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MYCOTAXON Volume 107, pp. 81–86 January–March 2009 Fructification of Collybia cirrata on mummified gleba of Bovista dermoxantha in Hokkaido, Northern Japan Taiga Kasuya1 & Seikichi Sato2 [email protected] 1Laboratory of Plant Parasitic Mycology Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan 2Asahicho 58-4, Kamikawa, Hokkaido 078-1761, Japan Abstract — Fructification of Collybia cirrata on mummified gleba of Bovista dermoxantha is newly recorded from Daisetsuzan volcanic group, Hokkaido, Northern Japan. Also, it is the first report of C. cirrata in Japan. Macro- and microscopic characteristics and unusual habitat of this fungus are described and illustrated based on Japanese specimens. Key words — gasteromycetes, host fungus, Lycoperdaceae, Tricholomataceae Introduction Collybia (Fr.) Staude sensu Antonín & Noordeloos (1997) comprises four species, C. tuberosa (Bull.) P. Kumm., C. cirrata, C. cookei (Bres.) J.D. Arnold and C. racemosa (Pers.) Quél. These are small, grayish to whitish agaricoid mushrooms that share a unique habitat, fruiting on the remains of dead fleshy mushrooms (Hughes & Petersen 2006). Hughes et al. (2001), however, separated C. racemosa from the rest based on a molecular study and described the new genus Dendrocollybia for it with D. racemosa (Pers.) R.H. Petersen & Redhead as sole species. Therefore, now only three species remain in Collybia sensu stricto. During our floristic investigation of subarctic and subalpine to alpine zones of Daisetsuzan volcanic group, Hokkaido, Northern Japan, we collected an unusual small agaric that was associated with the mummified gleba of dead lycoperdaceous fungus. According to our morphological observations, we identified this agaric as C. cirrata and recognized the host fungus as Bovista dermoxantha (Vittad.) De Toni. Hitherto, several species of Lactarius Pers., 82 ... Kasuya & Sato Russula Pers. and a polypore, Meripilus giganteus (Pers.) P. Karst. have been identified as the host mushrooms of C. cirrata (Noordeloos 1995, Hughes & Petersen 2006), but until now, no gasteromycetes have been recorded as the host of C. cirrata. Furthermore, since only Collybia tuberosa and C. cookei have previously been known from Japan (Ito 1959), our collections also represent the first record of C. cirrata from Japanese mycobiota. Materials and methods The specimens examined in this study are deposited in the mycological herbarium of National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan (TNS). Macroscopic characters were described by observations on dried or fresh materials. For light microscopic observations, free-hand sections of dried or fresh specimens were mounted in water, Melzer’s reagent, 3% (w/v) KOH and 30% ethanol solution on glass slides. More than forty randomly selected basidiospores were measured under a light microscope at 1000× magnification. The surface features of basidiosporesand capillitia of the host fungus were also observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For SEM, small portion from the gleba were dusted onto double-sided adhesive tape on a specimen holder and coated with platinum-palladium using an E-1030 Ion Sputter Coater (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). They were examined with a S-4200 SEM (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) operating at 20 kV. Taxonomy Collybia cirrata (Schumach.) Quél., Mém. Soc. Émul. Montbéliard, Sér. 2, 5: 96 (1872), as “cirrhatus”. Figures 1–2 ≡ Microcollybia cirrata (Schumach.) Lennox, Mycotaxon 9: 193 (1979), as “cirrhata”. = Collybia amanitae (Batsch) Kreisel, Pilzfl. DDR, Basidiomyc.: 47 (1987), as “ined.”, nom. inval. (Art. 34.1 (a)). Pileus 1.5–8 mm diam., convex then plano-convex with slightly depressed center, finally irregularly concave, with almost straight margin, slightly hygrophanous, when moist white, cream to pale gray with slightly darker center, pallescent when drying, shining or dull, at margin sometimes slightly radially grooved, smooth, glabrous. Lamellae crowded, adnate, often slightly decurrent, white to cream, thin, with concolorous entire edge, 12–20 lamellae reaching stipe apex, 3–5 tiers of lamellulae. Stipe 10–15 × 1–1.5 mm, cylindrical or compressed, at apex white or pallid, downwards pale gray, yellowish brown or sometimes reddish brown, entirely pruinose or in upper part only and glabrous below, at base with radiating, white mycelial strands attached to the substratum, without forming a sclerotium. Context very thin, white. Smell indistinct. Spore print white. Collybia cirrata on mummified Bovista dermoxantha (Japan) ... 83 Fig. 1. Collybia cirrata (from TNS-F-18606): A–B: Basidiomata associated with the mummified gleba of B. dermoxantha, C: C. cirrata in the natural habitat, a: basidiomata grows on the mummified gleba of B. dermoxantha (arrows), b: mature basidiomata of B. dermoxantha. Bars: A–B = 5 mm; C = 10 mm. 84 ... Kasuya & Sato Fig. 2. Collybia cirrata (from TNS-F-18609): A: Basidia, B: basidiospores. Bars: A = 5 µm; B = 2.5 µm. Basidiospores 4.3–5.3 × 2.3–3 µm, Q = 1.3–2.1, ellipsoid to cylindrical, smooth, hyaline, thin-walled, nonamyloid. Basidia 15–22.5 ×3.5–5.5 µm, 4- spored, clavate. Lamella edge fertile. Hymenophoral trama subparallel, made up of 4–7.5 µm wide, cylindrical, thin-walled, hyaline hyphae. Pileipellis an ixocutis of cylindrical, 5–6.5 µm wide hyphae, with hyaline or pale yellowish walls, thin-walled, embedded in a 15–30 µm thick gelatinous hyaline matrix, with scattered erect, cylindrical, cystidioid terminal elements, 6–40 × 2–5.5 µm with thin, hyaline walls. Stipitipellis a cutis of 2–6 µm wide, cylindrical, pale yellow to yellowish brown hyphae. Caulocystidia 8–30 × 2–4.5 µm, cylindrical with rounded apex and curled base, towards base of stipe often up to 120 µm long, septate. Clamp-connections abundant in all tissues. Habitat — Gregarious on the mummified gleba of B. dermoxantha in the open forest dominated by Alnus crispa subsp. maximowiczii (Callier) Hultén, Betula ermanii Cham. and Salix bakko Kimura of the subalpine and subarctic mountainous region. Distribution — Japan (new record), Northern Eurasia (Hughes & Petersen 2006), Europe (Noordeloos 1995) and North America (Lennox 1979). Japanese name — Hokori-yagura-take (newly named). Specimens examined — JAPAN. Hokkaido, Kamikawa Province, Kamikawa-cho, Daisetuzan volcanic group, Ginsendai, alt. on 1535 m, 25 September 2006, S. Sato (TNS- F-18606); same locality, 18 September 2007, S. Sato (TNS-F-18609). Collybia cirrata on mummified Bovista dermoxantha (Japan) ... 85 Discussion The size of the basidiospores of the Japanese specimens deviate slightly from those reported for Europe (4.5–7 × 3–3.5 µm, Noordeloos 1995) and North America (5–7.5 × 2.5–3.5 µm, Lennox 1979). However, all other morphological characteristics of the Japanese specimens agree fully with previous descriptions of Collybia cirrata (Lennox 1979, Noordeloos 1995, Antonín & Noordeloos 1997). The presence of a sclerotium clearly distinguishes the other two species of the genus — C. tuberosa and C. cookei — from C. cirrata (Noordeloos 1995, Antonín & Noordeloos 1997, Hughes et al. 2001, Hughes & Petersen 2006). We identified the host fungus of Japanese specimens as Bovista dermoxantha, which is a common representative of the Lycoperdaceae in Japan (Kasuya 2004a, b), based on morphological observations of capillitia and basidiospores (Fig. 3). This is the first report of fructification of C. cirrata on mummified gleba of lycoperdaceous fungi. Collybia cirrata has frequently been collected from temperate, boreal, and alpine/arctic habitats of Europe, northern Eurasia and North America (Hughes & Petersen 2006). The Japanese specimens were also collected from subalpine and subarctic, open deciduous forests in northern Japan. We therefore infer a circumboreal distribution for C. cirrata, but further investigations of similar habitats in Asia are needed to clarify the geographical distribution of this fungus. Fig. 3. Bovista dermoxantha, a host fungus of C. cirrata (from TNS-F-18606). SEM images. A: Basidiospores, B: Capillitia and a basidiospore. Bars: A = 2 µm; B = 3.33 µm. Acknowledgments We express our sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. Machiel E. Noordeloos of National Herbarium of the Netherlands, Leiden and to Prof. Dr. Hanns Kreisel of Germany for their valuable 86 ... Kasuya & Sato suggestions for preparing this paper. The first author thanks Prof. Dr. Makoto Kakishima of University of Tsukuba, Japan for his kind support to using SEM. We are also grateful to Dr. Tsuyoshi Hosoya of National Museum of Nature and Science, Japan for the accession to the important specimens. Finally, we are thankful to Mr. Seiji Takehashi and to Dr. Tamotsu Hoshino, Sapporo, Japan for providing us the important literature of Collybia. References Antonín V, Noordeloos ME. 1997. A monograph of Marasmius, Collybia and related genera in Europe. Part 2: Collybia, Gymnopus, Rhodocollybia, Crinipellis, Chaetocalanthus and additions to Marasmiellus. Libri Botanici 17: 1–256. Hughes KW, Petersen RH, Johnson JE, Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Redhead SA, Thomas T, McGhee I. 2001. Infrageneric phylogeny of Collybia s. str. based on sequences of ribosomal ITS and LSU regions. Mycol Res 105: 164–172. Hughes KW, Petersen RH. 2006. Relationships among Collybia s. str. from Greenland, North America and Eurasia. Meddelelser om Grønland 56: 99–105 Ito S. 1959. Mycological flora of Japan. Vol.2, No. 5. Yokendo, Tokyo. Kasuya T. 2004a. Gasteromycetes of Chiba Prefecture, Central Honshu, Japan. I. The family Lycoperdaceae. J Nat Hist Mus Inst, Chiba 8: 1–11. Kasuya T. 2004b. Notes on Japanese Lycoperdaceae. 2. The genera Bovista and Lycoperdon in the herbarium of Hiratsuka City Museum. Nat Envir Sci Res 17: 101–106. Lennox JW. 1979. Collybioid genera in the Pacific Northwest. Mycotaxon 9:117–231. Noordeloos ME. 1995. Collybia. In: Flora Agaricina Neerlandica (eds. C. Bas, TW Kuyper, TW Noordeloos, and EC Vellinga). Balkema, Rotterdam: 106–123..
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    Toxic Fungi of Western North America by Thomas J. Duffy, MD Published by MykoWeb (www.mykoweb.com) March, 2008 (Web) August, 2008 (PDF) 2 Toxic Fungi of Western North America Copyright © 2008 by Thomas J. Duffy & Michael G. Wood Toxic Fungi of Western North America 3 Contents Introductory Material ........................................................................................... 7 Dedication ............................................................................................................... 7 Preface .................................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. 7 An Introduction to Mushrooms & Mushroom Poisoning .............................. 9 Introduction and collection of specimens .............................................................. 9 General overview of mushroom poisonings ......................................................... 10 Ecology and general anatomy of fungi ................................................................ 11 Description and habitat of Amanita phalloides and Amanita ocreata .............. 14 History of Amanita ocreata and Amanita phalloides in the West ..................... 18 The classical history of Amanita phalloides and related species ....................... 20 Mushroom poisoning case registry ...................................................................... 21 “Look-Alike” mushrooms .....................................................................................