The newsletter of the Cleftlands, Vol. 4: Issue 16, June, 2001

HOW TO SUBMIT NAMES AND Northern Oaken War Maneuvers DEVICES Completed Heroically By Paul Wickenden of Thanet, Escutcheon Herald, reprinted with per- The day dawned clear, bright, and everyone who helped set up and man mission from his web site warm. Despite a week of unseasonably the field. In addition to the war low temperatures, the tradition of a practice shoots, there was a competition There seems to be a lot of confu- hot NOWM held out. Driving in to for North Oaken archery champion, sion on this matter, so I figure that the Ukrainian Youth camp has become which was won by our own Gladius the I had better explain how things almost as familiar an experience as Alchemist. work. The submission process is driving into Cooper’s Lake. After really quite simple. parking in the carefully cordoned-off On the fencing lists (conveniently parking area, one came upon a large and located near the merchants), novice and A complete name submission well-organized Troll tent. Lady Rosa melee tournaments were held. Giles (whether for your persona, alter- would like to thank Guenhwyfar and FitzAlbert won the Fellowship of the nate name, or household name) Celeste for their assistance taking pre- Oaken Blade raffle and the novice should include the following: regs. There were over 475 gentles in tourney. Two prizes were purchased for attendance, though with the ample the novice tourney accidentally, • Two copies of the Name space of the event site, which was and the second prize when to the Submission form (one for Dragon, better used, in my opinion, this year runner-up: Stephan Von Lubeck. one for Laurel); than previous years, the feeling was $350 were raised for dress one of comfortable numbers, not gorgets for the Companions of • Two copies of all documenta- crowding. the Bronze Ring. tion for your name; and There were 20 On the lists, field and • A check for $8.00 US made merchants, thanks to bridge battles were fought, out to “SCA -- MK College of merchant co-ordinator as well as a belted and Heralds”. Giovanna. The unbelted champions practice. tree-lined path provided His Majesty fought with A complete device or badge sub- a wonderful, fair-like Cleftlands and the North mission should include the follow- atmosphere for shopping. Oaken unit against the South ing: The shade also kept the merchants Oaken and Pentemere forces. cool, to their own delight. • Three COLORED copies of There were no heat injuries for the Device Submission form (one for Dragon, two for Laurel); The archery went well, thanks to fighters, however the autocrat, Crispin, Continued on page 3

• One UNCOLORED copy of the same form (for me to cut up); What’s Inside: Calendar - Officers - More - Notes - Continued on page 2 • Two copies of any documentation ILoI are due at Rouge Scarpe’s office Our Officers for unusual charges (if applicable); by May 1st). and Usually within a month from the Seneschal: Lord Nial the • A check for $8.00 made out to deadline, Rouge Scarpe looks over the Wanderer of Bork (A.J. Gooch) “SCA -- MK College of Heralds”. comments and the submissions and 3735 Marvin Ave. Cleveland, OH 44109 decides which ones will be sent for- A single check may be written out for ward and which will be returned at Pursuivant: Lord Pietro multiple items (e.g., name and device the kingdom level. The decisions are Nicolo di San Tebaldo (Samuel on one check, etc.). published as an Internal Letter of Pearce) Acceptance and Return (ILoAR). The #23 Lexington Square Official SCA branches (Shires, Can- submitters whose articles have been Euclid, OH 44143 tons, Baronies, Principalities, etc.) do rejected will be informed within the NOT pay for their group name next two months of the rejection. Exchequer: Duchess or device submission but still must Submissions which are to be sent for- Emelyn Carithail (Gayle enclose the appropriate paperwork ward are placed on the kingdom’s Nichols) (note: branches use a different name monthly External Letter of Intent 17211 Lakewood Heights form than people do -- although the (ELoI) and sent to the Laurel College Blvd. device and badge forms are the same). of Arms (interkingdom) Lakewood, OH 44107 However, they must pay for other sub- missions (order names, badges, etc.). Laurel allows four months for com- Knight Marhsal: Sgt. mentary before the ELoI will be con- Conrad Schwartzwolf (Marty Mail all materials to: sidered for decisions (i.e., a ELoI sent Bradac) out in late April will be considered at 3835 W. 40th Street SCA -- MK College of Heralds the August Laurel Meeting). Decisions Cleveland, OH 44109 P.O. Box 44623 of Laurel Meetings are made available Madison WI 53744-4623 to members of the Laurel College and Marshal of Fence: Lady Principal Heralds within a few weeks Brangwayn Snowden (Terrie Way) TIMING (HOW LONG DOES IT of the meeting in the form of a Letter 3480 West 118th St. TAKE ANYWAY?) of Acceptances and Returns (LoAR). Cleveland, OH 44111 Submissions are required to be pro- When Dragon receives the LoAR, he Minister of Arts and cessed in a timely manner but they still sends the summary of the accep- Sciences: Lord Karl Wilhelm take a long time to process. In the tances and rejections to the editor of von Koln (Don Minch) interest of serving you better, I will the Pale and the editor publishes it in 17545 Madison Ave. #101 explain the various steps a submission the next available issue. Due to the Lakewood, OH 44107 must go through. one month lead time required by the Pale, however, it can often take two Chroniclers: Ladies Submissions are processed as received or more months from the release of Lyonnete et Milesent Vibert (starting in November 1997, I have the LoAR before the official notifi- (Marie and Grace Vibbert) sent out confirmation postcards -- if cation is made in the Pale. Official 445 Richmond Park West, you have not gotten yours, drop me notification is also made by the Opin- #328-B a note.) and collected together once a icus Herald to the client directly Richmond Heights, OH month in an Internal Letter of Intent explaining the reasons for the return 44143 (ILoI). The Middle’s ILoI goes out in (if applicable) or congratulating them mid month for the previous month’s on the successful registration. Unof- Chatelaine: Lady Alex submissions (i.e., March 15th’s ILoI ficial announcement is made on the 46545 Middle Ridge Rd. covers submissions received in Feb- Middlebridge and a variety of other Amherst, OH 44001 ruary). Commentators of the Middle sources. Kingdom’s College of Arms are given 2 1.5 months to comment on this ILoI Questions? Drop me a line at (i.e., the comments of March 15th’s [email protected] NOWM Cont. were created during the day’s children’s manner of candies. activities, and were indeed excellent had to be forcibly watered by the water reproductions of the arms. Brewer’s roundtable was delayed by bearers. Francesca would like to thank feast, and ended up happening at a all her helpers, especially Shannon’s After court, Aldeyn provided a private camp instead of the brewer’s teenage daughter, Brittany, who bore magnificent feast. Bellow-the-salt feast tent, informally. Still, a great many water all day. was well-received as an alternative to wares were sampled, and it is clear that dining off-board. For a small fee, those the brewing and vinting arts are thriving There were a dozen classes taught in our area. on subjects from armoring to costuming to calligraphy and The hofla went well. There was illumination. Classes were actually a decadent spread of food: tabuli, well attended this year, particularly humus, fruit, all manner of Middle myfanwy’s knotwork class and the Eastern fare. There were excellent beginning brewing class taught by Nial. musicians and talented dancers. It was the talk of the Middle Eastern There was a herald’s table open and discussion lists, though it was less manned most of the day Saturday. In well-attended than our past NOWM addition to providing announcements hoflas. all day, Olafr called his first court with Pietro that evening. Gunthar would like to thank everyone who helped with security: Court was held on the stage near Rowan, Bastion, Garvin, Maria di the battlefield before feast, and many Castilla, and many others. deserving gentles received awards from His Majesty Bardolph. Receiving As the evening grew deeper, Awards of Arms were our own parties lingered in camps and around Drw Sydon, Aethelstan, and Caitlin campfires. There was also an of Cleftlands: all well-received by the impromptu star gazing on the populace. Though Drw had to be battlefield. The ring nebula, star dragged from the kitchen to receive clusters, the moon and mars were his award, and the king stated a little all studied through one gentle’s trepidation at Lord Drw’s apron, which graciously brought telescope. had a skull on it. But Stephan Von Lubeck and Edward Brackenburye who wished could serve themselves a Like a microcosm of the war for provided ample protection as honor la cart and eat wherever they pleased. which it seeks to prepare us, Northern guard, and no cleavers nor cooking Indoors, above-the-salt feast was seated Oaken War Maneuvers left one tired, utensils made it up on the stage. with all due trappings. At the request of happy, and ready for more. His Majesty and His Grace, the lights Francesca, Milesent, Timothy, were extinguished to allow the soft glow Wulfgar and Vincent received Purple of candlelight to lend atmosphere to Missing Something? Frets for their service, as well as the occasion. When the second course Branwen FitzPaine and Ealdred of above-the-salt feast was delayed, Crispin and Katheryn receiving a Willow and an Evergreen, members of the serving staff stepped still have lost and found respectively, for their artistic endeavors. forward to entertain. Special thanks items from Northern to Karl von Kohn for providing violin Oaken War Manuevers Marsailli and the children from the music for the guests. and Standard Bearers, event presented paper shields of the respectively. Midrealm and Cleftlands devices to A charming subtlety was given to Bardolph and Laurelen during court, His Majesty for desert, decorated by to the admiration of all. These Kathryn ferch Rhys and filled with all 3 Get the point: Fifteenth Century Cone-Shaped Headdresses

by Lyonnete - hey, I warned you guys I’d In nearly all depictions of steeple- dominant feature of its own. fill the Forum with my own stuff if you didn’t , a sheer is draped over top. submit articles! Down the center of the the Once the tall cone was in place to veil is pinned into two thin ridges, and create the tallest and mightiest ‘butterfly’ Cheunsoon Song and Lucy Roy over the top of the point the veil is of them all the wire supports were soon Sibley in their article, The Vertical continued past the point in two small shortened and the veil draped over the Headdress of Fifteenth Century Northern horns. The cone is not the central cone itself. The valley between the Europe, express a common confusion. shape that defines the development of horns was then achieved by pinning the “While previously discussed the hennin- it is every bit a continuation veil to the cone in a thin ridge. Later, headdresses do have a more or less of the ‘butterfly’ headdresses more the ‘horns’ are dropped themselves and logical explanation of evolving from commonly associated with cauls. By the pinned ridge as well. Thus, the the caul and bourrelet of the draped veil and cone can be seen to be fourteenth century, it is not clear the direct descendents of the horned how the fashion of the cone-shaped I’m sorry, Milady, but headdress. headdress began.”1 you need an authorization to wear that headdress. The second conundrum, after ‘where From the beginning of the did they come from’ is ‘how did they fourteenth century, the dominant get those things to stay on their heads?’ headdress was a pair of cauls or If you roll up a cone of cardboard, for buns stuffed into cages at the side example, and place it back on your head of the head, growing wider with like the cones in these illustrations, it time, and then starting to move will simply fall off. Modern attempts upward into a horned look, with at this sort of nearly always include or without a bourrelet, or padded a chin strap, however no drawing of a roll, on top. This became what is hennin shows a functional chin strap.3 known as the ‘butterfly’ or ‘heart shaped’ headdress. The fashion became ignoring the veil’s shape, all we are I have two theories why a strap under taller and more elaborate for wealthy seeing is the internal support structure. the chin would not have been used. women, while women of more modest A such as the truncated hennin First, there was no such thing as elastic means wore their hair in two horn- could well have existed underneath the yet. A tied strap would have been bulky shaped buns and pinned over top high butterfly headdresses of earlier in and uncomfortable, and, as it is not to compliment the horned shape, which the century. A higher support structure elastic, prone to slipping out of place fell gracefully into a butterfly drape at would in fact be necessary, to keep the if not painfully tight. Second: in most the sides of the head. How could a tall horns from falling to the side of cases, the hat itself is far back on the cone shaped headdress have developed the head. If we look at the butterfly head, and a strap would have had to from this steady progression of horns? headdresses of the Fifteenth century we extend up and in front of the ear before do see the valley between the horns attaching to the hat, making it highly The illustration given with the above rising off of the head as well as visible. The drawing up of the hair, text of Song and Sibley’s article shows the horns themselves becoming more the hanging veil, the wide v-neck all the five types of headdresses evolved vertical. The introduction of sheer, suggest that a cleanly exposed throat from the caul and bourelet, with the transparent veiling exposed the support was desired by this fashion. Why cone-shaped hats off alone together. structure beneath. 2 From a modern obscure the beauty of the neck? The hennin and truncated hennin are perspective, this is a sudden appearance not drawn with veils. This, in my opinion, of cone-shapes, because we could not Portraits of ladies in nearly is the source of most of the confusion see the structure underneath heavier always show a tugging up of the corner on their development. veiling. Soon after the transparent of the eye, evidence that the hair has veils are introduced, this supporting been pulled back very taut. This could 4 structure, the cone, becomes a be by a tight ‘’ or comb sewn into the hat, or by a bun formed pictorial evidence: the forehead loop. a counter-weight. While it does serve more conventionally with hair and pins that purpose, it is more of a counter- underneath the cap. Both could be The forehead loop seems most likely brace, not being very large. It is its support for the hat. to have developed from the cauls as pressure against the forehead more than well. Many pictures of women with its weight that holds the hat in place, in As I am fortunate enough to have horned buns or cauls show a metal band my opinion. period-length hair, my first attempt at across the top of the head or forehead a hennin was merely a cone of fabric- connecting them for support. As the It is certainly likely that many covered buckram, with a velvet frontlet. horns moved higher and back further of the loops are simply decorative, The weight of the velvet frontlet from the forehead, this band remained, shown depending from crowns that combined with the support of my hair sometimes shown cutting right across would not need such support, or even drawn up into a bun were enough to the hairline, as was necessary to keep lying on heads covered only by veils. hold the hennin in place, even through the headdress from toppling off the But like many other features, I feel dancing Salterelli La Regina! Even still, back of the head. this decorative element arose from a I was missing a design element: the practical application. The tall hats were forehead loop. And the hat was not as As the shift was made from double nearly always tilted back somewhat, sturdy in place as I would have liked. It horns to a single cone, the hat also and indeed this tilt seems to progress, has been postulated by other researchers moved back on the head. The forehead starting with the nearly vertical ‘sail’ that the long hair of medieval women loop became narrower and longer to headdresses, and moving eventually to was the primary support of the cone compensate. What we are seeing is a a 45 degree angle that dominates the shaped headdress. I find this doubtful simple exercise in physics- as the weight shorter, truncated hennins. By the end for all but the shortest hats, for human of the headress shifted from being at of the fashion the smaller caps appear hair is heavy and compresses easily. the sides of the head to the back of almost to be upon the back of the head. the head, the anchoring point needed to If not buns nor chin straps, what is shift to compensate. This small cap at the back of the left to hold these hats on? There is head would continue onward with a a clearly shown support element in the It has been argued that the loop is velvet frontlet or ironed veil, slowly continued on page 6

A visual chronology of the hats of the mid-fifteenth century. Note how the style slowly evolves. The first headdress is from c. 1430, the last c. 1475. We are looking at forty dynamic years of headdresses. The first ‘horned caul’ headdress has a metal connecting the horns that is just visible under the ruffled veils. (Drawing based on the portrait of Margareta van Eyck by Jan Van Eyck, 1439.) This will develop into the forehead loop. The second headdress shows the high horned look that could likely have a truncated cone underneath as a support. (Based on an undated Flemish figure photographed in Davenport’s book.) The third shows a truncated cone with transparent veiling in a similar shape. (From Margaret Scott’s book, a painting of the legend of Patient Griselda, also similar to a portrait of a young lady by Rogier Van der Wyden, dated 1460.) The next picture shows the high hennin still carrying on the horned shape with its transparent veil. The second to last picture shows the veil pinned up to produce a frame around the face, but otherwise hanging free, which was a later style. The final picture shows a frontlet attached to the hennin. This headress could be worn with or without the transparent veil (usually with). All illustrations by Milesent Vibert.

5 Hats, con’t. the French . Again, we have With the ability to solder wire interchangeable elements combined to together, an even sturdier cap could be evolving into the ‘’ of the form the final headdress. constructed with a metal band around Tudor era. the bottom of the hennin, and perhaps My hypothesis is that the hats small wires extending behind the ears Finally, my experimentation with were made of stiffened fabrics or to prevent the cap slipping forward or creating cone shaped headdresses with even, perhaps, fabrics backed by stiffer side-to-side. forehead loops has proved that a stiff material such as parchment or even wire loop adds an extraordinary amount paperboard (there is an extant hat Notes: of stability to the headdress absent from the 16th century that appears to without it. be backed with cardboard!) These 1. Dress, volume 16, 1990, a publication of the Costume Society of America, page 11. Throughout materials would not hold up well against this article I refer to these cone-shaped hats as Moving on from the ‘how did they the weight of veils and padded rolls, and “hennins”. This is a common costumer’s term for them, derived from a source that was most likely an keep these on their heads’ question so a wire frame is introduced consisting insulting term for a different hat! The hats appear we come across the next mystery. of two ‘tiris’ extending upward and a to have been called “atours” or “tyres” in period, or “What were these hats made of?” metal ‘fillet’ acting as a headband. A whatever term for hat and headdress was prevalent in a region. However hennin is an easily recognized No extant hats remain from the era, metal headband would both help anchor term and shorter and easier on the tongue than ‘cone- and the written record seems scant the hat and keep the less sturdy material shaped headdress’. (And, actually, even the tallest of these hats were actually truncated cones- I’ve seen no on overt haberdashery. from collapsing at the base. pictures from the proper time period where the hat In her article, “Dress and Fashions c. comes to a point.) 1470”, Anne Sutton informs us: “In To create a wire-supported hennin, I 2. More evidence for the ‘hennin-as-support- 1466 the inventory of Lady Elizabeth started with a length of brass armature structure’ theory: women depicted bathing during this Lewkenor included ‘vij pecis of perle wire and bent it in half, forming a tight time period nearly always have a truncated hennin as their only clothing. To me, this links this cap with set on parchemyn and gold foile made loop at one end. I then sewed this ‘intimate apparel’, besides underlining the headdresses’ yn levis and for fillettes’ …. ‘a pair of long U of wire down to a cone of stiff importance as a social signifier. tiris of silver wire and over gilt with the material. (For my test hat I used simple 3. Petrus Christus’ Portrait of a Young Girl is often 15 fillet of the same…” poster board. I suspect in period they cited as a ‘chin strap’ source, but look closely- the would have used felt, canvas, or some loose, flowing scarf that loops down from the top of her hennin could not be a functional strap. The hat The OED defines a fillet as a other stiff fabric.) To my surprise and is tipped backward, and support from under the chin head band of some sort. To me delight, this loop was enough to hold would not hold it on, but encourage it to tip backward. Further, there is no strain on the fabric, it appears to this inventory of separate decorative the cap firmly on my head without my be lying loose. elements (a band of gilt parchment) and hair drawn up into a bun. Any weight, the fillet and tiris (defined by the OED such as veiling, added to the top of the as a ‘tier’ or perhaps a band of metal cap is transferred down to the point of Selected Bibliography similar to the early use of the word the loop, securing the hat rather than Ainsworth, Maryan and Keith Christiansen, ‘tire’ as a wheel banding) indicates to causing it to tip back. For a test, I Editors, From Van Eyck to Bruegal: Early me that these hats were not considered put a scrap of wool over the paper Netherlandish Painting in the MET. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1998. items of their own accord. Rather, cone to act as a veil and danced a a lady could own wire frames and galliard. The hat did shift during the Frere, Jean-Claude Early Flemish Painting. Paris: Editions Pierre Terrail, 1996. decorative elements, which she could dance, but forward on the head, rather combine as she saw fit as parts wore out than back as would be expected. The Piponnier, Francoise, and Perrine Mane. Dress in the Middle Ages. London: Yale University Press, 1997. and fashion changed. Ms. Sutton also pressure of the loop on the forehead quotes a will of 1493 in which a widow was not comfortable, but covering the Scott,Margaret A Visual History of Costume: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. London: B.T. leaves her “bonett of velvet with all wire with fabric alleviated much of this. Batsford Ltd, 1986. my frountelettys longing therto…” This However, I found with extended use Song, Cheunsoon, and Lucy Roy Sibley. “The sounds like a set of interchangeable that the poster board relaxed around Vertical Headdress of Fifteenth Century Northern frontlets to go with the shorter velvet my head, losing its ability to act as a Europe.” Dress 16 (1990): 5-15 popular at the end of the support. This was after two separate Sutton, Anne. “Dress and Fashions c. 1470.” Daily century – the one which I referred events three months apart, however, so Life in the Late Middle Ages. Ed. Richard Britnell. to earlier as being a precursor to as a cheap-and-easy, poster board seems Somerset: Sutton Publishing Ltd., 1998. 5-26. 6 to work without a metal headband. Notes and Happenings

There will be a Baronial pavilion Baycrafters is coming soon! The needs them for future children’s set up on the battlefield this year at fair has been hurting due to dropping activities. Pennsic, providing shade, fruit, water, attendance, so this year, things are and comfort to our combatants and going to be different. This year we If you still haven’t registered a name others. Anyone interested in helping will be having full heavy weapons and or device, see Pietro. There will be man the pavilion, please see Lord Nial. fencing tournaments each day of the no submissions accepted at the war. fair with prizes. Also there will be Note also the handy dandy article in Also at Pennsic, there will be an pavilions set up and a schedule of this Forum to help you on your way to auction to raise money for, well, we’ll classes and demonstrations published registration. think of something. Last year’s auction in the program booklet for the fair. was a big success. We need people to The organizers of the Baycrafters The week of July 16th to the 20th, donate items to be auctioned. See Nial Renaissance and Craft Fair are giving there are two groups of Cub Scouts for details. us more lee way and space than ever who want one-day daytime demos from before. The demo will be listed in The us. They’re having a medieval themed Saturday, July 7th, there will be a Pale. Please see Lady Alex or Darius to summer camp this year, which is why fighting practice at Sir William Ransom’s sign up and help us amaze Bay Village every group in the area has asked for home in Concord. There will be this year! demos. These should be the last, authorizations, melees, and non-combat let’s make ‘em happy. See Darius to activities as well. Lady Seadna will have Scouts and stealth scouts (no, not volunteer. her glass bead making equipment out. spies! We don’t have any of those!), Last year there were about 30 fighters we’re running out of time to prepare for at this practice, they’re expecting at war. See Darius or Ulrich for details. least 50 this year. Folks are coming down from Pentemere from Darkyard The Queen is cutting off award to practice with the Cleftlands and recommendations for war four weeks Nosse Eldesar. before the war. If you want to recommend someone for an award to Also on Saturday, July 7th, the Cook’s be given at the war, do so soon! The Guild will be meeting at Lord Ealdred’s scribes guild will be meeting July 24th to home to practice outdoor cooking. work on Pennsic scrolls. There’ll be two fire pits available, and a plethora of medieval and modern Please save your old coffee and equipment. Come to eat or cook or just oatmeal canisters for Marsailli, she watch, 2pm until late. Chronicler’s Note Lady Lyonnete is interested in reviving the Server’s Guild (recently I’ve changed the issue numbering for The Forum on this issue. Since absorbed back into the Cooks’ Guild). becoming chronicler, I’ve simply been numbering them Vol. 1, Vol. 2, etc... She’s looking for a slightly different but, of course, these are issues, not volumes. The Forum has known four organization than we’ve had in the past. editorial teams since its inception, and so I’ve decided to refer to my reign as See her for details. Volume 4. The issue numbers will follow the old ‘volume’ numbers I started with. This numbering scheme will be permanent for the rest of my tenure as We’ve a good number of middle chronicler. Sorry for the confusion! eastern dancers in our Barony now, enough for a troupe! See Darius or I would also like to announce that my deputy and sister, Milesent, is now our Dance Guild Mistress for details on my co-chronicler, in recognition of the huge load of work she has done for the possible formation of a Cleftlands me! All illustrations in this Forum are by her. -Lyonnete Middle Eastern Troupe. 7 Calendar for July Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fighter practice at Sir Archery Independence Armorer’s Will’s - Cook’s 1pm Lucas Day- NO Guild? Guild at Archery MEETING Ealdred’s.

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Archery Weekly Armorer’s Brawl at the 1pm Lucas Baronial Guild Crooked Archery Meeting Dragon Tavern

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Archery Cub Scout Weekly Armorer’s Alderford 1pm Lucas demos this Baronial Guild Event Archery week. Meeting

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Archery 1pm Lucas Dance Scribe’s & Dessert Armorer’s Gwyntarian Simple Day Archery Guild 7pm Archer’s Revel Guild Dance Night Guilds 7pm

29 30 31 Archery 1pm Lucas Archery

The Forum is a publication of the Barony of the Cleftlands of the Society for Creative Anachronism, Inc.. It is not a publication of the SCA, Inc., and does not delineate SCA policy. Publication deadlines for The Forum are the second Wednesday of every month, at Baronial meeting. The Forum is available monthly at the last meeting of the month, and online at: HTTP://cleftlands.cwru.edu/ cleftlands/forum.html