The Role of Brand Equity in B2B: U a Comparative Cross Industrial Analysis
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U Title: The Role of Brand Equity in B2B: U A Comparative Cross Industrial Analysis U Author: Hooman Sabzehzar Academic Master Thesis KTH Royal Institute of Technology Tutor: Professor Henrik Uggla 7th edition, 2010 - 2012 th Como, June, 29P ,P 2012 1 ABSTRACT Many companies have exploited the power of brand equity in B2C markets as a source of competitive advantage. The trend in B2B, however, seems to be slightly different where many decision makers still believe that branding is not relevant to their business as it is to B2C. This paper investigates the role of brand equity in B2B businesses and shows how long-term investment in brand equity can change the rules of the game radically in favor of those B2B companies who have invested in their brand with a "holistic" approach which conform the overall strategy of the company. Caterpillar Inc. has been chosen as the case study and the role of its brand equity in its superior performance over its competitor, Komatsu Ltd, is investigated. The qualitative part of the research analyses the brand associations and the roles that these associations together with other brand elements play for Caterpillar and its customers. The quantitative part investigates two particular areas of recovery from market difficulties and efficiency in market communications and proves the role of higher brand equity in superior performance in recovery from market difficulties and marketing communications efficiency. The results are then tested further on the second case study which compares Intel to AMD. The results also open up new lines for further research on the subject both in depth and breadth where suggestions are made for generalizability of the research as well as determining the role of brand equity in companies' performances more precisely. Key Words: Brand Strategy, Brand Equity, Brand associations, Business to Business Markets. 2 Acknowledgments The study owes its progress and development to Professor Henrik Uggla, branding professor at the department of Industrial Economics and Management, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, who supervised the study in a professional manner. He conducted the research in the right track from the very beginning and he was always available for guidance and support despite of his busy schedule. Special thanks to Professor Cali Nour, the IMIM program director at KTH Royal Institute of Technology whose kind personal support facilitated the process and made it possible to undertake this master thesis at KTH. 3 Dedication To my parents Nahid & Naser 4 Table of Contents 1.1T 1T INTRODUCTION1T 1T 8 1.11T 1T B1T ACKGROUND1T ................................................................................................ 8 1.21T 1T T1 HEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL DELIMITATIONS 1T ......... 8 1.31T OBJECTIVES 1T ......................................................................................................................... 9 2.1T 1T RESEARCH1T METHODOLOGY 1T .................................................................. 10 I1T NTRODUCTION1T ............................................................................................................................. 10 2.11T RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY1T ....................................................................................................... 10 2.21T RESEARCH METHOD1T ............................................................................................................ 11 2.31T RESEARCH APPROACH1T ......................................................................................................... 13 2.41T TYPES OF RESEARCH 1T ........................................................................................................... 15 2.51T CREDIBILITY1T ........................................................................................................................ 15 3.1T 1T THEORETICAL1T FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW 1T ..................... 17 I1T NTRODUCTION 1T ......................................................................................................................... 17 3.11T BRAND DEFINITION1T ............................................................................................................... 17 3.21T BRAND EQUITY1T .................................................................................................................... 20 3.2.11T Brand Equity Definition 1T ................................................................................................ 20 3.2.21T Customer-Based Brand Equity Concept 1T ....................................................................... 21 3.2.31T Building Strong Brand Equity 1T ....................................................................................... 24 3.2.41T Valuing and Measuring Brand Equity 1T ............................................................................ 28 3.31T BRAND EQUITY IN B2B MARKETS 1T ........................................................................................... 30 3.3.11T Background of branding in B2B 1T .................................................................................... 30 3.3.21T B2B Markets 1T ............................................................................................................... 31 3.3.31T B2B Brand Relevance 1T ................................................................................................. 35 4.1T EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS 1T ......................................................................................................... 41 4.11T INTRODUCTION1T .................................................................................................................... 41 4.1.11T Introduction to Interbrand 1T ............................................................................................. 41 4.21T COMPANY BACKGROUND1T ...................................................................................................... 43 4.31T CATERPILLAR INC. BRANDS 1T ................................................................................................... 46 4.41T ELEMENTS OF CATERPILLAR BRAND EQUITY1T ............................................................................ 49 4.4.11T Brand awareness 1T ........................................................................................................ 49 4.4.21T Brand Associations 1T ..................................................................................................... 50 4.4.31T Brand Affiliations 1T ......................................................................................................... 53 4.51T THE ROLE OF BRAND EQUITY IN B2B: A COMPARATIVE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS1T ........................... 55 4.5.11T 1T Caterpillar1T vs. Komatsu 1T ........................................................ 56 4.5.21T Intel vs. AMD 1T .............................................................................................................. 62 5.1T 1T CONCLUSIONS1T AND MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS 1T ............................... 65 6.1T 1T LIMITATIONS1T AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 1T ............. 66 7.1T 1T REFERENCES1T 1T 68 8.1T 1T APPENDICES1T 1T 70 5 6 TABLE OF FIGURES F1TU IGURE1 INDUCTION V.S DEDUCTION APPROACHU1T .............................................................................. 13 F1TU IGURE2 QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCHU1T ....................................................................... 14 F1TU IGURE 3 TYPES OF RESEARCHU1T ....................................................................................................... 15 F1TU IGURE4 THE ROLES OF BRANDS U1T ................................................................................................... 18 F1TU IGURE 5 THE BRAND ON A BRICK AND THE ACME'S BIGGEST BRICK IN THE WORLD ACCORDING TO GUINNESS BOOK.U1T ................................................................................................................................. 19 F1TU IGURE6 ASSOCIATED NETWORK MEMORY MODEL- APPLE ASSOCIATIONS U1T ............................................. 22 F1TU IGURE 7 BRAND KNOWLEDGE ILLUSTRATION U1T .................................................................................... 23 F1TU IGURE8 ADVANTAGES OF BUILDING STRONG BRAND EQUITYU1T .............................................................. 24 F1TU IGURE9 BRAND BUILDING MODELU1T .................................................................................................. 26 F1TU IGURE 10 BRAND ASSOCIATION BASE MODEL U1T ................................................................................... 27 F1TU IGURE11 POTENTIAL PARTIES INVOLVED IN A BUYING CENTERU1T .......................................................... 33 F1TU IGURE 12 HOLISTIC VIEW OF FORCES INFLUENCING PURCHASING PROCESS THROUGH BUYING CENTERU1T ..... 34 F1TU IGURE13 IMPORTANCE OF BRAND FUNCTIONS IN B2C VS. B2B U1T .......................................................... 37 F1TU IGURE14 FACTORS BOOSTING BRAND RELEVANCE U1T .......................................................................... 38 F1TU IGURE15 BRAND RELEVANCE IN BUYING STAGESU1T ............................................................................ 38 F1TU IGURE16 BRAND ROLES FOR COMPANIES AND CUSTOMERS U1T .............................................................. 40 F1TU IGURE17 INDUSTRIES AND THE NUMBER OF BRANDS EVALUATED IN EACH INDUTRYU1T ............................... 42 F1TU IGURE18 DIVERSIFIED CATEGORY CONSIDERED FOR EVALUATION BY INTERBRANDU1T ..............................