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John Gunther january 1934 Dollfuss and the Future of Austria John Gunther Volume 12 • Number 2 The contents of Foreign Affairs are copyrighted.©1934 Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction and distribution of this material is permitted only with the express written consent of Foreign Affairs. Visit www.foreignaffairs.com/permissions for more information. DOLLFUSS AND THE FUTURE OF AUSTRIA By John G?nther two VIRTUALLY unknown years ago, Dr. Engelbert Doll fuss has become the political darling of Western Europe. Two have seen him in the chambers years ago you might ? of the Austrian which he killed his parliament subsequently ? cherubic little face gleaming, his small, sturdy fists a-flutter career a and wondered what sort of awaited politician so per as as sonally inconspicuous. This year London and Geneva well Vienna have done him homage. Whence this sudden and dramatic are rise? Partly it derives from his personal qualities, which events considerable; partly it is because made him Europe's first a sort bulwark against Hitler, of Nazi giant-killer. And stature came to him paradoxically because he is four feet eleven inches high. Dollfuss was born a peasant and with belief in God. These are two facts paramount in his character. They have contributed much to his popularity, because Austria is three-fifths peasant, a with population 93 percent Roman Catholic. Much of his comes extreme personal charm and force from his simplicity of and amount to manner; his modesty directness almost na?vet?. no no Here is iron statue like Mustapha Kemal, fanatic evangelist a like Hitler. A foreigner approaching Dollfuss with compliment will hear a broad farmer's accent in "Ach . aber reply, gehen Sie . ." on . His are ("Oh, go .") speeches extraordinarily to unsophisticated. He listens speeches of other members of his like Dr. the Finance with the cabinet, Buresch, Minister, respectful a attention of child in school. When he speaks himself, he is no or cant tense, awkward, overworked, sincere. There is pomp in him. He enjoys jokes about his size. And his deep religious faith gives him something of the curious innocence of old, wise an as to priests, innocence impregnable the wiles of adversaries as the most glittering sophistication. seems to come His smallness, too, makes him popular. Affection for four feet eleven. Let no mistake easily " anyone " one, however, a this Millimetternich for weakling. When he took office at was so people laughed him, gently, because he small; they had forgotten the good old story of David and Goliath. Yet Dollfuss Council on Foreign Relations is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to Foreign Affairs ® www.jstor.org DOLLFUSS 307 not on not does rely primarily cleverness. He is clever in the way was that the other Metternich clever. He is small, rubbery, a tough, and strong. He is tiny physically, but not dwarf. His are smallness is shapely; all the features, diminutive, well-formed. was a Dollfuss born in Texing, hamlet in Lower Austria about on 80 miles from Vienna, October 4, 1892. Thus he is the youngest as well as the littlest of the dictators. His mother and brothers still cultivate the soil on the farm where he was born. He worked at his way through school, studied law the University of Vienna, and went to Berlin as a student in economics. The war graduate came at a and he served three years the front. He went in private and left a first lieutenant, no mean feat in the old army. After the war he entered Austrian politics. This means that he had to swim thereafter in one of the most confused and confusing whirlpools Central Europe knows. The a are Austrians, gentle and civilized people, almost unique in that they deplore aggressive nationalism. The Austrian does not think that he is better than anyone else, he sometimes wonders as nature if he is good; his political is skeptical, lazy, and fatalistic; or he thinks of the irridentism of Hungary the chauvinism of as scorn Germany simply ill-bred. But this of international serves to at ballyhoo intensify political strife home. The Aus trians use all their energy on fellow Austrians. Seldom with bloodshed. The Austrians abhor bloodshed. Otherwise the coun to war try would have succumbed civil long ago. The Austrians simply talk, talk, talk, and then compromise. The main opposing factors in the civil struggle have been the reactionary peasants of Catholic Social the hinterland and the Democrats, progressive and concentrated in their agnostic, Marxist citadel, Vienna. ten a Austrian history for years has been tug of war, religious and as as economic well political, between these highly competitive and exclusive forces. mutually a Dollfuss became, naturally, member of the Christian Social astute party, led by that cleric, Monsignor Ignaz Seipel. He was a interested mostly in farming and he organized peasant's league was in Lower Austria. By 1927 he director of the Lower Austrian a Agrarian Chamber. He became deputy. The federal railways an needed agricultural expert and he joined its administrative In over council. October 1930 he took the presidency of the rail was amore or ways. But he still less obscure figure. In March 1931 a as an he got cabinet post Minister of Agriculture. A year later 3o8 FOREIGN AFFAIRS exasperating cabinet crisis provoked the resignation of the mi nority Christian Social government of Dr. Buresch. Dollfuss was to a new unexpectedly called form government. The legend is that on he prayed all night before accepting. He did accept, and May a coalition a 20, 1932, formed which commanded majority of one in exactly the Nationalrat> the lower chamber of parlia ment.1 one was No thought he would last long. He simply another to Christian Social lamb led Social Democrat slaughter. But fate was on his side. The immediate issue was ratification of the Lausanne Loan which was to to bring 300,000,000 schillings hard-pressed Austria. The Social Democrats and Pan-Germans ? seems ? opposed ratification because this quaint today the a to protocol contained provision forbidding Austria jeopardize its independence by union with another country, e.g. Germany. Dollfuss wanted the loan ratified. Here enter two main factors sense a in the story: (1) his luck, (2) his of drama. On August 3 censure motion of faced him. Early that morning Dr. Seipel died. swore a successor Dollfuss promptly in and dragooned every member of his coalition, sick or well, into the chamber. One was on deputy carried in by three comrades, another tottered up two came crutches, and others direct from hospitals swathed in The censure motion was one vote. Dollfuss bandages. defeated, by even ? won. And by such unconventional, tyrannical behavior! on exclaimed the Austrians, shocked and impressed. Then August the ratification came Dollfuss won and one 17 up. again, again by vote. The was the former Chancellor Dr. ? missing adversary Schober who had died the night before. next was eco During the few months almost all his work in nomics and finance. He cleared up the wreckage of the Credit Anstalt, the great Austrian bank which had crashed the year set before. He about stringent reforms in the civil service and rail to road administration. He sought thaw the frozen trade of Central Europe by relaxing currency restrictions and negotiating clearing treaties. He uneasily maintained his shaky coalition. arms com Europe first heard his voice in January. An Italian 1 was The party line-up the following: Dollfuss coalition: Opposition: Christian Socials. 66 Social Democrats. 72 Heimwehr. 8 Pan-Germans. 10 ? Landbund. 9 ? Total. 82 Total. 83 DOLLFUSS 309 200 to pany smuggled 50,000 rifles and machine guns Hungary, town as with the Austrian Hirtenberg relay point. News of this out secret and illegal operation leaked and the Powers protested. The French and the British demanded not only the return of the arms a on but statement oath proving that they had recrossed to return arms the frontier. Dollfuss agreed the but flatly refused to sworn as give any statement requested. The Franco-British an to a demand was, he said, insult the honor of sovereign nation. went The Powers climbed down. Dollfuss's prestige up. On March 4, 1933, the Austrian parliament committed suicide. In a about whether or not a squabble, marvelously Austrian, certain deputy had improperly voted, the speaker, the Social two Democrat Dr. Renner, lost his temper and resigned. The too. deputy speakers lost their heads and resigned This left the a not recon Nationalrat without chairman, and, legally, it could a or can stitute itself, because by law only speaker deputy-speaker call a session. It was a ridiculous little contretemps, but it ended on parliamentarism inAustria. Dollfuss pounced his opportunity. never He resigned office (having learned the good political lesson to are was offer resignation except when you indispensable) and a reappointed with emergency powers. On March 7 flood of to decrees deluged Austria. Dr. Dollfuss had begun his march dictatorship. 11 enormous Meantime, and foreboding, the shadow of Adolf was over are Hitler falling Austria. The Austrian people German; two are the countries contiguous; the Nazi triumph in Berlin was bound to produce echoes of emulation in Vienna. The last general election in Austria, in November 1930, had given the not a was not to Nazis single seat. Naziism indigenous the skepti cal, civilized soil of Austria. But it grew. Provincial elections in 16 vote 18 April 1932 gave the Nazis percent of the in Vienna, 22 percent in Lower Austria, percent in Salzburg. By the time Hitler became German Chancellor, Nazi leaders in Austria (and were agitators imported from Germany) shouting defamations of as Dollfuss, claiming Austria part of Nazi Germany.
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