Das Ende Der Konzerne

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Das Ende Der Konzerne Joel Bakan Das Ende der Konzerne Die selbstzerstörerische Kraft der Unternehmen Für Marlee Erstausgabe: © Europa Verlag GmbH Leipzig, Februar 2005 ISBN 3-203-75543-2 Originalausgabe: THE CORPORATION. THE PATHOLOGICAL PURSUIT OF PROFIT AND POWER, © Joel Bakan 2004 erschien 2004 bei Free Press, New York Sind Konzerne destruktiv für die Gesellschaft und ihre Moral? Es ist die ureigenste Aufgabe jedes Unternehmens, nur seine eigenen Interessen zu verfolgen. Es ist ihm »weder möglich, moralische Gründe anzuerkennen, noch aufgrund dieser davon abzusehen, an- deren Schaden zuzufügen«. Bakan beschreibt die Entstehung der Konzerne – vom Beginn der In- dustrialisierung bis heute. Und er führte Interviews mit Fachleuten, unter anderem mit dem Vorstandsvorsitzenden des Pharma-Riesen Pfizer ebenso wie mit dem Nobelpreisträger Milton Friedman und mit Noam Chomsky. Bakan legt aber auch Vorschläge vor, wie die Macht der Konzerne zu begrenzen ist. »Das Ende der Konzerne« entwickelt kein Horrorszena- rio ohne Ausweg, sondern ist ein Aufruf zur Verteidigung der Men- schenrechte und für das couragierte Eintreten gegen die Logik des Profits und die ungehemmte Ausweitung dieser Logik auf alle Le- bensbereiche. Inhaltsverzeichnis Einführung .............................................................................................................................................. 3 1 Aufstieg an die Macht ................................................................................................................ 5 2 Business as usual ... .................................................................................................................... 19 3 Die Externalisierungsmaschine ............................................................................................. 39 4 Die Grenzen der Demokratie ................................................................................................. 54 5 Unternehmen ohne Grenzen ................................................................................................... 70 6 Bilanz ....................... ..................................................................................................................... 87 Bibliographie ................... .................................................................................................................. 105 Danksagung ........................................................................................................................................ 112 Anmerkungen .................. .................................................................................................................. 113 2 Einführung Als die Bilder von skandalumwitterten Spitzenmanagern in Handschellen um die Welt gingen, beeilten sich Wirtschaftsgurus, Politiker und Unternehmensführer zu versichern, die Wall-Street-Misere sei auf habgierige, korrupte Einzelpersonen zurückzuführen und nicht etwa auf ein Versagen des gesamten Systems. »Sprechen wir über ein paar faule Äpfel im Korb oder Schwachstellen im System?«, fragte unlängst Topmoderator Sam Donaldson den ehemaligen Chef der New York Stock Exchange, Richard Grasso, in der ABC-Sendung This Week. »Es gab augenfäl- lige Entgleisungen«, gestand Grasso, »und wir müssen die schwarzen Schafe und schlechten Gewohnheiten mit Stumpf und Stiel ausrotten; aber es spielt keine Rolle, ob es sich um einen Einzelfall handelt oder um fünfzehn, verglichen mit mehr als zehntau- send börsennotierten Unternehmen – schon ein einziger Fall wie WorldCom oder Enron ist einer zuviel.« Ungeachtet solcher Beteuerungen befürchten heute viele Bürger und auch führende Köpfe in der Wirtschaft, daß die Fehler im Unternehmenssystem wesentlich tiefer lie- gen könnten, als die leichten Beben in der Wall Street erkennen lassen. Diese funda- mentalen Probleme und Schwachstellen sind Thema dieses Buches. Wenn im folgenden von Konzernen oder Unternehmen die Rede ist, sind die großen Kapitalgesellschaften gemeint. Sie stellen eine Institution dar – mit einzigartigen Strukturen und einem spezifischen Programm, das alles Handeln der Mitarbeiter be- stimmt. Diese Institution ist außerdem ein Rechtssubjekt, dessen Existenz und Hand- lungsfähigkeit vom Gesetz abhängt. Ihr gesetzlich festgelegtes Mandat besteht darin, unerbittlich und ausnahmslos die eigenen Interessen zu verfolgen, ohne Rücksicht auf die oft schädlichen Auswirkungen für andere. Deshalb ist der Konzern eine pathologi- sche Institution, gefährlich, da im Besitz einer ungeheuren Macht, die er über Menschen und Gesellschaft ausübt. Das wirft einige Fragen auf, die in den nachfolgenden Kapiteln angesprochen werden: Wie konnten Konzerne das werden, was sie heute sind (1. Kapitel)? Welche Eigen- schaften sind pathologisch und welche Folgen ergeben sich daraus (2. und 3. Kapitel)? Wieviel Macht haben sie über die Gesellschaft (4. und 5. Kapitel)? Wie könnte man sie an die Kandare nehmen, um Schaden zu verhindern oder zu begrenzen (6. Kapitel)? Diese zentralen Fragen stehen im Mittelpunkt des Buches. Durch die Erläuterung der Strukturen, die allen Konzernen zu eigen sind, und deren Auswirkungen auf die Gesell- schaft hoffe ich, ein wichtiges fehlendes Bindeglied zum Verständnis und zur Lösung der dringlichsten Probleme unserer Zeit beizusteuern. Peter Drucker, einer der weltweit führenden Managementtheoretiker, nahm in seinem 1946 erschienenen bahnbrechenden Werk CONCEPT OF THE CORPORATION als einer der ersten die Kapitalgesellschaft als Institution unter die Lupe. Drucker stellte fest, daß alle Kapitalgesellschaften über die gleiche institutionelle Struktur und Zielsetzung ver- fügen. Für die meisten von uns verschleiert der Unternehmensalltag mit seinen vielfälti- gen Puzzlesteinen das Gesamtbild, das sich dahinter verbirgt. Wie Hank McKinnel, CEO (Chief Executive Officer = Vorstandsvorsitzender, Geschäftsführer) des weltweit vertretenen Pharmakonzerns Pfizer, sagte, haben wir Schwierigkeiten, uns Kapitalgesellschaften als eine Institution vorzu- stellen. Wir betrachten sie vornehmlich unter dem Aspekt, wie sie sich voneinander unterscheiden – international oder lokal operie- rend, High-Tech- oder Schornstein-Industrie, progressiv oder traditi- onsverhaftet, flexibel oder schwerfällig, mit erstklassigen oder risiko- behafteten Aktien, mit Markennamen oder No-name-Produkten, gut oder schlecht. Dabei entgeht uns, daß alle großen Konzerne, zumin- 3 dest die börsennotierten, über die gleiche institutionelle Struktur verfügen, so daß es Sinn macht, von dem Konzern zu sprechen. Wie Harvard-Business-School-Nestor Joe Badaracco auf die einfache Frage, was eine Kapitalgesellschaft überhaupt sei, antwortete: »Selt- sam, daß jemand, der so lange wie ich an einer Kaderschmiede für Führungskräfte lehrt, noch nie so gezielt gefragt wurde, was man darunter versteht.«1 Dieses Buch hat sich die Aufgabe gestellt, der Frage nachzugehen, was eine Kapitalge- sellschaft, als Institution, wirklich ist. Institutionen bestehen natürlich aus Menschen. Die folgenden Kapitel basieren daher auf Gesprächen mit Powerplayern aus der Welt der Unternehmen, Wirtschaftsgurus, die diese Welt unter die Lupe nehmen, und Kriti- kern, die Gefahren aufzeigen und Lösungen vorschlagen.2 Dabei habe ich mich bemüht, das Buch Lesern mit und ohne Fachwissen gleichermaßen zugänglich zu machen, ohne die Ergebnisse einer gewissenhaften Recherche sowie meine Kenntnisse und Einsichten als Jurist auszuklammern. Mit »Kapitalgesellschaft« sind die anglo-amerikanischen börsennotierten Großkonzerne gemeint, denen die kleinen Aktiengesellschaften, die kleinen und großen Organisatio- nen ohne Erwerbscharakter oder Firmen in Privatbesitz gegenüberstehen. Die anglo- amerikanischen Konzerne stehen deshalb im Mittelpunkt, weil die größten und mächtig- sten in den USA beheimatet sind und die ökonomische Globalisierung ihren Einfluß über die nationalen Grenzen hinaus erweitert. Hinzu kommt, daß die grundlegenden Elemente der angloamerikanischen Konzerne in zunehmendem Maß auch für entspre- chende Unternehmen in anderen Ländern typisch sind, vor allem in Europa und in Ja- pan.3 Deshalb sind die in diesem Buch enthaltenen Analysen und Schlußfolgerungen auch für den Rest der Welt bedeutsam. 4 1 Aufstieg an die Macht Im Lauf der letzten hundertfünfzig Jahre haben die Kapitalgesellschaften einen kome- tenhaften Aufstieg erlebt und sich zur weltweit dominierenden Wirtschaftsinstitution verwandelt. Heute geben die großen Konzerne den Ton in unserem Leben an. Sie be- stimmen, was wir essen, welche Sendungen wir im Fernsehen anschauen, wie wir uns kleiden, wo wir arbeiten und wie wir unsere Freizeit verbringen. Wir sind von ihnen eingekesselt, können ihrer Kultur, ihrer Bildersprache und Ideologie nicht entrinnen. Und wie die Kirche und die Monarchie in früheren Epochen präsentieren auch sie sich als unfehlbar und allmächtig, verherrlichen sich in imposanten Gebäuden und ausgeklü- gelten Selbstdarstellungen. Auch die Entscheidungen von Regierungsgremien, die eigentlich mit ihrer Aufsicht be- traut sind, werden zunehmend von ihnen beeinflußt, und sie kontrollieren inzwischen Bereiche der Gesellschaft, die früher zum öffentlichen Sektor gehörten. Dieser spekta- kuläre Aufstieg zur Macht zählt zu den bemerkenswertesten Ereignissen der Zeitge- schichte, nicht zuletzt wegen der unheilvollen Anfänge dieser Institution. Schon lange vor dem skandalösen Zusammenbruch von ENRON war die Institution Aktiengesellschaft, eine gerade flügge werdende Unternehmensform, in Korruptions- und Betrugsaffären verwickelt. Während des siebzehnten und
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