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Conotoxin: Senjata Utama Conus (Gastropoda: Conidae)

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Conotoxin: Senjata Utama Conus (Gastropoda: Conidae) 08"""11,Volum: XXXIV,Nomor2, llIhun 2009: 33-40 ISSN 0216-1871· CONOTOX1N: SENJATAUTAMA CONUS (GASTROPODA: CONIDAE) DALAM MELUMPUlJKAN IVIANGSA Oleh Mubammad~lasrur Jslaml" ABSTRACT CONOTOXIN: PRIMARY WEAPON OF CONUS (GASTROPODA: co,"ffi)AE) TO l'ARALYZE PREY. 7Iu! genu< Conus " a large and SlIc,.....,,[ul group of more llran ioo sP«fes 01cam;""rovs predators fOJJndi.all tropical marine hablta", Most cone shells are .ocJumaJ and goruoJIy dlllided In/o three group' J<ptilding 011 Ih,. prey piTforencu; moll,uCNorotU (SlUliJ-)llInti"g). piscivQI'(1US(fish-huJlting) and vc.rItJi"'OI'O~(worm-IflintittgJ.. All ml!mb#N ofdtl.1 grtNIp 'lIN \!t'hon' ClIIIC!dconotoxtn as 'h~ mojo, ,.'!!oponlor PH)' mlllling. The ••no.. is prot/"M1I" a long !IIbular duct which is alla~iled 10 a m""cul., bulb at on• • nd lit., prt1tld. 1M seee=ry {OIU o{vtnom l'!JoellonIII to sh« prey Inro.JlIt 1111ItoIlow1 harpoon-ll_ radulor 100110. So.... sp<elu If~ ~ gco!.lraPhy., k- llOl!.!lls. k- lllliRi •• d k- .villuS .,./ffl/I'tntly <WOeiotrd wllh hll11l4lt•• wlJIolliotIOIJ$. Other sptcfa Inayals>obe obI. I.infll<ling Au""", I.,alltles. Berdasarlcan struktur eangkang ,tuIab, mU:a banyak jenis Gastropoda meuariJc unruk Indo".,.;" merupaIwI Wll.yah yang dilcoleksi. Salah satu COntObnya adalah memiliki jenis molusk. yang tc:rban)'llk di Gastropoda dan famili Comdae. kawasan [ndo-Pasi6k dan diduga ""-'IIIiliId Famih Canidae menuik unlllk Iceanekorag;unan CaUDa laut yang terbesar di dilcolelcsi, karena pol. cangbng dan padum dunia, bila dil>antlingkan deogan wilayah· wama-warnanya yang bcrogam. NIlImD saar wUayah lain seperti Australia, Fiji dattKatibio inJ, keterrarlkan orang pada Conidae bubo (SALVAT dalam CAPPHffiERG, 2002). sebatas h.1 tersebut, Leb!h Jaub lag., Canulae Perharian terhadap moluska juga semakin telah meoJad, sesuatu yang menank dalam menitlgJolt akbir-akhir ini, baik UDruk rujuao dunia. sains, karena adanya erel:: memaul::an peneliuan, budidaya maupun maksud yang dari racun yong dikeluarkannya Racun yang lain. l:Ial ini wajar, karena moluska me-miliki dihasrlkan oleh Conidae hiua disebut dengan jenis melimpah cbn bnkter yang berbeda• CO","Il)(l1l. Selama heb.rap" dekade tenkhar beda antara s;)lUdan yallll lainnya. Misalnya, ini teloh bany.1e dilalrubn I"'ntlilian yang pada kelas GaslroJ)O<b lerdapat bermaesm• menelaah ten tang racun ('Anu.f lel'Sebur macam bentulc dan pola cangkang. (AXF.LSSON, 2000; tru *' 01., 2007; I) UP'!' Bol,1 K_1>Ui BiOI, Lau•• Pusa. P<:nelhi.n Osennogmn·UPI, Ambon J3 MclNTOSH &. JONES. 2001 dan TElU.AU &; di~""!"'"ell ....ilayah rmtpwll1e (subtropis) OLIVERA. 20(4). Namm di Indoocm. bjlan Umumn)'a dllC"'lIbn pada baruan maup1l1l mengenal conQIO:tIn in! belum secan Iuas k:aran& dt dacnh Inlertldal. selain itu dapo! d IpeloJ~'" p:l".hal keberadaan Conlls dJ jup dlletmlw pada kedalamo.n 30 meltr pemoran IndoneSID ClIk1tp m.hnopalL Tuhsan (KOHN, 20031; MciNTOSH 8< 10ms, 2001 ini sc(lilJl rnembenkan garnbaran mengCtllI dan REVTS. 2008) Cmlll.• dun rscun (con%xln) yani dihuilkan C.hJrWf umumn)'. memilikl canaleana sebogoi lenjata utama dallm prosu yang dllulupt oleb IapllllUl berupa Jarlngan peh'mpuhan mangsanya. riplS dl!ebul /WrlMtraJ:Jlm. Pada beberspa speson, lapl_ un benmm lrumng terana FAMJU CONIDAE ltaO a .. KplrIlI, se.lunW mell1UJlll]nnkmpob caagl:an& dopal terlilW jetas, Spesies lain Conus dal:un kJ•• irtbs, molusb Con", virgo. terebra dan C termasuk kelas Gastropoda. subcloss sepem C. fH'riostraamt Prosobranchia. ordo Neogastropoda, dan ~'PS memohln yang tebal, IIIk lerrilus cahaya dan berumb'l1. ~>1 inOoh superfamili Conoidea yang temagi IDCDjadJ yaag meDJadlkan Conus memiliki berbagai 'furrido e, Terebridae, dan Comdae (DUDA el macam pol. CII1gk'ang dan wama yang menarilc al., 200I;MATIlE, 1995; MdNTOSH &:JONllS, (WAU.S, 1979). 2001 dan STEWART & GILLY, 200S). Conlob Delermln.51 COlt".$' omumnya klasifik.,i Conus misalnya ('.o".s "ohilis dodasarbn pada moo'ologl dan warna pada skln"'rl da Motta, 1982 (Gsmber I) .dahb c80gtlnlDYI Nlmun penggunlln "bag.i benlrut: brattensuk ~og IfU Iaodana memihln belKrapa kesuhlln apab,l. berhuhungln deDpll .. oJayth dunana CoitUS itu benod •• Kinadom : Animali. S<:Laio lru, senng terdapal vari.si IOlra·spelies Phylum Moil....... dianllTl Conus yana ada (fRANKLfN Itl 01., CII.... ; Oastropod. 2007). Subclass : P"""brlnchl. Order : Neo£:tltropod. ProJcs ide.tlnlca$; speli.. dan Subordtr : TOloalossa kcbi_an plbnnya juga diblruhn drnsan Supcr{lUT1ilyeo.ullln ,nodi molelruler unruk mrnge<ahui '''Il!ma!ik family : Conldae dan ",'ONsI dar! Jm3 Co".... yaog ada. GenllS : CtNr .. 1demifib9 emr... dan kcbo.nyakanGastropoda Specie< :'f<>bI1u dapat pub dil.l",bn c!mgan nrngamab o<gIID Subspecies : ski.oUt yang disrbul ra.dula (KOHN, 2003b). Benrut dan st:ruk1ur dan ra.dula seringbli unl.k pad. Oambor I. Conus nobilis skinneri do Molll1, tiap-tiap spesres daD stroleruf Inl umum i!l82 di&unat8o sebaaa, sumber data dalom pengamalln mengenal sistematik moluska Canus dJpertirnkon be1jumlah lebih (DUOA tI al., 2001 dan FRANl<UN PI 01.• dar! SOO Jenls yang rersebar dl beberapa 2007). baaian dunia. Area penebaran u!lIma Corudac Conus _rupabn bio.. )'lIna .letif Id.dah bwason lndo-Puiflk mehpull peniran pada malam ha". <edAngbn pada .. Ing han nopi .. Sanllldera Hindi •• SanlWkn PUIm.. b~ 1111 bllls.tll)'1l bersembtmyo dl bawoh dan wllayah Ausualil. Namon dapa! pula baruan maupun leoral, alau membenomkln dlrinyn ke dalam pasir, Mangsa alami Conus dengan menusukkan racun (e:IIll1!7J(Imas'r) terdiri dari ikan-ikan bcrukurau kecil, menggunakan gigi radula rersebut yang berada Gastropoda, Pelecypoda, Octopus dan 'pada ujung probosci.nyn. ~olyohaeca (McINTOSH & JONES, 200 l). C""us,,,cndelckai adan>'ll mangsa di COlitIS dapat dibedakan meujad! tlsa golongeu sekitarnya menggunakan "siphon" yang bcrdnsnrkan pad. jcnis maagsanye dilentkapi dengan khemo....septor. Proses (AXill.SSON, 2000; KOHN, 2003b; UVETT, pclumpuhan maogs3 itu melibatkan beberapa 2004.; MJ.\J1ill, 199$ dan STB\VART & GILLY, bagian dalam Conus yang mcogbasllknD moun 2005) mclipuli: discbut )'<'Ilom apparatus (NORDSlECK, 2008) 1. Piscivorous, yahu Il1lIl1gs.nya borup. (Gombar 2). iJcan. 2. Mo/luscivoro,iS, mangS.llyn berupa rneluska lailmyu. 3. Vem,i''UfVIIS, IIJlllljJsallyn berup. cacing. AXELSSON (2000) meoyaUllaullebih dali 70 spesles Conus u~alaU piscivorOu.I, • dtmikJun b.wuy" dCDlt'I1I0,,,", yallll Ilelsifat m(JlIlIsCIWJrolls borjumllill kUnlng lebih 70 sp<:.'I1cS,scdanglciln I.bill darl 1SO speties lainnya • adnlah vermlvorous lermnsuk mcn1DnSsa hewan-hewen hemlchortlmo daD • eclf{lIrords. MenurUI JUNIOR el Iii. (2006) Jeni~ Cmll« yang belsifal pi$,"lVorous terulama terdal'3t dl lcawasan Indn-Pasillk, nUs81U),1I ( Conu.<8(!11grnp"us. C. outteus. C. mIlS""S, a .111'10111.< dan C tulipa, J~nis,jenis IcrscbUi Gllmbar 2. V,.noIJ' nppal'QIIiI pad. Conul. patio umllmnya ITIcmilikiraeun yang berbabA)'ll Kelerangan: J\). Anatoml vtntJtu lerMd.p manllS;., dibaoolng Conus >'Illig appo.ralus dan organ yang ada dl bersifBI vermivorous seperti c;Qnll$ cterii, C. dBlamnya: a. harpoen sac; b. keleejer jarpJdus dan C. regius. Mcsklpun demlkian, raeu~; e. phal)"IUt; d. proboscis; e, .iphon; r. I<n.. kel. B). 1I.'f .... i Sigi sob'llian besar CO~II$memlliki crck racun rsdular )'\Ing me.juJur ... 1 C<>•• J berbahaya yanS bagi rnanusta, beraks]. C). B'&ian ujung gigl ralIut.. untuk mClI1U$ukklln rucun CONOTOXIN (NORDSI£CK, 2008). Conotoxin merupakan is1i13h ynng digunakan untuk racun yaog dihilsilkan oleb Conus memih1ciI:omposisi racun yang COIIIIS ketika fl1OIun1puhkanmangsanya. Racun berbeda-beda pada tiap-tiap pelumpuhan ini dihasilkan pada bagiao gigi radula yang mangsa, .demikian ba.)nya dengan aktivitas termodifikasi (JUNIOR at 01.,2006-d.m UV •• farmakologisnya. Conotoxin tersusun atas al.• 2007). Menurut MciNTOSH & JONES b1;]:lerop.olig-opt!ptitla(molelrul protein dengan (200 I) gigi radular pada CoIIUS mcnycrupai rantai pendek berisi kim-kira 30 asam amino) seruit ,(harpoon) yang digunakan saat y.,ng berbeda-beda (UVETI; 2004a; R£VlS, melumpubkan mangsanya, Proses ini djfaknkan 2008 dan TERL'\1J &OIl'lERA, 2(04). .MenomI 35 AXELSSON (2000), komponen utnrna racua PItOSES PELUMPUl:IAN MANGSA Cm"'$ ad.Jab ptpticb. dan claP'll dibedakae n'enjadi dua lcelompolc y:>itu; lcelompok yang CoRIISadalob hewan yang aktif pada terdid QI.s beberspa inlan disuUida yang malam barl (noluunraJ). TERLAU & OUVERA biasa disebut eonotoxt» ltu sendlri dan (2004) meny.tlknn bahwa; meskipun Conus kelompok kedua )1litu yaog terdiri d:ui ikatan mempunyni batang matn, namun, disulfida lUnggnl atau tidal.: ada sama sekali, penglibalannYll sang;lt minim, 'Sehingga Icbili biasa disebut conansokins: sering meDgtlm4kan khemoreseptor unrnlc REVIS (2008) "",nyata.an bahwa mendeteksi adanya mangsu dan kondi.1 conotoxin terdiri allISbeberapa kelas dengan linglru.agan sckitaL ooekQuiSJ)ledan efek )'Gog berlalnan, Ktlas• Smw. spesies eilnUS mcnggunakan kolas \llAma dosi C()lltllOJIinI.rsebul mollputJ ,"CUD scbagol sonjat. utaln. d.lam nlfa-conotoxi». omega-cono/()xln. myu• mclumpuhltan mang••. I'ro,es ini mclibalhn conotoxin, deJl(J--ct)nt>loxin, kappa-conotosi« siSlan penyaluran yang tordiri OW bnlUng dan COIIOIIIOki". "Cet dati masing-masing Ope raCWl (""nont due.) sebagai temp.t simesis COMIOx;n tersebnt adalah stbogM bm:ikut dan pc:nyimplIrum racun, kcmudien diullikan (AXELSSON, 2000; McINTOSH & JONES, seeara cepat oxlalui ••Juran kecil yan& 2001; NORDSIECK, 2008; REVIS, 2008 dan bcrkcJnk-kclok (venom' glalld) menuju gigi mRLAU 81;OUVERA, 2(04), radular yang menycrupai seruit
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