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Conotoxin: Senjata Utama Conus (Gastropoda: Conidae)

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08"""11,Volum: XXXIV,Nomor2, llIhun 2009: 33-40 ISSN 0216-1871· CONOTOX1N: SENJATAUTAMA CONUS (GASTROPODA: CONIDAE) DALAM MELUMPUlJKAN IVIANGSA Oleh Mubammad~lasrur Jslaml" ABSTRACT CONOTOXIN: PRIMARY WEAPON OF CONUS (GASTROPODA: co,"ffi)AE) TO l'ARALYZE PREY. 7Iu! genu< Conus " a large and SlIc,.....,,[ul group of more llran ioo sP«fes 01cam;""rovs predators fOJJndi.all tropical marine hablta", Most cone shells are .ocJumaJ and goruoJIy dlllided In/o three group' J<ptilding 011 Ih,. prey piTforencu; moll,uCNorotU (SlUliJ-)llInti"g). piscivQI'(1US(fish-huJlting) and vc.rItJi"'OI'O~(worm-IflintittgJ.. All ml!mb#N ofdtl.1 grtNIp 'lIN \!t'hon' ClIIIC!dconotoxtn as 'h~ mojo, ,.'!!oponlor PH)' mlllling. The ••no.. is prot/"M1I" a long !IIbular duct which is alla~iled 10 a m""cul., bulb at on• • nd lit., prt1tld. 1M seee=ry {OIU o{vtnom l'!JoellonIII to sh« prey Inro.JlIt 1111ItoIlow1 harpoon-ll_ radulor 100110. So.... sp<elu If~ ~ gco!.lraPhy., k- llOl!.!lls. k- lllliRi •• d k- .villuS .,./ffl/I'tntly <WOeiotrd wllh hll11l4lt•• wlJIolliotIOIJ$. Other sptcfa Inayals>obe obI. I.infll<ling Au""", I.,alltles. Berdasarlcan struktur eangkang ,tuIab, mU:a banyak jenis Gastropoda meuariJc unruk Indo".,.;" merupaIwI Wll.yah yang dilcoleksi. Salah satu COntObnya adalah memiliki jenis molusk. yang tc:rban)'llk di Gastropoda dan famili Comdae. kawasan [ndo-Pasi6k dan diduga ""-'IIIiliId Famih Canidae menuik unlllk Iceanekorag;unan CaUDa laut yang terbesar di dilcolelcsi, karena pol. cangbng dan padum dunia, bila dil>antlingkan deogan wilayah· wama-warnanya yang bcrogam. NIlImD saar wUayah lain seperti Australia, Fiji dattKatibio inJ, keterrarlkan orang pada Conidae bubo (SALVAT dalam CAPPHffiERG, 2002). sebatas h.1 tersebut, Leb!h Jaub lag., Canulae Perharian terhadap moluska juga semakin telah meoJad, sesuatu yang menank dalam menitlgJolt akbir-akhir ini, baik UDruk rujuao dunia. sains, karena adanya erel:: memaul::an peneliuan, budidaya maupun maksud yang dari racun yong dikeluarkannya Racun yang lain. l:Ial ini wajar, karena moluska me-miliki dihasrlkan oleh Conidae hiua disebut dengan jenis melimpah cbn bnkter yang berbeda• CO","Il)(l1l. Selama heb.rap" dekade tenkhar beda antara s;)lUdan yallll lainnya. Misalnya, ini teloh bany.1e dilalrubn I"'ntlilian yang pada kelas GaslroJ)O<b lerdapat bermaesm• menelaah ten tang racun ('Anu.f lel'Sebur macam bentulc dan pola cangkang. (AXF.LSSON, 2000; tru *' 01., 2007; I) UP'!' Bol,1 K_1>Ui BiOI, Lau•• Pusa. P<:nelhi.n Osennogmn·UPI, Ambon J3 MclNTOSH &. JONES. 2001 dan TElU.AU &; di~""!"'"ell ....ilayah rmtpwll1e (subtropis) OLIVERA. 20(4). Namm di Indoocm. bjlan Umumn)'a dllC"'lIbn pada baruan maup1l1l mengenal conQIO:tIn in! belum secan Iuas k:aran& dt dacnh Inlertldal. selain itu dapo! d IpeloJ~'" p:l".hal keberadaan Conlls dJ jup dlletmlw pada kedalamo.n 30 meltr pemoran IndoneSID ClIk1tp m.hnopalL Tuhsan (KOHN, 20031; MciNTOSH 8< 10ms, 2001 ini sc(lilJl rnembenkan garnbaran mengCtllI dan REVTS. 2008) Cmlll.• dun rscun (con%xln) yani dihuilkan C.hJrWf umumn)'. memilikl canaleana sebogoi lenjata utama dallm prosu yang dllulupt oleb IapllllUl berupa Jarlngan peh'mpuhan mangsanya. riplS dl!ebul /WrlMtraJ:Jlm. Pada beberspa speson, lapl_ un benmm lrumng terana FAMJU CONIDAE ltaO a .. KplrIlI, se.lunW mell1UJlll]nnkmpob caagl:an& dopal terlilW jetas, Spesies lain Conus dal:un kJ•• irtbs, molusb Con", virgo. terebra dan C termasuk kelas Gastropoda. subcloss sepem C. fH'riostraamt Prosobranchia. ordo Neogastropoda, dan ~'PS memohln yang tebal, IIIk lerrilus cahaya dan berumb'l1. ~>1 inOoh superfamili Conoidea yang temagi IDCDjadJ yaag meDJadlkan Conus memiliki berbagai 'furrido e, Terebridae, dan Comdae (DUDA el macam pol. CII1gk'ang dan wama yang menarilc al., 200I;MATIlE, 1995; MdNTOSH &:JONllS, (WAU.S, 1979). 2001 dan STEWART & GILLY, 200S). Conlob Delermln.51 COlt".$' omumnya klasifik.,i Conus misalnya ('.o".s "ohilis dodasarbn pada moo'ologl dan warna pada skln"'rl da Motta, 1982 (Gsmber I) .dahb c80gtlnlDYI Nlmun penggunlln "bag.i benlrut: brattensuk ~og IfU Iaodana memihln belKrapa kesuhlln apab,l. berhuhungln deDpll .. oJayth dunana CoitUS itu benod •• Kinadom : Animali. S<:Laio lru, senng terdapal vari.si IOlra·spelies Phylum Moil....... dianllTl Conus yana ada (fRANKLfN Itl 01., CII.... ; Oastropod. 2007). Subclass : P"""brlnchl. Order : Neo£:tltropod. ProJcs ide.tlnlca$; speli.. dan Subordtr : TOloalossa kcbi_an plbnnya juga diblruhn drnsan Supcr{lUT1ilyeo.ullln ,nodi molelruler unruk mrnge<ahui '''Il!ma!ik family : Conldae dan ",'ONsI dar! Jm3 Co".... yaog ada. GenllS : CtNr .. 1demifib9 emr... dan kcbo.nyakanGastropoda Specie< :'f<>bI1u dapat pub dil.l",bn c!mgan nrngamab o<gIID Subspecies : ski.oUt yang disrbul ra.dula (KOHN, 2003b). Benrut dan st:ruk1ur dan ra.dula seringbli unl.k pad. Oambor I. Conus nobilis skinneri do Molll1, tiap-tiap spesres daD stroleruf Inl umum i!l82 di&unat8o sebaaa, sumber data dalom pengamalln mengenal sistematik moluska Canus dJpertirnkon be1jumlah lebih (DUOA tI al., 2001 dan FRANl<UN PI 01.• dar! SOO Jenls yang rersebar dl beberapa 2007). baaian dunia. Area penebaran u!lIma Corudac Conus _rupabn bio.. )'lIna .letif Id.dah bwason lndo-Puiflk mehpull peniran pada malam ha". <edAngbn pada .. Ing han nopi .. Sanllldera Hindi •• SanlWkn PUIm.. b~ 1111 bllls.tll)'1l bersembtmyo dl bawoh dan wllayah Ausualil. Namon dapa! pula baruan maupun leoral, alau membenomkln dlrinyn ke dalam pasir, Mangsa alami Conus dengan menusukkan racun (e:IIll1!7J(Imas'r) terdiri dari ikan-ikan bcrukurau kecil, menggunakan gigi radula rersebut yang berada Gastropoda, Pelecypoda, Octopus dan 'pada ujung probosci.nyn. ~olyohaeca (McINTOSH & JONES, 200 l). C""us,,,cndelckai adan>'ll mangsa di COlitIS dapat dibedakan meujad! tlsa golongeu sekitarnya menggunakan "siphon" yang bcrdnsnrkan pad. jcnis maagsanye dilentkapi dengan khemo....septor. Proses (AXill.SSON, 2000; KOHN, 2003b; UVETT, pclumpuhan maogs3 itu melibatkan beberapa 2004.; MJ.\J1ill, 199$ dan STB\VART & GILLY, bagian dalam Conus yang mcogbasllknD moun 2005) mclipuli: discbut )'<'Ilom apparatus (NORDSlECK, 2008) 1. Piscivorous, yahu Il1lIl1gs.nya borup. (Gombar 2). iJcan. 2. Mo/luscivoro,iS, mangS.llyn berupa rneluska lailmyu. 3. Vem,i''UfVIIS, IIJlllljJsallyn berup. cacing. AXELSSON (2000) meoyaUllaullebih dali 70 spesles Conus u~alaU piscivorOu.I, • dtmikJun b.wuy" dCDlt'I1I0,,,", yallll Ilelsifat m(JlIlIsCIWJrolls borjumllill kUnlng lebih 70 sp<:.'I1cS,scdanglciln I.bill darl 1SO speties lainnya • adnlah vermlvorous lermnsuk mcn1DnSsa hewan-hewen hemlchortlmo daD • eclf{lIrords. MenurUI JUNIOR el Iii. (2006) Jeni~ Cmll« yang belsifal pi$,"lVorous terulama terdal'3t dl lcawasan Indn-Pasillk, nUs81U),1I ( Conu.<8(!11grnp"us. C. outteus. C. mIlS""S, a .111'10111.< dan C tulipa, J~nis,jenis IcrscbUi Gllmbar 2. V,.noIJ' nppal'QIIiI pad. Conul. patio umllmnya ITIcmilikiraeun yang berbabA)'ll Kelerangan: J\). Anatoml vtntJtu lerMd.p manllS;., dibaoolng Conus >'Illig appo.ralus dan organ yang ada dl bersifBI vermivorous seperti c;Qnll$ cterii, C. dBlamnya: a. harpoen sac; b. keleejer jarpJdus dan C. regius. Mcsklpun demlkian, raeu~; e. phal)"IUt; d. proboscis; e, .iphon; r. I<n.. kel. B). 1I.'f .... i Sigi sob'llian besar CO~II$memlliki crck racun rsdular )'\Ing me.juJur ... 1 C<>•• J berbahaya yanS bagi rnanusta, beraks]. C). B'&ian ujung gigl ralIut.. untuk mClI1U$ukklln rucun CONOTOXIN (NORDSI£CK, 2008). Conotoxin merupakan is1i13h ynng digunakan untuk racun yaog dihilsilkan oleb Conus memih1ciI:omposisi racun yang COIIIIS ketika fl1OIun1puhkanmangsanya. Racun berbeda-beda pada tiap-tiap pelumpuhan ini dihasilkan pada bagiao gigi radula yang mangsa, .demikian ba.)nya dengan aktivitas termodifikasi (JUNIOR at 01.,2006-d.m UV •• farmakologisnya. Conotoxin tersusun atas al.• 2007). Menurut MciNTOSH & JONES b1;]:lerop.olig-opt!ptitla(molelrul protein dengan (200 I) gigi radular pada CoIIUS mcnycrupai rantai pendek berisi kim-kira 30 asam amino) seruit ,(harpoon) yang digunakan saat y.,ng berbeda-beda (UVETI; 2004a; R£VlS, melumpubkan mangsanya, Proses ini djfaknkan 2008 dan TERL'\1J &OIl'lERA, 2(04). .MenomI 35 AXELSSON (2000), komponen utnrna racua PItOSES PELUMPUl:IAN MANGSA Cm"'$ ad.Jab ptpticb. dan claP'll dibedakae n'enjadi dua lcelompolc y:>itu; lcelompok yang CoRIISadalob hewan yang aktif pada terdid QI.s beberspa inlan disuUida yang malam barl (noluunraJ). TERLAU & OUVERA biasa disebut eonotoxt» ltu sendlri dan (2004) meny.tlknn bahwa; meskipun Conus kelompok kedua )1litu yaog terdiri d:ui ikatan mempunyni batang matn, namun, disulfida lUnggnl atau tidal.: ada sama sekali, penglibalannYll sang;lt minim, 'Sehingga Icbili biasa disebut conansokins: sering meDgtlm4kan khemoreseptor unrnlc REVIS (2008) "",nyata.an bahwa mendeteksi adanya mangsu dan kondi.1 conotoxin terdiri allISbeberapa kelas dengan linglru.agan sckitaL ooekQuiSJ)ledan efek )'Gog berlalnan, Ktlas• Smw. spesies eilnUS mcnggunakan kolas \llAma dosi C()lltllOJIinI.rsebul mollputJ ,"CUD scbagol sonjat. utaln. d.lam nlfa-conotoxi». omega-cono/()xln. myu• mclumpuhltan mang••. I'ro,es ini mclibalhn conotoxin, deJl(J--ct)nt>loxin, kappa-conotosi« siSlan penyaluran yang tordiri OW bnlUng dan COIIOIIIOki". "Cet dati masing-masing Ope raCWl (""nont due.) sebagai temp.t simesis COMIOx;n tersebnt adalah stbogM bm:ikut dan pc:nyimplIrum racun, kcmudien diullikan (AXELSSON, 2000; McINTOSH & JONES, seeara cepat oxlalui ••Juran kecil yan& 2001; NORDSIECK, 2008; REVIS, 2008 dan bcrkcJnk-kclok (venom' glalld) menuju gigi mRLAU 81;OUVERA, 2(04), radular yang menycrupai seruit
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    R~c. %001. SII"'. India, 77: 39-50, 1980 ON THE CONIDAE OF ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS By N. V. SUBBA RAO Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta INTRODUCTION Andaman and Nicobar Islands can be considered as biological laboratories, housing a varied fauna, especially in the marine environ­ ment. The complex coral reef system fringing these islands offer micro and macroclimatic niches supporting a rich and conspicuous molluscan fauna. Although several papers have appeared in the past, none of of them present a comprehensive picture of molluscs of the islands. Recently, Rajagopal and Subba Rao (1974) dealt in detail on the chitons of these Bay Islands. The present paper is another in the series on the family Conidae, which includes a large number of sympatric species. Cones are generally abundant in the shallow waters of tropical seas. The members of this genus possess a venom apparatus for paralysing the prey. They are carnivorous and feed on other molluscs, polychaetes or fishes. Depending on their feeding habits they can be classified as molluscivorous, vermivorous or piscivorous. The author had an opportunity to participate in three surveys of these Islands during the period from 1970 to 1972. General notes were made on the habitats of some common cones. No observations could, however, be made on their feeding habits, because of their nocturnal activities and short durations of tke tours. A complete list of species of cones occuring on these islands with notes on the habitats of some common species is presented here. The list which includes 51 species is compiled after going through the named and unnamed collections of conidae present in the Zoological Survey of India and also from literature.
  • The Cone Collector N°19

    The Cone Collector N°19

    7+( &21( &2//(&725 -DQXDU\ 7+( 1RWHIURP &21( WKH(GLWRU &2//(&725 You are now perusing issue # 19 of TCC (actually this is our twenty-first issue, since we began with a trial issues number (GLWRU 0 and along the way we had a special issue 14A) and I thank António Monteiro you for your continued interest in this bulletin. TCC has been a great success – of which I am understandably proud – and /D\RXW that is due to the many authors who have sent their articles for André Poremski publication and to the many readers whose enthusiasm actually &RQWULEXWRUV keeps us going. Remy Devorsine Edward J. Petuch This is of course our first number in 2012. In the last year we Philippe Quiquandon published three numbers, all of them packed with interesting José Rosado information and beautiful photos. Not only that, we managed Jon F. Singleton to make our website vastly attractive to all collectors and re- Manuel J. Tenorio searchers interested in Cones, with addition of the very im- David Touitou portant work by Mike Filmer, which is still undergoing some Thierry Vulliet Paul Wilson updating; hopefully during the current year Paul Kersten’s cel- ebrated Checklist will also be uploaded in its entirety (a few examples are already there), and that will mean that by visiting www.theconecollector.com everybody will find a fantastic wealth of information about our favourite subject! At the same time, following the great success of our 1st Inter- national Cone Meeting in Stuttgart, in 2010, we have proudly announced the second such event.
  • Species in Recent Conidae. 7. Cingulatus To

    Species in Recent Conidae. 7. Cingulatus To

    BASTERIA, 48: 223-311, 1985 Alphabetical revision of the (sub)species in recent Conidae. 7. cingulatus to cylindraceus, including Conus shikamai nomen novum H.E. Coomans R.G. Moolenbeek& E. Wils Zoological Museum, Amsterdam INTRODUCTION In the seventh issue of our Conus revision the remaining names of the letter c are dis- cussed, starting with cingulatus. Two invalid taxa by Chemnitz, Conus circae and C. clan- destinus, are treated because of junior homonyms being involved. have 25% So far we covered 410 names in recent Conidae, being about of the total number. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In part 3 (Basteria 44: 17) we have listed a number of colleagues and collectors who kindly donated Conidae to the Zoological Museum in Amsterdam, to further research and complete the distribution maps. To this list the following names can be added, in alpha- betical order: J.P. Aillaud (New Caledonia) - Dr. R. Bieler (W. Germany) - G. Bokstijn (Amsterdam) - J. Broggi (Uruguay) - A.W. Burger (Heerhugowaard) - Dr. R.N. Buru- - kovsky (USSR) Mrs. C.S. Casanova (Spain) - P. Deleuze (New Caledonia) -H.H. Dijk- stra (Sneek) - J. Elsen (Belgium) - M.J. Faber (Amsterdam) - M. Fainzilber (Israel) - - - F. Fernandez (Angola) R.M. Filmer (England) Dr. E.F. Garcia (USA) - L. Gasull (Spain) - W.F. Hoffmann (Bussum) - Dr. S. Kosuge(Japan)-Mrs.M.W.L. de Lanoy-Meyer - (Spain) - R. le Maitre (South Africa) J.C. Martin (Reunion) - Dr. H. Matthes (Spain) - - M. Meyer (South Africa) - H.K. Mienis (Israel) F.E. Perron (Palau) - Drs. T. Piersma - - (Groningen) - G. Poppe (Belgium) J.J. Post (Amsterdam) Mrs. G. Prince (Australia) - Ir.
  • 1998 Richmond M

    1998 Richmond M

    Bangor University DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY The biodiversity and biogeography of shallow-water flora and fauna of the Western Indian ocean: with special reference to the Polychaeta, Mollusca and Echinodermata Richmond, M.D. Award date: 1998 Awarding institution: University of Wales, Bangor Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 09. Oct. 2021 THE BIODIVERSITY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF SHALLOW­ WATER FLORA AND FAUNA OF TilE \VESTERN INDIAN OCEAN, "'ITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TIlE POLYCHAETA, MOLLUSCA AND ECHINODERMATA by Matthew D. Richmond BSc Southampton University, 1984 MSc University of Wales - Bangor, 1989 A thesis iUtsr,;']feo:tr;:1W~rfi.i~~(~,~:If'i~,it~fPe~ff f?r the degree ofPhil~sophtae Doetorlm'the UnIversity of Wales - Bangor. , I L",",T'I.', ',~'·:·1 l rl'," !f"q',,", .• , \ ~'t ~l:r;.\\.'t.A."';'''' J.,,,,,4f ~~ .. J,~IIo\'~r>.; t , I ~ :.....
  • PRO NATURA NOVARA ONLUS GRUPPO MALACOLOGICO NOVARARE Gianfranco Vischi

    PRO NATURA NOVARA ONLUS GRUPPO MALACOLOGICO NOVARARE Gianfranco Vischi

    PRO NATURA NOVARA ONLUS GRUPPO MALACOLOGICO NOVARARE Gianfranco Vischi ([email protected]) n. 14 – Giugno 2012 Luria Ettore Molteni Conchiglia allungata e ovale ben sviluppata; i denti sono spesso molto sottili. Margini maculati, ma spesso brunastri. Non hanno pattern dorsale, ma di tanto in tanto strisce nere ai margini, base e dorso. Canali macchiati o tinti più scuri. Tutte le specie hanno mantelli neri, solo la Luria cinerea ha il mantello più chiaro traslucido con tracce di papille nere. Tre gruppi si possono distinguere in questo genere: - Lurida (cinerea, lurida); - Basilitrona (isabella, isabellamexicana, pulchra); - Tessellata (tessellata). Cypraea Tessellata (Swainson, 1822) Nome inglese: Checkered cowry (letteralmente Cypraea a scacchi) Descrizione generale della specie Località: Hawaii, Taiwan, Filippine; Forma: Pesante e callosa, ovale. Denti molto fitti e rossi. Apertura stretta. Dorso azzurro-marrone con due bande più chiare. Margini bianchi con la caratteristica scacchiera nera sui margini. Macchia bianca in evidenza sopra il canale anteriore. Dimensioni: da 15 a 55 mm. Habitat: in grossi blocchi di corallo e pietre in acque moderatamente basse e fino a 50 mt.. Il record della Tessellata ritrovate da Taiwan è stato supportato da fotografie e dati aggiuntivi (WRS 23), è più probabile che la distribuzione di questa specie nelle acque profonde è molto più ampia di quanto si pensasse. Diversi esemplari di grandi dimensioni (<50 mm) sono stati recentemente trovati vivi in acque profonde di Bohol, Filippine. Qualche foto: 1 La Superfamiglia Conoidea tra passione e pazienza (7-2012) Alberto Assi Gentili collezionisti ed appassionati continuiamo il percorso intrapreso inserendo così altre specie: il “Conus nobilis nobilis”, il “Conus damottai damottai” , il “Conus cylindraceus” il “Conus pictus pictus”.
  • The Cone Collector N°25

    The Cone Collector N°25

    THE CONE COLLECTOR #25 June 2014 THE Note from CONE the Editor COLLECTOR Dear friends, Editor We gladly bring you a new issue of TCC, packed with what we António Monteiro hope you will agree to consider quite interesting new articles on Cones. I do thank all the authors who sent along their contri- Layout butions. It is obviously redundant to say that we could not have André Poremski done this without them! Contributors Michel Balleton The ongoing piece on the etymology of Cone species comes to Harry John Berryman an end in this issue, although a few points remained unsettled. Robert Eason Any further comments and suggestions on those will be most Joaquín M. Inchaustegui appreciated. Janine Jacques Loïc Limpalaër You will also find the usual section referring to recent publica- Felix Lorenz tions, especially when they include the description of new taxa. Guido T. Poppe David Touitou The Cone world is alive and kicking! Philippe Quiquandon Registration for the 3rd International Cone Meeting (Madrid, 3-5 October) is in full swing. We will have a great event, so do make up your mind to join us there and be sure to send in your dully filled registration form and reserve accommodation. See you all in Madrid! António Monteiro On the Cover Conus episcopatus with eggs, Seychelles - photo courtesy of David Touitou Page 41 THE CONE COLLECTOR ISSUE #25 In This Issue Who's Who in Cones A Word to the Wise? Loïc Limpalaër Joaquín M. Inchaustegui 6 48 Exceptional Specimens The ILLUSTRATED CATALOG OF THE Philippe Quiquandon LIVING CONE SHELLS by John K.