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Harvesting and Summarizing User-Generated Content for Advanced Speech-Based HCI Jingjing Liu, Stephanie Seneff, and Victor Zue, Member, IEEE

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Harvesting and Summarizing User-Generated Content for Advanced Speech-Based HCI Jingjing Liu, Stephanie Seneff, and Victor Zue, Member, IEEE 982 IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN SIGNAL PROCESSING, VOL. 6, NO. 8, DECEMBER 2012 Harvesting and Summarizing User-Generated Content for Advanced Speech-Based HCI Jingjing Liu, Stephanie Seneff, and Victor Zue, Member, IEEE Abstract—There are many Web-based platforms where people At the same time, there is a rapidly increasing usage of mobile could share user-generated content such as reviews, posts, blogs, devices such as smart phones and tablets along with the rapid and tweets. However, online communities and social networks are development of application software (Apps). For example, as of expanding so rapidly that it is impossible for people to digest all the information. To help users obtain information more efficiently, June 2012, there are over 1,250,000 Apps available on various both the interface for data access and the information represen- “App Stores1”. More and more people rely on mobile devices tation need to be improved. An intuitive and personalized inter- to access the Web, especially for updating social networks and face, such as a dialogue system, could be an ideal assistant, which visiting online communities. engages a user in a continuous dialogue to garner the user’s in- terest, assists the user via speech-navigated interactions, harvests Helpful as these mobile applications are, the data available andsummarizestheWebdataaswellaspresentingitinanatural on the Web are growing exponentially and it is impossible for way. This work, therefore, aims to conduct research on a universal people to digest all the information even with instant Web ac- framework for developing a speech-based interface that can ag- cess. To help users obtain information more efficiently, both the gregate user-generated content and present the summarized infor- mation via speech-based human-computer interactions. The chal- information representation and the interface for content access lenge is two-fold. Firstly, how to interpret the semantics and sen- need to be improved. Text-formed representation is not efficient timent of user-generated data and aggregate them into structured enough because of the limited screen real estate. The current yet concise summaries? Secondly, how to develop a dialogue mod- search paradigm of typing in a search string and obtaining hun- eling mechanism to present the highlighted information via nat- ural language? This work explores plausible approaches to tack- dreds of relevant hits is also primitive when compared to how ling these challenges. We will investigate a parse-and-paraphrase humans collaborate to gather information. For example, in a paradigm and a sentiment scoring mechanism for information ex- restaurant search iPhone App, dozens of restaurants could show traction from unstructured user-generated content. We will also up on the screen, along with many customer reviews. Given that explore sentiment-involved opinion summarization and dialogue modeling approaches for aggregated information representation. there are hundreds of thousands reviews, it is a rather time-con- A restaurant-domain prototype system has been implemented for suming task, not to mention the issue of reading them on the demonstration. small screen. Index Terms—Spoken dialogue systems, user-generated content Therefore, there is a great demand for a condensed informa- processing. tion representation, i.e., information aggregation or summariza- tion. It would be ideal if one can have a virtual assistant that can summarize the information on the Web in a concise manner, and present it to the user in a natural way, such as a direct spoken I. INTRODUCTION dialogue. Thus, an intuitive and personalized interface in a more timely HE Web has been exploding dramatically over the past informative way could be a human-like assistant system, which T decade, especially with user-generated-content (UGC). can engage a user in a continuous spoken dialogue to learn the Social networks and community-contributed sites have become user’s interests and capture the user’s intent proactively, sub- pervasive in people’s daily life, such as wikis (e.g., Wikipedia), sequently providing the relevant information in a summarized review sites (e.g., Yelp, TripAdvisor), video/photo sharing representation in both spoken and textual forms. For example, platforms (e.g., YouTube, Flicker), social networks (e.g., Face- Fig. 1(a) shows an example conversation between a user and book) and blogs (e.g., Twitter). a prototype spoken assistant system. The system not only un- derstood the user’s questions and found the target restaurants accordingly, but also summarized multiple retrieved entries in Manuscript received July 20, 2012; revised October 15, 2012; accepted a natural sentence. The system also summarized the reviews November 11, 2012. Date of publication November 21, 2012; date of current version January 03, 2013. This work was supported by Quanta Computers, Inc. on each restaurant automatically and made recommendations through the Qmulus project. The associate editor coordinating the review of based on the user’s interest precisely. Fig. 1(b) shows a pos- this manuscript and approving it for publication was Mr. Roberto Pieraccini. sible graphical interface of the prototype system, locating the The authors are with the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab- oratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA target restaurants on a map and showing the condensed review (e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]). summary as well as the detailed information on each entry. Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. 1Approximately 650,000 on Apple App store, 500,000 on Android Market, Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JSTSP.2012.2229690 and 100,000 on Windows Phone Marketplace. 1932-4553/$31.00 © 2012 IEEE LIU et al.: HARVESTING AND SUMMARIZING USER-GENERATED CONTENT FOR ADVANCED SPEECH-BASED HCI 983 unstructured data in a concise dialogue, a summarization mech- U: Are there any American restaurants in Brighton? anism is needed to extract the essence from the large number S: There are 61 American restaurants in Brighton. Many of reviews/posts/tweets and aggregate them into a condensed of the rated restaurants have good or excellent ambiance. yet informative summary. Most are on Washington Street, Commonwealth Avenue Summarization and opinion mining from user-generated con- and Market Street. tent have been well studied for years, with many interesting de- U: Show me the ones that have nice ambiance. rived topics [1], [2], [4], [6], [9], [10], [13], [20], [21], [26], S: I found 4 entries. Devlin’s Restaurant and Bar is per- [27], [28], [31], [32]. Summarization techniques, when applied fect for romantic date, Stockyard Restaurant has friendly to spoken dialogue systems, however, are much more compli- cated than those in pure-text systems. In a text-based system, atmosphere, Tasca Tapas Restaurant has excellent am- users can browse through multiple reviews and obtain infor- biance, and Wings Express has friendly vibes. mation very quickly by scanning the text. In contrast, when in- U: Which one has good martinis? teracting with spoken dialogue systems, the information space S: Devlin’s Restaurant and Bar serves American food. It (i.e., the number of words) in a dialogue turn is often very lim- has wonderful martinis, good wine, great fish. It is perfect ited. As speech is inherently serial and cannot be skipped and for romantic date. Great place. scanned easily, the information feedback from the system is only a couple of utterances spoken by the system. A dialogue (a) system which speaks long diatribes in each single conversa- tion turn would likely not be well received. Thus, the gener- ally used review summarization techniques, although very ef- fective in text-based systems, are not quite suitable for inter- active dialogue systems. The missing piece is a dialogue ori- ented, fine-grained, informative yet condensed summarization mechanism. Spoken dialogue systems are presently available both in laboratories and commercially for many purposes, such as train timetable inquiry [5], weather inquiry [33], flight reser- vations [25], and bus schedule guidance [23]. There are also some groups who have developed interesting multimodal applications on mobile platforms or backed by a geographical database, such as “AdApt” [8], “MATCH” [12], “SmartWeb” [29], and “CHAT” [30]. (b) Most of these systems are mainly for factoid question-an- Fig. 1. An example conversation between a user and a dialogue system, with swering tasks and have pre-programmed dialogue templates to a graphical interface locating the target restaurant on the map. perform restricted dialogue routines in a specific domain. For This work, therefore, aims to conduct research on a universal more complicated tasks such as aggregated data access, how- framework for developing such conversational systems that can ever, the syntax and semantics are very complex, not to men- harvest user-generated content and present the summarized in- tion the ambiguity of discourse in multiple-turn conversation. formation with natural dialogue interaction [14]. The goal is Thus, we have to go beyond simple question-answering rou- to investigate a platform that marries UGC harvesting and di- tines or manually designed templates, and employ a more so- alogue system development in an effective and portable way. phisticated dialogue modeling mechanism in order to present A platform supporting multimodal interfaces
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