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Seed and Vegetative Propagation Methods for Native Plants of the Westem U.S

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Seed and Vegetative Propagation Methods for Native Plants of the Westem U.S Seed and Vegetative Propagation Methods for Native Plants of the Westem U.S. • David R. Dreesen, USDA-NRCS Plant Materials Center, Los Lunas, NM 87031 John T. Harrington, New Mexico State University, Mora Research Center, Mora NM 87732 Introduction The restoration ofdisturbed lands in the western U.S. has become a primary mission of many federal and state land mauagement agencies as well as a regulatory requirement for extractive industries. Containerized or bare-root materials are widely used for reclamation activities following severe disturbance or for re-establishment ofspecies fonnerly present on poorly managed lands. In addition, these stock types are often used to establish seed fields or orchards for commercial seed production. The scarceness ofgermination information for the tremendous number ofnative restoration species requires many propagators to rely on their own experimentation to attempt to resolve gennination problems. Another common obstacle to the propagation these species is seed scarcity especially ifparticular ecotypes are required. The need to maximize seedling numbers from limited seed supplies prompts simple experiments with individual seed lots to examine means ofenhancing gennination. This experimentation is aimed at resolving problems with total gennination percentage, rate ofgennination (gennination speed), and gennination uniformity. The benefits associated with improving gennination percent are straight forward. Improvements in gennination speed and uniformity can dramatically influence seedling quality and production costs. This paper will address some ofour experience in the seed propagation ofnative forb, shrub, and tree species as well as discuss several promising vegetative propagation techniques. Sections are arranged according to particular species whose propagation has been intensively investigated or to certain propagation techniques which have been applied to a number ofspecies. Psorothamnus jremontii This woody leguminous shrub found in Mojavean Desert and Navajoan Desert ofthe Colorado Plateau has various pseudonyms including Dalea fremontii, Dalea amoena, Parosela johnsonii, Parosela amoena, andPsorodendron amoenum (Benson and Darrow 1981). Common names applied to this species include Fremont Dalea, Indigo Bush, and Johnson Dalca (Benson and Darrow 1981). The source ofseed for this experiment was the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area in northeastern Arizona and southeastern Utah. Previous gennination trials with 2.5 year old seed had shown that mechanical scarification resulted in severe seed damage. Because of seed scarcity, it became important to find means ofenhancing total gennination as well as gennination rate to make best use ofthe limited seed resource. The seed was fractionated into large (11164 to 13/64 inch, 4.3 to 5.2 nun), medium (9/64 to 11164 inch, 3.6 to 4.3 nun), and small seed (7164 to 9/64, 2.8 to 3.6 nun) using round hole screens. The hot water (HW) treatment involved immersing 5 to 109 ofseed in 900 C water and letting stand for 1 hour. After immersion, the seed was separated into floating seed (F), swollen sinking seed (S), and non-swollen sinking seed (NS). These seed were immediately planted and . placed in the greenhouse (23 C day, 15 C night). The tumbling (1) scarification used a rock tumbler ofapproximately one liter capacity with 100 g of pea-sized gravel and 75 g ofcoarse carborundwn grit; the tumbler turned at a rate ofapproximately 60 rpm. Two batches ofmedium seed were subjected to 1 day and 3 days oftumbling. Treated and control seed were planted in 288 • square plug trays filled with Sunshine #1Mix. Figure 1 shows the cumulative gennination percentage for 11 to 70 days after sowing for the control, hot water treatment, and tumble scarification treatments. The results for the hot water treatments in Figure 1 represent the bulk germination which would have been achieved ifno seed separation had taken place. Hot water treatments resulted in only minor improvements (<4%) in total germination after 70 days regardless ofseed size (Figure 1). However, the rate of germination during the first two weeks following sowing was improved. Non-swollen, non-floating seed had the greatest total germination ofthe 3 classes ofhat water treated seed (Figure 2). A size dependency was observed for floating seed from the hot water treatments; only the large floating seeds had better total gemrination than the control treatment. Despite the non-swollen and floating seed classes having greater total germination at 70 days. these seed classes had much slower rates ofgemrina.tion (i.e., not achieving Gso until 30 days following sowing). The tumble scarification treatments improved both total gennination and gennination speed (Figure 1). The effect ofthis fom ofmechanical scarification increased with treatment duration. The three day tumbling treatment (T-3d) showed the most rapid and the most complete germination ofany oftreatments applied to medium seed. The hot water treatment without separation by floating or swelling did not show any substantial benefits for this species. However, fractionation ofnon-swollen sinking seed resulted in high final gennination percentages. The three day tumbling treatment appears to offer the most efficient means ofmaximizing germination rate and total gennination. Coleogyne ramosissima Blackbrush is a dominant shrub in many plant communities occurring in the transition between Mojavean and Sagebrush Deserts (Benson and Darrow 1981). The propagation literature indicates a prechiUing (i.e., cold stratification) treatment is required for CoJeogyne (Young and Young 1992). In initial trials, seed harvested from Glen Canyon National Recreation Area had 56% gennination with no seed treatment but 83% with 7 weeks of cold stratification. A more comprehensive experiment was conducted with 5 year old seed from Canyonlands National Park to determine the effect ofcold stratification and other treatments on gennination. The 4 treatments were a 24 hour soak in 250 mgIl gibberellic acid (G~), a 24 hour soak in de~ionized water, a 24 hour tumble scarification (see Psorothamnus section for details), and a control. The seed was sown in six replicate 288 plug trays in Sunshine #1 Mix. Trays with seed receiving cold stratification were placed in plastic bags with aeration holes and placed in walk-in coolers (40) C; after seven weeks, they were removed from cooler, taken out ofthe bags and placed in the greenhouse. The trays with seed not receiving cold stratification were immediately placed in the greenhouse (21 0 C day, 130 C night). The Table 1 below presents the mean total gemrination ofthe 4 treatments in the control (no prechilling) and cold stratification treatments. Table 1. Gemrination ofCoJeogyne ramosissima seed treatments with and without cold stratification Control Cold Stratifitation Germination % Germination ". Treatment Mean (Std. Dev.) Mean (Std. Dev.l Control 46%(14%1 39%(6%) GA'l 31% (7%) 25%(9%1 Tumble Scarification 25%(7%1 40%(8%) • DIWater 24%(3%) 17%(7%) 2 Overall, total gennination in this seed lot was low averaging 31%. No seed trea1ment, with or without cold stratification, enhanced total germination in this seed lot (Table 1). This lack ofeffect contrasts with the improved germination achieved with the Glen Canyon seed lot: 56% • without cold stratification and 83% with cold stratification. The results obtained from 2 seed lots indicate Coleogyne does not require cold stratification but some seed lots may benefit from precbilling. This type ofvariability in germination capacity and response to seed treatments is indicative ofthe propagation problems associated with many native species. Alnus tenuifolia and Alnus oblongifolia Thinleafalder (Alnus tenuifolia), ALTE, is a dominant shrub or small tree ofriparian areas in the Rocky Mountains and Pacific Northwest. Alnus oblong;folia (Arizona or New Mexican Alder), ALOB, is a riparian tree or shrub ofthe mid-elevation drainages in the mountains ofSWNew Mexico and SE Arizona (Vines 1960). Unlike Alnus glunnosa and Alnus ",bra, little work has been done on the propagation ofthese species. Fresh seed ofsome Alnus species has been found to germinate without cold stratification; however, dried and dormant seed ofthe same seed lot had improved germination capacity following cold stratification(Schopmeyer 1974). Particular trees ofAlnus ",bra produced seed which required prechming (Young and Young 1992). Our first attempts to genninate dried Alnus tenuifolia seed without pretreatment resulted in complete failure. The first comprehensive trial ofgibberellic acid (GA3) was conducted on seed from the Rio Costilla watershed in north-centra1 New Mexico. Seed batches of 100 seed were immersed in 25 ml aliquots ofde·ionized water (control) or G~ solutions. Three replicate flasks ofeach solution were placed on a shaker table and agitated for 44 hr. Each batch was agitated for 0.5 hr in rinse water before sowing. The results are summarized in Table 2 below: Table 2. Effect ofG~ concentration on the germination of Alnus tenuifolia. • 17 Days After 23 Days After 28 Days After 39 Days After Sowing Sowing Sowing Sowing GAl Cone. Germination 0/0 Germination 0/0 Germination 0/0 Germination 0/0 . (mgtl) 0 0% 0% 0% 0% 31 4% 8% 9% 12% i 62 8% 14% 16% 19% i 125 9% 13% 15% 17% 250 9% 10% ND ND 500 12% 13% 16% ND 1000 13% 15% 15% ND ND=nodata These results show more rapid early germination at higher GA3 concentrations, but the lower concentration GA3 treatments had equivalent germination by 28 days after sowing
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