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Rapp, John A. "Index." Daoism and : Critiques of State Autonomy in Ancient and Modern . London: Continuum, 2012. 283–292. Contemporary Anarchist Studies. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 29 Sep. 2021. <>.

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Copyright © John A. Rapp 2012. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. INDEX

“abolitionist” (wing of Democracy anti-utopianism 61–4 Wall Movement) 185 , 188 Asiatic Mode of Production see also Democracy Wall (AMP) see AMP movement Augustine (Saint) 9 “abstract democracy” as leading to autocracy 144 , 149 , 187 , 207–8 anarchism 168 Autocracy and China’s Rebel Founding Alford, Robert 176 , 189n. 5 Emperors: Comparing Chairman alienation (Marxist concept) 176 , 189 , Mao and Ming Taizu (Andrew 194–7 and Rapp) 69n. 51 , 155n. 67 , “alienation school” ( yihualun pai ) 2 , 191n. 55 194 Aziatchiki 200 , 204 American libertarians 9 , 11 , 13–14 Ames, Roger 21 , 23–4 , 84 , 99 Ba Jin (Li Feigan) 116–18 , 121n. 38 , AMP (Marxist concept) 197–207 , 121n. 43 , 160–1 , 170n. 6 210n. 24 , 210n. 27 , 210n. 30 , Bai Hua 166 210n. 36 Bakunin, Michael, anarchism, basic thesis of 3 , 7–9 , anarchist views of 5–6 , 14 , 27 , 39 , 12–14 , 20 , 36 112 , 130 anarchism, defi nition of 8 compared to other thinkers 28 , 38–9 , anarchism, denunciations of, 50n. 115 , 92 , 131 , 163 1957 to 1976 160–4 infl uence of 46 , 118 1992–present 168–9 other thinkers’ opinions of 131 , 159 , early Deng-Xiaoping years 164–8 162–3 Hua Guofeng era 164–8 Balazs, Etienne 40 , 100–1 anarchist/Marxist debates Bao Jingyan, (China) 112–18 , 121n. 38 , anarchist theory of 30 , 37–40 , 121n. 43 , 170n. 1 59–60 , 63 , 66 , 90–1 , 100 , 218 anarcho-capitalists 6 , 13–15 compared to other thinkers 36 , 90–2 , an-archos (“without a ruler”) 5 95 Anderson, Perry 210n. 27 infl uence of 118 Andrew, Anita 69n. 51 , 155n. 67 , life of 45 191n. 55 baojia (rural mutual surveillance anti-militarism 137 networks) 139 Anti-Rightist Campaign 140–1 , 160 , Bender, Frederic 21 , 27 , 29 , 32 , 45 170n. 8 , 207 “Biography of Master Great Man” Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign 166 , (Ruan Ji) 35–7 , 59 , 60 , 76 , 95 195–6 “Bitter Love” (Bai Hua) 166 “anti-statism” 129–32 Bo Xilai 217 , 218n. 2

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Bolshevik revolution 113–14 collectivization policy (Mao’s) 139–40 Bolshevism 118 Communist (Gongchandang ) 113 Bookchin, Murray 104n. 24 Communist Party Congress 2012 “bourgeois liberalism,” campaign (Chinese) 216 against 196 Confucians/ Brodsgaard, Kjeld Erik 184–5 see also Buddhist doctrines, doctrines/terminology, Chinese anarchist movement (20th c.) anti-Confucian language 10 , 78 , view of 109 80–1 in Liu Shipei’s thought 109–12 fi lial piety 73–4 , 81 Buddhists/Buddhism 41 , 89–103 , humane/benevolent rule 10 , 22 , 109–11 , 136 52 , 66 , 71 , 74 , 83–4 , 215 Burke, Edmund 145 junzi 66 li 62 , 73 Cai Hosen 137 Mandate of Heaven 39 , 90 Callahan, William 52 ren 61–2 , 71 , 73–4 , 100 campaign against bourgeois ritual 36 , 73 , 92 , 215 liberalism 196 sheng 73 “Campaign against Right yi 61–2 , 73–4 , 100 Opportunism” 161 zhong-xiao 100 Cao Cao 22 , 33 , 35 , 57 , 99–100 other thinkers’ views of, CASS (Chinese Academy of the Social Bao Jingyan 37–8 , 90 Sciences) 200–1 Daoists 52 , 56–7 , 61–7 , 215 Chang, Aloysius 40 144 Chang Chung-yuan 31 Qian 43 , 60 checks and balances (Western) 185 Wu Nengzi 92–3 Chen Boda 138 , 163 schools of 8 , 33 , 100 111–16, 137 , 120n. 22 34 , 37–8 , 63–4 , 76 , 79 , 100 , Chen Erjin 177 , 182 , 185–8 182 , 217 Chen/Ou debates 120n. 22 continuing revolution (Mao’s concept see also Chen Duxiu of) 128–32 , 136 Chen Shui-bien 169 corvée labor 46 , 139 , 155n. 68 , 201 , 149 203 Cherkezov, Varlaam 116 , Chiang Kai-shek 15n. 1 anarchism, critique of during 169 Chinese anarchist movement (20th c.), anarchism, denunciations of history of 107–18 during 161–3 opposition to Soviet-style Confucius and 218 socialism 116 “continuing revolution” (Mao’s view of Daoism 108 concept) and 129 Chinese Asiatic mode of production defi ned 140 , 177 debate 177 education during 148–9 Christianity and anarchism 6 , 9 , 15n. 6 , effects of 208 16n. 11 , 82 , 109 , 170n. 1 , 218 extensive democracy during 166–7 Christoyannopoulos, M. E. 15n. 6 , Inner Mongolia and 202 16n. 11 , 87n. 57 intellectuals purged in 141 , 143 Clem, Will 27 Mao and 187–8 collectivist anarchists 6 , 12 , 14 Maoist-Stalinist coalition 160

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Mao’s autocracy and 207 , Mao’s mass participation concept policies of 149 , 168 , 183 , 186 , 193 and 147–8 thought of 160 , 164–8 , 195 , 197 , Mao’s self-reliance policies 200 in 139–40 Destruction (Miewang ) (Ba Jin) 160–1 neo-anarchist critiques of state Devils, The (Dostoevsky) 102 , 104n. 21 during 175–89 dictatorship of the proletariat 114–16 , cybernetic view of nature 25 , 32 , 77 207 “Direction of Democracy, The” (Wang Da Xue (“Great Learning”) 74 Xizhe) 189 daminzhu see extensive democracy Dirlik, Arif 48n. 31 , 115–16 , 120n. 18 , dao , 121n. 38 , 129 , 151n. 15 , Daoist literature and 26 , 30 , 36 , 44 , 155n. 66 52 , 55 , 63 , 68n. 29 , 98 Dispossessed, The (Le Guin) 16n. 15 defi ned 21 , 42 , 45 “dissident radical” 178 nihilistic thought and 31 , 33 , Divine Farmer see Nung 99 , 101 Djilas, Milovan 132–3 , 135 , 176 , 178 , Daodejing ( DDJ ) 6 , 8 , 10 , 13 , 23–6 , 189n. 6 43 , 53–4 , 61–5 , 75–6 , 78–9 dongluan (turmoil) 167 Chapter 18 38 , 76 Dostoevsky, Fyodor 102 , 104n. 21 Chapter 19 72–6 , 79–81 Duan Feng 110 Chapter 30 64 , 75 , 81–2 dystopia/dystopian ideas 53 , 55 , 64–7 Chapter 38 62 , 73 Chapter 55 61 , 75 economy, commodifi cation of 193 Chapter 74 64 , 73 Edelman, Murray 15n. 2 Chapter 80 30 , 38 , 43 , 53 , 60 , 72 , 76 egalitarianism 148–9 , 161 Daoism, Huang-Lao 56 , 98 Ego and Its Own, The (Stirner) 41 “Daoist communism” (Needham’s End of the Maoist Era, The: Chinese concept) 28 Politics during the Twilight of Daoist schools of thought 4 , 8 , 33 , 56 , 98 the Cultural Revolution, Daoist texts see Daodejing ( DDJ ) ; 1972–1976 (Teiwes and ; Liezi ; Sun) 156n. 74 daojia (philosophical Daoism) 4 , 8 , Engels, Friedrich 131 , 162 , 193 , 195 , 19–20 , 33 198–9 , 202 daojiao (religious Daoism) 8 , 33 equality, Daren Xiansheng Zhuan in Daoist anarchist literature 28 , 35 , (“Biography of Master Great 58–60 Man”) see “Biography of Mao and 208 , 217 Master Great Man” (Ruan Ji) socialist goal of 12 Das Kapital (Marx) 198 twentieth century anarchists (power, Daoist concept of) 45 , 62 , 73 and 107 , 112 democracy, extensive see extensive Esherick, Joseph 134 democracy (daminzhu ) extensive democracy (daminzhu ) 138 , Democracy Wall Movement 146 , 165 , 154n. 61 , 161–2 , 166–7 181–5 , 188–9 , 193–4 , 197 extra-Party neo-anarchists 175–89 Demons (Dostoevsky) see Devils, The (Dostoevsky) Falungong movement 168–9 205 fascism 146 , 182

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“February Adverse Current” 162 , 179 Guangzhou Masses (Guangzhou Feigan see Ba Jin (Li Feigan) Qunbao ) 113 Feldt, Alan 5 , 20–1 , 28 , 31 , 46n. 2 Guodian manuscripts (DDJ ) 10 , 71–85 fengjian (feudalism) 200–2 Guomindang (Nationalist Party) 11 , feudalism 146 , 182–4 , 195 , 200–4 112 , 116 , 216 Feuerbach, Ludwig 194 “fi fth modernization” 188 Hall, David 30–1 , 80 fi ve mode view ( Zhongda’s criticism Han dynasty 10 , 23 , 29, 33 , 56 , 59 , 66 , of) 204 84 , 111 , 203 Forke, Alfred 90 Former Han 8 , 22 , 25 , 55 , 74 , 98 Foundations of the Critique of Later Han 22 , 33 , 90 , 98–9 Political Economy Gründrisse Hansen, Chad 15n. 10 , 16n. 13 der Politischen Okonomie ) harmonious society (modern (Marx) 198 Communist slogan) 217 “four bigs” 193 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 194 “Four Cardinal Principles” 166 , 193 Henricks, Robert 74 , 78–9 , 81–2 four systems of authority 127 Heshang (River Elegy) (television Fourier, Charles 53 series) 206 Frakt, Phyllis 144–7 heterotopia 52 freedom 42 , 91 Holzman, Donald 37 Friedman, Edward 87n. 61 , 135 , Hong Kong democracy movement 169 146–7 , 159–60 , 162–3 , 166 , Hong Xiuquan 188 193 , 209n. 2 Hongqi 162 , 165–7 Hoston, Germaine 90 , 96 , 130–1 , 131 , 163–7 , 170n. 6 , 145–7 181–2 , 186 Hsiao Kung-chuan 21–2 , 26 , 28–9 , 35 , Gao Gao (wife of ) 207 90 , 96 Ge Hong 37 Hsü Cho-yun 30 Gellner, Ernest 199 Hu Feng 141 Gemi, Sharif 52–3 , 62 Hu Jiwei 163 Godwin, William 6 Hu Qiaomu 165–7 , 196–7 , 204–5 Goldman, Emma 116 196 , 205–6 Goldman, Merle 141 , 206 Hu Zhongda 202–4 gongyi (“public will”) 114 Hua Guofeng 131 , 164–8 Gorbachev, Mikhail 206 Huainanzi 22–4 , 84 , 98–9 Gouldner, Alvin 199 Huang Lingshuang 113 , 116 Graham, A. C. 21–2 , 24–5 , 40 , 42–3 , Huang-Lao Daoism 56 , 98 55–6 Hunan Provincial Proletarian great democracy see extensive Revolutionaries Great Alliance democracy (daminzhu ) Committee see Shengwulian grou Great Leap Forward 130 , 139–40 , humane/benevolent rule 10 , 66 , 74 , 83 155n. 68 , 187 , 208 Confucian doctrine of 66 , 71 , 78 , 81 , Great Warnings (Zhu Yuanzhang) 139 84 , 215 , 217 Gründrisse der Politischen Okonomie humanism (Marx’s concept) 176 , 194 , (Foundations of the Critique 196–7 of Political Economy) Hundred Flowers movement 127 , (Marx) 198–9 140–1 , 160–1 Gu Zhaoji 166 (positive chaos) 31 , 51 , 92

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Hungary 188–9 , 193 Lao-Zhuang Daoism 8 huzhu (mutual aid) 43–4 , 82 , 130 , Lao Zi (old master), 151n. 19 20th century anarchism and (Krebs’ view) 111 individualist anarchists 6 , 20 ; Confucius and 34 see also anarcho-capitalists Daodejing attributed to 8 , 19 , 78–9 intellectuals, Mao’s punishment Hsiao Kung-chuan’s analysis of 21 of 141–3 Huang-Lao Daoist school and 56 “Is Yugoslavia a Socialist Country?” Li Shizeng’s view of 109 (editorial) 132–3 Liu Shipei’s view of 109 law of return 75–6 , 81–2 “January Storm” (Red Guard Le Guin, Ursula 54–5, 16n. 15 , 67n. 7 upsurge) 179 “leftist infantile disorder” (Tiananmen “Jasmine Revolution” 27 as) 167 see also ultra-leftism Jessop, Bob 176 , 189n. 5 , 210n. 23 Legalists/Legalism, Jesus 9 , 82 criticisms of 39 , 59–60 , 65–6 , 73 , 76 , Jianbo 116 92–4 Jiang Qing (Mao’s wife) 131 , 135 , 143 , rewards and punishments (concept 162–4 , 181 of) 36 , 60 , 64 , 76 , 92 , 215 168 rule, idea of 10 , 19 , 23 , 38–9 , 93 Jiefangjunbao 167 school of 19 , 30 , 53 , 85n. 1 22 , 34 , 42 , 100 Lenin 46 , 50n. 115 , 114 , 159 , 170n. 1 , Joseph, William 161 , 163 , 165 184 , 198–9 , 202 Jung Chao-tsu 35–6 Leninist Party-state 193–208 li (ritual, Confucian doctrine of) 73 138 , 143 , 181 Li Cunshan 83 , 87n. 62 Kelly, David 197 Li Erh see Lao Zi (old master) Kirkland, Russell 15n. 10 Li Feigan see Ba Jin (Li Feigan) KMT (Kuomintang) 169 ; Li Hongzhi 168–9 see also Nationalist Party Li Shizeng 109 (Guomindang) Li Yizhe 182 , 197 Konrad, Georgy 176 liangmin (“good people”) 139 Kraus, Richard 133–4 , 153n. 50 , lianhe (voluntary association) 114 154n. 50 Liberal Democratic Party of Japan 160 Krebs, Edward 111 libertarians, American 9 , 11 , 13–14 Kropotkin, Peter, liberty 42 , 91 , 93 “Anarchism: Its Philosophy and Liezi (Daoist work) 6 , 25 , 40–2 , 45 , Ideal” 25 57–60 mutual aid notion 43–4 , 82 , 130 , lijia system 139 151n. 19 limited government (laissez-faire) 21–4 other thinkers and 27–8 , 36 , 43–4 , Lin Biao 141 , 143 , 161 , 163–7 , 171n. 113–14 , 116 , 160 22 , 172n. 26 , 182 thought of 102 , 114 , 137 , 159 Lin Mousheng 37 Khrushchev, Nikita 133 , 206 Lishi yanjiu 204 Liu Shaoqi 140 , 163 , 171n. 22 laissez-faire (limited government) 21–4 Liu Shifu 109 Lao Tan see Lao Zi (old master) Liu Shipei 12 , 84 , 109–12 , 119n. 13 Lao Tzu see Lao Zi (old master) 207

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Liu Xiaogan 25–6 , 30 , 55–6 , 79–81 concepts of 53 , 130 , 176 , 193–7 , Lu Jianbo 116 199, 151n. 19 , 210n. 13 critiques of 113 , 159 Ma Jia 166 Wang Xizhe and 188–9 “Ma Yanwen” (pseudonym) 134–5 works of 194 , 198 Ma Ying-jeou 169 vs. anarchism debates 4 , 12 , MacFarquhar, Roderick 155n. 68 , 108 , 111–18 , 131 , 135 156n. 74 , 157n. 101 Marxism-Leninism 12–13 , 112 , 144 , “madmen of the South” 24 , 56 , 78 , 83 159 , 170n. 9 , 203 Makesizhuyi yanjiu (Marxist Marxist democrats 188 , 193–4 , 196 , Studies) 204–5 198 , 200 , 204 , 206 , 208 Mandate of Heaven (Confucian) 30 , 90 Marxist Studies (Makesizhuyi Manichean ideas of Cultural yanjiu ) 204–5 Revolution 188 Marxist-Leninist Institute of the Mao Zedong, Chinese Academy of Social AMP (Marxist concept), use of 199 Sciences (CASS) 200–1 as anarchist 118 , 126–49 , 150n. 1 , Marxists/Marxism 30 , 113 , 198 , 218 151n. 1 , 151n. 21 , 155n. 66 “mass line” policies 144 , 157n. 100 , as anti-statist 126–36 157n. 105 attitude toward intellectuals 129 , mass participation 144–5 , 156n. 87 140–3 Mather, Richard 33–4 as autocrat 136–8 , 207 “May 16 Corps” 162 , 190n. 21 collectivization policy of 139–40 May 4th Movement 129 “continuing revolution” Meisner, Maurice 134 , 151n. 15 , concept 128–32 , 136 152n. 25 , 157n. 101 infl uences on 112 , 126–49 Melotti, Umberto 200 , 210n. 36 mass participation concept of 144 Mencius 24 , 56 , 78 , 81 , 84 , 90 neo-anarchist critique of 177–8 see also humane/benevolent “new class” and 126–7 , 178 rule Commune model and 178 , Michels, Roberto 175 , 188 187–8 Miewang (Destruction) (Ba Jin) 160–1 punishment, view of 127 military offi cials (purged by purges conducted by 140–1 , 143–4 Mao) 143–4 Rousseau and 145–7 Ming dynasty 132 , 136 , 139–41 , self-reliance policies 139–40 150n. 2 , 155n. 67 , 187–8 Shengwulian group’s view of 178–80 Ming Taizu (Zhu Yuanzhang) see Zhu Zhu Yuanzhang and 132 , 136 , Yuanzhang (Ming Taizu) 139–41 , 150n. 2 , 155n. 67 , mingjiao (“teaching of names”) 33 , 100 187–8 Minsheng ( Voice of the People ) 113–15 Maoists/Maoism 118 , 126–49 , 159–60 , Misra, Kalpana 154n. 50 162–4 , 177–80 , 187–8 , 199 , 201 , More, Thomas 52 207 , 215 , 218n. 2 ; see also three Morris, William 53 line model of Leninist regimes Mote, Frederick 26 Mao’s Last Revolution (MacFarquhar Müller, Gotelind 46n. 2 , 90 and Schoenhals) 156n. 74 Munro, Donald 144–6 , 186 Marx and the Third World Munro, Robin 187 (Melotti) 200 mutual aid ( huzhu ) 43–4 , 82 , 130 , Marx, Karl, 151n. 19

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Nathan, Andrew 157n. 101 Yang Xiguang’s view of 180 Nationalist Party (Guomindang) 11 , “Party of Humanism” 194 112 , 116 , 216 “pathological” view of the state Naundorf, Gert 90 (Alford) 176 Needham, Joseph 23 , 30–2 , 43 , 54 Paul (apostle) 9 neo-anarchism 3 , 5 , 11–13 , 112 , “Peach Blossom Spring” (Tao 175–89 , 193–208 , 215 Qian) 42–5 neo-authoritarianism 206 Dehuai (Marshall) 140–1 , 161 , 187 neo-Daoists 22 , 24 , 29 , 31–5 , 37 , 46 , “people power” 27 57 , 66 , 94 , 98 , 100–1 People’s Communes (Great Leap neo-Marxism 175 Forward) 130 , 139 “new bourgeoisie” (Mao’s concept People’s Daily of) 131–2 , 161 , 178 , 182 , 197 (Renminribao ) see Renminribao “new bureaucratic class” 130 , 135 , (People’ s Daily) 154n. 61 , 177 , 180 , 185–6 people’s democratic dictatorship 207 “new class” 130–6 , 152n. 25 , 154n. 61 , see also dictatorship of the 155n. 63 , 176–8 , 182–9 , 189n. 6 proletariat New Youth ( Xin Qingnian ) 113 “People’s Militia” 143 Nietsche, Friedrich 41 Period of Disunity 22 , 34 , 59 nihilists/nihilism 31 , 89–102 , 110–11 Six Dynasties 90 , 101 Nozick, Robert 47n. 12 Three Kingdoms era 90 philosophical Daoism (daojia ) 4 , 8 , oligarchy, iron law of (Michels) 175 19–20 “On Authority” (Engels) 131 , 162 Placard of People’s Instructions, The “On Krushchev’s Phoney Communism (Zhu Yuanzhang) 139 and Its Historical Lessons for the Plato 52 World” 133 “political Daoism” (Roger Ames) 23–4 “On Proletarian Democratic Political Parties (Michels) 175 Revolution” (Chen Erjin) 185 populism (Mao’s concept) 143–4 “On Socialist Democracy and the Legal Possessed, The (Dostoevsky) see Devils, System” (Li Yizhe) 182–3 The (Dostoevsky) “On the Correct Handling of postmodern anarchism 89–90 , 101–3 Contradictions Among the postmodernism 32 , 102–3 People” (Mao) 141 “Praxis” group 176 “oriental despotism” 198 , 205 PRC, Oriental Despotism (Wittfogel) 199 critiques of state by extra-Party Ou Shengbai 113–16 , 120n. 22 neo-anarchists 175–89 see also Chen Duxiu denunciations of anarchism in 159–69 pacifi st anarchists 6 , 44–5 “Precapitalist Economic Formations” “parasitic” view of the state 176 , 189n. (Marx) 198–9 5 , 210n. 23 primitivists 24–5 Paris Commune, proletariat, dictatorship Chen Erjin and 185–6 of see dictatorship of the Engels and Wang’s views of 195 proletariat Mao’s view of 138 , 162 , 178 , 187–8 Proudon, Pierre-Joseph 6 , 28 , 36 , 39 , Shengwulian group’s view of 178–9 97 , 159 Tiananmen student protests and 167 (“original simplicity”) 42–3 , 80

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Qin dynasty 203 Shengwulian group 138 , 176 , 178–9 , 110 , 139 182 , 189n. 9 , 195 qingtan movement 34 , 37 , 40–3 Shifu 109 Shuihu zhuan (The Water Margin) 137 Rapp, John 69n. 51 , 104n. 24 , 118n. si (“raw silk”) 80 , 92 1 , 155n. 66 , 155n. 67 , 191n. 55 , Sima 46 210n. 30 Sima Qian 8 “Red Capitalist Class” 176 , 179–80 Six Dynasties 90 , 101 see also Period 140 , 162 , 176–9 , 181 of Disunity reifi cation of state 215 slavery (Han dynasty) 203 religious Daoism (daojiao ) 8 , 33 social anarchists 5 ren (human kindness, Confucian Social Contract (Rousseau) 145 doctrine of) 61–2 , 71 , 73–4 , 100 see also Rousseau, Jean-Jacques Renminribao (People’s Daily) 162–3 , “socialist democracy” 182 , 184–5 166–8 , 194–6 socialist democrats 188 ren - yi (goodness and morality) 100 see also Marxist democrats Republican period 119n. 13 Song dynasty 139 return, law of 75–6 , 81–2 Spanish Civil War 97 revolution, continuing (Mao’s concept Spring and Autumn period see Zhou of) 128–32 , 136 dynasty revolution, violent 151n. 19 , 180 Stalin, Joseph 127 , 133 , 148 , 199 Revolutionary Committees 178–9 Stalinists 160–3 , 165–6 , 199 , 206 rewards and punishments (Legalist Starr, John Bryan 156n. 87 concept of) 36 , 60 , 64 , 76 , 92 , state, neo-anarchist paradigm of 203 215 state, reifi cation of 215 Ritter, Alan 27 “stinking Ninth category” 141 “ritualization” of revolution Stirner, Max 6 , 29 , 41 , 159 (Frakt) 145–7 Stojanovic, Svetozar 176 River Elegy (Heshang ) (television “Strive for the Class Dictatorship of the series) 206 Proletariat” (Wang Xizhe) 184 Rothbard, Murray 6 , 14 , 29 Su Shaozi 200 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 53 , 145–7 Sun, Warren 156n. 74 Ruan Ji 35–8 , 58–60 , 66 , 76 , 95 , 100 Szelenyi, Ivan 176

Schoenhals, Michael 156n. 74 Taiping rebellion (19th century) 188 Schram, Stuart 134 , 147 , 150n. 2 , Tang dynasty 7 , 10 , 41 , 68n. 29 , 93 , 157n. 105 139 Schurmann, Franz 139 , 155n. 68 Tao Qian 32 , 42–5 , 53 , 60–1 Schwartz, Benjamin 21 , 36 , 141 see Daodejing (DDJ ) self-reliance policies (Mao’s) 139–40 Tao Zhu 162 serfdom 203 Tea Party, American 9 , 11 , 13–14 Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove 34 , 35 technology, Daoist attitude toward 54 , Shang (Yin) dynasty 93–4 59–60 , 63 , 72 Commune 162–3 Teiwes, Frederick 156n. 74 Shaughnessy, Edward 79 , 82 “thinking generation” 182 , 188 Shen Nung 24–5 , 54–6 , 60 , 78 Thoreau, Henry David 60 sheng (sageliness, Confucian concept Three Kingdoms era 90 see also Period of) 73–4 of Disunity

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three line model of Leninist Wei-shu (Book of Wei) 34 regimes 159–69 , 216 Wen Hui Bao (journal) 163 see also Maoists/Maoism ; wenren (new gentry) 182–3 Stalinists ; Titoists “Whither China?” Titoist-Stalinist coalition 165 (Shengwuilian) 179–80 Tiananmen student protests Wittfogel, Karl 198 , 202–3 (1989) 153n. 48 , 167–8 , 206–7 Wolin, Richard 102 Tito, Josip Broz 132–3 Womack, Brantly 157n. 100 Titoists 160–2 , 165–6 , 168 Woodstock, George 5 , 52 Tolstoy, Leo 6 , 15n. 6 , 27 , 32 , 34 , 44–5 , wu 33 , 100 82 , 87n. 57 , 137 , 170n. 1 Wu Dakun 200–3 , 210n. 36 Tu Wei-ming 84 wu forms 3 , 5 , 26 , 31 , 72–3 , 79–80 tuntian (military farm policy) 139 see also wuwei Wu Nengzi (“Master of No ultra-leftism 159 , 161 , 163 , 165 , 167 , Abilities”) 68n. 29 , 84 , 89 , 180–1 91–7 , 102–3 , 110–11 , 218 unilinear schema of history (Marxist Wu Zhihui 109 , 112 concept of) 30 , 199 , 201–2 , 204, wujun (“without a prince”) 3 , 5 , 26 , 31 49n. 54 wuming (“the nameless”) 31 utopia 51–61 Wunengzi (Chinese text) 89–92 , 231–62 vanguard of the proletariat, Leninist wushi (non-interference in world concept of 46 , 135 , 146–7 affairs) 72–3 violent anarchists 6 wuwei , violent revolution 180, 151n. 19 Buddhist interpretation in Voice of the People ( Minsheng ) 113–15 Wunengzi 94 Chinese anarchist movement (20th c.) Walder, Andrew 138 , 147–8 , 178 view of 101 , 108 Waley, Arthur 21 , 54 , 94 Daoist texts and 20–1 , 23 , 62–3 163–4 , 166 , 171n. 22 , defi ned 20 , 31 172n. 26 , 194–7 , 209n. 4 Guodian manuscript and 79–80 , 83 (playwright) 206 Huiananzi and 99 Wang Xizhe 158n. 110 , 176 , 181–9 , revolutionary quality of 27–8 191n. 55 Wu Nengzi and 96–7 Wang Yizhou 204–6 Wunengzi and 101 Warring States Daoists 6 , 19 , 21–32 wuyu (“no desire”) 31 , 80 Warring States period see Zhou wuzhi (“without knowledge”) 31 , 80 dynasty Water Margin, The ( Shuihu xiang (township level units) 139 Zhuani ) 137 Xin Qingnian ( New Youth ) 113 Watson, Burton 23 , 24 xing (human feelings) 83 Weber, Max 3 , 23 Xiu Xing 24–5 , 56 , 78 , 109 Wei dynasty 22 , 99 xuantong (“mystical equality”) 91 Wei Jingsheng 185 , 188 Wei-Jin anarchists 6–7 , 20 , 32–3 , 45–6 Yan Jiaqi 168 , 200 Wei-Jin period 6 , 10 , 20 , 22 , 26 , 29 , 46 , Yan Xishan 110 53 , 56–7 , 61 , 66 , 74 , 76 , 98–9 Yanan period 141 see also Period of Disunity Yanan rectifi cation movement 141

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Yang Fang-yen 110 Western Zhou 202 Yang Xiaokai see Yang Xiguang 116 , 163–4 , 172n. 26 , 179 , Yang Xiguang 179–82 181 24–5 , 28 8 , 19–20 , 55 , 65–7 , 79 , “Yang Zhu” (chapter of Liezi ) 6 , 25 , 111 40–2 , 45 , 57–60 Zhuangzi , Yao Wenyuan 134 , 160–4 , 170n. 6 anarchism and 10 , 24–6 , 30 , 39 , 56 , 164–6 65 , 90 , 100 yi (righteousness, Confucian concept chapter 3 55 , 73 of) 61–2 , 73–4 , 100 chapter 4 61 , 65 yihualun pai (“alienation school”) 2 , 194 chapter 9 37 , 56–7 , 59 , 76 yiyuanhua (monolithic unity, Mao’s chapter 10 43–4 , 54–5 , 62 , 65–7 , 76 ideal of) 157n. 105 chapter 29 52 , 56 Young, Graham 154n. 61 dystopian ideas 65–7 youxin (intentionality) 97 history of 19–20 , 24–5 Yuan Shikai 111 infl uence of 6 , 100 Yugoslavia 132–3 , 176 , 184 , 189 , 193 inner chapters 20 , 22–6 , 32 , 57 , 63 , 66 , 77–8 Zarrow, Peter 26–7 , 90 , 96 , 129 outer chapters 20 , 22 , 24 , 52 , 55–7 , Zhang Chunqiao 134 65–7 , 76–7 181 , 183 , 196–7 , 206 “political Daoism” of (Ames) 23–4 Zhongguoshi yanjiu (Chinese Studies in Yangist chapters 25 see also Yang History) 202 , 204 Zhu (chapter of Liezi ) zhong-xiao (Confucian concept of) 33 , Zhu Yuanzhang (Ming Taizu) 132 , 100 136 , 139–41 , 150n. 2 , 155n. 67 , Zhou dynasty 11 , 19 , 20 , 29 , 44 , 54 , 94 187–8 Eastern Zhou 8 , 10 , 202 Zhuang Zi (Master late 30 , 40 , 44 , 51 , 53–4 , 57 Zhuang) see Zhuang Zhou Spring and Autumn period 19 , 78 (natural/spontaneous, Daoist Warring States period 10 , 19 , 21 , concept of) 31–4 , 39 , 45 , 91–2 , 24–5 , 28 , 35 , 55 , 72 , 78–9 , 83 100–1

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