) were well represented at this station. The mobile urchins Echinothrix calamaris (0.25/m2), E. diadema (0.15 m2) and Tripneustes gratilla (0.15/m2) were observed foraging on the reef. The slate-pencil urchin, Heterocentrotus mammillatus (0.05/m2), was hidden in amongst Porites sp. coral colonies. The cone-shell snail Conus lividus (0.2/m2) was observed in unusual concentrations in patches of turf algae. The sessile, black-lipped pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera (0.05/m2), was observed in small crevices.

Reef fishes

Eighteen species of reef fish representing 10 families were observed (Table 5, Shannon Diversity H΄= 2.62). Few observations of individual fish were likely due to the strong bottom current observed during the survey period (Table 6a and 6d). The surgeonfish Acanthurus olivaceus represented almost half (44.5%) of the biomass estimated for this station.

Survey Station 4

General Habitat

Transects for this survey station were located on the nearshore reef flat northwest of and parallel to entrance channel, at a depth of about 3 m (11 ft). The habitat has low relief, scoured limestone with small and medium sized coral colonies, turf algae and sand patches (rugosity = 1.2 ± 0.1 S.D.). Wave energy suspended sand from the channels and reduced visibility (< 10m).

Algae

Five species of marine algae were recorded at this station (Table 1). Observations of marine algae consisted of red algae (Rhodophyta): Centroceras sp, Ceramium sp, Martensia fragilis; green algae (Chlorophyta): Neomeris annulata; and brown algae (Phaeophyta): Dictyota sp.

Corals

Two-hundred-forty coral colonies (8 species) were recorded within two 10m2 transects set across nearshore reef flat (Table 2d and Table 3d). The Shannon index of diversity was 1.24 (equability 17 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

= 0.60) based on colony numbers and 0.38 (equability = 0.18) based on colony coverage. Montipora sp. dominated colony numbers and cover. Variability in colony abundance was low among transects. Coral cover was relatively low (11.3%) for all species. Eighty-three percent of colonies were less than 20 cm in greatest diameter with 44% less than 5 cm. Few colonies (3%, mostly Pocillopora and Montipora spp) were identified as unattached fragments. The majority of recent recruitment of species appeared to be larval in nature. Fission of large colonies was moderate (10% of large colonies were completely parted by fission). Size density and coverage data suggest coral habitat complexity and reproductive potential are relatively low. It is likely that coral community development has been limited by seasonal wave exposure in the near shore environment.

Macro-invertebrates

Twenty-seven species from 19 families of non-coral macro-invertebrates were recorded at this station (Table 4a). The Shannon index of diversity was 0.88 (equability = 0.64). Abundance measurements were collected for a subset of these species, which are represented in Table 4b and include the following species. The boring sea urchins Echinostrephus acciculatus (0.8/m2) and Echinometra mathaei (12.9/m2) were observed channelizing reef substrate. The mobile urchins Echinothrix calamaris (0.2/m2), and Tripneustes gratilla (0.2/m2) were foraging on the reef. The sessile, black-lipped pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera (0.05/m2), was observed attached to Porites sp. coral colonies.

Reef fishes

Seventeen species of fish representing 9 families were seen at this station (Table 5, Shannon Diversity H΄= 1.75). Observed fish biomass was low (0.068 metric tons/hectare, Table 6a and 6e) partially due to the strong bottom current during the survey period and the reduced visibility. Reef fish observed at this survey site, but not throughout the proposed project area, were the blue-stripe butterflyfish (Chaetodon fremblii), the belted wrasse (Stethojoulis balteata), and Whitley’s boxfish (Ostracion meleagris). This was the only survey station where C. fremblii were observed. The wrasse Thalassoma duperrey and the damselfish Chromis vanderbilti were the most frequently observed species.

Northwest of Entrance Channel: Porites sp. and Shelf Pavement habitats (Survey Stations 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11)

Survey Station 5

General Habitat

Transects for this survey station were located northwest of the entrance channel at a depth of about 9 m (30 ft) in habitat dominated by coral colonies of encrusting Montipora and lobate coral species from the genus Porites. The benthic habitat is comprised of high coral cover, mainly Porites sp, turf algae, sand patches and many sea urchin-bored channels (rugosity = 1.4 ± 0.2 S.D.) Large lengths of abandoned rope and cable were observed on the seafloor. Residence time for the abandoned rope has been long enough for coral colonies on it to grow to up to 10cm in 18 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

diameter. Habitat features are likely to promote a high degree of recruitment and shelter for reef fish.

Algae

Sixteen species of marine algae were recorded at this site (Table 1). Observations of marine algae consisted of blue-green algae (Cyanophyta): Hormothamnion sp, Lyngbya majuscula, Lyngbya s., an unidentified blue-green species; red algae (Rhodophyta): Asparagopsis taxiformis, Ceramium sp, Gracilaria sp, Hypnea musciformis, Liagora donaldiana, Martensia fragilis, and an unidentified crustose coralline algae; green algae (Chlorophyta): Avrainvillea amadelpha, Bryopsis hypnoides, and Neomeris annulata; and brown algae (Phaeophyta): Dictyota sp and Turbinaria ornata.

Corals

Two-hundred-ninety-eight coral colonies (7 species) were recorded within two 10m2 transects set across Porites sp coral habitat (Table 2e and Table 3e). There were 19 Porites sp colonies larger than 20 cm in diameter; the largest colony was estimated to be between 50 and 96 years old. One additional large colony (185 cm, approximately 110 years old) was observed near the survey transects. The Shannon index of diversity was 1.47 (equability = 0.76) based on colony numbers and 0.78 (equability = 0.40) based on colony coverage. Montipora and Porites spp dominated colony numbers and cover. Variability in colony abundance was low among transects. Coral cover was relatively high (33.5%) for all species. Seventy-five percent of colonies were less than 20 cm in greatest diameter with 21% less than 5 cm. Very few (less than 0.1%) colonies were identified as unattached fragments. The majority of recent recruitment appeared to be larval in nature. Eleven percent of large colonies were completely parted by fission. Size, density and coverage data suggest coral habitat complexity and reproductive potential are relatively high.

Macro-invertebrates

Twenty-eight species from 20 families of non-coral macro-invertebrates were recorded at this station (Table 4a). The Shannon index of diversity was 1.33 (equability = 0.69), which was the highest invertebrate diversity value observed. Abundance measurements were collected for a subset of these species, which are represented in Table 4b and include the following species. The boring sea urchins Echinostrephus acciculatus (0.3/m2) and Echinometra mathaei (5.25/m2) were observed throughout this station. The mobile urchins Echinothrix calamaris (0.35/m2) and Tripneustes gratilla (0.35/m2) were foraging on the reef. The slate-pencil urchin, Heterocentrotus mammillatus (0.15/m2), and secretive urchin, Eucidaris metularia (0.2/m2), were observed in amongst Porites sp coral colonies.

Reef fishes

Thirty-three species of fish representing 12 families were observed at this station (Table 5, Shannon Diversity H΄= 2.75). The station contained many coral colonies that provided abundant holes and crevices for juvenile and adult reef fish habitat. Reef fish density and diversity were 19 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

high (Table 6a and 6f). Acanthurus nigrofuscus (brown surgeonfish) was the single largest contributor to the estimate of total biomass (84%). Reef fish observed at this survey site, but not throughout the proposed project area, were the big-eye emperor (Monotaxis grandoculis), juvenile rock-movers (Novaculichthys taeniourus), and juvenile bullet-head parrotfish (Chlororus sordidus). More than 100 juvenile bullet-head parrotfish were observed during the roving diver survey. The introduced black-tail snapper (Lutjanis fulvus) and the grouper locally known as roi (Cephalopholis argus at >40cm TL) were also present. The wrasse Thalassoma duperrey and the surgeonfish A. nigrofuscus were the most frequently observed species.

Survey Station 6

General Habitat

Transects for this survey station were located northwest of the entrance channel at a depth of about 8 m (27 ft). The benthic habitat was composed of lobate (Porites sp) and encrusting corals. A few sand patches were observed on the second transect line. A large metal structure (~ 10m x 10m x 5m) with about 30% coral growth covering its beams was observed seaward of the survey station. The area was good juvenile fish habitat with sand patches, ledges, and high densities of sea urchin holes observed along the second transect line (rugosity = 1.3 ± 0.1 S.D.).

Algae

Eleven species of marine algae were recorded at this station (Table 1). Observations of marine algae consisted of blue-green algae (Cyanophyta): Hormothamnion sp, Lyngbya majuscula, an unidentified blue-green species; red algae (Rhodophyta): Centroceras sp, Ceramium sp, Gibsmithia hawaiiensis, Hypnea musciformis, and an unidentified crustose coralline algae; green algae (Chlorophyta): Neomeris annulata; and brown algae (Phaeophyta): Dictyota sandvicensis, Padina australis, and Turbinaria ornata.

Corals

Two-hundred-eighty-four coral colonies (8 species) were recorded within two 10 m2 transects set across Porites sp habitat (Table 2f and Table 3f). There were 10 Porites sp colonies larger than 20 cm in diameter; the largest colony was estimated to be between 28 and 50 years old. One additional large colony (100 cm, approximately 62 years old) was observed near the survey transects. The Shannon index of diversity was 1.48 (equability = 0.71) based on colony numbers and 0.38 (equability = 0.19) based on colony coverage. Montipora patula and Porites lobata dominated colony numbers and cover. Variability in colony abundance was low among transects. Coral cover was moderate (11%) for all species. Eighty-six percent of colonies were less than 20 cm in greatest diameter with 32% less than 5cm. Very few fragments (less than 0.1%) were identified as unattached fragments. The majority of recent recruitment of species appeared to be larval in nature. Fission was relatively high (17% of large colonies were completely parted by fission). Size density and coverage data suggest coral habitat complexity and reproductive potential are moderate.

20 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Macro-invertebrates

Twenty-nine species from 23 families of non-coral macro-invertebrates were recorded at this site (Table 4a). The Shannon index of diversity was 1.10 (equability = 0.62). Abundance measurements were collected for a subset of these species, which are represented in Table 4b and include the following species. The boring sea urchins Echinostrephus acciculatus (0.1/m2) and Echinometra mathaei (5.65/m2) were observed throughout this station. The mobile urchins Echinothrix calamaris (0.15/m2) Tripneustes gratilla (1/m2) were observed, with an unusual concentration of T. gratilla densely congregated within a 2 m2 area, suggesting a recruitment or aggregation zone. The sessile, black-lipped pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera (0.1/m2), was observed attached to Porites sp coral colonies.

Reef fishes

Forty species of fish representing 10 families were observed at station 6 (Table 5, Shannon Diversity H΄= 1.96). This station contained many coral colonies that provided abundant holes and crevices for juvenile and adult reef fish habitat (Table 6a and 6g). More wrasse species (13) were observed here than at any other station. More than 70 ornate wrasses (Halichoeres ornatissimus) were observed during the roving diver survey. Reef fish observed at this survey site, but not throughout the proposed project area, were the black-side hawkfish (Paracirrhites forsteri), juvenile psychedelic wrasse (Anampses chrysocephalus), flame wrasse (Cirrhilabrus jordani), pencil wrasse (Pseudojuloides cerasinus), juvenile spectacled parrotfish (Chlorurus perspicallatus), juvenile bullet-head parrotfish (C. sordidus), and the sailfin tang (Zebrasoma veliferum). Four individuals >35 cm of the introduced species grouper known as roi (Cephalopholis argus) were also observed. The damselfishes Chromis vanderbilti and Plectroplyphidodon imparipennis were the most common species observed.

Survey Station 7

General Habitat

Transects for this survey station were located northwest of the entrance channel (rugosity = 1.2, only one rugosity measurement was made at this station) at a depth of approximately 8 m (26 ft). The benthic community was dominated by encrusting Montipora and medium-sized lobate, Porites sp coral colonies. Other habitat features included large patches of sand habitat, urchin- grooved channels, and otherwise low coral cover. Overall, low fish biomass and diversity were observed and likely to be attributed to limited habitat.

Algae

Thirteen species of marine algae were recorded at this station (Table 1). Observations of marine algae consisted of blue-green algae (Cyanophyta): Hormothamnion sp. and two unidentified blue-green species; red algae (Rhodophyta): Centroceras sp, Ceramium sp, Hypnea musciformis, Martensia flabeliformis, M. fragilis, and an unidentified species crustose coralline algae; green algae (Chlorophyta): Avrainvillea amadelpha, Bryopsis hypnoides, Neomeris annulata; and brown algae (Phaeophyta): Dictyota sp, and Padina australis. 21 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Corals

Three-hundred-fifty-five coral colonies (9 species) were recorded within two 10 m2 transects set across the Porites sp habitat at 26 ft depth (Table 2g and Table 3g). There were 7 Porites sp colonies larger than 20 cm in diameter; the largest colony was estimated to be between 28 and 50 years old. The Shannon index of diversity was 1.27 (equability = 0.58) based on colony numbers and 0.41 (equability = 0.19) based on colony coverage. Montipora patula dominated colony numbers and cover. Variability in colony abundance was low among transects. Coral cover was moderate (15%) for all species. Eighty-three percent of colonies were less than 20 cm in greatest diameter with 35% less than 5 cm. Very few (1%) of colonies (Montipora capitata) were identified as unattached fragments. The majority of recent recruitment of species appeared to be larval in nature. Fission was relatively common (19% of large colonies were completely parted by fission). Size density and coverage data suggest coral habitat complexity and reproductive potential are moderate.

Macro-invertebrates

Thirty species from 22 families of non-coral macro-invertebrates were recorded at this station (Table 4a). The Shannon index of diversity was 0.60 (equability = 0.37). Abundance measurements were collected for a subset of these species, which are represented in Table 4b and include the following species. The boring sea urchins Echinostrephus acciculatus (0.35/m2) and Echinometra mathaei (4/m2) were observed throughout this station. The mobile urchins Echinothrix calamaris (0.05/m2) and Tripneustes gratilla (0.35/m2) were observed. The slate- pencil urchin, Heterocentrotus mammillatus (0.05/m2), was observed in several medium sized Porites sp. coral colonies. The sea cucumber Holothuria whitmaei (0.05/m2) was observed in sand habitat.

Reef fishes

Seventeen species of reef fish representing 9 families were observed at this station (Table 5, Shannon Diversity H΄= 2.41). There is little suitable habitat for adult or juvenile reef fish to remain as permanent reef residents (Table 6a and 6h). The surgeonfish Acanthurus dussumieri was the single largest contributor to the estimate of total biomass (38%). Reef fish observed at this survey station, but not throughout the proposed project area, were the zebra moray eel (Gymnomuraena zebra) and the threadfin butterflyfish (Chaetodon auriga).

Survey Station 8

General Habitat

Transects for this survey station were located northwest of the entrance channel at a depth of about 6 m (19 ft). The benthic community was comprised of Porites sp corals, along with encrusting corals and relief was high, with many overhangs and ledges (rugosity = 1.3 ± 0.0 S.D.). Three dimensional features provide abundant holes and crevices to serve as habitat for a variety of juvenile and adult reef fish and macro-invertebrates. This site also supports a high diversity of macro-algae species, relative to other survey stations. Large lengths of abandoned 22 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

rope were observed on the seafloor in sand patches. Visibility was lower than 10 m due to wave- induced suspended sediments.

Algae

Ten species of marine algae were recorded at this station (Table 1). Observations of marine plants consisted of blue-green algae (Cyanophyta): Hormothamnion sp, Lyngbya sp, and one unidentified blue-green species; red algae (Rhodophyta): Centroceras sp, Ceramium sp, and an unidentified crustose coralline algae; green algae (Chlorophyta): Halimeda opuntia and Neomeris annulata; and brown algae (Phaeophyta): Padina australis and Sphacelaria sp.

Corals

Two-hundred-thirty-one coral colonies (7 species) were recorded within two 10 m2 transects set across Porites sp habitat (Table 2h and Table 3h). There were 16 Porites sp colonies larger than 20 cm in diameter; the largest was estimated to be between 50 and 96 years old. The Shannon index of diversity was 1.34 (equability = 0.69) based on colony numbers and 0.52 (equability = 0.27) based on colony coverage. Montipora patula dominated colony numbers while cover was dominated by M. patula and Porites evermanni. Variability in colony abundance was moderate among transects. Coral cover was moderate (15%) for all species. Seventy-eight percent of colonies were less than 20 cm in greatest diameter with 15% less than 5 cm. No colonies were identified as unattached fragments. The majority of recent recruitment of species appeared to be larval in nature. Colony fission appeared moderate (13% percent of large colonies were completely parted by fission). Size density and coverage data suggest coral habitat complexity and reproductive potential are moderate.

Macro-invertebrates

Eighteen species from 11 families of non-coral macro-invertebrates were recorded at this station (Table 4a). The Shannon index of diversity was 1.05 (equability = 0.75). Abundance measurements were collected for a subset of these species, which are represented in Table 4b and include the following species. The boring sea urchin, Echinometra mathaei (6.8/m2), was observed channelizing the reef substrate. The mobile urchins Echinothrix calamaris (0.05/m2) and Tripneustes gratilla (0.2/m2) were observed foraging. The slate-pencil urchin, Heterocentrotus mammillatus (0.2/m2), was observed in a cluster of Porites sp coral colonies.

Reef fishes

Twenty-nine species of fish representing 14 families were observed at this station (Table 5, Shannon Diversity H΄= 2.39). The station contained many coral heads that provided abundant holes and crevices for juvenile and adult reef fish habitat (Table 6a and 6i). This station also had higher overhangs and larger ledges than any other. The yellow-stripe goatfish (Mulloidichthys flavolineatus) and the introduced blue-stripe snapper (Lutjanis kasmira) were the most commonly observed species as well as the greatest contributors to the estimate of total biomass (33.3% and 23.3% respectively). A large school (50+) of M. flavolineatus and another school (70+) of L. kasmira were observed along the first transect under the overhangs created by the 23 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

natural reef structure. A smaller school (20+) of the chocolate dip chromis (Chromis hanui) was observed during the roving diver survey. Reef fish observed at this survey station, but not throughout the proposed project area, included adult bullet-head parrotfish (Chlororus sordidus) and the fantail filefish (Pervagor spilosoma). Both numerical observations and biomass estimates reflected the existence of a fish community composed of mobile herbivores and selective invertebrate predators.

Survey Station 9

General Habitat

Transects for this survey station were located northwest of the entrance channel at a depth of about 8 m (27 ft). The benthic community was a mix of Porites sp corals and pavement habitat (rugosity = 1.2 ± 0.1 S.D.). This area is subjected to high surge wave energy and supports low to moderate relief and coral cover.

Algae

Ten species of marine algae were recorded at this station (Table 1). Observations of marine algae consisted of blue-green algae (Cyanophyta): two unidentified species; red algae (Rhodophyta): Asaparagopsis taximformis, Ceramium sp., Hypnea musciformis, Martensia fragilis, and an unidentified crustose coralline algae; green algae (Chlorophyta): Avrainvillea amadelpha, and Neomeris annulata; and brown algae (Phaeophyta): Padina australis.

Corals

Three-hundred-eighty-one coral colonies (6 species) were recorded within two 10 m2 transects set across the shelf pavement habitat (Table 2i and Table 3i). There were 11 Porites sp colonies larger than 20 cm in diameter; the largest colony was estimated to be between 28 and 50 years old. Two additional large colonies (100 cm and 140 cm, approximately 62 and 84 years old respectively) were observed off the survey transect. The Shannon index of diversity was 1.18 (equability = 0.66) based on colony numbers and 0.32 (equability = 0.18) based on colony coverage. Montipora capitata dominated colony numbers and M.capitata and Porites lobata dominated cover. Variability in colony abundance was moderate among transects. Coral cover was moderate (19%) for all species. Eighty-nine percent of colonies were less than 20 cm in greatest diameter with 43% less than 5 cm. No colonies were identified as unattached fragments. The majority of recent recruitment of species appeared to be larval in nature. Colony fission was moderate (14% of large colonies were completely parted by fission). Size density and coverage data suggest coral habitat complexity and reproductive potential are moderate.

Macro-invertebrates

Twenty-six species from 19 families of non-coral macro-invertebrates were recorded at this station (Table 4a). The Shannon index of diversity was 1.15 (equability = 0.83). Abundance measurements were collected for a subset of these species, which are represented in Table 4b and include the following species. The boring sea urchins Echinostrephus acciculatus (1/m2) and 24 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Echinometra mathaei (4.3/m2) were well represented in this area. The mobile urchins Echinothrix calamaris (0.15/m2) and Tripneustes gratilla (0.1/m2) were observed foraging on the reef.

Reef fishes

Twenty-three species of fish representing 8 families were observed at this station (Table 5, Shannon Diversity H΄= 2.29). The number of fish observed was low partially due to the strong surge/current during the survey period (Table 6a and 6j). Reef fish observed at this survey station, but not throughout the proposed project area, included the saddleback butterflyfish (Chaetodon ephippium) and the four-spot butterflyfish (Chaetodon quadrimaculatus). The damselfish Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus was the most frequently observed species and the greatest contributor to the estimate of total biomass (54.3%).

Survey Station 10

General Habitat

Transects for this survey station were located northwest of the entrance channel at a depth of approximately 9 m (31 ft). The benthic community was dominated by Porites sp coral colonies. A few very large Porites sp coral colonies, observed within 10 m of the survey transect, measured about 2 m wide. Relief and coral cover were observed to increase in a northwesterly direction from the entrance channel. Abundant three-dimensional habitat, such as ledges and overhangs, as well as sea urchin grooves and natural depressions (1-2 m wide) provided good habitat for reef fish and invertebrates (rugosity = 1.2 ± 0.1 S.D.). A large depression was observed at the end of the survey station (~10 m wide x 2 m deep). Also, large pieces of discarded rope were observed on the reef substrate.

Algae

Eight species of marine algae were recorded at this station (Table 1). Observations of marine plants consisted of blue-green algae (Cyanophyta): one unidentified blue-green species; red algae (Rhodophyta): Ceramium sp, Hypnea musciformis, Martensia fragilis, and an unidentified crustose coralline algae; green algae (Chlorophyta): Bryopsis hypnoides, Halimeda opuntia, and Neomeris annulata; and brown algae (Phaeophyta): Sargassum echinocarpum.

Corals

Five-hundred-twenty-six coral colonies (7 species) were recorded within two 10 m2 transects set across the shelf pavement habitat (Table 2j and Table 3j). There were 16 Porites sp colonies larger than 20 cm in diameter; the largest colony was estimated to be between 50 and 96 years old. The Shannon index of diversity was 1.33 (equability = 0.69) based on colony numbers and 0.46 (equability = 0.23) based on colony coverage. Montipora capitata dominated colony numbers, while Porites lobata dominated cover. Variability in colony abundance was low among transects. Coral cover was moderate (13.8%) for all species. Ninety-one percent of colonies were less than 20 cm in greatest diameter with 39% less than 5 cm. Very few (less than 25 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

0.1%) of colonies were identified as unattached fragments. The majority of recent recruitment of species appeared to be larval in nature. Fission was common (19% of large colonies were completely parted by fission). Size density and coverage data suggest coral habitat complexity and reproductive potential are moderate.

Macro-invertebrates

Twenty-nine species from 19 families of non-coral macro-invertebrates were recorded at this station (Table 4a). The Shannon index of diversity was 0.93 (equability = 0.67). Abundance measurements were collected for a subset of these species, which are represented in Table 4b and include the following species. The boring sea urchins Echinostrephus acciculatus (1/m2) and Echinometra mathaei (2.95/m2) were observed throughout this station. The mobile urchins Echinothrix calamaris (0.25/m2) and Tripneustes gratilla (0.15/m2) were observed foraging on the reef.

Reef fishes

Forty-nine reef fish species representing 15 families were observed at survey station 10, more than any other site (Table 5, Shannon Diversity H΄= 2.57). However, the estimate of total biomass was only 0.428 metric tons/hectare (Table 6a and 6k). Reef fish observed at this survey site, but not throughout the proposed project area, included the Hawaiian big-eye (Priacanthus meeki), the orange mouth lizardfish (Saurida flamma), and the long-nose butterflyfish (Forcipiger longirostris). One medium school (approximately 40+ individuals > 30cm TL) of orange-band surgeonfish (Acanthurus olivaceus) was observed. Large black durgeon (Melichthys niger) approximately 35+ cm TL were observed swimming near the Porites sp mounds during the roving diver exercise. Three large grouper (Cepahlopholis argus or roi), an introduced species, were also observed hiding under Porites sp. mounds. Aggregations of the damselfish Plectroglyphidodon johnstanianus and the wrasse Pseudocheilinus octotaenia accounted for a large number of the fish observed. Both numerical observations and biomass estimates reflected the existence of a fish community comprised of mobile herbivores and selective invertebrate and vertebrate predators.

Survey Station 11

General Habitat

Transects for this survey station were located northwest of the entrance channel at a depth of about 9 m (30 ft). The benthic community was dominated by Porites sp coral colonies. Some Porites sp colonies observed to be greater than 2 m in width were in close proximity (~ 10 m) to the survey transects. Large natural depressions were encountered throughout the station. Relief is moderate to high, with a few ledges and overhangs along with numerous sea urchin grooves (rugosity = 1.4 ± 0.3 S.D.) observed to support a diverse assemblage of reef fish and macroinvertebrate species. Large pieces of discarded rope were observed on the reef substrate.

26 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Algae

Thirteen species of marine algae were recorded at this station (Table 1). Observations of marine algae consisted of blue-green algae (Cyanophyta): Lyngbya sp, Symploca sp, two unidentified blue-green species; red algae (Rhodophyta): Centroceras sp, Gibsmithia hawaiiensis, Halymenia formosa, Liagora valida, and an unidentified crustose coralline algae; green algae (Chlorophyta): Neomeris annulata; and brown algae (Phaeophyta): Sphacelaria sp and Turbinaria ornata.

Corals

Five-hundred-eighty-five coral colonies (7 species) were recorded within two 10 m2 transects set across the shelf pavement habitat (Table 2k and Table 3k). One additional coral species (Leptastrea bewickensis) was noted within the area. There were 6 Porites sp colonies larger than 20 cm in diameter; the largest colony was estimated to be between 16 and 28 years old. The Shannon index of diversity was 1.31 (equability = 0.67) based on colony numbers and 0.40 (equability = 0.21) based on colony coverage. Montipora capitata dominated colony numbers and cover. Variability in colony abundance was moderate among transects. Coral cover was moderate (12%) for all species. Ninety-two percent of colonies were less than 20 cm in greatest diameter with 51% less than 5 cm. Approximately 1% of all colonies were identified as unattached fragments (Montipora, Porites and Pocillopora spp were observed). The majority of recent recruitment of species appeared to be larval in nature. Colony fission was relatively uncommon (8% percent of large colonies were completely parted by fission). Size density and coverage data suggest coral habitat complexity and reproductive potential are moderate.

Macro-invertebrates

Thirty-seven species from 26 families of non-coral macro-invertebrates were recorded at this station (Table 4a). The Shannon index of diversity was 0.81 (equability = 0.45). Abundance measurements were collected for a subset of these species, which are represented in Table 4b and include the following species. The boring sea urchins Echinostrephus acciculatus (11.2/m2) and Echinometra mathaei (1.8/m2) were observed throughout this station. The mobile urchins Echinothrix calamaris (0.45 m2) Tripneustes gratilla (0.3/m2) were observed grazing on macroalgae. The slate-pencil urchin, Heterocentrotus mammillatus (0.05/m2), and the secretive urchin, Eucidaris metularia (0.05/m2), were observed amongst Porites and Pocillopora spp. coral colonies. The sessile, black-lipped pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera (0.05/m2), was observed attached to small Porites sp coral colonies.

Reef fishes

Twenty-seven fish species representing 9 families were observed (Table 5, Shannon Diversity H΄= 2.32). Reef fish observed at this survey station, but not throughout the proposed project area, included the yellow-stripe wrasse (Coris flavovittata), gold-ring surgeonfish (Ctenochaetus strigosus), and juvenile yellowtail wrasse (Coris gaimard) (Table 6a and 6l). The wrasse Thalassoma duperrey and the goatfish Parupeneus multifasciatus were the most frequently observed species.

27 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Southeast of Entrance Channel: Porites sp., Pocillopora sp. and shelf pavement habitats (Survey Stations 12,13,14,15, and 16)

Survey Station 12

General Habitat

Transects for this survey station were located southeast of the entrance channel at a depth of about 8 m (26 ft). The benthic community was dominated by Porites sp coral colonies. Relief and coral cover are high (rugosity = 1.2 ± 0.1 S.D.) and provide ample shelter and reproductive habitat for a diverse assemblage of reef fish and macro-invertebrates.

Algae

Fourteen species of marine algae were recorded at this station (Table 1). Observations of marine algae consisted of blue-green algae (Cyanophyta): Lyngbya sp, and one unidentified blue-green species; red algae (Rhodophyta): Centroceras sp, Hypnea musciformis, Liagora valida, Pterocladiella caerulscens, Martensia fragilis, and an unidentified crustose coralline algae; green algae (Chlorophyta): Avrainvillea amadelpha, Halimeda discoidea, and Neomeris annulata; and brown algae (Phaeophyta): Dictyota sandvicensis, Sargassum echinocarpum, Turbinaria ornata.

Corals

Two-hundred-sixty-nine coral colonies (6 species) were recorded within two 10 m2 transects set across the Porites sp habitat (Table 2l and Table 3l). There were 29 Porites sp colonies larger than 20 cm in diameter; the largest colony was estimated to be between 50 and 96 years old. Two additional large colonies (110 cm and 250 cm, approximately 68 and 147 years old respectively) were observed off the transect area. The Shannon index of diversity was 1.44 (equability = 0.80) based on colony numbers and 0.65 (equability = 0.36) based on colony coverage. Montipora capitata was numerically dominant, while Porites lobata dominated coral cover. Variability in colony abundance was low among transects. Coral cover was relatively high (24%) for all species. Seventy-one percent of colonies were less than 20 cm in greatest diameter with 23% less than 5 cm. Very few (less than 0.1%) of all colonies were identified as unattached fragments. The majority of recent recruitment of species appeared to be larval in nature. Colony fission was moderately common (14% of large colonies were completely parted by fission). Size density and coverage data suggest coral habitat complexity and reproductive potential are relatively high.

Macro-invertebrates

Forty-seven species from 26 families of non-coral macro-invertebrates were recorded at this station (Table 4a). The Shannon index of diversity was 0.72 (equability = 0.40). Abundance measurements were collected for a subset of these species, which are represented in Table 4b and include the following species. The boring sea urchins Echinostrephus acciculatus (1.4/m2) and Echinometra mathaei (3.25/m2) were observed throughout this station. The mobile urchins 28 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Echinothrix calamaris (0.45/m2) and Tripneustes gratilla (0.15/m2) were observed foraging on the reef. The slate-pencil urchins, Heterocentrotus mammillatus (0.05/m2), and secretive urchin, Eucidaris metularia (0.15/m2), were observed in crevices between small Porites sp coral colonies.

Reef fishes

Thirty-one fish species representing 14 families were observed at this station (Table 5, Shannon Diversity H΄= 2.63). Very few juvenile fish were observed along either transect or during the roving diver survey (Table 6a and 6m). Reef fish observed at this survey site, but not throughout the proposed project area, were the coronetfish (Fistularia commersonii) and the Christmas wrasse (Thalassoma trilobatum). Three large introduced grouper (Cephalopholis argus or roi) (> 30 cm TL) were observed swimming between Porites sp colonies and hiding under ledges. The most common observed species were the puffer Canthigaster jactator and the wrasses Thalassoma duperrey and Coris venusta.

Survey Station 13

General Habitat

Transects for this survey station were located southeast of the entrance channel at a depth of approximately 6 m (21 ft). The benthic community was primarily scoured pavement riddled with urchin grooves. Relief, coral density and coral cover varied throughout the survey station (rugosity = 1.1 ± 0.1 S.D.). A few large Porites sp coral colonies were observed to be greater than 1 m.

Algae

Nineteen species of marine algae were recorded at this station (Table 1). Observations of marine algae consisted of blue-green algae (Cyanophyta): Lyngbya sp, Symploca sp, and one unidentified blue-green species; red algae (Rhodophyta): Asparagopsis taxiformis, Centroceras sp, Ceramium sp, Halymenia formosa, Liagora donaldiana, L. valida, Martensia fragilis, and an unidentified crustose coralline algae; green algae (Chlorophyta): Avrainvillea amadelpha, Bryopsis hypnoides, Halimeda discoidea, H. opuntia, and Neomeris annulata; and brown algae (Phaeophyta): Padina australis, Sargassum echinocarpum, and Turbinaria ornata.

Corals

One-hundred-forty-five coral colonies (6 species) were recorded within two 10 m2 transects set across the Porites sp habitat (Table 2m and Table 3m). There were 7 Porites sp colonies larger than 20 cm in diameter; the largest colony was estimated to be between 50 and 96 years old. The Shannon index of diversity was 1.33 (equability = 0.74) based on colony numbers and 0.37 (equability = 0.20) based on colony coverage. Montipora patula dominated colony numbers and cover. Variability in colony abundance was moderate among transects. Coral cover was moderate (10%) for all species. Seventy-nine percent of colonies were less than 20 cm in greatest diameter with 24% less than 5 cm. No colonies were identified as unattached fragments. 29 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

The majority of recent recruitment of species appeared to be larval in nature. Colony fission was common (19% of large colonies were completely parted by fission). Size density and coverage data suggest coral habitat complexity and reproductive potential are moderate.

Macro-invertebrates

Thirty-four species from 24 families of non-coral macro-invertebrates were recorded at this station (Table 4a). The Shannon index of diversity was 0.68 (equability = 0.38). Abundance measurements were collected for a subset of these species, which are represented in Table 4b and include the following species. The boring sea urchins Echinostrephus acciculatus (0.2/m2) and Echinometra mathaei (4.25/m2) were observed throughout this station. The mobile urchins Echinothrix calamaris (0.1/m2) and Tripneustes gratilla (0.15/m2) were observed. The slate- pencil urchin, Heterocentrotus mammillatus (0.25/m2), was observed amongst Porites sp. coral colonies.

Reef fishes

Nineteen fish species representing 10 families were observed at this station (Table 5, Shannon Diversity H΄= 1.94). Fish density and diversity was lower compared to other stations (Table 6a and 6n). The bottom was mostly scoured pavement with little vertical structure for reef fish to occupy. The site has low coral relief and receives high wave energy. The wrasse Thalassoma duperrey was the most commonly observed species.

Survey Station 14

General Habitat

Transects for this survey station were located southeast of the entrance channel at a depth of about 8 m (25 ft). The benthic community was pavement habitat seaward of the section of reef dominated by Montipora and Porites spp. Coral cover varied throughout the survey site (rugosity = 1.1 ± 0.1 S.D.). Long lengths of abandoned rope and cable were spread across the reef and cemented in place by coralline algae. Visibility was greater than 30 m.

Algae

Seven species of marine algae were recorded at this station (Table 1). Observations of marine algae consisted of blue-green algae (Cyanophyta): Lyngbya sp, and one unidentified blue-green species; red algae (Rhodophyta): Amansia glomerata, Ceramium sp, Liagora donaldiana, and an unidentified crustose coralline algae; and green algae (Chlorophyta): Neomeris annulata.

Corals

One-hundred-eight coral colonies (7 species) were recorded within two 10 m2 transects set across the Porites sp habitat (Table 2n and Table 3n). There were 5 Porites sp colonies larger than 20 cm in diameter; the largest colony was estimated to be between 28 and 50 years old. One additional large colony (100 cm, approximately 62 years old) was observed off the transect area. 30 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

The Shannon index of diversity was 1.53 (equability = 0.79) based on colony numbers and 0.20 (equability = 0.10) based on colony coverage. Montipora capitata dominated colony numbers and coral cover. Variability in colony abundance was low among transects. Coral cover was low (4%) for all species. Eighty-three percent of colonies were less than 20 cm in greatest diameter with 44% less than 5 cm. Fragments were relatively common (9% of all colonies were identified as unattached fragments (Montipora, Porites, and Pocillopora spp fragments were identified). The majority of recent recruitment appeared to be larval in nature. Colony fission was relatively rare, only 4% percent of large colonies were completely parted by fission. Size density and coverage data suggest coral habitat complexity and reproductive potential are relatively low.

Macro-invertebrates

Twenty-two species from 17 families of non-coral macro-invertebrates were recorded at this station (Table 4a). The Shannon index of diversity was 0.29 (equability = 0.21). Abundance measurements were collected for a subset of these species, which are represented in Table 4b and include the following species. The boring sea urchins Echinostrephus acciculatus (0.3/m2) and Echinometra mathaei (1.7/m2) were observed throughout this site. The mobile urchins Echinothrix calamaris (0.35/m2) and Tripneustes gratilla (0.3/m2) were observed grazing on macro-algae.

Reef fishes

Twenty-five species of fish representing 10 families were observed at this station (Table 5, Shannon Diversity H΄= 1.67). There is a limited amount of habitat for reef fish to occupy and very few juvenile fish were observed. Total reef fish diversity at this station was low (compared to other stations) although the estimate of total biomass was the highest for all stations. Orange- band surgeonfish (Acanthurus olivaceus) were frequently observed and provided the single largest contribution to the total biomass estimate (98.2%). One large school (approximately 60+ individuals > 35 cm TL) of A. olivaceus was observed. Reef fish observed at this survey site, but not throughout the proposed project area, included the spotted boxfish (Ostracion meleagris) and the introduced black-tail snapper (Lutjanis fulvus). Other frequently observed species included the damselfish Chromis vanderbilti and the wrasse Pseudocheilinus octotaenia.

Survey Station 15

General Habitat

Transects for this survey station were located southeast of the entrance channel at a depth of approximately 8 m (25 ft). The benthic community was scoured pavement with turf algae, many sea urchin grooves, and small scattered coral colonies (rugosity =1.0 ± 0.0 S.D.). Large lengths of abandoned rope and cable were observed on the seafloor. The rope has been in residence long enough for coral colonies (greater than 10 cm) to have settled and grown on it. Coral cover varied throughout the survey station. Porites sp colonies located on the transect lines were up to 1m high. Seaward of the survey transect lines, larger Porites sp colonies approximately 1.5 m high and 2.5 m wide were observed, but not documented. Visibility was greater than 25 m. 31 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Algae

Twelve species of marine algae were recorded at this station (Table 1). Observations of marine algae consisted of blue-green algae (Cyanophyta: Symploca sp, and two unidentified blue-green species; red algae (Rhodophyta): Asparagopsis taxiformis, Centroceras sp, Ceramium sp, Martensia fragilis, and an unidentified crustose coralline algae; green algae (Chlorophyta): Halimeda discoidea and Neomeris annulata; and brown algae (Phaeophyta): Padina australis and Turbinaria ornata.

Corals

One-hundred-forty-four coral colonies (4 species) were recorded within two 10 m2 transects set across the Porites sp habitat (Table 2o and Table 3o). There were 5 Porites sp colonies larger than 20 cm in diameter; the largest colony was estimated to be between 28 and 50 years old. Three additional large colonies (100 cm, 190 cm, and 300 cm, approximately 62, 113, and 175 years old respectively) were observed off the transect. The Shannon index of diversity was 1.31 (equability = 0.94) based on colony numbers and 0.25 (equability = 0.18) based on colony coverage. Montipora capitata dominated colony numbers and cover. Variability in colony abundance was low among transects. Coral cover was relatively low 6% for all species. Eighty- three percent of colonies were less than 20 cm in greatest diameter with 47% less than 5 cm. Approximately 7% of all colonies were identified as unattached fragments. The majority of recent recruitment appeared to be larval in nature. Colony fission was not observed on these transects. Size density and coverage data suggest coral habitat complexity and reproductive potential range from low to moderate.

Macro-invertebrates

Seventeen species from 12 families of non-coral macro-invertebrates were recorded at this station (Table 4a). The Shannon index of diversity was 1.26 (equability = 0.70). Abundance measurements were collected for a subset of these species, which are represented in Table 4b and include the following species. The boring sea urchins Echinostrephus acciculatus (0.95/m2) and Echinometra mathaei (1.3/m2) were observed throughout this station. The mobile urchins Echinothrix calamaris (0.5/m2) and Tripneustes gratilla (0.1/m2) were observed grazing here.

Reef fishes

Sixteen fish species representing 9 families were observed (Table 5, Shannon Diversity H΄= 1.88). There is little habitat for adult reef fish, but appears to be a suitable nursery area for juvenile fish of the species Thalassoma duperrey (saddle wrasse) and Coris gaimard (yellowtail coris) (Table 6a and 6p). Juveniles of both species were observed frequently throughout the survey station. Total reef fish biomass at this site was low. Reef fish observed at this survey station, but not throughout the proposed project area, included the bicolor anthias (Pseudanthias bicolor), green lionfish (Dendrochirus barberi) and the milletseed butterflyfish (Chaetodon miliaris). Aggregations of the wrasse Pseudocheilinus octoaenia accounted for a large proportion (38%) of the fish observed. 32 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Survey Station 16

General Habitat

Transects for this survey station were located southeast and in close proximity to the entrance channel at a depth of 8 m (26 ft). The benthic community was dominated by Pocillopora sp. coral colonies. Coral cover was moderate and included a mix of corals from the genera Porites, Pocillopora and Montipora. Individual corals were relatively small, but dense, and provided low relief and shelter habitat (e.g., holes/crevices) for reef fish and macro-invertebrates (rugosity = 1.1 ± 0.0 S.D.). Also, urchin grooves created sub-habitat for small reef fish and snails. A large depression, approximately 1 m deep, was observed at the end of the survey station.

Algae

Fifteen species of marine algae were recorded at this station (Table 1). Observations of marine algae consisted of blue-green algae (Cyanophyta): Hormothamnion sp and Lyngbya sp; red algae (Rhodophyta): Amansia glomerata, Centroceras sp, Ceramium sp, Liagora donaldiana, L. valida, and an unidentified crustose coralline algae; green algae (Chlorophyta): Bryopsis hypnoides, Halimeda discoidea, H. opuntia, and Neomeris annulata; and brown algae (Phaeophyta): Padina australis, Sargassum echinocarpum, and Turbinaria ornata.

Corals

Six-hundred-sixty-two coral colonies (7 species) were recorded within two 10 m2 transects set across the Porites sp habitat (Table 2p and Table 3p). There were 12 Porites sp colonies larger than 20 cm in diameter; the largest colony was estimated to be between 28 and 50 years old. The Shannon index of diversity was 1.36 (equability = 0.70) based on colony numbers and 0.61 (equability = 0.31) based on colony coverage. Montipora capitata and M. patula dominated colony numbers and cover. Variability in colony abundance was low among transects. Coral cover was relatively high (22%) for all species. Eighty-six percent of colonies were less than 20 cm in greatest diameter with 38% less than 5 cm. Approximately 1% of all colonies were identified as unattached fragments. The majority of recent recruitment of species appeared to be larval in nature. Fission was relatively uncommon (6% of large colonies were completely parted by fission). Size density and coverage data suggest coral habitat complexity and reproductive potential are relatively high.

Macro-invertebrates

Thirty-four species from 24 families of non-coral macro-invertebrates were recorded at this station (Table 4a). The Shannon index of diversity was 0.85 (equability = 0.44). Abundance measurements were collected for a subset of these species, which are represented in Table 4b and include the following species. The boring sea urchins Echinostrephus acciculatus (1.75/m2) and Echinometra mathaei (3.3/m2) were observed throughout this station. The mobile urchins Echinothrix calamaris (0.3/m2) and Tripneustes gratilla (0.25/m2) were observed foraging in this area.

33 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Reef fishes

Nineteen species representing 7 families were observed at this station (Table 5, Shannon Diversity H΄= 2.36). Both transects contained many coral colonies that provided abundant holes and crevices for juvenile and adult reef fish, even though this was a low rugosity reef area (Table 6a and 6q). Schools of black-fin damselfish (Chromis vanderbilti), white-bar surgeonfish (Acanthurus leucopareius), ewa blennies (Plagiotremus ewaensis), saddle wrasses (Thalassoma duperrey), spotted unicorn (Naso brevirostris), and brown surgeonfish (Acanthurus nigrofuscus) were common in this area. This may have been due to the close proximity to the channel edge and the reef slope. Reef fish observed at this survey station, but not throughout the proposed project area, included the rock-mover wrasse (Novaculichthys taeniorus), the spotted unicornfish (Naso brevirostris), short-nose wrasse (Macropharyngodon geoffroy), speckled scorpionfish (Sebastapistes coniorta), and the reef lizardfish (Synodus variegatus).

Entrance Channel: Reef crest habitat (Survey Stations 17, 18 and 19)

Survey Station 17

General Habitat

Transects for this survey station were located along the southeastern edge of the entrance channel, in a seaward direction near red channel marker number 4, at a depth of about 8 m (26 ft). The benthic community was dominated by encrusting corals with very high coral cover (rugosity = 1.9 ± 0.2 S.D.). Long lengths of abandoned rope and pieces of discarded metal were observed on the reef substrate. Large patches of sand habitat were observed in the entrance channel (about 12 m [40 ft] depth).

Algae

Fifteen species of marine algae were recorded at this station (Table 1). Observations of marine algae consisted o: blue-green algae (Cyanophyta): Hormothamnion sp and Lyngbya majuscula; red algae (Rhodophyta): Centroceras sp, Ceramium sp, Gibsmithia hawaiiensis, Gracilaria sp, Hypnea musciformis, Laurencia brachyclados, Liagora donaldiana, L. valida, Martensia fragilis, and an unidentified crustose coralline algae; and green algae (Chlorophyta): Avrainvillea amadelpha, Halimeda discoidea, H. opuntia, and Neomeris annulata.

Corals

Six-hundred-five coral colonies (7 species) were recorded within two 10 m2 transects set across the reef crest habitat (Table 2q and Table 3q). There were 6 Porites sp colonies larger than 20 cm in diameter; the largest colony was estimated to be between 16 and 28 years old. The Shannon index of diversity was 1.00 (equability = 0.514) based on colony numbers and 0.78 (equability = 0.40) based on colony coverage. Montipora capitata dominated colony numbers and cover. Variability in colony abundance was very low among transects. Coral cover was very high (61%) for all species. Sixty-six percent of colonies were less than 20 cm in greatest diameter with 16% less than 5 cm. Approximately 1.6 % of all colonies were identified as 34 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

unattached fragments (mostly M. capitata). The majority of recent recruitment appeared to be larval in nature. Colony fission was relatively very rare (only 3% of large colonies were completely parted by fission). Size density and coverage data suggest coral habitat complexity and reproductive potential are relatively high.

Macro-invertebrates

Thirty-two species from 20 families of non-coral macro-invertebrates were recorded at this station (Table 4a). The Shannon index of diversity was 1.04 (equability = 0.65). Abundance measurements were collected for a subset of these species, which are represented in Table 4b and include the following species. The boring sea urchins Echinostrephus acciculatus (0.55 m2) and Echinometra mathaei (0.45/m2) were observed throughout this station. The mobile urchins Echinothrix calamaris (1.15/m2) and Tripneustes gratilla (0.05/m2) were observed grazing in this area. The slate-pencil urchin, Heterocentrotus mammillatus (0.05/m2), was observed amongst Porites sp. coral colonies. The sessile, black-lipped pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera (0.05/m2), was observed along the upper slope of the entrance channel.

Reef fishes

Thirty species of fish representing 11 families were observed (Table 5, Shannon Diversity H΄= 2.33). Adult orange-band surgeonfish, Acanthurus olivaceus, provided the largest contribution to the total biomass estimate (48%) (Table 6a and 6r). A small group (<10 individuals) of juvenile A. olivaceus was observed during the roving diver survey. Other species frequently observed at this site were the damselfish Chromis vanderbilti and the wrasse Thalassoma duperrey.

Survey Station 18

General Habitat

Transects for this survey station were located along the northwest edge of the entrance channel, in a seaward direction near green channel mark number 5, at a depth of 9 m (30 ft). The benthic topography was comprised of many ledges and crevices and rugosity was high (rugosity = 1.3 ± 0.1 S.D.). Coral cover was high along the slope and holes in the reef provided habitat for a high density and diversity of adult and juvenile reef fish. The higher diversity of reef fish species may also have been attributed to this area being a transition zone with high relief.

Algae

Fifteen species of marine algae were recorded at this station (Table 1). Observations of marine algae consisted of blue-green algae (Cyanophyta): Hormothamnion sp and Lyngbya majuscula, Lyngbya sp, and Symploca sp; red algae (Rhodophyta): Centroceras sp, Ceramium sp, Gracilaria sp, Hypnea musciformis, Laurencia brachyclados, Liagora donaldiana, and an unidentified crustose coralline algae; green algae (Chlorophyta): Bryopsis hypnoides, Halimeda discoidea, and Neomeris annulata; and brown algae (Phaeophyta): Turbinaria ornata

35 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Corals

Five-hundred-forty-five coral colonies (9 species) were recorded within two 10 m2 transects set across the reef crest habitat (Table 2r and Table 3r). There were 6 Porites sp colonies larger than 20 cm in diameter; the largest colony was estimated to be between 16 and 28 years old. The Shannon index of diversity was 1.43 (equability = 0.65) based on colony numbers and 0.60 (equability = 0.27) based on colony coverage. Montipora capitata was numerically dominant, while M. patula dominated colony cover. Variability in colony abundance was moderate among transects. Coral cover was relatively high (33%) for all species. Ninety-seven percent of colonies were less than 20 cm in greatest diameter with 73% less than 5 cm. No colonies were identified as unattached fragments. The majority of recent recruitment appeared to be larval in nature. Colony fission was moderately common (11% of large colonies were completely parted by fission). Size density and coverage data suggest coral habitat complexity and reproductive potential are relatively high.

Macro-invertebrates

Eighteen species from 13 families of non-coral macro-invertebrates were recorded at this station (Table 4a). The Shannon index of diversity was 0.42 (equability = 0.20). Abundance measurements were collected for a subset of these species, which are represented in Table 4b and include the following species. The boring sea urchins Echinostrephus acciculatus (0.55/m2) and Echinometra mathaei (5.15/m2) were observed throughout this station. The mobile urchins Echinothrix calamaris (0.35/m2), E. diadema (0.35/m2), and Tripneustes gratilla (0.05/m2) were observed grazing in this area. The slate-pencil urchin, Heterocentrotus mammillatus (0.1/m2), was observed in between small Porites sp. coral colonies. The sessile, black-lipped pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera (0.05/m2), was observed attached to Porites sp. colonies, along the upper slope of the entrance channel.

Reef fishes

Forty-five species of reef fish representing 17 families were observed (Table 5, Shannon Diversity H΄= 1.75). A large number of juvenile and adult fish were encountered down slope, likely due to high coral cover and this being a transition zone. This station had the second highest reef fish species richness among all stations with 45 observed species. The station also had the highest estimated fish density with 38,300 individuals per hectare (Table 6a and 6s). Aggregations of the damselfish Chromis vanderbilti accounted for a large proportion of the fish observed (55.4%). The top three contributors to the estimate of total biomass were the surgeonfish Acanthurus olivaceus (58.7%), the introduced grouper Cephalopholis argus or roi (7.8%), and the damselfish C. vanderbilti (7.6%). The rare Potter’s angelfish (Centropyge potteri) was located during the roving diver survey at a depth of approximately 35 ft. Biologists observed the black-fin chromis (C. vanderbilti) forming approximately five schools with 20 to 80 individuals observed per school, and were recorded in residence along the transects. Juvenile multi-band butterflyfish (Chaetodon multicinctus) and the introduced roi (C. argus) were both observed in large numbers (40+ and 16 respectively). Reef fish observed at this survey site, but not throughout the proposed project area, were the yellow margin moray (Gymnothorax flavimarginatas) and the agile chromis (Chromis agilis). 36 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Survey Station 19

General Habitat

Transects for this survey station were located along the southeastern edge of the entrance channel, in a seaward direction near red channel marker number 2, at a depth of 14 m (47 ft), the deepest of all the survey stations. The benthic community was primarily comprised of green and turf algae and relief was low (rugosity = 1.2 ± 0.1 S.D.). Very strong bottom currents reduced sand habitat formation. Large lengths of abandoned rope were observed on the seafloor. Coral and fish were more abundant near the seaward reef crest. The channel slope provided habitat for juvenile fish species.

Algae

Thirteen species of marine algae were recorded at this station (Table 1). Observations of marine algae consisted of blue-green algae (Cyanophyta): Hormothamnion sp and Lyngbya majuscula, Lyngbya sp, and one unidentified blue-green alga; red algae (Rhodophyta): Asparagopsis taxiformis, Centroceras sp, Ceramium sp, Liagora donaldiana and L. valida; green algae (Chlorophyta): Avrainvillea amadelpha, Halimeda discoidea; and brown algae (Phaeophyta): Dictyota sp and Padina australis.

Corals

Four-hundred-fifty coral colonies (7 species) were recorded within two 10 m2 transects set across the reef crest habitat (Table 2s and Table 3s). There were 5 Porites sp colonies larger than 20 cm in diameter; the largest colony was estimated to be between 16 and 28 years old. The Shannon index of diversity was 1.44 (equability = 0.74) based on colony numbers and 0.24 (equability = 1.12) based on colony coverage. Porites lobata was numerically dominant, while Pocillopora meandrina dominated coral cover. Variability in colony abundance was high among transects. Coral cover was low (5.6%) for all species. Ninety-seven percent of colonies were less than 20 cm in greatest diameter with 73% less than 5 cm. No colonies were identified as unattached fragments. The majority of recent recruitment appeared to be larval in nature. Fission was moderate (9% of large colonies, all P. lobata, were completely parted by fission). Size density and coverage data suggest coral habitat complexity and reproductive potential are moderate.

Macro-invertebrates

Eighteen species from 13 families of non-coral macro-invertebrates were recorded at this station (Table 4a). The Shannon index of diversity was 0.39 (equability = 0.24). Abundance measurements were collected for a subset of these species, which are represented in Table 4b and include the following species. The boring sea urchins Echinostrephus acciculatus (2.4/m2) and Echinometra mathaei (0.95/m2) were observed throughout this station. The mobile urchins Echinothrix calamaris (0.45/m2) and E. diadema (0.1/m2) were concentrated along a narrow ledge on the channel slope. The sessile, black-lipped pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera (0.05/m2), was attached to small Porites sp. colonies along the upper slope of the entrance channel. 37 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Reef fishes

Twenty-one fish species representing 12 families were observed at this station (Table 5, Shannon Diversity H΄= 1.86). The transect area contained many coral colonies that provided abundant holes and crevices for juvenile and adult reef fish. The saddle wrasse (Thalassoma duperrey) was the most commonly observed fish (40% of all fish observed) and was the largest single contributor to the estimate of total biomass (42%) (Table 6a and 6t). During the roving diver survey, large schools of juvenile double-bar goatfish (Parupeneus bifasciatus), side-spot goatfish (P. pleurostigma), multi-band butterflyfish (Chaetodon multicinctus), and Hawaiian dascyllus (Dascyllus albisella) were observed along the channel slope. Reef fish observed at this survey station, but not throughout the proposed project area, included the black-lip butterflyfish (Chaetodon kleinii), the white-spot unicornfish (Naso brevirostris), and the side-spot goatfish (P. pleurostigma). The introduced blue-stripe snapper (Lutjanis kasmira) was also present in schools along the reef slope.

Community level patterns

There are two spatial factors that appear to have a strong influence on the overall structure and zonation of the coral reef communities at the entrance to Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor - distance from the shore and distance from the entrance channel.

Distance from the Shore

Average coral size (pooled over all species at a survey station) was highest in the mid-shelf pavement zone between the shallow nearshore environment, and the deeper reef slope (Appendix 2, Figure 1, Pearson; r=0.67, p=0.01). Average colony size was highest between approximately 250 and 650 m from shore, which translates to an approximate depth of between 6 and 11 m (20- 35 ft), given the close relationship between depth and distance from shore (Appendix 2, Figure 2, Pearson; r=0.92, p<0.001). This mid-shelf pavement zone is far enough away from the shore and deep enough to have reduced seasonal high energy surf, while shallow enough to provide the maximum available light for photosynthesis. Coral cover (Appendix 3, Figure 4), and coral diversity (Shannon’s H’ of coral cover; Appendix 3, Figure 5) also appeared highest in the mid- shelf pavement zone between the nearshore and deeper reef slope. The number of algal species recorded at each survey station also showed a similar pattern with highest numbers occurring in the mid-shelf pavement zone (Appendix 3, Figure 7). Invertebrate abundance was highest in the nearshore environment (Appendix 3, Figure 8), where boring sea urchins were observed to congregate in large numbers. Invertebrate diversity (Shannon’s H’) is highest off-shore, away from the boring urchin habitat (Appendix 3, Figure 9).

Distance from the Channel

The average size of all coral colonies increased with distance from the entrance channel (Appendix 2, Figure 3, Pearson; r=0.52, p=0.02). The trend was strengthened by excluding station 17 (Pearson; r=0.77, p<0.001). Large (>20 cm diameter) Porites sp colonies showed a clear pattern of increasing abundance with increased distance from the channel (Appendix 3, Figure 1, Appendix 2, Figure 4, Pearson; r=0.66, p=0.002). The pattern was evident in all three 38 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

large size classes; 20-40 cm corals (approximately 16-28 years of age), 40-80 cm corals (approximately 28-50 years of age), and 80-160 cm corals (approximately 50-100 years of age). The oldest Porites sp colonies (50-100 years of age) were most abundant at the survey stations farthest from the channel, although some very sizable colonies (100-300 cm) were observed to occur off the transects at some of the survey stations near the entrance channel (Appendix 2, Figure 1). Massive Porites sp colonies are very long-lived; very large colonies are often estimated to be several hundred years old, and the largest Porites sp colonies may be on the order of a thousand years old (C. Birkland, pers. comm.). Porites lobata and P. evermanni are annual broadcast spawners that are relatively slow growing (1.76 cm –yr greatest diameter; Kolinski 2007). The spatial distribution of older Porites sp is most likely explained by previous impacts from dredging of the entrance channel as most Porites sp colonies close to the entrance channel are relatively young (between 16-28 years of age).

Although the overall average size of all corals was lower near the channel, the trend was reversed in large (<20 cm diameter) Pocillopora sp colonies, with the highest concentrations occurring closest to the channel (Appendix 3, Figure 2, Appendix 2, Figure 5, Pearson; r=0.49). Pocillopora meandrina is considered an early colonizer or pioneer species, because this species broods larvae throughout the year, grows rapidly (approximately 1.99 cm –y; Kolinski 2007), is short lived, and is often observed to be the first species to colonize new substrate, or after a disturbance (Grigg and Maragos 1974). The largest P. meandrina colonies observed near the entrance channel are between 40 and 80 cm (23-43 years old). Pocillopora sp are also often abundant in areas that have high water motion; the topological features of the entrance channel and the harbor are likely to be conducive to large volumes of water exchanged by tidal forces.

The proportion of the population that is made up of new recruits (colonies <5 cm diameter), was highest in survey sites closest to the channel (Appendix 3, Figure 6, Appendix 2, Figure 6, Pearson; r=0.57, p=0.01). There was a positive relationship between the number of new recruits and large (>20 cm) Pocillopora sp colonies (Appendix 2, Figure 5, Pearson; r=0.51,p=0.03), which suggests that the Pocillopora sp communities near the channel are in an early stage of succession, with a large proportion of the substrate available for settlement. There is a negative relationship between the number of large (>20 cm) Porites sp colonies and the number of new coral recruits (Appendix 2, Figure 7, Pearson; r=0.49, p=0.032) and a negative relationship between the distance from the channel and the proportion of new recruits (Appendix 3, Figure 6). Communities with old massive Porites sp appear to have little available substrate for new colonization. Fish diversity (Shannon’s H’) increased with the number of large Porites sp (Appendix 2, Figure 12, Pearson; r=0.75, p<0.001) and with increasing coral diversity (Shannon’s H’ in terms of cover; Appendix 2, Figure 11, Pearson; r=0.56,p=0.014). Fish diversity (Shannon’s H’) was highest in the survey stations farthest from the channel (Appendix 4, Figure 4). This further reinforces the pattern of communities in various stages of succession in a gradient with oldest communities occurring at the stations furthest from the entrance channel.

Future without the Project

Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor is an important receiving site for fuel and consumer goods and is the only commercial harbor that is an alternative to Honolulu Harbor. With the increasing need for supplies and materials to support a burgeoning island population, facilities to accommodate 39 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report vessels with larger cargo capacities will be integral to meet this demand. Expanding the Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor will help the transportation industry to better manage its shipping fleet by avoiding inefficiencies such as the practice of light-loading larger vessels or using many smaller vessels. Shippers will be able to fully load larger container vessels, thereby reducing overall container shipping traffic in the Oahu area. Sharing vessel traffic between Honolulu Harbor and Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor translates into reducing the probability of at-sea accidents and impacts to federal trust resources (e.g., coral reefs, marine mammals, seabirds, and migratory shorebirds).

However, without the project, overuse of old existing port facilities may contribute to the congestion of vessel traffic at Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor and Honolulu Harbor. Without the appropriate channel deepening and jetty protection, vessels attempting to enter Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor may risk grounding due to nearshore currents and storm events (e.g., a commercial vessel lost power and coasted into harbor in 1998). Vessel collisions or groundings on coral reefs may result in the release of petroleum products at sea or in the harbor, posing a serious contamination threat to trust resources. Also, physical impacts due to large vessel groundings in the Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor area have been documented to negatively impact many acres of coral reef (e.g., M/V Cape Flattery in 2005). Furthermore, an increase in traffic accidents and spills on Oahu highways from transporting supplies by truck to the Ewa area from Honolulu may also be a derivative of insufficient facilities at Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor.

DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVES EVALUATED

In August 2007, the Corps provided the Service with descriptions of the harbor expansion alternatives for of the purpose of analyzing project-related impacts to fish and wildlife resources. Basic project construction designs being considered included (a) a no jetty alternative with entrance channel and harbor deepening; (b) a deepening alternative with jetty parallel to the entrance channel (preferred alternative); and (c) a deepening alternative with jetty angled to the entrance channel. A No Action alternative was also being considered. Early estimates of dredging were provided by the Corps (Table I). The basic construction design alternatives have since been further refined to incorporate new information.

In September 2007, the Corps provided the Service with descriptions of construction schedules, information on construction barge operations, and details for two anchoring systems to stabilize construction barges. The Corps anticipates that dredging activities to deepen the entrance channel will occur over a period of 6 to 8 months. The channel would remain active and open to all private and commercial vessels during the dredging period. Dredging within the harbor basin will require an additional 17 to 19 months and would not affect vessel traffic through the harbor. Construction of the jetty on the north side of the entrance channel would take place over a 22- month period and may occur concurrently with dredging operations in the channel and basin.

The construction barge and scow will be attached together during all dredging operations. The construction barge and scow will need to be moved into the harbor, or out to sea to make way for large vessels (e.g., fuel barges) that transit through the channel for the purposes of entering or 40 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

exiting Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor. It is anticipated that smaller vessels (e.g., private yachts or motorboats) would be allowed to transit through the 450-foot-wide channel, avoiding the construction barge and scow (total width 140 ft) and not precipitating a need to move them out of the way. The Corps was asked to provide a description of the anchoring system that would allow the construction barge and scow to readily exit the channel to make way for larger vessels. In September 2007, the Corps provided the Service with information on two anchoring systems, which include a 200 Anchor Point System and a 30 Pile Anchor System.

200 Anchor Point System

The 200 Anchor Point System would employ four anchors to stabilize the construction barge and attached scow. The barge and scow could be considered one vessel, since they will be secured together, side-by-side, during dredging operations. Of the four anchor points, two anchors would be set on the reef, either to the north or south of the channel, and two anchors would be set in the entrance channel. The location of the anchors set on the reef would depend upon the location of the barge during dredging operations within the channel. For example, if the barge happens to be dredging the southern side of the channel, two anchors would be located on the reef, south of the entrance channel, and two anchors would be set within the channel. The two anchors set on the reef would extend about 100 ft from the edge of the channel. The two anchors set in the channel would drop directly or near directly to the bottom of the channel. Each anchor point would occupy an area of about 765 ft2 (Figure 15).

The 200 Anchor Point System represents a “worst-case scenario” to stabilize the construction barge in the entrance channel. It is estimated that to complete the planned channel dredging, the barge would need to set about 100 anchor points to the north of the entrance channel and about 100 anchor points to the south of the entrance channel. Use of this system factors in resetting barge anchors after moving the barge and scow out of the channel to make way for larger vessels transiting through the channel and then resetting the barge anchors in place to resume dredging work. The time it would take to retrieve all four anchors and move the construction barge and scow out of the channel would be about 6 hours.

30 Pile Anchor System

The 30 Pile Anchor System would require driving 30 piles into the reef to be used later as anchor points to stabilize the construction barge and scow in the entrance channel during dredging operations. Fifteen piles would be driven into the reef north of the entrance channel and another 15 piles would be located to the south of the entrance channel. Piles would be evenly spaced and located about 100 ft from the edge of the channel. Placement of the piles in the reef would occur prior to project construct-related dredging operations and would involve positioning a barge with pile driving capability along the channel reef edge to drive the piles into place. Piles would be driven into the reef so that the tops of the piles would be 2 to 3 ft above the reef substrate. Each pile would occupy an area of about 125 ft2 (Uyen Tran, Pers. Comm., 2007).

Following project construction dredging, the anchor piles would be cut level with the surface of the reef and would require setting up a construction barge to remove them. The Corps has indicated that as many as 28 anchors would need to be set on the reef to conduct post- 41 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report construction dredging removal of anchor pilings. Fourteen anchors would be set to the north and 14 to the south of the entrance channel. Four anchors would be deployed from the pile-barge to stabilize it during pile-driving operations. At each pile driving location, two anchors would be set on the reef and two anchors would be set in the channel. The two anchors set on the reef would extend about 200 feet from the edge of the channel. The two anchors set in the channel would be located directly below the barge on the bottom of the channel.

Since two potential anchoring systems are being considered for each of the three basic construction designs under consideration, a total of six design alternatives plus the No Action alternative are evaluated in this report. The objectives of the six construction design planning alternatives are to minimize impacts to vessels that may result from the existing shallow entrance channel and harbor basin and from cross currents fronting the entrance to the harbor. The six basic construction design alternatives and the No Action alternative are summarized below.

Alternative 1: Harbor and Channel Deepening (200 Anchor Point System) The harbor and entrance channel would be deepened by dredging material to reach desired project depths. The construction barge and scow would be stabilized using a 200 anchor point system. A clam shell dredge would be positioned on the construction barge to perform all project dredging activities. All dredge material would be placed on the scow. Dredging operations would be conducted in the channel, starting from the mouth of the harbor and proceeding to the seaward edge of the entrance channel. A jetty would not be constructed as part of this alternative.

Alternative 2: Harbor and Channel Deepening (200 Anchor Point System) with Jetty parallel to the Entrance Channel (Preferred Alternative) Harbor and entrance channel dredging would occur in combination with construction of a 375-foot-long jetty. Entrance channel and harbor basin deepening would employ a 200 Anchor Point System, similar to Alternative 1. The jetty would be located on the reef, north of the entrance channel and would be constructed parallel to the entrance channel.

Vessel anchors and chain would be placed over several reef habitats to secure the construction barge in place during dredging operations. The areas of reef habitat anticipated to be affected include: harbor bottom (0.51 acre), nearshore reef flat (0.32 acre), Pocillopora sp habitat (0.42 acre), Porites sp habitat (1.69 acre), and reef crest habitat (0.35 acre), totaling about 3.29 acres of reef and harbor habitat. The jetty would occupy about 0.8 acre of nearshore reef flat habitat.

Alternative 3: Harbor and Channel Deepening (200 Anchor Point System) with Jetty angled to the Entrance Channel Harbor and entrance channel dredging would occur in combination with construction of a 375-foot-long jetty along the north side of the entrance channel. Channel and harbor basin deepening would employ a 200 Anchor Point System, similar to Alternative 1. The jetty, similar to Alternative 2 in construction design, would be constructed at an angle towards the entrance channel.

42 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Vessel anchors and chain would be placed over several reef habitats to secure the construction barge in place during dredging operations. The areas of reef habitat anticipated to be affected include: harbor bottom (0.51 acre), nearshore reef flat (0.16 acre), Pocillopora sp habitat (0.42 acre), Porites sp habitat (1.65 acres), and reef crest (0.35 acre), totaling about 3.09 acres of reef and harbor habitat. The jetty would occupy about 0.8 acre of nearshore reef flat habitat.

Alternative 4: Harbor and Channel Deepening (30 Pile Anchor System) The harbor and entrance channel would be deepened by dredging material to reach desired project depths. The construction barge and scow would be stabilized using a 30 Pile Anchor Point System. A clam shell dredge would be positioned on the construction barge to perform all project dredging activities. All dredge material would be placed on the scow. Dredging operations would be conducted in the channel, starting from the mouth of the harbor and proceeding to the seaward edge of the entrance channel. A jetty would not be constructed s part of this alternative.

Alternative 5: Harbor and Channel Deepening (30 Pile Anchor System) with Jetty Parallel to the Entrance Channel Harbor and entrance channel dredging would occur in combination with construction of a 375-foot-long jetty, which would be located parallel to and along the north side of the entrance channel, similar to Alternative 2. Entrance channel and harbor basin deepening would employ a 30 Anchor Point System, similar to Alternative 4.

Alternative 6: Harbor and Channel Deepening (30 Pile Anchor System) with Jetty Angled to the Entrance Channel Harbor and entrance channel dredging would occur in combination with construction of a 375-foot-long jetty that would be located along the north side of the entrance channel. The construction barge and scow would employ a 30 Anchor Point System, similar to Alternative 4, during channel deepening operations. Construction of the jetty would be similar in design to Alternative 2 and would be angled toward the entrance channel.

Alternative 7: No Action No action would be performed to modify the existing environment at Barbers Point Deep Draft Harbor.

For alternatives 1-6, dredging operations would involve removing dredged reef material from the harbor and entrance channel from existing depths of -38 ft to -42 ft (harbor) and from -42 to -44 ft (entrance channel) at Mean Low Low Water (MLLW), respectively (Table A). Dredging activities would involve removing a total of 1,113,444 cubic yards (cy) of material from the harbor and entrance channel. Approximately 258,937 cy of material would be removed from the entrance channel floor. Dredging activities within the harbor would involve removing material from the turning basin (740,891 cy) and berthing area (113,616 cy), totaling about 854,507 cy. Dredging operations in the entrance channel (6-8 months) and harbor turning basin and berthing area (17-19 months) would, therefore, occur over a total period of approximately 25 months. Within the entrance channel, the northern and southern vertical wall and slope habitat support a variety of coral reef resources. We anticipate project dredging activities conducted in the 43 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report entrance channel will have a negative impact and likely crush or degrade coral resources that are supported on the channel walls and slopes. Direct project impacts would occur in the channel and adjacent to the harbor and would include areas out to the 44-ft depth contour.

For alternatives 2, 3, 5 and 6, a 375-foot long jetty would be constructed on the reef on the north side of the entrance channel. For alternatives 2 and 5, the jetty would be constructed parallel to the entrance channel. For alternatives 3 and 6, the jetty would be constructed at an angle towards the entrance channel. The jetty width would range between 55 ft (trunk section) and 110 ft (head section) wide at the base. The crest or top of the jetty would be about 20 ft wide. The total footprint of the jetty is about 0.8 acres in area. The jetty would be constructed of a layer of core stone (1-20 pounds trunk section and 2-40 pounds head section) that would be placed on the reef to form the jetty foundation, followed by an under layer of stones, weighing between 400 to 800 pounds for the trunk section and 800 to 1,600 pounds for the head section of the jetty. A layer of armor units (CORE-LOC), with a collective weight of about 9.6 tons, would be placed over the under layer to secure the stones in place. Two-ton core loc would be placed on the trunk section and four-ton core loc would be placed on the head section of the jetty. The jetty would be constructed by setting material in place from a land-based crane, working in a landward to seaward direction.

These seven alternatives were considered by the Corps. Ultimately, the Corps selected Alternative 2 as the preferred option for the proposed modifications at Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor.

44 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Table I. Early Estimates of Harbor and Entrance Channel Deepening. Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Alternative 1 Dredge Depth (feet) Dredge Volume Dredge Stockpile Capacity Stockpile Including Over-dredge Duration Needed Area (cubic yards) (months) (cubic yards) Needed by Stockpile Height (acres) Harbor Entrance Entrance Harbor Harbor Total 30% Dredge & 40 50 60 Turning Channel Channel Turning Berth Bulking Bulking ft ft ft Basin & Basin Area Total Berth Area

Sub-alternative 1 40 42 164,165 442,076 67,660 673,900 16 202,170 876,070 13 11 9

Sub-alternative 2 42 44 258,937 740,891 113,616 1,113,443 25 334,033 1,447,476 22 18 15 (Prefered)

Sub-alternative 3 43 45 327,180 935,500 137,804 1,400,483 32 420,145 1,820,628 27 22 18

Sub-alternative 4 45 47 484,958 1,272,860 186,613 1,944,430 43 583,329 2,527,759 38 30 25

45 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

PROJECT IMPACTS

Coral reef communities are made up of thousands of plants and animals that form a coral reef ecosystem. The term “coral reef ecosystem,” as used in this report, broadly refers to interrelated habitats with a variety of substrates including areas that may be covered either dominantly or by a mix of live coral colonies, coralline algae, rubble and sand, macro-algae, and seagrass. Coral reefs are unique in that they are massive geologic structures built by living communities and represent one of the most diverse, or species-rich, ecosystems on the planet. Coral polyps deposit calcium carbonate skeletons and grow upward as they continue to deposit new skeletal material from below. Many other organisms including mollusks, crustaceans, calcareous algae, and others also deposit calcareous skeletons or shells on the reef. When corals or these other organisms die, their skeletal remains become part of the reef framework. New corals and other reef-building organisms settle on top of dead ones to continue the overall growth of the reef. Thus, the reef can be viewed as a thick framework of calcium carbonate rock covered with a fragile, thin veneer of life. The reef surface and underlying framework form an important complex of holes, tunnels, and elevated projections that provide a wide range of shelter, foraging, and reproductive habitats for numerous species of fishes, invertebrates, and other organisms.

The fringing reef fronting Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor and along the adjacent northwestern through southeastern shoreline is the habitat of major concern for the proposed project. Existing coral habitat will be permanently lost or temporarily degraded as a result of the placement of the jetty north of the harbor entrance. Very large and old Porites lobata coral colonies, which provide a high degree of ecological function, occur within the project area. These biological features are considered to be uncommon in the State of Hawaii. Also of concern are the macro- algae beds present on the reef flat fronting the harbor.

Construction-related activities associated with the proposed entrance channel and harbor basin dredging could result in temporary impacts to coral reef resources. Project-related dredging impacts would likely include direct physical impacts to coral reef resources that occur in close proximity to the entrance channel. The primary form of temporary impact to coral reef resources will likely be related to the placement of heavy anchors and chain on the reef to stabilize the construction barge during dredging operations. Based on existing project construction design, it is anticipated that the project would adversely impact several habitat types, including nearshore reef flat habitat, Porites sp habitat, Pocillopora sp habitat, and reef crest habitat.

Dredging and other activities that suspend marine sediment in the water column can destroy coral tissue and entire coral colonies by direct contact. Sediment that becomes suspended may settle on coral polyps and smother them. Increased sedimentation can interfere with three stages of coral reproduction (e.g., gamete fertilization, larval competence, and metamophosis/settlement to a new juvenile coral (Richmond, 1997). We do not believe that significant impacts to coral reef resources will result from suspended sediment resulting from dredging inside the harbor basin because silt curtains will be deployed prior to in-water construction. For entrance channel dredging activities, we would not anticipate elevated levels of suspended sediment to significantly degrade coral larvae settlement due to existing high sediment loads. Finally, we do 46 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

not believe that significant amounts of sediment will accumulate on and smother benthic organisms on the reef primarily due to strong tidal currents that will likely transport suspended sediment to greater depths.

We do anticipate permanent losses of coral reef habitat to be associated with construction of the proposed jetty. Stones, rock and anchor lock will be placed on the reef to construct the 375-ft- long jetty north of the entrance channel. Sessile organisms, such as boring sea urchins and corals, will be crushed while mobile organisms, such as reef fish, will lose natural habitat used for shelter. Although interstitial space will be created and likely support limited species diversity and densities, the existing coral reef within the footprint of the jetty will be lost in perpetuity.

Dredging-related activities could harm or disturb sea turtles and humpback whales in the nearshore waters of Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor. Increased boat traffic in the harbor area, as a result of expanded harbor facilities, will unavoidably increase the risk of harassment of these species. An assessment of potential project-related impacts to green sea turtles and humpback whales and recommendations to avoid or reduce these impacts are included in a 1990 Biological Opinion issued by NMFS. These recommendations were revised in a May 20, 2002, communication from NMFS to the Civil and Public Works Branch of the Corps.

Methods for estimating project impacts

The majority of impacts from all of the proposed alternatives will occur relatively close (eg., within 100 meters) to the channel walls. Since the distribution of species and size classes are not uniform relative to the distance to the channel, or distance from shore (see section on community level patterns), survey sites most proximate to the channel walls were chosen as representatives for each habitat zone. Each habitat zone is roughly based on bathymetry (Figure 14), and on the prominent features observed at the survey sites. The habitat zones are described as follows: Nearshore reef flat (nearshore following approximately 15-19 ft depth contours), Pocillopora sp zone (a seaward 15-19 ft depth contours on the southeast channel wall), Porites sp zone (20-29 ft depth contours on the mid-shelf), Reef crest (25-40 ft depth reef-slope contours).

The surveys had to be designed without knowledge of the six proposed alternatives to try to meet the Corps’ requested timeline. As a consequence, sample sizes close to the channel for each habitat zone are low (in some cases only a single station consisting of two 20-meter transects). Survey sites 2 and 3 were chosen as representatives of the ‘nearshore reef flat’ and sites 4, 9, 11, 17 and 18 were chosen as representatives for the ‘Porites zone.’ Site 4 lies in the footprint of the proposed jetty but also crosses the geographic area that was designated as the ‘Porites zone.’ Sites 17 and 18 are along the reef slope of the channel wall but they also occur in the designated ‘Porites zone.’ The ‘Pocillopora zone’ and the ‘reef crest’ were each represented by a single survey site, 16 and 19 respectively. Coral abundance for each zone was averaged by size class and species group (the two encrusting Montipora species were grouped together as they have similar growth rates and are likely to provide similar habitat and perform similar ecological functions, and the two species of lobate Porites were also grouped for the same reasons). The resulting densities (per meter squared) were used to extrapolate the number of corals likely to be impacted over the areas provided by the Corps (Figures 8 through 13). 47 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

All of the proposed alternatives are likely to destroy the corals growing on the channel walls. Coral density is likely to be highest on the upper edge of the channel walls, and decrease with depth to the channel floor. Data on the vertical distribution of corals on the channel walls are lacking, as there were only surveys on the uppermost portions of the wall. It is not clear how far back from the wall crest the reef will be impacted. If it is assumed that coral densities on a near vertical surface are similar to densities on the top of the channel walls, the amount of coral impacted will likely be overestimated. Similarly, if it is assumed that impacts will only occur to the vertical surface, the amount of coral impacted will likely be underestimated. As a compromise, and until further information is available, we will assume that the area impacted on the wall crest will be roughly equal to the height of the wall, and that the coral densities are similar to the representative survey sites. The approximate length of each habitat zone was measured by following the depth contours on Figure 14 adjacent to the channel (Table II). The height of the wall was estimated by subtracting the midpoint depth of each zone from the depth of the channel (a conservative depth of 40 ft was assumed). The length of each zone was then multiplied by the estimated height of the wall (Table II).

Table II. Estimate of channel wall impacts: the length of the wall in each habitat zone was multiplied by the wall height. Porites sp. Pocillopora sp. Near shore reef flat zone zone Reef crest 20-24ft 25-44ft 15-19ft (5.2m) (6.7m) 15-19ft (5.2m) (10.5m) NW wall (m) 159.7 503.4 0 110.8 SE wall (m) 186.2 325.2 152 143.9 Wall height (m) 7.0 5.5 7.0 1.7 acres 0.60 1.12 0.26 0.11 Total wall area 2.09 acres

Alternative 1: Harbor and Channel Deepening (200 Anchor Point System)

For this alternative, project-related impacts to coral reef resources are primarily attributed to direct physical impacts due to anchors and chain placed on the coral reef to stabilize the construction barge. We also anticipate the clam-shell dredge bucket will crush coral reef resources that occur on the north and south walls of the entrance channel. Also, we expect all project construction-related impacts to be temporary for this alternative and to occur over several habitat types in close proximity to the entrance channel.

Construction Impacts

Anchor/Chain Impacts: Approximately 2.77* acres of coral reef will be negatively impacted and temporarily degraded due to physical impacts associated with the planned construction barge anchoring system. (*This amount does not include 0.51acre of non-coral reef harbor bottom that will also be impacted). The types of habitats, adjacent to the entrance channel, that we anticipate will be degraded due to anchor/chain damage include: nearshore reef flat (0.32 acre), Pocillopora sp habitat (0.42 acre), Porites sp habitat (1.69 acres), and reef crest habitat (0.35 48 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

acre). Dredging activities will also directly impact the habitat along the entrance channel wall. We estimate approximately 55,836 coral colonies, or 564,830 coral colony years, will be lost over all habitat types due to anchor/chain impacts.

Channel Dredging Impacts: Approximately 2.09 acres of channel wall habitat will be negatively impacted for a temporary period due to dredging operations within the channel. We anticipate several habitat types along the entrance channel wall will be lost due to dredging activities and include: nearshore reef flat (0.60 acre), Pocillopora sp habitat (0.26 acre), Porites sp habitat (1.12 acres), and reef crest habitat (0.11 acre). This will result in the loss of approximately 42,045 coral colonies, or 483,192 coral colony years, from the channel wall.

Combined Impacts

The combined temporary impacts associated with anchor/chain placement on the reef adjacent to the channel and from dredging impacts to the channel wall include a total of about: 4.87 acres of degraded reef habitat, 97,881 lost coral colonies and 1,048,022 lost coral colony years.

It is anticipated that affected coral reef resources will recover over time. However, recovery time could be slowed or prevented in the event of accidental vessel groundings associated with future increased vessel traffic in transit through the entrance channel.

A variety of ecological functions were observed at reef habitats anticipated to be degraded as a result of project construction activities. The nearshore reef flat habitat (Survey Station 4) close to the entrance channel supports high densities of boring urchins, which are habitat formers that create sub-habitats for adult reef fish and other macro-invertebrates. About 240 coral colonies (8 species) were recorded during the survey. However, reproductive capacity for coral species was considered relatively low for this area.

Porites sp habitat (Survey Stations 7, 9, 11 and 18) on the north side of the entrance channel suggests coral habitat complexity and reproductive capacity range from moderate to high. A total of 1,866 coral colonies were observed at these survey stations. Of these, there were 30 Porites sp colonies larger than 20 cm in diameter and the largest colonies were estimated to be between 28 and 50 years old. Reproductive capacity for coral species was considered to range between moderate and high. Fish biomass appeared highest along the reef crest and upper slope of the entrance channel at survey station 18. Boring and mobile sea urchins were well represented throughout all survey stations. The black-lipped pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera), a species of mollusk protected by the State of Hawaii, was observed at survey stations 11 and 18. Porites sp habitat along the southern edge of the entrance channel (Survey station 17), based on size density and coverage data, suggest coral habitat complexity and reproductive potential are high. Six-hundred-five coral colonies (7 species) were observed at this survey station. About 6 Porites sp colonies were larger than 20 cm in diameter and the largest colony was estimated to be between 16 and 28 years old. Boring and mobile sea urchins were well represented, and were observed grazing over the reef substrate. The protected black-lipped pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera) was observed along the upper slope of the entrance channel. Reef fish diversity and biomass for this location was moderate. 49 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Pocillopora sp habitat (Survey Station 16) is located along the southern edge of the entrance channel, seaward of survey station 17. Six-hundred-five coral colonies (7 species) were observed and of these, there were 12 Porites sp colonies larger than 20 cm in diameter, of which the largest colony was estimated to be between 28 and 50 years old. Size density and coverage data suggest coral habitat complexity and reproductive potential are high. The available relief afforded shelter habitat (e.g., holes/crevices) for reef fish and macro-invertebrates.

Reef crest habitat (Survey Station 19) is located along the southern edge of the seaward entrance to the channel. Four-hundred-fifty coral colonies (7 species) were observed at this station and there were 5 Porites sp colonies larger than 20 cm in diameter of which the largest colony was estimated to be between 16 and 28 years old. Size density and coverage data suggest coral habitat complexity and reproductive potential are moderate. This area appeared to be suitable for both adult and juvenile reef fishes. Reproductive capacity for boring and mobile sea urchins is moderate to high. The protected black-lipped pearl oyster was observed attached to ledges and coral colonies.

Indirect impacts to habitats located in down-current areas adjacent to dredging activities will likely occur. We do not anticipate significant sedimentation associated with project dredging activities. However, exposure to suspended sediments over the course of the 43-month-long dredging period will likely result in abrasion of coral polyps and other fragile sessile life forms and reduce photosynthesis due to shading. Because this area is ocean-exposed and receives substantial flushing, we can anticipate that affected organisms or groups would fully or mostly recover over time. Also, it is possible that federally listed green and hawksbill seas turtles may be directly or indirectly affected by dredging activities.

Table III. Alternative 1-Entrance channel dredge and fill impact: Summary of project-related impacts to coral reef habitat.

Construction Activity Habitat Type Type of Injury Injury Affects Duration of Injury Acreage

(1) Barge Anchors Reef flat Anchor/Chain BS and BC1 22-40 years* 0.32 Reef crest Anchor/Chain BS and BC 22-42 years** 0.35 Pocillopora sp. Anchor/Chain BS and BC 22-42 years** 0.42 Porites sp. Anchor/Chain BS and BC 40-75 years*** 1.69 Harbor Bottom Anchor/Chain Infauna2 1 year**** 0.51 (2) Channel Dredging Channel Wall Dredge BS and BC 22 years***** 2.09

1 BS and BC = BS - Benthic Substrate (Sand/Rocks etc.,) and BC – Biological Community (Algae, Coral, Macroinvertebrates, and Reef Fish) 2 Infauna = crustaceans, mollusks, and marine worms. * Based on the estimated age of the largest corals on the transects closest to the channel in this habitat (40-80cm Montipora sp.) ** Based on the estimated age of the largest corals on the transects closest to the channel in this habitat (40- 80cm Pocillopora sp.) *** Based on the estimated age of the largest corals on the transects closest to the channel in this habitat (80-160cm Montipora sp.) ****Approximate time for infauna to recolonize benthic habitat. ****The channel was originally dredged in 1985.

Alternative 2: Harbor and Channel Deepening (200 Anchor Point System) with Jetty parallel to the Entrance Channel (Preferred Alternative)

For this alternative, project-related impacts to coral reef resources will result from flattening the reef substrate in preparation for and construction of a 375-foot-long jetty on the reef, north of the 50 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

entrance channel. Also, because the harbor and entrance channel deepening are a part of this alternative, we can anticipate anchor-related and channel dredging impacts to coral reef resources, similar to impacts described for Alternative 1, to occur. Construction of the proposed jetty, parallel to the entrance channel, will result in the permanent loss of nearshore reef flat habitat.

Construction Impacts

Anchor/Chain Impacts: Approximately 2.77* acres of coral reef habitat will be directly impacted and temporarily degraded due to physical impacts associated with the planned construction barge anchoring system. (*This amount does not include 0.51 acre of non-coral reef harbor bottom that will also be impacted). The types of habitats we anticipate will be negatively impacted include: nearshore reef flat (0.32 acre), Pocillopora sp habitat (0.42 acre), Porites sp habitat (1.69 acres), and reef crest habitat (0.35 acre). We estimate approximately 55,836 coral colonies, or 564,830 coral colony years, will be lost over all habitat types in areas adjacent to the entrance channel.

Channel Dredging Impacts: Approximately 2.09 acres of channel wall habitat will be negatively impacted for a temporary period due to dredging operations within the channel. The types of habitats along the entrance channel wall that we anticipate will be lost due to dredging activities include: nearshore reef flat (0.60 acre), Pocillopora sp habitat (0.26 acre), Porites sp habitat (1.12 acres), and reef crest habitat (0.11 acre). This will result in the loss of approximately 42,045 coral colonies, or 483,192 coral colony years, from the channel wall.

Jetty Impacts: Approximately 0.8 acre of nearshore reef flat habitat will be permanently lost due to jetty construction-related activities. We estimate about 3,096 coral colonies, or 28,553 coral colony years, will be lost into perpetuity as a result of jetty placement on the reef.

Combined Impacts

Combined temporary impacts associated with anchor/chain placement on the reef adjacent to the channel and from dredging operational impacts to the channel wall include a total of about 4.87 acres of degraded reef habitat, 97,881 lost coral colonies, and 1,048,022 lost coral colony years. Permanent losses associated with jetty placement on the reef include about 0.8 acre of nearshore reef flat habitat and about 3,096 coral colonies, or about 28,553 coral colony years.

Ecological functions anticipated to be permanently lost due to jetty construction and placement on nearshore reef habitat were derived from survey data collected at Survey Station 2. Seventy- five coral colonies (6 species) were observed at this site. Based on size density and coverage data, coral habitat complexity and reproductive potential are relatively low. Coral cover was approximately 2 percent. High densities of boring sea urchins were observed creating sub- habitat for snails and small reef fish. Though few reef fish were observed, certain unique reef fish species, such as yellow tang (Zebrasoma flavescens), were observed in this area.

51 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

It is feasible that indirect impacts may occur to coral reef resources adjacent to the jetty construction site. Jetty construction activities will likely have a temporary negative affect and recovery should occur over time. We do not anticipate significant sedimentation associated with project dredging activities. However, exposure to suspended sediment over the course of the 43- month-long dredging period will likely result in interfering with coral recruitment and other fragile sessile life forms and reduce photosynthesis due to shading. Because this area is ocean- exposed and receives substantial flushing, we can anticipate that affected organisms or groups would fully or mostly recover over time. Also, it is possible that federally listed green and hawksbill seas turtles may be directly or indirectly affected by dredging activities. Anchor and chain-related impacts associated with project dredging operations will be similar to those previously described for Alternative 1.

Table IV. Alternative 2- Entrance channel and jetty dredge and fill impact (parallel): Summary of project- related impacts to coral reef habitat.

Construction Activity Habitat Type Type of Injury Injury Affects Duration of Injury Acreage

1 BS and BC = BS - Benthic Substrate (Sand/Rocks etc.,) and BC – Biological Community (Algae, Coral, Macroinvertebrates, and Reef Fish) 2 Infauna = crustaceans, mollusks, and marine worms. * Based on the estimated age of the largest corals on the transects closest to the channel in this habitat (40-80cm Montipora sp.) ** Based on the estimated age of the largest corals on the transects closest to the channel in this habitat (40- 80cm Pocillopora sp.) *** Based on the estimated age of the largest corals on the transects closest to the channel in this habitat (80-160cm Montipora sp.) ****Approximate time for Infauna to recolonize benthic habitat. ****The channel was originally dredged in 1985.

Alternative 3: Harbor and Channel Deepening (200 Anchor Point System) with Jetty angled to the Entrance Channel

Similar to Alternative 2, jetty construction-related activities will result in the permanent loss of coral reef habitat. Also, because the harbor and entrance channel deepening are apart of this alternative, we anticipate anchor/chain and dredging-related impacts to coral reef resources, similar to impacts described for Alternatives 1 and 2. Construction of the proposed jetty, angled to the entrance channel, will result in the permanent loss of near shore reef flat habitat.

Construction Impacts

Anchor/Chain Impacts: Approximately 2.58* acres of coral reef habitat will be directly impacted and temporarily degraded due to physical impacts associated with the planned construction barge anchoring system. (*This amount does not include 0.51acre of non-coral reef harbor bottom that will also be impacted). The types of habitats we anticipate will be negatively impacted include nearshore reef flat (0.16 acre), Pocillopora sp habitat (0.42 acre), Porites sp habitat (1.69 acres), and reef crest habitat (0.35 acre). We estimate about 54,473 coral colonies, or approximately 52 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

551,149 coral colony years, will be lost over all habitat types in areas adjacent to the entrance channel.

Channel Dredging Impacts: Approximately 2.09 acres of channel wall habitat will be negatively impacted for a temporary period due to dredging operations within the channel. The types of habitats along the entrance channel wall that we anticipate will be degraded due to dredging activities include nearshore reef flat (0.60 acre), Pocillopora sp habitat (0.26 acre), Porites sp habitat (1.12 acres), and reef crest habitat (0.11 acre). This will result in the loss of about 42,045 coral colonies, or about 483,192 coral colony years, from the channel wall.

Combined Impacts

Combined temporary impacts associated with anchor/chain placement on the reef adjacent to the channel and from dredging impacts to the channel wall include a total of approximately 4.67 acres of degraded reef habitat, 96,518 lost coral colonies, and 1,034,341 lost coral colony years. Permanent losses associated with jetty placement on the reef include about 0.8 acre of nearshore reef flat habitat and about 3,096 coral colonies, or about 28,553 coral colony years.

Ecological functions of nearshore reef habitat anticipated to be permanently lost due to jetty construction and placement were derived from survey data collected at Survey Station 4. Two- hundred-forty coral colonies (8 species) were observed at this station. Based on size density and coverage data, coral habitat complexity and reproductive potential are relatively low. Coral cover was approximately 11 percent. However, coral habitat appears slightly more robust at this station when compared to coral habitat observed at Survey Station 2 (Alternative 2).

Also, we can anticipate that jetty construction-related activities will negatively impact adjacent coral reef resources. We do not anticipate significant sedimentation associated with project dredging activities. However, exposure to suspended sediments over the course of the 43- month-long dredging period will likely result in abrading coral polyps and other fragile sessile life forms and reduce photosynthesis due to shading. Because this area is ocean-exposed and receives substantial flushing, we can anticipate that affected organisms or groups would fully or mostly recover over time. Also, it is possible that federally listed green and hawksbill sea turtles may be directly or indirectly affected by dredging activities.

53 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Table V. Alternative 3- Entrance channel and jetty dredge and fill impacts (parallel). Summary of project- related impacts to coral reef habitat.

Construction Activity Habitat Type Type of Injury Injury Affects Duration of Injury Acreage

(1) Barge Anchors Reef flat Anchor/Chain BS and BC1 22-40 years* 0.16 Reef crest Anchor/Chain BS and BC 22-42 years** 0.35 Pocillopora sp. Anchor/Chain BS and BC 22-42 years** 0.42 Porites sp. Anchor/Chain BS and BC 40-75 years*** 1.69 Harbor Bottom Anchor/Chain Infauna2 1 year**** 0.51 (2) Channel Dredging Channel Wall Dredge BS and BC 22 years***** 2.09 (3) Jetty Placement Reef flat Dredge BS and BC1 Permanent 0.80

1 BS and BC = BS - Benthic Substrate (Sand/Rocks etc.,) and BC – Biological Community (Algae, Coral, Macroinvertebrates, and Reef Fish) 2 Infauna = crustaceans, mollusks, and marine worms. * Based on the estimated age of the largest corals on the transects closest to the channel in this habitat (40-80cm Montipora sp.) ** Based on the estimated age of the largest corals on the transects closest to the channel in this habitat (40- 80cm Pocillopora sp.) *** Based on the estimated age of the largest corals on the transects closest to the channel in this habitat (80-160cm Montipora sp.) ****Approximate time for Infauna to recolonize benthic habitat. ****The channel was originally dredged in 1985.

Alternative 4: Harbor and Channel Deepening (30 Pile Anchor System) Anchors and chain would be temporarily set on the reef to stabilize a pile-driving barge. Pilings would be driven into the reef by the barge and permanently left in place following project dredging operations. We anticipate placement of anchors, chain and pilings to occur prior to project implementation. Also, we anticipate temporary placement of anchors and chain on the reef following project construction-related activities. Therefore, we have organized habitat areas that will be affected by project vessel anchors, chain, and pilings into pre-construction and post- construction categories. Also, we would anticipate entrance channel dredging-related impacts to degrade coral reef resources that occur on the channel walls, similar to what has been previously described for Alternatives 1-3.

Pre-construction Impacts Anchor/Chain Impacts: Approximately 0.386* acre of coral reef habitat will be directly impacted and temporarily degraded due to physical impacts associated with the planned pre-construction barge anchoring system. (*This amount does not include 0.105 acre of non-coral reef harbor bottom that will also be impacted). Anchor and chain placed on the reef for a temporary period would degrade coral reef resources over several habitats types that include nearshore reef flat (0.018 acre), Pocillopora sp habitat (0.07 acre), Porites sp habitat (0.228 acre), and reef crest (0.07 acre), totaling about 0.491 acre of reef and harbor habitat. We estimate about 8,228 coral colonies, or about 82,181 coral colony years, will be lost over all habitat types in areas adjacent to the entrance channel.

Piling Impacts: Approximately 0.06* acre of reef habitat would be lost due to pilings that would be permanently driven into the reef. (*This amount does not include 0.014 acre of non-coral reef harbor bottom that will also be impacted). Pilings placed on the reef would impact areas occupied by a variety of habitat types, including nearshore reef flat (0.006 acre), Pocillopora sp habitat (0.011 acre), Porites sp habitat (0.04 acre), and reef crest (0.006 acre), totaling about 0.077 acre of reef and harbor habitat. We estimate about 1,326 coral colonies, or about 13,523 coral colony years, will be lost over all habitat types in areas adjacent to the entrance channel. 54 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Construction Impacts

Channel Dredging Impacts: Approximately 2.09 acres of channel wall habitat will be negatively impacted for a temporary period due to dredging operations within the channel. The types of habitats along the entrance channel wall that we anticipate will be degraded due to dredging activities include nearshore reef flat (0.60 acre), Pocillopora sp habitat (0.26 acre), Porites sp habitat (1.12 acres), and reef crest habitat (0.11 acre). This will result in the loss of about 42,045 coral colonies, or about 483,192 coral colony years, from the channel wall.

Post-construction

Anchor/Chain Impacts: Approximately 0.386* acre of coral reef habitat will be directly impacted and temporarily degraded due to physical impacts associated with the planned post-construction barge anchoring system. (*This amount does not include 0.105 acre of non-coral reef harbor bottom that will also be impacted). The tops of the pilings will be cut down at the base after construction so that they will not be used as anchoring sites by recreational boats or remain a threat to navigation near the entrance channel. To remove the pilings, anchor and chain would be placed on the reef for a temporary period and this would degrade coral reef resources over several habitats types that include nearshore reef flat (0.018 acre), Pocillopora sp habitat (0.07 acre), Porites sp habitat (0.228 acre), and reef crest (0.07 acre), totaling about 0.491 acre of reef and harbor habitat. We estimate about 8,228 coral colonies, or about 82,181 coral colony years, will be lost over all habitat types in areas adjacent to the entrance channel due to the pre- and post-construction activities.

Combined Impacts

Combined temporary impacts associated with anchor/chain placement on the reef adjacent to the channel and from dredging operational impacts to the channel wall include a total of about 2.86 acres of degraded reef habitat, 58,501 lost coral colonies, and 647,556 lost coral colony years. Total permanent losses associated from pile-driving on the reef include about 0.06 acre of nearshore reef flat habitat and about 1,326 coral colonies, or about 13,523 coral colony years.

55 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Table VI. Alternative 4- Entrance channel dredge impacts: Summary of project-related impacts to coral reef habitat.

Construction Activity Habitat Type Type of Injury Injury Affects Duration of Injury Acreage

(1) Barge Anchors Reef flat Anchor/Chain BS and BC1 22-40 years* 0.036 Reef crest Anchor/Chain BS and BC 22-42 years** 0.14 Pocillopora sp. Anchor/Chain BS and BC 22-42 years** 0.14 Porites sp. Anchor/Chain BS and BC 40-75 years*** 0.456 Harbor Bottom Anchor/Chain Infauna2 1 year**** 0.21 (2) Channel Dredging Channel Wall Dredge BS and BC 22 years***** 2.09 (3) Pile-driving Reef flat Fill BS and BC Permanent 0.006 Reef crest Fill BS and BC Permanent 0.006 Pocillopora sp. Fill BS and BC Permanent 0.011 Porites sp. Fill BS and BC Permanent 0.040 Harbor Bottom Fill Infauna2 Permanent 0.014

1 BS and BC = BS - Benthic Substrate (Sand/Rocks etc.,) and BC – Biological Community (Algae, Coral, Macroinvertebrates, and Reef Fish) 2 Infauna = crustaceans, mollusks, and marine worms. * Based on the estimated age of the largest corals on the transects closest to the channel in this habitat (40-80cm Montipora sp.) ** Based on the estimated age of the largest corals on the transects closest to the channel in this habitat (40- 80cm Pocillopora sp.) *** Based on the estimated age of the largest corals on the transects closest to the channel in this habitat (80-160cm Montipora sp.) ****Approximate time for Infauna to recolonize benthic habitat. ****The channel was originally dredged in 1985.

Alternative 5: Harbor and Channel Deepening (30 Pile Anchor System) with Jetty Parallel to the Entrance Channel

Temporary and permanent pre-construction and post-construction impacts associated with pile- driving and anchor/chain impacts, similar to Alternative 4, would be anticipated for Alternative 5. Also, we would anticipate entrance channel dredging-related impacts to degrade coral reef resources that occur on the channel walls, similar to what has been previously described for Alternatives 1-4. Also, construction of the proposed jetty, parallel to the entrance channel, will result in the permanent loss of nearshore reef flat habitat.

Pre-construction

Anchor/Chain Impacts: Approximately 0.386* acre of coral reef habitat will be directly impacted and temporarily degraded due to physical impacts associated with the planned pre-construction barge anchoring system. (*This amount does not include 0.105 acre of non-coral reef harbor bottom that will also be impacted). Anchor and chain would be placed on the reef for a temporary period and this would degrade coral reef resources over several habitats types that include nearshore reef flat (0.018 acre), Pocillopora sp habitat (0.07 acre), Porites sp habitat (0.228 acre), and reef crest (0.07 acre), totaling about 0.491 acre of reef and harbor habitat. We estimate about 8,228 coral colonies, or about 82,181 coral colony years, will be lost over all habitat types in areas adjacent to the entrance channel.

occupied by a variety of habitat types, such as nearshore reef flat (0.006 acre), Pocillopora sp habitat (0.011 acre), Porites sp habitat (0.04 acre), and reef crest (0.006 acre), totaling about 0.077 acre of reef and harbor habitat. We estimate about 1,326 coral colonies, or about 13,523 coral colony years, will be lost over all habitat types in areas adjacent to the entrance channel.

Construction

Channel Dredging Impacts: Approximately 2.09 acres of channel wall habitat will be negatively impacted for a temporary period due to dredging operations within the channel. The types of habitats along the entrance channel wall that we anticipate will be degraded due to dredging activities include nearshore reef flat (0.60 acre), Pocillopora sp habitat (0.26 acre), Porites sp habitat (1.12 acres), and reef crest habitat (0.11 acre). This will result in the loss of about 42,045 coral colonies, or about 483,192 coral colony years, from the channel wall.

Post-construction

Anchor/Chain Impacts: Approximately 0.386* acre of coral reef habitat will be directly impacted and temporarily degraded due to physical impacts associated with the planned post-construction barge anchoring system. (*This amount does not include 0.105 acre of non-coral reef harbor bottom that will also be impacted). The tops of the pilings will be cut down at the base after construction so that they will not be used as anchoring sites by recreational boats or remain a threat to navigation near the entrance channel. Anchor and chain placed on the reef for a temporary period would degrade coral reef resources over several habitats types that include nearshore reef flat (0.018 acre), Pocillopora sp habitat (0.07 acre), Porites sp habitat (0.228 acre), and reef crest (0.07 acre), totaling about 0.491 acre of reef and harbor habitat. We estimate about 8,228 coral colonies, or about 82,181 coral colony years, will be lost over all habitat types in areas adjacent to the entrance channel due to the pre- and post-construction activities.

Combined Impacts

Combined temporary impacts associated with anchor/chain placement on the reef adjacent to the channel and from dredging impacts to the channel wall include a total of about 2.86 acres of degraded reef habitat, 58,501 lost coral colonies, and 647,555 lost coral colony years. Total permanent losses associated from pile-driving and jetty placement on the reef include about 0.86 acre of nearshore reef flat habitat and about 4,422 coral colonies, or about 42,076 coral colony years.

Coral reef eological functions, similar to those previously described for Alternative 2, would be degraded or lost into perpetuity as a result of the implementation of Alternative 5. 57 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Table VII. Alternative 5- Entrance channel and jetty dredge and fill impacts (parallel): Summary of project-related impacts to coral reef habitat.

Construction Activity Habitat Type Type of Injury Injury Affects Duration of Injury Acreage

1 BS and BC = BS - Benthic Substrate (Sand/Rocks etc.,) and BC – Biological Community (Algae, Coral, Macroinvertebrates, and Reef Fish) 2 Infauna = crustaceans, mollusks, and marine worms. * Based on the estimated age of the largest corals on the transects closest to the channel in this habitat (40-80cm Montipora sp.) ** Based on the estimated age of the largest corals on the transects closest to the channel in this habitat (40- 80cm Pocillopora sp.) *** Based on the estimated age of the largest corals on the transects closest to the channel in this habitat (80-160cm Montipora sp.) ****Approximate time for Infauna to recolonize benthic habitat. ****The channel was originally dredged in 1985.

Alternative 6: Harbor and Channel Deepening (30 Pile Anchor System) with Jetty Angled to the Entrance Channel Temporary and permanent pre-construction and post-construction impacts associated with pile- driving, anchors, chains, and jetty placement, similar to Alternative 5, would be anticipated for Alternative 6. We anticipate entrance channel dredging-related impacts to degrade coral reef resources that occur on the channel walls, similar to what has been previously described for Alternatives 1-4. Also, construction of the proposed jetty, parallel to the entrance channel, will result in the permanent loss of nearshore reef flat habitat.

Pre-construction

Anchor/Chain Impacts: Approximately 0.386* acre of coral reef habitat will be directly impacted and temporarily degraded due to physical impacts associated with the planned pre-construction barge anchoring system. (*This amount does not include 0.105 acre of non-coral reef harbor bottom that will also be impacted). Anchor and chain placed on the reef for a temporary period would degrade coral reef resources over several habitats types that include nearshore reef flat (0.018 acre), Pocillopora sp habitat (0.07 acre), Porites sp habitat (0.228 acre), and reef crest (0.07 acre), totaling about 0.491 acre of reef and harbor habitat. We estimate about 8,228 coral colonies, or about 82,181 coral colony years, will be lost over all habitat types in areas adjacent to the entrance channel.

Piling Impacts: Approximately 0.06* acre of reef habitat would be lost due to pilings that would be permanently driven into the reef. (*This amount does not include 0.014 acre of non-coral reef harbor bottom that will also be impacted). Pilings placed on the reef would impact an area occupied by a variety of habitat types, including nearshore reef flat (0.006 acre), Pocillopora sp 58 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report habitat (0.011 acre), Porites sp habitat (0.04 acre), and reef crest (0.006 acre), totaling about 0.077 acre of reef and harbor habitat. We estimate about 1,315 coral colonies, or about 13,420 coral colony years, will be lost over all habitat types in areas adjacent to the entrance channel.

Construction

Channel Dredging Impacts: Approximately 2.09 acres of channel wall habitat will be negatively impacted for a temporary period due to dredging operations within the channel. The types of habitats along the entrance channel wall that we anticipate will be degraded due to dredging activities include nearshore reef flat (0.60 acre), Pocillopora sp habitat (0.26 acre), Porites sp habitat (1.12 acres), and reef crest habitat (0.11 acre). This will result in the loss of about 42,045 coral colonies, or about 483,192 coral colony years, from the channel wall.

Jetty Impacts: Approximately 0.8 acre of nea shore reef flat habitat will be permanently lost due to jetty construction-related activities. We estimate about 3,096 coral colonies, or 28,553 coral colony years, will be lost into perpetuity as a result of jetty placement on the reef.

Post-construction

Anchor/Chain Impacts: Approximately 0.386* acre of coral reef habitat will be directly impacted and temporarily degraded due to physical impacts associated with the planned post-construction barge anchoring system. (*This amount does not include 0.105 acre of non-coral reef harbor bottom that will also be impacted). Anchor and chain placed on the reef for a temporary period would degrade coral reef resources over several habitats types that include nearshore reef flat (0.018 acre), Pocillopora sp habitat (0.07 acre), Porites sp habitat (0.228 acre), and reef crest (0.07 acre), totaling about 0.491 acre of reef and harbor habitat. We estimate about 8,228 coral colonies, or about 82,181 coral colony years, will be lost over all habitat types in areas adjacent to the entrance channel.

Combined Impacts

Combined temporary impacts associated with anchor/chain placement on the reef adjacent to the channel and from dredging operational impacts to the channel wall include a total of about 2.86 acres of degraded reef habitat, 58,501 lost coral colonies, and 647,555 lost coral colony years. Total permanent losses associated from pile-driving and jetty placement on the reef include about 0.86 acre of nearshore reef flat habitat and about 4,411 coral colonies, or about 41,974 coral colony years.

Coral reef ecological functions, similar to those previously described for Alternative 3, would be degraded or lost into perpetuity as a result of the implementation of Alternative 6.

59 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Table VIII. Alternative 6- Entrance channel and jetty dredge and fill impacts (angled): Summary of project-related impacts to coral reef habitat.

Construction Activity Habitat Type Type of Injury Injury Affects Duration of Injury Acreage

1 BS and BC = BS - Benthic Substrate (Sand/Rocks etc.,) and BC – Biological Community (Algae, Coral, Macroinvertebrates, and Reef Fish) 2 Infauna = crustaceans, mollusks, and marine worms. * Based on the estimated age of the largest corals on the transects closest to the channel in this habitat (40-80cm Montipora sp.) ** Based on the estimated age of the largest corals on the transects closest to the channel in this habitat (40- 80cm Pocillopora sp.) *** Based on the estimated age of the largest corals on the transects closest to the channel in this habitat (80-160cm Montipora sp.) ****Approximate time for Infauna to recolonize benthic habitat. ****The channel was originally dredged in 1985.

Alternative 7: No Action

None of the impacts identified as a result of constructing the proposed jetty or conducting the proposed entrance channel and harbor dredging would occur. The “no-build” scenario is used to establish the baseline against which projected impacts of the proposed build and design alternatives are compared. Under the No Action Alternative, the proposed project site would not be developed to accommodate larger vessels to enter, turn, and berth at Kalaeloa Barber”s Point Harbor.

Impact Analysis Results

The greatest direct loss of coral reef habitat (including holes, indentations, craters, etc. that contribute to support of ecological functions) would be realized if either Alternative 2 or 3 were selected. Alternative 1 represents the second most damaging alternative to coral reef habitat. Alternative 4 represents the least damaging alternative, when compared with the other construction alternatives, to dredge the entrance channel and harbor. Alternative 6 represents the least amount of negative impact to coral reef habitat and includes construction of a jetty. The No Action Alternative represents the least damaging alternative because no construction would be performed.

60 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Table IX. Alternatives 1-6: Summary of Temporary and Permanent Construction Impacts

Alternative Injury type 1 2 3 4 5 6 Acres 2.77 2.77 2.58 0.77 0.77 0.77 Anchor & Chain Corals 55,836 55,836 54,473 16,456 16,456 16,456 (Temporary loss) coral colony years 564,830 564,830 551,149 164,363 164,363 164,363

Acres 2.09 2.09 2.09 2.09 2.09 2.09 Wall Corals 42,045 42,045 42,045 42,045 42,045 42,045 (Temporary loss) coral colony years 483,192 483,192 483,192 483,192 483,192 483,192

Acres 4.87 4.87 4.67 2.86 2.86 2.86 Subtotal Corals 97,881 97,881 96,518 58,501 58,501 58,501 (Temporary losses) coral colony years 1,048,022 1,048,022 1,034,341 647,556 647,556 647,556

Acres 0 0 0 0.06 0.06 0.06 Pilings Corals 0 0 0 1,326 1,326 1,315 (Permanent loss) coral colony years 0 0 0 13,523 13,523 13,420

Acres 0 0.80 0.80 0 0.80 0.80 Jetty Corals 0 3,096 3,096 0 3,096 3,096 (Permanent loss) coral colony years 0 28,553 28,553 0 28,553 28,553

Acres 0 0.80 0.80 0.06 0.86 0.86 Subtotal Corals 0 3,096 3,096 1,326 4,422 4,411 (Permanent losses) coral colony years 0 28,553 28,553 13,523 42,076 41,974

Acres 4.87 5.67 5.47 2.93 3.73 3.72 Total Corals 97,881 100,977 99,614 59,827 62,923 62,912 coral colony years 1,048,022 1,076,575 1,062,894 661,078 689,632 689,529 * Overlapping area between the anchors and angled jetty was only counted once.

61 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE RECOMMENDATIONS

The Service shares jurisdiction with NMFS over federally listed threatened green sea turtles and endangered hawksbill sea turtles. The Service has sole jurisdiction over these species when they are on shore, and the NMFS has sole jurisdiction over these species when they are in offshore waters. Based on information from the State of Hawaii DAR, sea turtles are commonly observed in the project area, but are not known to nest at the proposed project site. We are concerned that these species may be adversely affected during project construction activities. Therefore, the Service recommends that any NMFS guidance for the protection and conservation of sea turtles at Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor be made part of the project.

We recommend that every effort be made to avoid damage and loss of coral habitat. Based on a comparison of anticipated direct and indirect impacts at the proposed project site, we conclude that the least environmentally damaging practicable alternatives for the construction of the proposed project are Alternatives 4 and 6.

We are concerned that live corals, as well as other marine fauna and flora, located within the proposed jetty construction site will be lost as a result of construction-related activities. We recommend that if the jetty is constructed, it be sited to avoid as much live coral habitat as possible. Therefore, we recommend that the jetty be placed as close to the harbor entrance channel as possible where live coral coverage is less than it is further north of the channel. A portion of the reef flat immediately north of the entrance channel appears to be slightly uplifted, and by locating the jetty on this uplifted area, most of the natural depressions valuable for sea turtle resting may also be avoided. Although negative impacts to coral habitat would be minimized, a substantial amount of coral habitat would still be lost due to unavoidable impacts from construction of the jetty north of the entrance channel.

We are also concerned that indirect impacts to coral habitat may occur as a result of sediment becoming suspended during harbor and entrance channel dredging activities. We are primarily concerned that suspended sediment may interfere with successful coral recruitment during spawning events. Therefore, we recommend that all harbor and entrance channel dredging activities be scheduled to occur outside of the spawning season for coral species that occur within the vicinity of the project area. The most abundant corals observed throughout the site were Montipora and Porites spp. These corals spawn around the full moon in June through September (Kolinski and Cox 2003). Dredging should not occur the week before and the week after the full moon in summer months (Gulko, 2001).

We are also concerned that the very large and rare Porites lobata coral colonies at the site not be adversely affected by anchor placement during vessel dredging operations. To avoid these impacts, we recommend that all large P. lobata colonies within 100 m (300 ft) north and south of the entrance channel be identified and possibly flagged. The coordinates of these coral colonies should be communicated to the dredge vessel operator and used to avoid anchoring on or conducting dredging operations near them. To the maximum extent practicable, the dredge vessel should set its anchors inside the entrance channel during operations to avoid crushing coral colonies that occur in the vicinity of the channel. We also recommend that post- 62 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report construction monitoring surveys be conducted to assess project-related impacts to coral colonies both north and south of the entrance channel.

Ensuring Success of Implemented Compensatory Mitigation

The effectiveness of compensatory mitigation to offset proposed project-related impacts to coral reefs from federally permitted or funded projects is around 50% (USFWS, 2003). We have recommended the following structured process to increase effectiveness of compensatory mitigation: (1) Document the area of impact; (2) Assess the resources anticipated to be impacted; (3) Correlate the compensatory mitigation with the anticipated impacts; (4) Establish performance standards; (5) Scientifically monitor the compensatory mitigation; and (6) Determine the effectiveness of implemented compensatory mitigation with long-term monitoring (Service 2003). The Corps Regulatory Branch requires a mitigation plan be submitted as part of the supporting documentation for the permit application process and, therefore, a mitigation plan should be completed prior to construction of this project.

This draft FWCA report addresses the first three steps of the structured process outlined above (Service 2003). We recommend that steps 4-6 of the structured process be detailed in a written Compensatory Mitigation Plan that is completed before construction begins and is coordinated with the involved agencies (USFWS, NMFS, DAR, DOT, and EPA). Completion of these steps will increase the likelihood that the implemented compensatory mitigation will effectively offset the anticipated project-related impacts to the marine community. We recommend that the following be included as part of the Compensatory Mitigation Plan.

Suggested Projects for Compensatory Mitigation

We recommend a combination of two compensatory mitigation projects, due to the location of the proposed construction site and the opportunity to assist in the recovery objectives of another federally managed project (response to grounding of the M/V Cape Flattery). It is intended that both projects would augment the overall compensatory mitigation action and complement each other to achieve a positive synergistic result.

1) Coral removal and transplantation. It has been determined that coral colonies currently occupying the wall space along the entrance channel will be negatively impacted by the proposed dredging activity. These corals will suffer 100% mortality as they are removed and disposed with the dredge spoils. It is estimated that 42,045 coral colonies will be lost from both the north and south walls along with their associated ecological functions (Table VII). The Service recommends that: a) Coral colonies along the wall with minimum diameter of 10 cm be removed manually for in-water transplantation. Lobate and branching corals would be selected for removal, as encrusting forms would most likely break during attempted removal and have a higher associated mortality rate. b) Removed coral colonies can be used for three purposes: (1) Re-establishment of coral habitat in an area south of the harbor by removing the invasive green alga (Avrainvillea amadelpha) and relocating disturbed corals from the construction 63 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

site to slow new invasive algal growth and help recover this already degraded area. (2) Transplantation to an in-water holding site adjacent to the project site, where the colonies wound be secured and monitored until after project completion. Upon completion of the dredging activity and/or jetty construction, the transplanted corals would be returned to the original site to supplement natural recovery. (3) Transplantation to suitable reef areas at the M/V Cape Flattery ship grounding site, which is located in close proximity to the Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor project site.

2) Removal of invasive macro-algal species and re-establishment of coral habitat. The non- native macro-alga Avrainvillea amadelpha is abundant in a variety of habitats. It forms dense clumps, often covered with silt and sand, and overgrows coral rubble. Presence of invasive algae such as A. amadelpha prevents settlement and recruitment of new coral colonies and other marine invertebrates. A large patch, at least 5 acres, has been identified near the ocean outfall of the Chevron refinery south of the Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor.

Mitigation at this site would initially involve algal removal trials, which could occur before project construction in order to determine if this is a feasible option for compensatory mitigation. Small patches of A. amadelpha would be manually removed and the benthic habitat monitored to determine the success of removal and to note the rate at which A. amadelpha could possibly return, if it does at all. These removal trials will be labor and time intensive as the holdfasts must be removed by hand in order to insure that it has been completely removed from the substrate.

After the trial period, if the initial removal efforts have been successful, a total of 1.6 acres + (1.93 to 3.95 acres based on HEA estimation for Alternative 6) affected by A. amadelpha would be treated as the mitigation site. This site would be monitored and maintained as outlined in the Compensatory Mitigation Plan. a) In the event that the A. amadelpha removal is successful, coral colonies that were removed from the channel walls could be transplanted and cemented at this site. b) In the event that the A. amadelpha removal trials are proven not to be feasible for compensatory mitigation, other sites around Oahu should be explored. There may be an opportunity to transfer the mitigation site to Kaneohe Bay while addressing similar biological functions associated with other invasive algae such as Kappaphycus sp and Gracilaria salicornia.

Scientific Monitoring of Compensatory Mitigation

The Service recommends that a post-construction assessment of the marine environment in the vicinity of the Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor be conducted. The marine assessment should evaluate the coral reef community in the vicinity of the dredging operation to ensure that the primary and secondary project-related impacts occurred as anticipated during the planning phase of this project. Post construction surveys are important because they provide information on 64 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

whether actual project-related impacts are greater or less than the anticipated project-related impacts. If there are appreciable differences, the compensatory mitigation can be recalculated so that it is appropriately scaled to the actual project-related impacts.

We recommend that valid scientific methods be used to monitor compensatory mitigation actions. Monitoring of mitigation sites can show whether the anticipated recovery trajectory is actually occurring and this allows for adaptive management of mitigation sites to manage recovery if significant factors arise (e.g. algal invasions, high mortality of transplanted corals, etc.)

Performance Standards for Compensatory Mitigation

The Service recommends that: (1) Monitoring be implemented and confirmation be obtained to show that the transplanted corals are surviving above the 50% level. (2) Monitoring be implemented and confirmation be obtained to show that new coral recruits have settled at the mitigation site (i.e., Cape Flattery site, A. amadelpha site, Kaneohe Bay etc.) at densities that are similar to comparable reference habitats (e.g., areas immediately north and south of the entrance channel) where A. amadelpha is sparse or does not occur. (3) Long-term monitoring be implemented and confirmation be obtained to show that coral reef ecological services lost as a result of project-related impacts has been replaced at the mitigation site.

Effectiveness of Implemented Compensatory Mitigation

The Service recommends that: (1) Long-term monitoring occur (for a total period of 5 years) at frequent enough intervals to ensure that if the mitigation site is not proceeding along expected recovery trajectory, management decisions can be made to improve the mitigation site or transfer efforts to a similar site as outlined in the Compensatory Mitigation Plan, which includes contingency projects that will fully offset losses of ecological services (including the 5-year offset for delayed initiation if the proposed A. amadelpha trial activity fails). (2) An adaptive management plan be written and approved by all parties involved. (3) Financial assurances are obtained to ensure that the compensatory mitigation project is implemented.

Best Management Practices: Impact Avoidance and Minimization

The Service also recommends that the following measures to minimize the degradation of the coastal water quality and impacts to fish and wildlife resources and habitats be incorporated into the project:

a. No construction materials will be stockpiled in the marine environment.

65 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report b. Underlayed fills for the jetty will be protected from erosion with core-loc units as soon after placement as practicable; c. All construction-related materials will be placed or stored in ways to avoid or minimize disturbance to the reef; d. All construction-related materials and equipment (dredges, barges, pilings, etc.) to be placed in the water shall be cleaned of pollutants prior to use; e. No contamination (trash or debris disposal, alien species introductions, etc) of the marine environment will result from construction activities; f. A contingency plan to control the accidental spills of petroleum products at the construction site should be developed. Absorbent pads and containment booms will be stored on-site to facilitate the clean-up of petroleum spills; g. For harbor dredging, turbidity and siltation from dredged materials will be minimized and confined to the immediate vicinity of the removal and discharge through the use of effective silt containment devices (e.g. silt curtains) and the curtailment of debris removal during adverse sea conditions; h. No debris extracted from harbor sediments will be stockpiled in the marine environment; and l. All debris removed from the harbor will be disposed of at an approved upland site.

66 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

SUMMARY AND FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE POSITION

The reef flats adjacent to the Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Harbor have been identified as the habitat of major concern for the proposed project. Coral reef ecosystem organisms (e.g., corals, reef fishes, macro-invertebrates, algae) that occur at these locations were used as the evaluation species. The institutional significance of U.S. coral reefs has been established through their designation as Special Aquatic Sites [40 CFR Part 230 §230.44/FR v.45n.249] and as a Federal Trust Resource [Executive Order (E.O.) 13089]. To various degrees, the reefs adjacent to the harbor provide habitat that promote specialized ecological functions, which include species recruitment, foraging, nesting, and sheltering from predators, as well as habitat for the federally listed green and hawksbill sea turtles. Reef flats support other ecological functions by providing shoreline protection from oceanic swells and storm events; they are significant sources of larvae/juveniles to promote species replenishment; they supply prey items for federally protected migratory birds; and offer opportunities for human activities such as subsistence harvest/fishing, recreation, tourism and cultural practices.

Biological communities and substrate from the nearshore reef flat to the reef crest will be negatively impacted as a result of implementation of the proposed project. The HEA model provides a quantitative analysis of project-related impacts for all seven alternatives under consideration and provides scaled compensatory mitigation actions to replace lost ecological functions.

From a resource conservation perspective, the selection of Alternative 4 (30 pile anchor system with channel wall dredging) would result in the least amount of anticipated adverse impacts to fish and wildlife resources. However, taking navigation safety into consideration, Alternative 6, which includes the construction of an angled jetty, would result in the second least amount of anticipated impacts. The Service maintains that implementation of the proposed project with inclusion of the conservation recommendations and compensatory mitigation in this report would minimize unavoidable impacts and avoid unnecessary impacts to biological resources. Any changes to the proposed project plan or to the recommendations in this report will require additional coordination with the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office in Honolulu, Hawaii.

67 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

REFERENCES CITED

AECOS, Inc. 1985. Biological Reconnaissance of Marine Benthic Communities in the Vicinity of the Barbers Point Deep Draft Harbor Construction Project. Report prepared for the Department of the Army, U.S. Army Engineer Division, Pacific Ocean. 30pp.

AECOS, Inc. 1992. Draft Environmental Assessment For a Flow-Through Sea Water System- Ihilani Resort and Spa, Ko Olina, Oahu, Hawaii. Report prepared for Hardscapes Hawaii. 48pp.

Brock, R.E. 1990. Summary of Observations on the Green Sea Turtle Population in the Area Affronting the West Beach Project Site. Prepared for Sea Engineering, Inc. 17 pp.

Edmonds, P.J. 2007. Re-evaluating the growth rates of juvenile scleractinian corals and their contribution to population dynamics. Marine Ecology Progress Series, in press.

Environmental Protection Agency. 1994. Protection of Environment. Federal Register (40) 230.44: FR v.45 n. 249 pp.

Grigg, R.W. and J.E. Maragos. 1974. Recolonization of hermatypic corals on submerged lava flows in Hawaii. Ecology 55: 387-395.

Gulko, D., 2001. Reef Renewal: Hawaii’s Unique Coral Spawning Events. A Brochure produced by the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Aquatic Resources. July 2001. Technical brochure produced with funding from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the State of Hawaii’s Coastal Zone Management Program.

Kolinski, S.P. Cox E.F. 2003 An Update on Modes and Timing of Gamete and Planula Release in Hawaiian Scleractinian Corals with Implications for Conservation and Management. Pacific Science 57;1 17-27

Kolinski, S.P. 2004. Sexual reproduction and the early life history of Montipora capitata in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Zoology, University of Hawaii, 152 pp.

Kolinski, S.P. 2007. Recovery projections for scleractinian corals injured in the M/V Cape Flattery Incident, Oahu, Hawaii, 2005 Resource Trustee Agencies Report, 17pp.

Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc. 2001. Draft Revised Section 404 (B)(1) Evaluation For Proposed Modifications to Kalaeloa Barbers Point Harbor. Report prepared for the U.S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu and State of Hawaii Department of Transportation - Harbors Division. 35pp. 68 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc. 2001. Revised Biological Assessment Proposed Modifications to Kalaeloa Barbers Point Harbor. Report prepared for the U.S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu, and State of Hawaii Department of Transportation - Harbors Division. 58pp.

Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc. 1995. Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement: Basin Expansion and Tug Pier at Barbers Point Harbor. Report prepared for the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation. 301pp.

Marine Research Consultants. 1990. Marine Environmental Baseline Surveys to Assess the Effects of Drainage Discharge From the Campbell Industrial Park Subdivision. Prepared for Belt, Collins & Associates. 7pp.

McCool, C. 1993. Recreational Usage of Barbers Point Harbor: Fishing. Prepared for the Army Corps of Engineers, Planning Branch. 15pp.

National Marine Fisheries Service. 1990. Endangered Species Act Section 7 Consultation: Biological Opinion Concerning Potential Impacts to Humpback Whales and Green Sea Turtles from Expansion and Improvement of the Small Boat Harbor at Maalaea, Maui, Hawaii. National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. 15pp.

OI Consultants, Inc. 1990. Post-Construction Surveys of Nearshore Water Quality and Biota at West Beach, Oahu. Prepared for West Beach Estates. 19pp.

Richmond, R., 1997. Reproduction and recruitment in corals: Critical links in the persistence of reefs. Pages 175-197 in C. Birkeland, editor. Life and Death of Coral Reefs. Chapman and Hall, New York.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1994. Draft Recovery Plan for Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii and Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata. 79pp.

U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1981. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Mitigation Policy. Federal Register (46) 15: 7644-7663.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2003. Compensatory Mitigation for Coral Reef Impacts in the Pacific Islands-Final Report. USFWS, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Service, Honolulu, Hawaii.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1996. Barbers Point Harbor Modification Study, Island of Oahu, Hawaii: Reconnaissance Report. 37pp.

Waddell, J.E. (ed.), 2005. The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2005. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 11. 69 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment’s Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 522 pp. Wilkinson, CR. 2004. Status of coral reefs of the world: 2004. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia, 557 pp.

Zieman, D.A. 1994. Barbers Point Deep Draft Harbor, Proposed Harbor Expansion, Marine Environmental Assessment. Prepared for: Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc. 54pp.

70 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Figure 1. Map of Pacific Ocean 71 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Figure 2. Island of Oahu, Hawaii 72 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Figure 3. Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu 73 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Figure 4. Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu, with survey stations in proposed project area

74 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Figure 5. Entrance channel, turning basin, and proposed jetty (North Entrance Channel) at the Kalaeloa Barbers Point Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii. Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu Engineer District.

75 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Figure 6. Footprint of proposed jetty (North Entrance Channel) at Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii. Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu Engineer District.

76 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Figure 7. Jetty profile at Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii. Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu Engineer District.

77 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Figure 8. Alternative 1: 200 Anchor Point System + Channel Dredging

78 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Figure 9. Alternative 2: 200 Anchor Point System + Channel Dredging + Parallel Jetty

79 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Figure 10. Alternative 3: 200 Anchor Point System + Channel Dredging + Angled Jetty

80 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Figure 11. Alternative 4: 30 Piling Anchor System + Channel Dredging

81 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Figure 12. Alternative 5: 30 Piling Anchoring System + Channel Dredging + Parallel Jetty 82 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Figure 13. Alternative 6: 30 Piling Anchoring System + Channel Dredging + Angled Jetty 83 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Figure 14. Bathymetry of proposed construction site, Kalaeloa Barber’s Point Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii. (2000 LIDAR data)

84 KALAELOA (BARBER’S POINT) DEEP DRAFT HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII Draft FWCA 2(b) Report

Figure 15. Anchor point area impacts to coral reef habitat. Source: Ron Pang, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu Engineer District, 2007.

85 Table 1. Marine plant species observed for 19 survey stations at Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor Oahu Island, Hawaii May 8 - July 6, 2007. DIVISION SURVEY STATION (S) Genus/species S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8 S-9 S-10 S-11 S-12 S-13 S-14 S-15 S-16 S-17 S-18 S-19

CYANOPHYTA Hormothamnion sp xx xxxx x xxxx Lyngbya majuscula xx x xx Lyngbya sp xx x xxxx x xx Symploca sp xx x x x x Unidentified species 1 x x xxxx x x x x Unidentified species 2 xxxx x x

RHODOPHYTA Unidentified Crustose xx xxxxxxxx xxxxxx Coralline Algae Amansia glomerata xx Asparagopsis taxiformis xx xx x Centroceras sp x x xxx xx x xxxxx Ceramium sp xx x x x xxxxx x x x x x x Gibsmithia hawaiiensis xx x Gracilaria sp x xx Halymenia formosa xx Hypnea musciformis xxxxxxxx xx Laurencia brachyclados x x Liagora donaldiana x xx xxxx L. valida xx x xxxx Martensia flabeliformis x M. fragilis xxxx xx xx x x Pterocladiella caerulescens x

CHLOROPHYTA Avrainvillea amadelpha xxxx xx Bryopsis hypnoides xx x x x x Halimeda discoidea x x xxxxx H. opuntia xxxxxx Neomeris annulata xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx

86 Table 1. Marine plant species observed for 19 survey stations at Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor Oahu Island, Hawaii May 8 - July 6, 2007. DIVISION SURVEY STATION (S) Genus/species S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8 S-9 S-10 S-11 S-12 S-13 S-14 S-15 S-16 S-17 S-18 S-19

PHAEOPHYTA Dictyota sandvicensis xx Dictyota sp xx xx x Padina australis xxxx xxx x Sargassum echinocarpum xxx x Sphacelaria sp xxx Turbinaria ornata xxxxxxx

Total Species per Survey 9 5 8 5 16 11 13 10 10 8 13 14 19 7 12 15 15 15 13 Transect:

87 Table 2a. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10 m2 transects at Station 1, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, May 8, 2007.

Total no. No. “recent” % Colonies colonies No. No. (1 to < 5 cm) > 10 cm colonies % cover fragments visible sexual parted by Species T1 T2 m-2 m-2 m-2 recruits m-2 fission Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 7 3 0.5 ± 0.3 0.8 ± 0.7 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0 16.7 ± 23.6 M. patula 5 21 1.3 ± 1.1 1.6 ± 1.6 0 0.5 ± 0.3 31.3 ± 26.5 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 6 28 1.7 ± 1.6 1.5 ± 0.6 0 0.9 ± 0.8 13.6 ± 19.3 P. evermanni 3 2 0.3 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 25 ± 35.4

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 6 14 1 ± 0.6 0.6 ± 0.4 0.1 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.2 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 1 1 0.1 ± 0 0.1 ± 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 1 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 5 0 0.3 ± 0.4 0 0 0.3 ± 0.4 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 Total 34 71 5.3 ± 2.6 4.7 ± 1.9 0.1 ± 0 2.2 ± 1 19.4 ± 7.9

88 Table 2b. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10 m2 transects at Station 2, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, May 8, 2007.

Total no. No. “recent” % Colonies colonies No. No. (1 to < 5 cm) > 10 cm colonies % cover fragments visible sexual parted by Species T1 T2 m-2 m-2 m-2 recruits m-2 fission Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 6 2 0.4 ± 0.3 0.2 ± 0.3 0 0.2 ± 0 0 M. patula 33 2 1.8 ± 2.2 1.5 ± 0.8 0 0.5 ± 0.6 0 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 6 1 0.4 ± 0.4 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 36.6 ± 1.3 P. evermanni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 16 4 1 ± 0.8 0.3 ± 0.3 0.2 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.1 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 1 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 4 0.2 ± 0.3 0 0 0.2 ± 0.3 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 62 13 3.8 ± 3.5 2 ± 1.4 0.3 ± 0.2 1.5 ± 0.5 31.5 ± 12

89 Table 2c. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10 m2 transects at Station 3, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, July 6, 2007.

Total no. No. “recent” % Colonies colonies No. No. (1 to < 5 cm) > 10 cm colonies % cover fragments visible sexual parted by Species T1 T2 m-2 m-2 m-2 recruits m-2 fission Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 5 3 0.4 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0 0 0.2 ± 0.1 0 M. patula 6 0 0.3 ± 0.4 0 0 0.3 ± 0.4 0 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 12 27 2 ± 1.1 1.5 ± 0.5 0 0.3 ± 0 36.6 ± 1.3 P. evermanni 3 4 0.4 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.2 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 9 11 1 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0 1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 6 0.3 ± 0.4 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 P. duerdeni 2 6 0.4 ± 0.3 0.6 ± 0.8 0 0.1 ± 0 0 Porites bernardi 5 0 0.3 ± 0.4 0 0 0.3 ± 0.4 0 P. brighami 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 Total 42 59 5.1 ± 1.2 3 ± 1.5 0.1 ± 0.1 2 ± 0.7 31.5 ± 12

90 Table 2d. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10 m2 transects at Station 4, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, July 6, 2007.

Total no. No. “recent” % Colonies colonies No. No. (1 to < 5 cm) > 10 cm colonies % cover fragments visible sexual parted by Species T1 T2 m-2 m-2 m-2 recruits m-2 fission Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 30 37 3.4 ± 0.5 4.7 ± 2.3 0.1 ± 0.1 1.4 ± 0 18.2 ± 25.7 M. patula 51 51 5.1 ± 0 4.4 ± 1.9 0 2.4 ± 0.2 9.8 ± 5 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 7 4 0.6 ± 0.2 0.1 ± 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 P. evermanni 1 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 37 18 2.8 ± 1.3 1.6 ± 1.3 0.4 ± 0.5 1.3 ± 0.2 0 P. eydouxi 1 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.7 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 1 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 1 1 0.1 ± 0 0 0 0.1 ± 0 0 P. brighami 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 129 111 12 ± 1.3 11.3 ± 2.3 0.4 ± 0.6 5.3 ± 0.5 10.1 ± 7.2

91 Table 2e. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10 m2 transects at Station 5, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 19, 2007.

Total no. No. “recent” % Colonies colonies No. No. (1 to < 5 cm) > 10 cm colonies % cover fragments visible sexual parted by Species T1 T2 m-2 m-2 m-2 recruits m-2 fission Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 36 47 4.2 ± 0.8 9.5 ± 0.6 0 0.7 ± 0.5 5.6 ± 2.2 M. patula 39 59 4.9 ± 1.4 15.0 ± 7.8 0 1.0.4 10.9 ± 10.7 M. incrassata 1 0 0.1 ± 0.1 <0.1 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 41 37 3.9 ± 0.3 7.1 ± 7.8 0.1 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.4 17.7 ± 4.9 P. evermanni 6 2 0.4 ± 0.3 1.5 ± 2.0 0 0 10 ± 14.1

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 6 7 0.7 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.3 0 0.3 ± 0.2 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 17 0.9 ± 1.2 <0.1 0 0.8 ± 1.1 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 129 169 14.9 ± 2.8 33.5 ± 18.5 0.1 ± 0.1 3.2 ± 1.5 11.2 ± 8

92 Table 2f. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10 m2 transects at Station 6, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 19, 2007.

Total no. No. “recent” % Colonies colonies No. No. (1 to < 5 cm) > 10 cm colonies % cover fragments visible sexual parted by Species T1 T2 m-2 m-2 m-2 recruits m-2 fission Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 62 52 5.7 ± 0.7 1.8 ± 1 0 2.2 ± 0.6 10 ± 14.1 M. patula 21 42 3.2 ± 1.5 5.6 ± 2 0 0.2 ± 0.1 33.3 ± 47.1 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 24 32 2.8 ± 0.6 2.3 ± 0.9 0.1 ± 0 0.7 ± 0 7.7 ± 10.9 P. evermanni 9 4 0.7 ± 0.4 0.8 ± 1 0 0.1 ± 0.1 25 ± 35.4

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 18 15 1.7 ± 0.2 0.4 ± 0.3 0 1.2 ± 0.1 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 1 1 0.1 ± 0 0 0 0.1 ± 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 2 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 135 149 14.2 ± 1 10.8 ± 5.3 0.1 ± 0 4.6 ± 0.4 17.2 ± 24.4

93 Table 2g. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10 m2 transects at Station 7, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 19, 2007.

Total no. No. “recent” % Colonies colonies No. No. (1 to < 5 cm) > 10 cm colonies % cover fragments visible sexual parted by Species T1 T2 m-2 m-2 m-2 recruits m-2 fission Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 69 57 6.3 ± 0.8 1.9 ± 0.7 0.2 ± 0.2 2.5 ± 0.1 1.9 ± 2.6 M. patula 53 92 7.3 ± 2.8 11.8 ± 5.8 0 1.6 ± 0.5 30.1 ± 26 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 15 16 1.6 ± 0.1 1.3 ± 1 0 0.6 ± 0.4 18.8 ± 26.5 P. evermanni 1 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.2 0 0 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 28 18 2.3 ± 0.7 0.4 ± 0.4 0 1.5 ± 0.3 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 1 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0 1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 2 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 2 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 167 188 17.8 ± 1.5 15.6 ± 6 0.2 ± 0.2 6.2 ± 0.1 18.8 ± 9.3

94 Table 2h. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10 m2 transects at Station 8, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 19, 2007.

Total no. No. “recent” % Colonies colonies No. No. (1 to < 5 cm) > 10 cm colonies % cover fragments visible sexual parted by Species T1 T2 m-2 m-2 m-2 recruits m-2 fission Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 32 15 2.4 ± 1.2 1.6 ± 1.5 0 0.1 ± 0 2.4 ± 3.4 M. patula 29 89 5.9 ± 4.2 5.1 ± 3.7 0 1.2 ± 0.6 3.8 ± 5.4 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 10 33 2.2 ± 1.6 3.2 ± 0.4 0 0.4 ± 0.2 45.1 ± 37.2 P. evermanni 0 6 0.3 ± 0.4 4.5 ± 6.4 0 0 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 0 9 0.5 ± 0.6 0.2 ± 0.3 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 3 3 0.3 ± 0 0.6 ± 0.6 0 0 25 ± 35.4 P. duerdeni 0 2 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 74 157 11.6 ± 5.9 15.2 ± 9.9 0 1.8 ± 0.9 12.7 ± 7.7

95 Table 2i. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10 m2 transects at Station 9, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 7, 2007.

Total no. No. “recent” % Colonies colonies No. No. (1 to < 5 cm) > 10 cm colonies % cover fragments visible sexual parted by Species T1 T2 m-2 m-2 m-2 recruits m-2 fission Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 132 76 10.4 ± 4 3.6 ± 0.7 0 5.1 ± 3.7 14.4 ± 15 M. patula 16 7 1.2 ± 0.6 0.9 ± 0.4 0 0.3 ± 0.2 0 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 47 50 4.9 ± 0.2 2.6 ± 0.3 0 1.9 ± 0 18.6 ± 11.4 P. evermanni 1 1 0.1 ± 0 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 25 23 2.4 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.1 0 1 ± 0.4 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 2 1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.8 0 0 50 ± 70.7 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 223 158 19.1 ± 4.6 8.4 ± 0.2 0 8.3 ± 4.3 13.9 ± 11.7

96 Table 2j. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10 m2 transects at Station 10, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 7, 2007.

Total no. No. “recent” % Colonies colonies No. No. (1 to < 5 cm) > 10 cm colonies % cover fragments visible sexual parted by Species T1 T2 m-2 m-2 m-2 recruits m-2 fission Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 120 88 10.4 ± 2.3 3.3 ± 0.3 0 5.3 ± 2.3 17.9 ± 8.4 M. patula 32 43 3.8 ± 0.8 3.2 ± 0.1 0 0.7 ± 0.4 24.5 ± 14.5 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 74 97 8.6 ± 1.6 5.8 ± 4.2 0.2 ± 0 2.6 ± 0.6 20.7 ± 17.9 P. evermanni 2 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 0 0 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 37 29 3.3 ± 0.6 1.4 ± 0.1 0 1.7 ± 0.3 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 2 1 0.2 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 267 259 26.3 ± 0.6 13.8 ± 4.5 0.2 ± 0 10.3 ± 3.5 18.8 ± 13.6

97 Table 2k. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10 m2 transects at Station 11, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 7, 2007.

Total no. No. “recent” % Colonies colonies No. No. (1 to < 5 cm) > 10 cm colonies % cover fragments visible sexual parted by Species T1 T2 m-2 m-2 m-2 recruits m-2 fission Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 143 122 14 ± 2.6 4.1 ± 1.4 0.1 ± 0.1 7.5 ± 2.3 4.1 ± 1.3 M. patula 71 25 5.2 ± 3.8 2.9 ± 3.1 0 2.1 ± 1.3 1.8 ± 2.5 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 85 44 6.9 ± 3.6 2.2 ± 1.9 0.2 ± 0.2 3 ± 1.2 15 ± 21.2 P. evermanni 1 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 49 43 4.9 ± 0.8 2.3 ± 0.9 0.2 ± 0.2 3.1 ± 0.8 25.4 ± 4.5 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 1 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 1 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 351 234 31.2 ± 11 11.5 ± 7.4 0.4 ± 0.4 15.8 ± 5.6 7.8 ± 4.4

98 Table 2l. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10 m2 transects at Station 12, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 7, 2007.

Total no. No. “recent” % Colonies colonies No. No. (1 to < 5 cm) > 10 cm colonies % cover fragments visible sexual parted by Species T1 T2 m-2 m-2 m-2 recruits m-2 fission Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 42 47 4.5 ± 0.4 5.5 ± 1.4 0 0.8 ± 0.1 12.2 ± 7.1 M. patula 33 23 2.8 ± 0.7 7.4 ± 8.3 0.1 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0 22.6 ± 24.6 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 60 27 4.4 ± 2.3 9.5 ± 2.4 0 0.9 ± 0.7 16.7 ± 15.7 P. evermanni 8 2 0.5 ± 0.4 1.1 ± 1.2 0 0 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 15 10 1.3 ± 0.4 0.5 ± 0.5 0 0.7 ± 0.1 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 1 1 0.1 ± 0 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 159 110 13.5 ± 3.5 24.1 ± 8.9 0.1 ± 0.1 3.1 ± 0.7 14.1 ± 12.5

99 Table 2m. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10 m2 transects at Station 13, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 18, 2007.

Total no. No. “recent” % Colonies colonies No. No. (1 to < 5 cm) > 10 cm colonies % cover fragments visible sexual parted by Species T1 T2 m-2 m-2 m-2 recruits m-2 fission Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 14 11 1.3 ± 0.2 2.1 ± 1.4 0 0.3 ± 0.2 16.7 ± 23.6 M. patula 18 52 3.5 ± 2.4 4.9 ± 0.6 0 0.7 ± 0.1 22.2 ± 31.4 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 7 25 1.6 ± 1.3 1.1 ± 0.7 0 0.4 ± 0.2 16.7 ± 23.6 P. evermanni 2 1 0.2 ± 0.1 1.9 ± 2.6 0 0 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 6 8 0.7 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.2 0 0.5 ± 0.1 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 1 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 48 97 7.3 ± 3.5 10.2 ± 2.6 0 1.8 ± 0.1 19 ± 13.5

100 Table 2n. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10 m2 transects at Station 14, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 18, 2007.

Total no. No. “recent” % Colonies colonies No. No. (1 to < 5 cm) > 10 cm colonies % cover fragments visible sexual parted by Species T1 T2 m-2 m-2 m-2 recruits m-2 fission Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 28 11 2 ± 1.2 2 ± 1.2 0.1 ± 0.1 1 ± 0.9 0 M. patula 10 10 1 ± 0 0.7 ± 0.5 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 8.3 ± 11.8 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 11 8 1 ± 0.2 1 ± 0.8 0.1 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0 0 P. evermanni 4 0 0.2 ± 0.3 0.6 ± 0.8 0 0 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 20 4 1.2 ± 1.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.8 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 1 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0 1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 74 34 5.4 ± 2.8 4.3 ± 3.4 0.5 ± 0.3 2.4 ± 2 4.3 ± 6.1

101 Table 2o. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10 m2 transects at Station 15, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 18, 2007.

Total no. No. “recent” % Colonies colonies No. No. (1 to < 5 cm) > 10 cm colonies % cover fragments visible sexual parted by Species T1 T2 m-2 m-2 m-2 recruits m-2 fission Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 29 31 3 ± 0.1 2.7 ± 1.7 0.3 ± 0.1 1.4 ± 0.8 0 M. patula 4 26 1.5 ± 1.6 1.4 ± 1.3 0 0.6 ± 0.7 0 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 10 24 1.7 ± 1 1.9 ± 2.6 0.2 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.3 0 P. evermanni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 13 7 1 ± 0.4 0.3 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0 0.8 ± 0.3 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 56 88 7.2 ± 2.3 6.3 ± 5.5 0.5 ± 0 3.4 ± 0.1 0

102 Table 2p. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10 m2 transects at Station 16, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 18, 2007.

Total no. No. “recent” % Colonies colonies No. No. (1 to < 5 cm) > 10 cm colonies % cover fragments visible sexual parted by Species T1 T2 m-2 m-2 m-2 recruits m-2 fission Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 136 119 13.5 ± 2.3 7 ± 1.3 0.1 ± 0 4.8 ± 0.5 1.5 ± 2.1 M. patula 83 111 10.2 ± 1.3 10 ± 2.6 0.2 ± 0.1 3.4 ± 0.5 9.2 ± 9.2 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 47 57 5.5 ± 0.3 1.8 ± 0.2 0 1.9 ± 0 5.6 ± 7.9 P. evermanni 4 0 0.2 ± 0.3 0.2 ± 0.3 0 0 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 57 45 5.4 ± 1.3 3.2 ± 3 0.3 ± 0.1 3 ± 0.6 6.7 ± 9.4 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 1 1 0.1 ± 0 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 P. brighami 1 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 329 333 34.9 ± 2.3 22.3 ± 7.1 0.5 ± 0 13.1 ± 0.7 6.3 ± 5.4

103 Table 2q. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10 m2 transects at Station 17, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 29, 2007.

Total no. No. “recent” % Colonies colonies No. No. (1 to < 5 cm) > 10 cm colonies % cover fragments visible sexual parted by Species T1 T2 m-2 m-2 m-2 recruits m-2 fission Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 152 176 16.4 ± 1.7 44.5 ± 31.9 0.4 ± 0.2 2.2 ± 0.8 1.5 ± 2.1 M. patula 125 97 11.1 ± 2 13.7 ± 2.1 0 2.2 ± 0.7 4.4 ± 6.2 M. incrassata 2 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 12 26 1.9 ± 1 1.2 ± 0.5 0 0.4 ± 0.1 8.3 ± 11.8 P. evermanni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 5 7 0.6 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0 0 0.2 ± 0.1 12.5 ± 17.7 P. eydouxi 1 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.7 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 2 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.7 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 299 306 30.3 ± 0.5 61.2 ± 29 0.5 ± 0.1 4.9 ± 1.3 3 ± 0.5

104 Table 2r. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10 m2 transects at Station 18, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 29, 2007.

Total no. No. “recent” % Colonies colonies No. No. (1 to < 5 cm) > 10 cm colonies % cover fragments visible sexual parted by Species T1 T2 m-2 m-2 m-2 recruits m-2 fission Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 114 86 11.9 ± 3.3 4 ± 0.4 0 6 ± 0.8 3.2 ± 4.6 M. patula 79 36 6.9 ± 4.2 9.4 ± 9.4 0 1.8 ± 1.1 8.2 ± 11.5 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 57 54 6.6 ± 0.8 2 ± 1.2 0 2.8 ± 0.4 5.6 ± 7.9 P. evermanni 3 0 0.2 ± 0.3 0.2 ± 0.2 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 70 41 6.7 ± 3 5.2 ± 3.6 0 4.3 ± 1.9 33.1 ± 34 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 1 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0 2 0.1 ± 0.2 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 1 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 325 220 32.5 ± 11.4 20.8 ± 14.8 0 15 ± 3.7 10.5 ± 10.1

105 Table 2s. Coral species parameters (mean ± S.D.) measured at two 10 m2 transects at Station 19, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 29, 2007.

Total no. No. “recent” % Colonies colonies No. No. (1 to < 5 cm) > 10 cm colonies % cover fragments visible sexual parted by Species T1 T2 m-2 m-2 m-2 recruits m-2 fission Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 102 40 8.4 ± 6.2 0.6 ± 0.6 0 6.9 ± 4.8 0 M. patula 43 8 3.1 ± 3.2 0.5 ± 0.7 0 2.3 ± 2.1 0 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 99 73 9.8 ± 3.6 1.9 ± 1.8 0 6.1 ± 1.4 12.5 ± 10.6 P. evermanni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 48 16 3.8 ± 3.1 2.5 ± 3.1 0 2.9 ± 2.3 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 7 6 0.7 ± 0.2 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0.5 ± 0.3 0 L. purpurea 1 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 7 0.4 ± 0.5 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0.3 ± 0.4 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 300 150 26.3 ± 15.9 5.6 ± 5.9 0 16.4 ± 6.9 9.3 ± 0.3

106 Table 3a. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 1, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, May 8, 2007.

Size Class Species >0-2 cm >2-5 cm >5-10 cm >10-20 >20-40 cm >40-80 >80-160 >160 Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.2 0.1 ± 0 0.1 ± 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 M. patula 0.3 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.4 0.3 ± 0.4 0.2 ± 0.3 0.2 ± 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 0.5 ± 0.5 0.5 ± 0.4 0.2 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.2 0.4 ± 0.5 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 P. evermanni 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 0.1 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.4 0.3 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0 0 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0 0 0 0.1 ± 0 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0.2 ± 0.2 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 Total 1.1 ± 0.1 1.1 ± 1 1 ± 0.4 1 ± 0.6 0.9 ± 0.6 0.2 ± 0 0 0

107 Table 3b. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 2, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, May 8, 2007.

Size Class Species >0-2 cm >2-5 cm >5-10 cm >10-20 >20-40 cm >40-80 >80-160 >160 Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 0.1 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 M. patula 0.2 ± 0.2 0.4 ± 0.4 0.5 ± 0.7 0.4 ± 0.6 0.3 ± 0.4 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 P. evermanni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 0.1 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.2 0.5 ± 0.5 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0.2 ± 0.2 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 0.5 ± 0.2 1 ± 0.7 1.3 ± 1.6 0.6 ± 0.8 0.4 ± 0.6 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0

108 Table 3c. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 3, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, July 6, 2007.

Size Class Species >0-2 cm >2-5 cm >5-10 cm >10-20 >20-40 cm >40-80 >80-160 >160 Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 0.1 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 M. patula 0.1 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 0.1 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.6 0.7 ± 0.4 0.5 ± 0.1 0 0 0 P. evermanni 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 0.3 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.2 0.1 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0 0 0 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0.1 ± 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0.3 ± 0.4 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0.2 ± 0.2 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 0.7 ± 0.4 1.3 ± 0.3 1.2 ± 1.1 1 ± 0.4 1 ± 0.5 0 0 0

109 Table 3d. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 4, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, July 6, 2007.

Size Class Species >0-2 cm >2-5 cm >5-10 cm >10-20 >20-40 cm >40-80 >80-160 >160 Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 0.3 ± 0.2 1.2 ± 0.2 0.9 ± 0.5 0.5 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 M. patula 1.1 ± 0.5 1.3 ± 0.3 1.2 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0 0.3 ± 0.2 0 0 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.4 0.2 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 P. evermanni 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 0.3 ± 0.1 1 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.6 0.3 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.5 0 0 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0.1 ± 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 1.7 ± 0.8 3.6 ± 0.4 3.1 ± 0.3 1.6 ± 0.3 1.6 ± 0.4 0.5 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0

110 Table 3e. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 5, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 19, 2007.

Size Class Species >0-2 cm >2-5 cm >5-10 cm >10-20 >20-40 cm >40-80 >80-160 >160 Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 0 0.7 ± 0.5 1.6 ± 0.5 0.8 ± 0.6 0.7 ± 0.4 0.4 ± 0.2 0.1 ± 0 0 M. patula 0.1 ± 0.1 1 ± 0.3 1 ± 0.8 1.5 ± 0.2 0.9 ± 0.3 0.3 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.2 0 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 0.1 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.3 1.1 ± 0.7 1.4 ± 0.4 0.6 ± 0.4 0.3 ± 0.4 0.1 ± 0.1 0 P. evermanni 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0 0 0.2 ± 0.2 0 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 0.1 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0 0.1 ± 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0.5 ± 0.7 0.3 ± 0.4 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 0.7 ± 0.9 2.5 ± 0.6 4 ± 2.1 4 ± 0.3 2.3 ± 0.1 1.1 ± 0.9 0.4 ± 0.3 0

111 Table 3f. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 6, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 19, 2007.

Size Class Species >0-2 cm >2-5 cm >5-10 cm >10-20 >20-40 cm >40-80 >80-160 >160 Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 0.2 ± 0.3 2 ± 0.3 1.9 ± 0.4 1.3 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.4 0 0 0 M. patula 0 0.2 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.8 1 ± 0.7 0.9 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.3 0 0 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 0.1 ± 0 0.6 ± 0 0.7 ± 0.4 1.1 ± 0.3 0.3 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 P. evermanni 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 0.3 ± 0 0.9 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0 0.1 ± 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0.1 ± 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 0.7 ± 0.3 3.9 ± 0.1 4 ± 1.6 3.6 ± 0.8 1.6 ± 0.6 0.5 ± 0.5 0 0

112 Table 3g. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 7, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 19, 2007.

Size Class Species >0-2 cm >2-5 cm >5-10 cm >10-20 >20-40 cm >40-80 >80-160 >160 Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 0.6 ± 0.1 1.9 ± 0.1 1.9 ± 0.1 1.7 ± 1 0.3 ± 0.1 0 0 0 M. patula 0.4 ± 0.1 1.2 ± 0.4 2.4 ± 2.2 1 ± 0.4 1.8 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.4 0.1 ± 0.1 0 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 0.1 ± 0 0.5 ± 0.4 0.4 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.2 0.3 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 P. evermanni 0 0 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 0.3 ± 0.1 1.2 ± 0.4 0.6 ± 0.3 0.1 ± 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 1.3 ± 0.1 4.9 ± 0.3 5.4 ± 2.3 3.2 ± 0.2 2.5 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.4 0.1 ± 0.1 0

113 Table 3h. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 8, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 19, 2007.

Size Class Species >0-2 cm >2-5 cm >5-10 cm >10-20 >20-40 cm >40-80 >80-160 >160 Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 0 0.1 ± 0 0.9 ± 0.1 1 ± 0.6 0.4 ± 0.5 0 0 0 M. patula 0.1 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0 0 0 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 0.1 ± 0.1 1 ± 0.7 0.9 ± 0.5 1.1 ± 0 0.4 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0 0.2 ± 0.2 0 P. evermanni 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 0 0.2 ± 0 0.3 ± 0 0.3 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0 0 0 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 0.2 ± 0.1 2.1 ± 1 3 ± 0.4 3.6 ± 0.5 1.5 ± 0.9 0.5 ± 0 0.3 ± 0.1 0

114 Table 3i. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 9, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 7, 2007.

Size Class Species >0-2 cm >2-5 cm >5-10 cm >10-20 >20-40 cm >40-80 >80-160 >160 Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 0.6 ± 0.1 4.6 ± 3.6 3.2 ± 1 1.1 ± 0.4 1 ± 0.3 0 0 0 M. patula 0.1 ± 0 0.2 ± 0.2 0.4 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0 0 0 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 0.4 ± 0.6 1.5 ± 0.6 1.3 ± 0.1 1.2 ± 0.5 0.5 ± 0.3 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 P. evermanni 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 0.1 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.4 1 ± 0.2 0.4 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0 0 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 1.1 ± 0.6 7.2 ± 4.9 5.9 ± 0.8 2.8 ± 0.7 2 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0 0 0

115 Table 3j. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 10, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 7, 2007.

Size Class Species >0-2 cm >2-5 cm >5-10 cm >10-20 >20-40 cm >40-80 >80-160 >160 Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 0.8 ± 0.4 4.6 ± 1.9 2.8 ± 0.3 1.7 ± 0.3 0.6 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 M. patula 0 0.7 ± 0.4 1.2 ± 0.6 1.4 ± 0.6 0.4 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0 0 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 0.4 ± 0.2 2.3 ± 0.4 2.9 ± 1.4 2.3 ± 0.5 0.7 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 P. evermanni 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 0.3 ± 0.2 1.5 ± 0.5 0.7 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.3 0.4 ± 0.1 0 0 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0 0 0.1 ± 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 1.4 ± 0.4 9 ± 3.2 7.8 ± 2.1 5.9 ± 0.4 2 ± 0.3 0.3 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0

116 Table 3k. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 11, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 7, 2007.

Size Class Species >0-2 cm >2-5 cm >5-10 cm >10-20 >20-40 cm >40-80 >80-160 >160 Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 2.2 ± 0.2 5.3 ± 2.1 2.8 ± 0.6 3 ± 0.4 0.8 ± 0.5 0 0 0 M. patula 0.2 ± 0.2 1.9 ± 1.1 1.2 ± 0.8 1.2 ± 0.9 0.6 ± 0.7 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 0.7 ± 0.2 2.3 ± 1.4 1.8 ± 0.8 1.8 ± 1.1 0.3 ± 0.5 0 0 0 P. evermanni 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 0.8 ± 0.4 2.3 ± 1.1 0.9 ± 0.2 0.2 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 4 ± 0.1 11.8 ± 5.8 6.7 ± 0.9 6.3 ± 2.6 2.3 ± 1.7 0.1 ± 0.2 0 0

117 Table 3l. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 12, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 7, 2007.

Size Class Species >0-2 cm >2-5 cm >5-10 cm >10-20 >20-40 cm >40-80 >80-160 >160 Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 0.2 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0 0.8 ± 0.1 1.4 ± 0.1 1.4 ± 0.2 0.2 ± 0.2 0 0 M. patula 0.2 ± 0.2 0.6 ± 0.2 0.7 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.2 0.5 ± 0.6 0.1 ± 0.1 0 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 0.4 ± 0.4 0.6 ± 0.4 0.8 ± 0.4 1.5 ± 0.8 0.8 ± 0.4 0.3 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 P. evermanni 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.3 0.2 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 0.1 ± 0 0.6 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0 0.2 ± 0.2 0 0 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 0.8 ± 0 2.3 ± 0.7 2.5 ± 0.3 3.9 ± 1.1 2.9 ± 0.4 1 ± 1.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0

118 Table 3m. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 13, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 18, 2007.

Size Class Species >0-2 cm >2-5 cm >5-10 cm >10-20 >20-40 cm >40-80 >80-160 >160 Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 0.1 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.3 0.5 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.3 0.2 ± 0.2 0 0 M. patula 0 0.7 ± 0.1 1.3 ± 1.4 0.8 ± 0.7 0.4 ± 0.3 0.4 ± 0.1 0 0 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 0.1 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.5 0.5 ± 0.4 0.3 ± 0.1 0 0 0 P. evermanni 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 0 0.5 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 0.2 ± 0.1 1.6 ± 0.2 2.4 ± 2.1 1.7 ± 1.1 1 ± 0.8 0.5 ± 0.3 0.1 ± 0.1 0

119 Table 3n. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 14, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 18, 2007.

Size Class Species >0-2 cm >2-5 cm >5-10 cm >10-20 >20-40 cm >40-80 >80-160 >160 Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 0.1 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 1 0.2 ± 0.3 0.2 ± 0.2 0.2 ± 0.2 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 M. patula 0 0.3 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0 0 0 0 M. incrassata 0 0 0.3 ± 0.4 0.2 ± 0.3 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 0 0.2 ± 0.3 0.2 ± 0.2 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 P. evermanni 0.2 ± 0.2 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 0.1 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.9 0.2 ± 0.3 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 P. eydouxi 0 0.2 ± 0.2 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 0.4 ± 0.1 2.1 ± 1.9 1.1 ± 0.3 1 ± 0 0.7 ± 0.3 0.2 ± 0.3 0 0

120 Table 3o. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 15, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 18, 2007.

Size Class Species >0-2 cm >2-5 cm >5-10 cm >10-20 >20-40 cm >40-80 >80-160 >160 Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 0.4 ± 0.2 1 ± 0.6 0.6 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.4 0.4 ± 0.4 0.2 ± 0.1 0 0 M. patula 0.2 ± 0.2 0.5 ± 0.5 0.2 ± 0.3 0.4 ± 0.4 0.3 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 0.2 ± 0.2 0.5 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.4 0.1 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.2 0 0 P. evermanni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 0.3 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.4 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0 0 0 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 1 ± 0.4 2.4 ± 0.4 1.4 ± 0.3 1.3 ± 1.1 0.9 ± 0.6 0.4 ± 0.4 0 0

121 Table 3p. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 16, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 18, 2007.

Size Class Species >0-2 cm >2-5 cm >5-10 cm >10-20 >20-40 cm >40-80 >80-160 >160 Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 0.7 ± 0 4.1 ± 0.5 4.1 ± 0 3 ± 1 1.5 ± 0.9 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 M. patula 0.9 ± 0.6 2.5 ± 0.1 2.2 ± 0.1 2.5 ± 0.5 1.7 ± 0.7 0.4 ± 0.5 0 0 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 0.4 ± 0 1.5 ± 0 2 ± 0 1.3 ± 0.4 0.3 ± 0 0 0 0 P. evermanni 0 0 0 0.2 ± 0.2 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 0.9 ± 0.2 2.1 ± 0.8 1.3 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.3 0.5 ± 0.3 0.2 ± 0.2 0 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0 0 0.1 ± 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 2.9 ± 0.9 10.2 ± 1.6 9.7 ± 0.2 7.4 ± 0.7 4.1 ± 0.5 0.7 ± 0.6 0 0

122 Table 3q. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 17, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 29, 2007.

Size Class Species >0-2 cm >2-5 cm >5-10 cm >10-20 >20-40 cm >40-80 >80-160 >160 Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 0.3 ± 0.1 1.9 ± 0.8 2.7 ± 0.2 4.6 ± 0.8 3.5 ± 0.4 3.5 ± 3.5 0 0 M. patula 0.3 ± 0.2 2 ± 0.9 2.5 ± 0.2 3.9 ± 0.8 1.9 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.1 0 0 M. incrassata 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 0.1 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0 0.6 ± 0.6 0.7 ± 0.2 0.3 ± 0.1 0 0 0 P. evermanni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0 0 0.2 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0 0 0 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 0.6 ± 0.4 4.3 ± 1.8 5.8 ± 0.5 9.4 ± 1.6 6 ± 0.4 4.3 ± 3.3 0 0

123 Table 3r. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 18, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 29, 2007.

Size Class Species >0-2 cm >2-5 cm >5-10 cm >10-20 >20-40 cm >40-80 >80-160 >160 Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 1.5 ± 1 4.5 ± 1.9 2.8 ± 1.4 2.2 ± 1.3 0.9 ± 0.3 0 0 0 M. patula 0.2 ± 0.1 1.6 ± 1.3 1 ± 0.2 2 ± 1 1.6 ± 1.2 0.4 ± 0.6 0 0 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 0.6 ± 0.5 2.2 ± 0.1 1.9 ± 0.2 1.6 ± 1.1 0.3 ± 0.3 0 0 0 P. evermanni 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 1.3 ± 0.5 3 ± 1.4 0.5 ± 0 1 ± 0.4 0.7 ± 0.3 0.3 ± 0.3 0 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0 0 0.1 ± 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 3.5 ± 1.1 11.4 ± 4.9 6.4 ± 1.4 6.8 ± 3.8 3.6 ± 1.6 0.7 ± 0.9 0 0

124 Table 3s. Coral species mean density (± S.D.) of individuals per m2 by size class observed along two transects at Station 19, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, June 29, 2007.

Size Class Species >0-2 cm >2-5 cm >5-10 cm >10-20 >20-40 cm >40-80 >80-160 >160 Encrusting Monitpora Montipora capitata 1.4 ± 1.1 5.5 ± 3.7 1.1 ± 0.8 0.4 ± 0.6 0 0 0 0 M. patula 0.7 ± 0.3 1.6 ± 1.8 0.3 ± 0.4 0.4 ± 0.6 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 M. incrassata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lobate Porites Porites lobata 1.2 ± 0.5 4.9 ± 1.9 2.2 ± 0.7 1.2 ± 1 0.3 ± 0.4 0 0 0 P. evermanni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cauliflower/Antler Pocillopora meandrina 1.1 ± 1.1 1.8 ± 1.1 0.4 ± 0.4 0.1 ± 0 0.2 ± 0.2 0.2 ± 0.3 0 0 P. eydouxi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Corals Cyphastrea ocellina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptastrea bewickensis 0.1 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.2 0.1 ± 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 L. purpurea 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pavona varians 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. duerdeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porites bernardi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P. brighami 0.2 ± 0.2 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 Psammocora haimeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 4.6 ± 1.8 14.4 ± 8.8 4.1 ± 2.4 2.4 ± 1.9 0.6 ± 0.7 0.2 ± 0.3 0 0

125 Table 4a. Macroinvertebrate species observed at 19 survey stations at Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor Oahu Island, Hawaii May 8 - July 6, 2007. FAMILY SURVEY STATION (S) Genus/species S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8 S-9 S-10 S-11 S-12 S-13 S-14 S-15 S-16 S-17 S-18 S-19

SPIRASTRELLIDAE Spirastrella vagabunda xxxxxx xx

CHONDRILLIDAE Chrondrosia chucalla xx

DICTYONELLIDAE Liosina paradoxa xxx xx xx x

ANCHINOIDAE Phorbas sp xxx xxx x xxxx

CLATHRINIDAE Clathria sp xxx x xx x x x x

HALOCHONDRIIDAE Axinyssa sp xx xxx x Stylinos sp xxxxxx x x

CALLYSPONGIIDAE Callyspongia sp xxxx

DYSIDEIDAE Dysidea granulosa xx xxxxx

Unidentified black sponge x x Unidentified green sponge xxx Unidentified yellow sponge xxx x x Unidentified red sponge xx xxx x x

ZOANTHIDAE Palythoa caesia xx x

126 Table 3a. Macroinvertebrate species observed at 19 survey stations at Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor Oahu Island, Hawaii May 8 - July 6, 2007. FAMILY SURVEY STATION (S) Genus/species S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8 S-9 S-10 S-11 S-12 S-13 S-14 S-15 S-16 S-17 S-18 S-19

PSEUDOCEROTIDAE Pseudoceros dimidiatus xx

SERPULIDAE Spirobranchus giganteus xxx x x x x Unidentified tubeworm x xxxxxxxx xxxxxx

SABELLIDAE Sabellid sp xxx

TROCHIDAE Trochus intextus xxxxx xx

TURBINIDAE Turbo intercostalis xx x x

NERITIDAE Unidentified Neritacea x

CERITHIIDAE Cerithium sp xxxxx Rhinoclavis sinensis xxxx Rhinoclavis sp xxx

VERMITIDAE Serpulorbis sp xx x x

STROMBIDAE Strombus dentatus x

CYPRAEIDAE Cypraea caputserpentis x

127 Table 3a. Macroinvertebrate species observed at 19 survey stations at Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor Oahu Island, Hawaii May 8 - July 6, 2007. FAMILY SURVEY STATION (S) Genus/species S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8 S-9 S-10 S-11 S-12 S-13 S-14 S-15 S-16 S-17 S-18 S-19

CYPRAEIDAE Cypraea helvola xxxx x C. isabella x C. tigris xx x

RANELLIDAE Charonia tritonis xx

TONOIDEA Cymatium nicobaricum xxxxxxx

COSTELLARIIDAE Vexillum sp xx

THAIDIDAE Drupella elata x Drupa morum xxx xx x x x D. ricina xx x x Drupa sp xx x x x Morula uva xxxxx x x xxx

BUCCINIDAE Engina albocincta x

MITRIDAE Mitra stictica xx

CONIDAE Conus abbreviatus xxxxx xx x C. cactus xx x C. distans xx x x x x x C. ebraeus xxxx x xx xx x x x x

128 Table 3a. Macroinvertebrate species observed at 19 survey stations at Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor Oahu Island, Hawaii May 8 - July 6, 2007. FAMILY SURVEY STATION (S) Genus/species S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8 S-9 S-10 S-11 S-12 S-13 S-14 S-15 S-16 S-17 S-18 S-19

CONIDAE Conus flavidus x x x xxxxx x x x x x C. leopardus xxx x C. lividus xxx x x xxx C. marmoreus xxx xx C. miles xxxx xxxxx x x C. moreleti xxxxx x C. pennaceus x x x x xxx

PTERAEOLIDIIDAE Pteraeolidia ianthina xx

CHROMODORIDIDAE Risbecia imperialis xx x x

PHYLLIDIIDAE Phyllidiella pustulosa .xx

ARCIDAE Arca ventricosa xxx xxxx x x x

MYTILIDAE Lithophaga sp xxx

PINNIDAE Streptopinna saccata x

PTERIIDAE Isognomon sp xx x x x xx Pinctada margaritifera x xx x x x xxxx

129 Table 3a. Macroinvertebrate species observed at 19 survey stations at Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor Oahu Island, Hawaii May 8 - July 6, 2007. FAMILY SURVEY STATION (S) Genus/species S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8 S-9 S-10 S-11 S-12 S-13 S-14 S-15 S-16 S-17 S-18 S-19

CHAMIDAE Chama iostoma (?) x

OCTOPODIDAE Octopus cyanea xx Octopus sp xx x x x

GONODACTYLIDAE x Gonodactylaceus sp

ALPHEIDAE Alpheus sp xx x x x xxxx x x x x x x

STENOPODIDAE Stenopus hispidus x

XANTHIDAE Trapezia ferruginea xx xxxx x xxx T. flavopunctata xx xx xx T. intermedia x T. tigrina xx xx x x

Unidentified Brittle Star xxx xxx xxxxx

Unidentified Bryozoan (Red) xx xx xx

OREASTERIDAE Culcita novaeguineae xx x x x

ACANTHASTERIDAE Acanthaster planci x

130 Table 3a. Macroinvertebrate species observed at 19 survey stations at Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor Oahu Island, Hawaii May 8 - July 6, 2007. FAMILY SURVEY STATION (S) Genus/species S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8 S-9 S-10 S-11 S-12 S-13 S-14 S-15 S-16 S-17 S-18 S-19

CIDARIDAE Eucidaris metularia xxxx

DIADEMATIDAE Echinothrix calamaris xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx E. diadema x x xxxx

TOXOPNEUSTIDAE Tripneustes gratilla xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx

ECHINOMETRIDAE Echinometra mathaei xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx E. oblonga xx x Echinostrephus acciculatus xxxxxxx xxxx xxxxxxx Heterocentrotus mammillatus xxx x xxx xx x x x x x

HOTHURIIDAE Holothuria atra x H. whitmaei xx x x

DIDEMNIDAE Didemnum sp xxxxx

ASCIDIIDAE Ascidea sp x

Total Families per S: 13 10 14 19 20 23 22 11 19 19 26 33 24 17 12 24 20 13 10 Total Species per S: 21 14 24 27 28 29 30 18 26 29 37 47 34 22 17 34 32 18 13

131 Table 4b. Macroinvertebrate species abundance data for 19 survey stations at Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii May 8 - July 6, 2007. Note: The data table represents the average number of observations per square meter. FAMILY SURVEY STATION (S) Genus/species S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 Mollusca Trochus intextus 0.3 Conus lividus 0.2 Pinctada margaritifera 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

Echinodermata-Echinoids Eucidaris metularia 0.2 0.05 0.15 Echinothrix calamaris 0.2 0.25 0.2 0.3 0.15 0.05 0.05 0.15 0.25 0.45 0.45 0.1 0.35 0.5 0.2 1.15 0.35 0.45 E. diadema 0.15 0.35 0.1 Tripneustes gratilla 0.1 0.6 0.15 0.2 0.35 1 0.35 0.2 0.1 0.15 0.3 0.15 0.15 0.3 0.1 0.25 0.05 0.05 Echinostrephus acciculatus 1.2 0.65 0.45 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.35 1 1 1.2 1.4 0.2 0.3 0.95 1.75 0.55 0.55 2.4 Echinometra mathaei 10.4 33.4 14.8 12.9 5.25 5.65 4 6.8 4.3 2.95 1.8 3.25 4.25 1.7 1.3 3.3 0.45 5.15 0.95 Heterocentrotus mammillatus 0.05 0.05 0.15 0.1 0.05 0.2 0.05 0.05 0.25 0.05 0.1

Echinodermata-Holothuroids Holothuria whitmaei 0.05 Table 5. Reef fish species observed during roving diver survey for 19 survey stations at Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii May 8 -July 6, 2007. Note: ** = Endemic to Hawaii; # = Introduced species FAMILY Survey Station (S) Genus/Species S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8 S-9 S-10 S-11 S-12 S-13 S-14 S-15 S-16 S-17 S-18 S-19

MURAENIDAE (Eels) Gymnomuraena zebra xx Gymnothorax flavimarginatus x G. meleagris xx x x G. undulatus x

SYNODONTIDAE (Lizardfishes) Saurida flamma x Synodus sp. x

HOLOCENTRIDAE (Squirrelfishes) Myrpristis berndti x S. xantherythrum x

AULOSTOMIDAE (Trumpetfishes) Aulostomus chinensis x

FISTULARIIDAE (Cornetfishes) Fistularia commersoni xx

SERRANIDAE (Groupers) # Cephalopholis argus xx x x x

PRIACANTHIDAE (Bigeyes) **Priacanthus meeki xxx

CIRRHITIDAE (Hawkfishes) Cirrhitops fasciatus x C. pinnulatus xx x x x x Paracirrhites arcatus x xxx xxx xxxx P. forsteri xx Table 5. Reef fish species observed during roving diver survey for 19 survey stations at Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii May 8 -July 6, 2007. Note: ** = Endemic to Hawaii; # = Introduced species FAMILY Survey Station (S) Genus/Species S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8 S-9 S-10 S-11 S-12 S-13 S-14 S-15 S-16 S-17 S-18 S-19

CARANGIDAE (Jacks) Decapterus macarellus x

LUTJANIDAE (Snappers) # Lutjanus fulvus xxx # L. kasmira xxxx xx

LETHRINIDAE (Emperors) Monotaxis grandoculis x

CHAETODONTIDAE (Butterflyfishes) Chaetodon auriga xx C. ephippium x **C. fremblii x C. kleinii x C. lunula xxxxx C. lunulatus xx **C. miliaris xxx **C. multicinctus xx x x x x x C. ornatissimus xxx C. quadrimaculatus x xxx x x x x C. unimaculatus xxx Forcipiger flavissimus xx F. longirostris xxxx

POMACANTHIDAE (Angelfishes) **C. potteri x

POMACENTRIDAE (Damselfishes) **Abudefduf abdominalis xx A. sordidus x xxxx x Chromis agilis xx x Table 5. Reef fish species observed during roving diver survey for 19 survey stations at Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii May 8 -July 6, 2007. Note: ** = Endemic to Hawaii; # = Introduced species FAMILY Survey Station (S) Genus/Species S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8 S-9 S-10 S-11 S-12 S-13 S-14 S-15 S-16 S-17 S-18 S-19

POMACENTRIDAE (Damselfishes) **Chromis hanui xxx x **C. ovalis x C. vanderbilti xxxxxxxxxx x x xxx C. verater x **Dascyllus albisella xx x x x x x Plectroglyphidodon imparipennis xxxxxxx xxxxx xxx P. johnstonianus x xxx xxxxxx xxx Stegastes fasciolatus xx xx x x x x

MULLIDAE (Goatfishes) Mulloidichthys flavolineatus xx Parupeneus bifasciatus xx xxx x xxxxxx P. multifasciatus x x xxxxxx x x P. pleurostigma x

LABRIDAE (Wrasses) **Anampses chrysocephalus xx **Bodianus bilunulatus xx x x x x **Cirrhilabrus jordani x **Coris ballieui xxxx **C. flavovittata xx C. gaimard xx xxx xx **C. venusta xx xxxx x xx Gomphosus varius x xx xxxxxxx xx Halichoeres ornatissimus xxxxx xxx xx xx **Labroides phthirophagus xxx x xx **Macropharyngodon geoffroy xx x x x Novaculichthys taeniourus xx Oxycheilinus bimaculatus x Pseudocheilinus octotaenia x x x xxx x xxxx P. tetrataenia xx x x x x Pseudojuloides cerasinus x Table 5. Reef fish species observed during roving diver survey for 19 survey stations at Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii May 8 -July 6, 2007. Note: ** = Endemic to Hawaii; # = Introduced species FAMILY Survey Station (S) Genus/Species S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8 S-9 S-10 S-11 S-12 S-13 S-14 S-15 S-16 S-17 S-18 S-19

LABRIDAE (Wrasses) **Stethojulis balteata xx xx **Thalassoma ballieui x **T. duperrey xxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxx T. lutescens xx T. trilobatum xxx xxx

SCARIDAE (Parrotfishes) **Chlorurus perspicillatus xx C. sordidus xx x x x x

BLENNIIDAE (Blennies) **Cirripectes vanderbilti xxxx **Plagiotremus ewaensis xx x xxx xx

GOBIIDAE (Gobies) Psilogibius mainlandi x

ZANCLIDAE (Moorish Idol) Zanclus cornutus xx x x x

ACANTHURIDAE (Surgeonfishes) Acanthurus achilles xxxxxx A. blochii x A. dussumieri xx A. leucopareius xxx xx A. nigricans xxx A. nigrofuscus xxxxxx x xxxx A. nigroris x xxxx xxxx x xx A. olivaceus xxxxxxx x xxx xxx **A. triostegus xx xx xx x Ctenochaetus strigosus xxx Naso brevirostris xx Table 5. Reef fish species observed during roving diver survey for 19 survey stations at Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii May 8 -July 6, 2007. Note: ** = Endemic to Hawaii; # = Introduced species FAMILY Survey Station (S) Genus/Species S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8 S-9 S-10 S-11 S-12 S-13 S-14 S-15 S-16 S-17 S-18 S-19

ACANTHURIDAE (Surgeonfishes) Naso lituratus xx x xx x N. unicornis xxx Zebrasoma flavescens xx Z. veliferum xx

BALISTIDAE (Triggerfishes) Melichthys niger xx xxxxxxx x xxx Rhinecanthus aculeatus xx x x x x R. rectangulus xx xx xx Sufflamen bursa x xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxx S. fraenatus xxx

MONACANTHIDAE (Filefishes) Cantherhines dumerilii xx **C. sandwichiensis x Pervagor spilosoma xxx

TETRAODONTIDAE (Puffers) Arothron meleagris xxx Canthigaster coronata xx x **C. jactator x xxxxxxxxxxxx x xx

OSTRACIIDAE (Trunkfishes) Ostracion meleagris xx x xx O. whitleyi x x

Total Families per S = 10 8 10 9 12 10 9 14 8 15 9 14 10 10 9 7 11 17 12 Total Species per S = 23 15 18 17 33 40 17 29 23 49 27 31 19 25 16 19 30 45 21 Total Introduced Species 3 Total Endemic Species 26 Total Species Observed 104 Table 6a. Reef fish species total density and biomass observed at nineteen survey stations at Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii, May 8 – July 6, 2007. Note: H’ = Diversity Number of Number of individuals per Metric tons Survey Site Species H’ hectare per hectare Habitat Type 1 9 2.06 1250 0.046 Nearshore reef flat 2 5 1.36 500 0.030 Nearshore reef flat 3 23 2.62 6150 0.422 Nearshore reef flat 4 15 1.75 5200 0.068 Nearshore reef flat 5 26 2.75 9650 1.718 Porites habitat, NW of channel 6 20 1.96 9850 0.106 Porites habitat, NW of channel 7 19 2.41 5450 0.392 Porites habitat, NW of channel 8 31 2.39 17750 1.005 Porites habitat, NW of channel 9 12 2.29 1700 0.035 Porites habitat, NW of channel 10 17 2.57 10050 0.428 Porites habitat, NW of channel 11 14 2.32 6300 0.157 Porites habitat, NW of channel 12 17 2.63 3450 0.094 Porites habitat, SE of channel 13 9 1.94 1450 0.030 Porites habitat, SE of channel 14 11 1.67 8050 3.950 Shelf pavement, SE of channel 15 14 1.88 4600 0.033 Shelf pavement, SE of channel 16 19 2.36 8150 0.190 Pocillopora habitat, SE of channel 17 23 2.33 12050 0.378 Entrance channel, SE side 18 29 1.75 38300 1.369 Entrance channel, NW side 19 15 1.86 8700 0.740 Entrance channel, SE side

138

Table 6b. Reef fish average density and biomass for species observed at two 25 m2 transects at Station 1, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii May 8, 2007. Average number Average metric of individuals per tons per Taxon (Genus species) hectare hectare Acanthurus triostegus 50 0.021 Canthigaster jactator 250 0.006 Coris gaimard 200 0.002 Coris venusta 100 0.000 Parupeneus multifasciatus 250 0.002 Pseudocheilinus octotaenia 150 0.001 Rhinecanthus aculeatus 100 0.014 Rhinecanthus rectangulus 50 0.001 Thalassoma duperrey 100 0.001 TOTAL 1,250 0.046

Table 6c. Reef fish average density and biomass for species observed at two 25 m2 transects at Station 2, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii May 8, 2007. Average number Average metric of individuals per tons per Taxon (Genus species) hectare hectare Coris venusta 50 0.000 Gymnothorax meleagris 50 0.025 Plectroglyphidodon imparipennis 100 0.003 Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus 50 0.000 Thalassoma duperrey 250 0.001 TOTAL 500 0.030

139

Table 6d. Reef fish average density and biomass for species observed at two 25 m2 transects at Station 3, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii July 6, 2007. Average number Average metric of individuals per tons per Taxon (Genus species) hectare hectare Abudefduf abdominalis 150 0.000 Acanthurus blochii 550 0.019 Acanthurus leucopareius 250 0.047 Acanthurus olivaceus 350 0.188 Acanthurus triostegus 300 0.001 Chaetodon ornatissimus 100 0.007 Chromis vanderbilti 250 0.005 Cirrhitus pinnulatus 50 0.000 Coris gaimard 100 0.000 Ctenochaetus strigosus 250 0.000 Halichoeres ornatissimus 150 0.002 Labroides phthirophagus 150 0.000 Ostracion meleagris 100 0.001 Paracirrhites forsteri 50 0.001 Parupeneus multifasciatus 200 0.026 Plagiotremus ewaensis 250 0.000 Plectroglyphidodon imparipennis 600 0.002 Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus 100 0.000 Rhinecanthus aculeatus 50 0.003 Rhinecanthus rectangulus 100 0.068 Stethojulis bandanensis 50 0.000 Thalassoma duperrey 1,800 0.019 Zanclus cornutus 200 0.033 TOTAL 6,150 0.422

140

Table 6e. Reef fish average density and biomass for species observed at two 25 m2 transects at Station 4, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii July 6, 2007. Average number Average metric of individuals per tons per Taxon (Genus species) hectare hectare Abudefduf abdominalis 100 0.000 Acanthurus olivaceus 50 0.000 Canthigaster amboinensis 50 0.001 Chromis vanderbilti 650 0.002 Cirrhitus pinnulatus 350 0.001 Ostracion whitleyi 50 0.002 Paracirrhites forsteri 50 0.000 Parupeneus bifasciatus 200 0.000 Parupeneus multifasciatus 50 0.002 Plagiotremus ewaensis 450 0.001 Plectroglyphidodon imparipennis 300 0.002 Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus 50 0.000 Rhinecanthus rectangulus 50 0.034 Sufflamen bursa 100 0.006 Thalassoma duperrey 2,700 0.017 TOTAL 5,200 0.068

141

Table 6f. Reef fish average density and biomass for species observed at two 25 m2 transects at Station 5, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii June 19, 2007. Average number Average metric of individuals per tons per Taxon (Genus species) hectare hectare Acanthurus dussumieri 1,100 0.071 Acanthurus leucopareius 750 1.194 Acanthurus nigrofuscus 1,250 0.027 Acanthurus olivaceus 1,100 0.263 Acanthurus triostegus 50 0.002 Bodianus bilunulatus 100 0.007 Canthigaster jactator 1,050 0.009 Cephalopholis argus 200 0.056 Chaetodon ornatissimus 300 0.031 Chlorurus sordidus 550 0.013 Chromis vanderbilti 50 0.000 Cirrhitus pinnulatus 150 0.001 Coris gaimard 100 0.000 Coris venusta 150 0.000 Ctenochaetus strigosus 250 0.000 Gomphosus varius 200 0.004 Halichoeres ornatissimus 50 0.000 Labroides phthirophagus 100 0.000 Paracirrhites arcatus 250 0.001 Parupeneus multifasciatus 50 0.002 Plectroglyphidodon imparipennis 150 0.001 Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus 150 0.001 Rhinecanthus rectangulus 50 0.003 Stegastes fasciolatus 100 0.001 Sufflamen bursa 250 0.016 Thalassoma duperrey 1,150 0.015 TOTAL 9,650 1.718

142

Table 6g. Reef fish average density and biomass for species observed at two 25 m2 transects at Station 6, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii June 19, 2007. Average number Average metric of individuals per tons per Taxon (Genus species) hectare hectare Acanthurus nigrofuscus 300 0.004 Canthigaster jactator 150 0.001 Chromis vanderbilti 3,200 0.032 Cirrhitops fasciatus 50 0.000 Coris venusta 200 0.002 Gomphosus varius 50 0.001 Gymnothorax meleagris 50 0.001 Halichoeres ornatissimus 300 0.003 Melichthys vidua 50 0.020 Paracirrhites arcatus 300 0.003 Parupeneus bifasciatus 100 0.000 Parupeneus multifasciatus 100 0.001 Plectroglyphidodon imparipennis 3,000 0.015 Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus 250 0.001 Pseudocheilinus octotaenia 200 0.002 Rhinecanthus rectangulus 50 0.003 Stegastes fasciolatus 50 0.002 Stethojulis bandanensis 100 0.000 Sufflamen bursa 50 0.002 Thalassoma duperrey 1,300 0.011 TOTAL 9,850 0.106

143

Table 6h. Reef fish average density and biomass for species observed at two 25 m2 transects at Station 7, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii June 19, 2007. Average number Average metric of individuals per tons per Taxon (Genus species) hectare hectare Acanthurus dussumieri 700 0.149 Acanthurus leucopareius 200 0.030 Acanthurus nigrofuscus 350 0.014 Acanthurus nigroris 200 0.010 Acanthurus olivaceus 150 0.034 Acanthurus triostegus 200 0.008 Canthigaster jactator 250 0.002 Chromis ovalis 50 0.000 Chromis vanderbilti 250 0.000 Coris venusta 50 0.000 Dascyllus albisella 100 0.001 Dascyllus aruanus 50 0.000 Melichthys niger 50 0.017 Melichthys vidua 50 0.042 Parupeneus bifasciatus 300 0.000 Parupeneus multifasciatus 350 0.006 Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus 100 0.000 Sufflamen bursa 300 0.039 Thalassoma duperrey 1,750 0.039 TOTAL 5,450 0.392

144

Table 6i. Reef fish average density and biomass for species observed at two 25 m2 transects at Station 8, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii June 19, 2007. Average number Average metric of individuals per tons per Taxon (Genus species) hectare hectare Acanthurus dussumieri 400 0.032 Acanthurus leucopareius 500 0.115 Acanthurus nigrofuscus 550 0.007 Acanthurus nigroris 150 0.005 Acanthurus olivaceus 100 0.003 Acanthurus triostegus 100 0.004 Canthigaster jactator 450 0.004 Chaetodon auriga 50 0.009 Chaetodon lunulatus 100 0.012 Chaetodon ornatissimus 100 0.020 Chaetodon quadrimaculatus 100 0.001 Cirrhitus pinnulatus 250 0.005 Coris venusta 50 0.000 Ctenochaetus strigosus 600 0.000 Gomphosus varius 200 0.003 Gymnothorax meleagris 50 0.001 Lutjanus kasmira 6,000 0.335 Mulloidichthys flavolineatus 3,100 0.234 Naso lituratus 200 0.114 Paracirrhites arcatus 100 0.001 Paracirrhites forsteri 100 0.002 Parupeneus bifasciatus 950 0.000 Parupeneus multifasciatus 550 0.031 Plagiotremus ewaensis 100 0.000 Plectroglyphidodon imparipennis 400 0.003 Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus 150 0.001 Rhinecanthus rectangulus 100 0.014 Stegastes fasciolatus 50 0.002 Sufflamen bursa 50 0.003 Thalassoma duperrey 2,050 0.029 Zanclus cornutus 100 0.016 TOTAL 17,750 1.005

145

Table 6j. Reef fish average density and biomass for species observed at two 25 m2 transects at Station 9, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii June 7, 2007. Average number Average metric of individuals per tons per Taxon (Genus species) hectare hectare Canthigaster jactator 200 0.004 Chaetodon quadrimaculatus 150 0.000 Cirrhitus pinnulatus 50 0.000 Dascyllus albisella 100 0.001 Labroides phthirophagus 150 0.001 Paracirrhites arcatus 100 0.001 Plagiotremus ewaensis 100 0.000 Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus 450 0.019 Pseudocheilinus octotaenia 100 0.002 Rhinecanthus aculeatus 50 0.002 Stethojulis bandanensis 150 0.000 Sufflamen bursa 100 0.006 TOTAL 1,700 0.035

146

Table 6k. Reef fish average density and biomass for species observed at two 25 m2 transects at Station 10, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii June 7, 2007. Average number Average metric of individuals per tons per Taxon (Genus species) hectare hectare Acanthurus nigrofuscus 200 0.009 Acanthurus olivaceus 500 0.019 Canthigaster jactator 350 0.009 Chaetodon lunula 300 0.003 Chaetodon miliaris 500 0.027 Coris venusta 250 0.001 Dascyllus albisella 1,000 0.071 Halichoeres ornatissimus 50 0.001 Lutjanus kasmira 850 0.176 Paracirrhites arcatus 750 0.017 Parupeneus bifasciatus 900 0.000 Plectroglyphidodon imparipennis 300 0.009 Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus 1,050 0.025 Pseudocheilinus octotaenia 1,250 0.023 Rhinecanthus aculeatus 50 0.001 Stethojulis bandanensis 250 0.000 Thalassoma duperrey 1,500 0.037 TOTAL 10,050 0.428

147

Table 6l. Reef fish average density and biomass for species observed at two 25 m2 transects at Station 11, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii June 7, 2007. Average number Average metric of individuals per tons per Taxon (Genus species) hectare hectare Canthigaster jactator 300 0.007 Chaetodon lunula 300 0.009 Chlorurus sordidus 450 0.010 Chromis hanui 400 0.001 Coris gaimard 50 0.001 Coris venusta 900 0.022 Ctenochaetus strigosus 50 0.000 Gomphosus varius 100 0.002 Paracirrhites arcatus 700 0.020 Parupeneus multifasciatus 1,000 0.027 Plagiotremus ewaensis 650 0.003 Rhinecanthus aculeatus 50 0.003 Sufflamen bursa 250 0.026 Thalassoma duperrey 1,100 0.027 TOTAL 6,300 0.157

148

Table 6m. Reef fish average density and biomass for species observed at two 25 m2 transects at Station 12, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii June 7, 2007. Average number Average metric of individuals per tons per Taxon (Genus species) hectare hectare Acanthurus nigrofuscus 150 0.006 Acanthurus nigroris 150 0.006 Canthigaster jactator 550 0.019 Cephalopholis argus 100 0.009 Chaetodon ornatissimus 150 0.012 Cirrhitus pinnulatus 100 0.005 Coris venusta 500 0.008 Mulloidichthys flavolineatus 100 0.003 Naso unicornis 100 0.001 Paracirrhites arcatus 100 0.001 Parupeneus multifasciatus 150 0.004 Plagiotremus ewaensis 200 0.001 Plectroglyphidodon imparipennis 250 0.002 Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus 150 0.001 Sufflamen bursa 150 0.008 Thalassoma duperrey 450 0.007 Thalassoma trilobatum 100 0.001 TOTAL 3,450 0.094

149

Table 6n. Reef fish average density and biomass for species observed at two 25 m2 transects at Station 13, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii June 18, 2007. Average number Average metric of individuals per tons per Taxon (Genus species) hectare hectare Acanthurus nigroris 50 0.002 Canthigaster jactator 100 0.003 Cirrhitus pinnulatus 100 0.001 Halichoeres ornatissimus 100 0.001 Paracirrhites arcatus 250 0.006 Pseudocheilinus octotaenia 150 0.000 Stegastes fasciolatus 100 0.001 Sufflamen bursa 100 0.010 Thalassoma duperrey 500 0.005 TOTAL 1,450 0.030

Table 6o. Reef fish average density and biomass for species observed at two 25 m2 transects at Station 14, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii June 18, 2007. Average number Average metric of individuals per tons per Taxon (Genus species) hectare hectare Acanthurus olivaceus 3,000 3.878 Chromis vanderbilti 1,800 0.049 Ctenochaetus strigosus 150 0.000 Halichoeres ornatissimus 50 0.000 Ostracion meleagris 50 0.001 Parupeneus multifasciatus 100 0.001 Plagiotremus ewaensis 700 0.002 Pseudocheilinus octotaenia 1,550 0.012 Rhinecanthus rectangulus 50 0.002 Thalassoma duperrey 550 0.003 Zanclus cornutus 50 0.003 TOTAL 8,050 3.950

150

Table 6p. Reef fish average density and biomass for species observed at two 25 m2 transects at Station 15, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii June 18, 2007. Average number Average metric of individuals per tons per Taxon (Genus species) hectare hectare Canthigaster jactator 50 0.001 Chromis vanderbilti 850 0.003 Dendrochirus barberi 50 0.000 Paracirrhites arcatus 100 0.004 Parupeneus bifasciatus 200 0.000 Parupeneus multifasciatus 50 0.005 Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus 150 0.003 Plectroglyphidodon sindonis 50 0.000 Pseudanthias bicolor 150 0.001 Pseudocheilinus octotaenia 1,750 0.007 Rhinecanthus rectangulus 100 0.006 Stegastes fasciolatus 150 0.001 Sufflamen bursa 50 0.002 Thalassoma duperrey 900 0.002 TOTAL 4,600 0.033

151

Table 6q. Reef fish average density and biomass for species observed at two 25 m2 transects at Station 16, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii June 18, 2007. Average number Average metric of individuals per tons per Taxon (Genus species) hectare hectare Acanthurus leucopareius 600 0.103 Acanthurus olivaceus 50 0.001 Canthigaster jactator 150 0.003 Chaetodon ornatissimus 50 0.000 Chaetodon quadrimaculatus 100 0.010 Chromis vanderbilti 2,000 0.044 Coris venusta 50 0.000 Macropharyngodon geoffroy 50 0.000 Naso unicornis 200 0.005 Paracirrhites arcatus 250 0.003 Plagiotremus ewaensis 1,500 0.001 Plectroglyphidodon imparipennis 700 0.002 Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus 350 0.005 Pseudocheilinus octotaenia 100 0.000 Pseudocheilinus tetrataenia 450 0.008 Rhinecanthus rectangulus 50 0.002 Sebastapistes ballieui 150 0.000 Synodus variegatus 350 0.001 Thalassoma duperrey 1,000 0.002 TOTAL 8,150 0.190

152

Table 6r. Reef fish average density and biomass for species observed at two 25 m2 transects at Station 17, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii June 29, 2007. Average number Average metric of individuals per tons per Taxon (Genus species) hectare hectare Acanthurus nigrofuscus 300 0.007 Acanthurus olivaceus 2,200 0.182 Bodianus bilunulatus 50 0.044 Canthigaster jactator 650 0.007 Cephalopholis argus 50 0.024 Chaetodon miliaris 100 0.000 Chaetodon ornatissimus 150 0.002 Chromis vanderbilti 2,500 0.013 Cirrhitops fasciatus 50 0.000 Cirrhitus pinnulatus 100 0.001 Gomphosus varius 100 0.002 Lutjanus fulvus 150 0.008 Melichthys niger 100 0.017 Naso lituratus 100 0.004 Naso unicornis 200 0.010 Paracirrhites arcatus 200 0.002 Parupeneus bifasciatus 600 0.000 Parupeneus multifasciatus 450 0.005 Plectroglyphidodon imparipennis 400 0.001 Pseudocheilinus octotaenia 200 0.001 Sufflamen bursa 250 0.014 Thalassoma duperrey 3,000 0.031 Thalassoma trilobatum 150 0.003 TOTAL 12,050 0.378

153

Table 6s. Reef fish average density and biomass for species observed at two 25 m2 transects at Station 18, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii June 29, 2007. Average number Average metric of individuals per tons per Taxon (Genus species) hectare hectare Acanthurus nigrofuscus 1,950 0.030 Acanthurus nigroris 150 0.002 Acanthurus olivaceus 2,600 0.803 Canthigaster jactator 350 0.004 Cephalopholis argus 250 0.107 Chaetodon auriga 100 0.012 Chaetodon multicinctus 750 0.014 Chaetodon quadrimaculatus 100 0.001 Chromis vanderbilti 21,200 0.104 Cirrhitops fasciatus 50 0.000 Cirrhitus pinnulatus 100 0.001 Ctenochaetus strigosus 100 0.000 Halichoeres ornatissimus 150 0.001 Macropharyngodon geoffroy 50 0.000 Melichthys vidua 50 0.042 Naso lituratus 250 0.058 Paracirrhites arcatus 450 0.007 Paracirrhites forsteri 200 0.011 Parupeneus bifasciatus 1,000 0.000 Parupeneus multifasciatus 800 0.020 Plagiotremus ewaensis 250 0.000 Plectroglyphidodon imparipennis 400 0.002 Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus 500 0.007 Rhinecanthus rectangulus 50 0.003 Stegastes fasciolatus 50 0.000 Stethojulis bandanensis 50 0.000 Sufflamen bursa 600 0.066 Thalassoma duperrey 5,700 0.074 Zebrasoma flavescens 50 0.000 TOTAL 38,300 1.369

154

Table 6t. Reef fish average density and biomass for species observed at two 25 m2 transects at Station 19, Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii June 29, 2007. Average number Average metric of individuals per tons per Taxon (Genus species) hectare hectare Acanthurus nigrofuscus 100 0.001 Acanthurus nigroris 150 0.002 Chaetodon kleinii 450 0.009 Chaetodon multicinctus 100 0.001 Cirrhitus pinnulatus 50 0.000 Forcipiger flavissimus 200 0.005 Paracirrhites arcatus 350 0.002 Parupeneus bifasciatus 2,000 0.000 Parupeneus cyclostomus 150 0.001 Parupeneus multifasciatus 1,000 0.006 Plectroglyphidodon imparipennis 50 0.000 Rhinecanthus aculeatus 50 0.003 Stethojulis bandanensis 50 0.000 Sufflamen bursa 550 0.014 Thalassoma duperrey 3,450 0.031 TOTAL 8,700 0.074

155 Table 7. Global Position System data positions for nineteen survey stations (38 transects) at Barbers Point (Kalaeloa) Deep Draft Harbor, Oahu Island, Hawaii May 8 - July 6, 2007

Survey Station(S)/Transect(T) Date Latitude Longitude

S1/T1 8-May-07 21.32275038 -158.12370068 S1/T2 8-May-07 21.32267813 -158.12405591 S2/T1 8-May-07 21.32307200 -158.12313214 S2/T2 8-May-07 21.32307393 -158.12313700 S3/T1 6-Jul-07 21.32338590 -158.12337211 S3/T2 6-Jul-07 21.32376778 -158.12368451 S4/T1 6-Jul-07 21.32249013 -158.12307154 S4/T2 6-Jul-07 21.32248770 -158.12306701 S5/T1 19-Jun-07 21.32365169 -158.12652078 S5/T2 19-Jun-07 21.32404312 -158.12688665 S6/T1 19-Jun-07 21.32129227 -158.12661390 S6/T2 19-Jun-07 21.32156191 -158.12706057 S7/T1 19-Jun-07 21.32082825 -158.12535795 S7/T2 19-Jun-07 21.32104718 -158.12585425 S8/T1 19-Jun-07 21.32339638 -158.12476535 S8/T2 19-Jun-07 21.32340760 -158.12531697 S9/T1 7-Jun-07 21.31922982 -158.12669956 S9/T2 7-Jun-07 21.31967909 -158.12691045 S10/T1 7-Jun-07 21.32009860 -158.12852916 S10/T2 7-Jun-07 21.32036439 -158.12901380 S11/T1 7-Jun-07 21.31814729 -158.12778569 S11/T2 7-Jun-07 21.31863110 -158.12798677 S12/T1 7-Jun-07 21.31572719 -158.12453653 S12/T2 7-Jun-07 21.31519116 -158.12448087 S13/T1 18-Jun-07 21.31663260 -158.12274582 S13/T2 18-Jun-07 21.31613790 -158.12268077 S14/T1 18-Jun-07 21.31765787 -158.12454633 S14/T2 18-Jun-07 21.31719536 -158.12437526 S15/T1 18-Jun-07 21.31769769 -158.12506685 S15/T2 18-Jun-07 21.31721179 -158.12494230 S16/T1 18-Jun-07 21.31782677 -158.12575383 S16/T2 18-Jun-07 21.31737549 -158.12562752 S17/T1 29-Jun-07 21.31898322 -158.12461431 S17/T2 29-Jun-07 21.31859430 -158.12499309 S18/T1 29-Jun-07 21.31925900 -158.12616000 S18/T2 29-Jun-07 21.31890600 -158.12653800 S19/T1 29-Jun-07 21.31551831 -158.12787445 S19/T2 29-Jun-07 21.31524154 -158.12823990

Note(1): Datum = WGS 84 Note(2): Data Positions (DP): T1 DP = 0 meter mark of first transect (Start Survey) Note(3): Data Positions: T2 DP = 25 meter mark of second transect (End Survey)

156

APPENDIX 1

MARINE PHOTOGRAPHS BY SURVEY SITE Barber’s Point FWCA Investigation May – July 2007 Appendix 1a. Photo sequence for survey stations 1. May 8, 2007

Reef profile with urchin grooves Grooves created by Echinometra sp. (rock boring urchins)

Conus marmoreus (marbled cone) Engina albocincta

Martensia fragilis (red macroalga) Conus lividus (spiteful cone)

I-1 Appendix 1b. Photo sequence for survey stations 2. May 8, 2007

Cymatium nicobaricum (goldmouth triton) Pinctada margaritifera (black-lip pearl oyster)

Tripneustes gratilla (collector urchin) Montipora patula (spreading coral)

Porites lobata (lobe coral)

I-2 Appendix 1b. Photo sequence for survey station 3. July 6, 2007.

Reef profile and coral community

Echinometra mathaei (rock boring urchin) Palythoa caesia (blue-gray zooanthid) and Echinometra oblonga (oblong urchin)

Conus miles (soldier cone) Conus flavidus (yellow cone)

I-3

Isognomon sp. (purse shell) Morula uva (grape morula)

Trochus intextus (woven top) Martensia sp. (red macroalga)

Melanamansia glomerata (red macroalga) Live coral colonies Measuring stick = 1m

I-4 Appendix 1c. Photo sequence for survey station 4. July 6, 2007

Benthic habitat, urchin grooves Porites lobata (white growth anomaly)

Palythoa caesia (blue-gray zooanthid) Drupa ricina (spotted drupe)

Trochus intextus (woven top) Risbecia imperialis (imperial nudibranch)

I-5

Pinctada margaritifera Pocillopora meandrina (cauliflower coral) (black-lipped pearl oyster) and Montipora patula (encrusting coral)

I-6 Appendix 1d. Photo sequence for survey station 5. June 19, 2007.

Reef profile and coral community

Alpheus deuteropus (petroglyph shrimp) Lyngbya majuscula on Montipora captitata in Porites lobata (lobed coral) (rice coral)

Neomaris annulata (spindleweed) Coral mounds >1m high Measuring stick = 1m

I-7

Porites colony >1m diameter and >1m high Sargassum sp. (brown alga) Measuring stick = 1m

Turf and crustose coralline algae Encrusting and lobed coral colonies

I-8 Appendix 1e. Photo sequence for survey station 6. June 19, 2007

Reef profile and coral community

Large metal structure near start of Transect A.

Phorbas sp. (red encrusting sponge) Pinctada margaritifera (black-lipped pearl oyster)

I-9

Porites colonies >1m diameter and >1m high Measuring stick = 1m

Gibsmithia hawaiiensis (red macroalga) Holothuria whitmaei (teated sea cucumber)

Tripneustes gratilla (collector urchin)

I-10 Appendix 1f. Photo sequence for survey station 7. June 19, 2007.

Culcita novaequineae (cushion star) Martensia flabelliformis (red macroalga)

Bite marks from herbivorous fish feeding Pseudoceros dimidiatus (divided flatworm) on turf algae

Limestone boulder, invertebrate and fish habitat

I-11 Appendix 1g. Photo sequence for survey station 8. June 19, 2007

Reef profile and coral community

Charonia tritonis (Triton’s trumpet) Holothuria atra (black sea cucumber) White/black bars = 10cm

I-12 Appendix 1h. Photo sequence for survey station 9. June 7, 2007

Typical reef profile

Large Porites mound (>1m diameter) Pteraeolidia ianthina (blue dragon nudibranch)

Conus sp. with Porites sp. Streptopinna saccata (baggy pen shell)

I-13

Echinometra sp. (rock boring urchin) in Unknown macroalgae Porites lobata colony

Liosina paradoxa (paradoxical sponge) Large Porites colony along transect line

I-14 Appendix 1i. Photo sequence for survey station 10. June 7, 2007

Reef profile and coral community

Ledges within site Pocillopora eydouxi (antler coral)

Coral cover on transects

I-15 Appendix 1j. Photo sequence for survey station 11. June 7, 2007

Reef profile and coral community

Large natural depressions Arca ventricosa (ark shell)

Tripneustes gratilla (collector urchin)

I-16 Appendix 1k. Photo sequence for survey station 12. June 7, 2007

Reef community and density

Pteraeolidia ianthina Coral mound >1m high and >1m diameter (blue dragon nudibranch) Measuring stick = 1m

Porites colonies >1m high and >1m diameter Measuring stick = 1m

I-17 Appendix 1l. Photo sequence for survey station 13. June 18, 2007

Reef profile and coral community

Risbecia imperialis (imperial nudibranch) Morula uva (grape morula)

Conus leopardus (leopard cone) Culcita novaeguinea (cushion star)

I-18 Appendix 1m. Photo sequence for survey station 14. June 18, 2007

Reef profile and coral community

Phyllidella pustulosa Drupa ricina (spotted drupe)

Liagora donaldiana (red macroalga) Tripneustes gratilla (collector urchins)

I-19

Porites colony (stick length= 1m) Echinometra mathei (rock boring urchins)

I-20 Appendix 1n. Photo sequence for survey station 15. June 18, 2007

Reef profile along transect Liagora donaldiana (red macroalga)

Porites colonies >1m diameter and >1m high. Measuring stick = 1m

Conus lividus (spiteful cone) Cymatium nicobaricum (nicobar triton) White bar = 10cm Black bar = 10cm

I-21 Appendix 1o. Photo sequence for survey station 16. June 18, 2007

Reef profile and coral community

Pocillopora eydouxi (antler coral) Echinothrix diadema (blue-black urchin)

Pinctada margaritifera Encrusting, branching and lobed corals (black-lipped pearl oyster)

I-22 Appendix 1p. Photo sequence for survey station 17. June 29, 2007.

Reef profile and coral community

Reef crest sloping down into the dredged entrance channel

Bottom of dredged channel Echinothrix diadema (blue-black spiny urchins)

I-23

Conus marmoreus (marbled cone) Liagora viscida(??) (red macroalga)

Echinostrephus aciculatus Heterocentrotus mammillatus (needle-spined urchin) (red pencil urchin)

Pinctada margaritifera Lithophaga sp. (bivalve) (black-lipped pearl oyster)

I-24 Appendix 1q. Photo sequence for survey station 18. June 29, 2007

Coral community along reef flat next to Cypraea helvola (honey cowry) entrance channel wall

Wall along entrance channel

Pseudoceros dimidiatus (divided flatworm) Neritacea

I-25 Appendix 1r. Photo sequence for survey station 19. June 29, 2007

View looking towards the entrance Algae covered area along Transect A channel wall and reef crest

Large Pocillopora eydouxi (antler coral) Coral community along reef crest/slope along reef slope into the entrance channel

Drupella elata (feeds on coral polyps) Echinothrix diadema (blue-black urchin)

I-26

Cycloseris vaughani (humpback coral) View along the reef crest looking down White segment = 10cm into the entrance channel

I-27 APPENDIX 2

Relationships Between Community Variables for Barbers Point (Kalaeola) Commercial Harbor Oahu Hawaii May – July 2007

25 r = 0.67 20 p=0.01

5 Average colony size (cm) 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Distance from shore (m)

Appendix 2. Figure 1 Mean coral size (cm diameter) with distance from shore.

50 r = 0.92 45 p<0.001 40 35 30 25

Depth(ft) 20 15 10 5 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Distance from shore (m)

Appendix 2. Figure 2 Depth (ft) with distance from shore.

II-1

25 r = 0.52 r =0.77outlier removed

p=0.02 p=<0.001 20

5 Average colony size (cm) 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 Distance from channel (m)

Appendix 2. Figure 3. Mean coral size (cm diameter) with distance from channel.

450 r = 0.66 400 p=0.002

350 300 250 200 150 100 Distance to channel (m) 50 0 0 10 20 30 40 Large (>20cm) Porites

Appendix 2. Figure 4. The relationship between the relative distance to the entrance channel and the number of large (>20cm) Porites coral colonies.

II-2 450 400

350 r = 0.51

300 p=0.03 250 200 150 100 50 Distance to channel (m) 0 -50 05 10 15 20 Large (>20cm) Pocillopora

Appendix 2. Figure 5. The relationship between the relative distance to the entrance channel and the number of large (>20cm) Pocillopora coral colonies.

450

400 350 r = 0.57 300 p=0.010 250 200 150 100 Distance to Channel (m) 50 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Proportion of new recruits (<5cm)

Appendix 2. Figure 6. The relationship between the relative distance to the entrance channel and the proportion of small coral colonies (<5cm)

II-3

species. Appendix 2.Figure8.The relationship betw colonies andtheproportionofsmall coralcolonies(<5cm) Appendix 2.Figure7.The relationshipbetweenthenumber oflarge(<20cm)

Coral cover (%) Number of large Porites colonies 10 15 20 25 30 35 5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

0 0

Proportion ofnewrecruits (<5cm) 0.2 r 5 p=0.021 =0.53 Number ofalgalspecies 0.4 II-4 een coralcoverandthenumber ofalgal 10 r p=0.032 =0.49 0.6

15 0.8

Porites 20

0.9

) r = 0.62 r 0.8 p=0.004 cove 0.7 0.6 0.5

0.4 0.3

Coral diversity (H' 0.2 0.1 0 0510 15 20 Number of algal species

Appendix 2. Figure 9. The relationship between coral diversity (Shannon’s H’ based on coral cover) and the number of algal species.

0.7

0.6 r = 0.44 p=0.063

0.5

0.4

0.3 Coral cover (%) 0.2

0.1

0 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 Number of fish/hectare

Appendix 2. Figure 10. The relationship between coral cover (%) and the number of fish/hectare.

II-5

) 3 r = 0.56 cover p=0.014 2.5

1.5

1 Coral Diversity (H' 0.5

0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Fish diversity (H')

Appendix 2. Figure 11. The relationship between coral diversity (Shannons H’based on coral cover) and fish diversity (Shannons H’).

30 r = 0.75 Porites 25 p<0.001

Number of large (<20cm) 0 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.3

Fish diversity (H')

Appendix 2. Figure 12. The relationship between the number of large (>20cm) Porites and fish diversity (Shannon’s H’).

II-6

invertebrate diversity(Shannon’s H’) Appendix 2.Figure14. The relationshipbetw invertebrate diversity(Shannon’sH’) Appendix 2.Figure13.Therelationshipbetween thenumber ofalgalspeciesand

Number of algal species 10 12 14 16 18 20

Distance from shore (m) 0 2 4 6 8

0 1000 1200 200 400 600 800 0

Invertebrate diversity(H') Invertebrate Diversity (H') Diversity Invertebrate 0.5 0.5

II-7 een therelativedistance from shoreand 1 1 p=0.039 r =0.48 r p<0.001 =0.76 1.5

1.5

APPENDIX 3

Coral, Algae, and Invertebrate Distribution Maps for Barbers Point (Kalaeola) Commercial Harbor Oahu Hawaii May – July 2007 Large (>20cm) Porites colonies

* *

* * *

* *

Size class * = > 100cm 20-40 cm colony off 40-80 cm transect 80-160 cm

Appendix 3. Figure 1. Spatial distribution of large (>20cm) Porites colonies at each survey station. Bubble size increases with increased abundance.

III-1 Large (>20cm) Pocillopora colonies

Size class 20-40 cm 40-80 cm

Appendix 3. Figure 2. large (>20cm) Porites colonies by survey station at Barbers Point (Kaleaola) Harbor. Bubble size increases with increased abundance.

III-2

Appendix 3. Figure 4. Spatial distribution of percent coral cover at each survey station. Bubble size is increases proportionate to increasing coral cover.

III-3

Appendix 3. Figure 5. Spatial distribution of coral diversity (Shannon’s H’ based on coral cover) at each survey station. Bubble size increases proportionate to increasing diversity.

III-4

Appendix 3. Figure 6. Spatial distribution of proportion of new recruits (all corals <5cm) at each survey station, bubble size increases with higher proportion of new recruits.

III-5

Appendix 3. Figure 7. Spatial distribution of algal diversity at each survey station, bubble size increases with higher numbers of algal species recorded.

III-6

Appendix 3. Figure 8. Spatial distribution of invertebrate abundance at each survey station, bubble size increases with higher numbers of invertebrates recorded.

III-7

Appendix 3. Figure 9. Spatial distribution of invertebrate diversity (Shannon’s H’) at each survey station, bubble size increases with higher diversity. Each axis represents GPS co-ordinates.

III-8

APPENDIX 4

Reef Fish Distribution Maps for Barbers Point (Kalaeola) Commercial Harbor Oahu Hawaii May – July 2007

Appendix 4. Figure 1. Number of fish species observed at nineteen survey stations. May-July 2007.

IV-1

Appendix 4. Figure 2. Estimated fish density (number of individuals per hectare) by survey station.

IV-2

Appendix 4. Figure 3. Estimate of fish biomass by survey station at Barbers Point (Kaleaola) Harbor.

IV-3

Appendix 4. Figure 4. Species diversity (using the Shannon diversity index) for each survey station.

IV-4