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Characteristics of Cressbred Progeny of Holstein Dams Sired by Different Beef Breeds: a Review Bruce C

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Characteristics of Cressbred Progeny of Holstein Dams Sired by Different Beef Breeds: a Review Bruce C South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange South Dakota Beef Report, 2003 Animal Science Reports 2003 Characteristics of Cressbred Progeny of Holstein Dams Sired by Different Beef Breeds: A Review Bruce C. Shanks South Dakota State University Follow this and additional works at: http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/sd_beefreport_2003 Part of the Animal Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Shanks, Bruce C., "Characteristics of Cressbred Progeny of Holstein Dams Sired by Different Beef Breeds: A Review" (2003). South Dakota Beef Report, 2003. Paper 6. http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/sd_beefreport_2003/6 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Animal Science Reports at Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in South Dakota Beef Report, 2003 by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Characteristics of Crossbred Progeny of Holstein Dams Sired by Different Beef Breeds: A Review Bruce C. Shanks1 Department of Animal and Range Sciences BEEF 2003 – 05 Background discovered that there has been relatively little published research conducted on the birth, Excellent reviews of cattle breed comparisons or weaning, feedlot, or carcass characteristics of breed-cross comparisons have been previously progeny produced from the crossings of Holstein reported by Franke (1980), Long (1980), and dams with different beef sires. Furthermore, Marshall (1994). However, these reviews do not most of the available information originated from contain information on the calving ease, research trials that were conducted outside of performance, carcass characteristics, or beef the United States. Information from this review palatability of crossbred progeny of Holstein is summarized in the ensuing text and tables. dams sired by different beef breeds. In many countries dairy females are commonly mated to Table 1 contains mean gestation lengths, beef sires; however, in the United States the use dystocia percentages, and birth weights of of this practice is somewhat limited. crossbred progeny of Holstein dams sired by Nevertheless, some United States dairy different beef breeds. Menissier et al. (1982) production schemes utilize beef sires on surplus found very little difference among gestation Holstein heifers and cows. Also, some large lengths for several different breeds of beef sires, commercial dairy operations purchase but did find that crossbred progeny of Holstein replacement heifers from outside entities, thus dams sired by beef bulls would be expected to permitting optional breeding schemes for some have longer gestation lengths than purebred dairy females in their herds. Finally, in the near Holstein contemporaries. Similarly, data in future, information on crossbred progeny of Table 1 revealed that crossbred progeny of Holstein dams sired by different beef breeds Holstein dams sired by beef bulls would also be could become particularly useful if semen and expected to have more calving difficulty embryo sexing technology becomes practical, (dystocia) and somewhat larger birth weights allowing for selective matings to generate dairy than purebred Holstein contemporaries. replacement heifers, thereby freeing other Undoubtedly, the relationship of gestation length Holstein females to produce terminal progeny. with calving difficulty and birth weight is reflected From a genetic and economic standpoint, the in these findings. Research conducted by crossing of beef bulls to Holstein females could Brown et al. (1976) suggested that Limousin result in improved utilization of existing genetics bulls would minimize calving difficulty and and an untapped alternative source of business reduce birth weights of crossbred progeny of for beef and dairy producers alike. Therefore, Holstein cows and beef sires relative to other the purpose of this review is to 1) compare the continental beef breeds studied. In this study, birth, weaning, feedlot, and carcass larger dystocia percentages and birth weights characteristics of progeny from the matings of were found for Simmental and Maine Anjou Holstein females with different beef sire breeds sires. Likewise, in two separate studies it was and 2) suggest possible research needs that reported that birth weights of progeny sired by warrant further consideration. Simmental (average bull and heifer birth weights = 103.8 lb) and Limousin (average bull and Review of Literature heifer birth weights = 94.5 lb) bulls were somewhat different and favored Limousin Review of the literature for this paper was (Forrest, 1980; Forrest, 1981). Menissier et al. conducted across a wide array of journals and (1982) reported that crossing Holstein dams with publications. All articles found, particular to the Hereford sires resulted in the least amount of subject, were included. Publications were not calving difficulty and the smallest birth weights omitted because of differences in study design, within the beef sires investigated. South Devon, scale, or methodology. Overall, it was Limousin, Simmental, and Blonde d’Aquitaine _______________________________ 1 Ph.D. Graduate Student 26 crosses experienced mean calving difficulties of that Charolais- and Hereford-sired calves had less than ten percent, whereas Piedmontese, the highest average daily gains in the feedlot, Charolais, Maine Anjou, and Chianina crosses followed by Limousin-sired calves. Another resulted in calving difficulties of greater than ten earlier study, found that progeny sired by percent in the same study. Menissier et al. Charolais bulls had an advantage in average (1982) found that birth weights were fairly daily gain to weaning when compared to variable across breeds and were not always Hereford-sired calves; however, average daily associated with dystocia. gains in the feedlot were the same between the two sire breeds (Fahmy and Lalande, 1975). Mean weaning weights, average daily gains to Menissier (1982) found that Charolais progeny weaning, and average daily gains in the feedlot had the highest average daily gains in the of crossbred progeny of Holstein dams sired by feedlot (average = 4.94 lbs). Several other different beef breeds are presented in Table 2. breeds were intermediate in comparison, and Although very inconsistent among studies, Limousin- (average = 3.25 lbs) and Hereford- information in Table 2 generally indicates that sired (average = 3.22 lbs) progeny were found to crossbred progeny of Holstein dams sired by have the lowest average daily gains in the beef breeds have only small advantages in feedlot in this study. Charolais and Simmental growth performance when compared to crossbred calves held an advantage in average purebred Holstein contemporaries. In three daily gain over several breeds in research separate papers, Forrest (1977, 1980, and reported by Southgate et al. (1982) and 1981) reported small advantages for average Kempster et al. (1982). daily gain in the feedlot for Charolais and Limousin steer and heifer progeny and no Table 3 contains mean slaughter weights, differences in feedlot gain for Simmental-sired carcass weights, and dressing percentages of progeny when compared to purebred Holstein crossbred progeny of Holstein dams sired by contemporaries. Southgate et al. (1982) and different beef breeds. Calves produced by Kempster et al. (1982) reported that continental- purebred Holstein matings have the ability to sired progeny grew faster in the feedlot than reach similar, or perhaps larger slaughter Holstein-sired calves, but calves sired by British weights than crossbred progeny of Holstein bulls were at a slight disadvantage when dams sired by different beef breeds. However, compared to calves sired by Holstein bulls. at similar slaughter weights, purebred Holstein Furthermore, in studies conducted in Ireland contemporaries would be expected to have a (Keane et al., 1989) and Hungary (Szűcs et al., smaller carcass weight due to their large 1992), beef bulls (Blonde d’Aquitaine and disadvantage in dressing percentage. Clearly, Limousin) sired progeny with the same average one of the greatest advantages of progeny daily gains in the feedlot as progeny sired by produced from the crossing of Holstein females Holstein bulls. and beef bulls relative to purebred Holstein matings, is dressing percentage. In general, if beef sires are going to be bred to Holstein females, calves sired by continental Results presented in Table 3 suggests that beef breeds, especially Charolais, would be relative to other beef breeds studied, expected to grow faster and weigh more at Piedmontese and Blonde d’Aquitaine beef sires weaning than progeny sired by British beef would be expected to consistently produce breeds. However, inconsistent differences in calves with the highest dressing percentages growth potential between continental- and when mated to Holstein cows. Other continental British-sired calves have been reported. In a beef sire breeds, notably Limousin and large French study, Menissier (1982) found that Charolais, would also be expected to produce Charolais progeny had the largest weaning progeny that would excel in dressing percentage weights, followed by Maine Anjou-sired calves. when bred to Holstein females. Simmental was Other continental beef breeds including Blonde at a disadvantage for dressing percentage when
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