, Volume 21, Number 1 (June 2005)

Item Type Article

Authors Gilbert, Edward; Licher, Max

Publisher University of (Tucson, AZ)

Journal Desert Plants

Rights Copyright © Arizona Board of Regents. The University of Arizona.

Download date 11/10/2021 04:19:28

Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/555883 Volume 21, Number 1 June 2005

Desert Published by The University of Arizona for the Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum Plants

Flora and Vegetation of the West Fork of Oak Creek , Coconino County, Arizona Edward Gilbert and Max Licher 2 Desert Plants 2005 Desert Plants Volume 21, Number 1, June 2005

A journal devoted to broadening knowledge of plants Published by The University of Arizona indigenous or adapted to arid and sub-arid regions and to for the Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum encouraging the appreciation of these plants. 37615 E. Highway 60 Superior, Arizona 85273-5100 Margaret A. Norem, Editor 2120 E. Allen Road Copyright2005 Tucson, Arizona 85719 The Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of The University ( 520) 318-7046 of Arizona [email protected] The Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum at Superior, Arizona is cooperatively managed by the Arizona State Parks Board, Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum, Inc. and The University of Arizona.

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1. Animas Foundation 1. Michael N. Baker 2. Arid Zone Trees 2. Richard G. Beidleman 3. Josiah T. Austin 3. Jeanne Bensema 4. Walter Camp 4. John M. Bridges 5. Mary Hope Dillon 5. Bronson Joy Brown 6. Frank W. Ellis 6. Jack L. Carter 7. Ron Gass, Mountain States Nursery 7. Buford Crites 8. Michal Glines 8. Robert D. Cross 9. Lisa Harris, Harris Environmental Group 9. Douglas Danforth 10. Mary and Gary Irish 10. James Dice 11. Matthew B. Johnson and Patricia A. Rorabagh 11. Theodore L. Esslinger 12. Mr. & Mrs. Greayer Mansfield-Jones 12. William R. Feldman 13. Edward H. Marshall 13. Kay Fowler 14. Paul S. Martin 14. Tom Friedlander 15. Joseph A. Meeker 15. Brooke Gebow 16. Lee J. Miller 16. Judith Gray and Brian McCarthy 17. Victor J. Miller 17. Phil Hebets 18. Robert T. Neher 18. Lisa W. Huckell 19. Robert B. Pape 19. Herbert and Mary Hull 20. John Pierce 20. Vernon & Diane Kliewer 21. Janet Rademacher, Mountain States Nursery 21. Cynthia Lindquist 22. Lori Woods, Recon Consultants, Inc. 22. Bill and Mary Little 23. Dean and Will Anne Ricer 23. James P. Mandaville 24. Alan P. Romspert 24. Christopher Marshall 25. Mark Siegwarth 25. Edwin Minch 26. E. Linwood Smith 26. Elizabeth Moody 27. Keith Taylor 27. Douglas R. Newton 28. Douglas Thieme 28. Ken Pavlicek 29. James Townsend 29. R.T. Ramage 30. Brett Woywood 30. John H. Rumely 31. David Steadman 32. Cheryl Willis 33. Thomas H. Wootten, T&E Incorporated 34. James R. Youse Oak Creek Gilbert and Licher 3 changes within an area. More specifically, the primary Flora and Vegetation of the West objectives were to: 1) document the vascular flora; 2) identify Fork of , the presence of sensitive, threatened, or endangered and determine any immediate threat; 3) establish the Coconino County, Arizona basic components of a Virtual Flora on the Web, which include an illustrated, interactive checklist along with access to collection data; and 4) describe the general floristic Edward Gilbert composition patterns and habitat types. The University of Arizona Herbarium 1130 E. South Campus Drive Study Site Location and Description Tucson, Arizona 85721 West Fork Canyon of Oak Creek is situated along the in the southern part of Coconino County, [email protected] Arizona. This area lies between latitudes 34° 58' 55", 35° 03' 23" and longitude 111 o 44' 30", 111 o 51' 45" and is located Max Lieber in the Wilson Mountain, Dutton Hill, Munds Park, and P.O. Box 1456 Mountainaire U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Quadrangles. The mouth of the Canyon can be accessed about 30 km (18 Sedona, Arizona 86339 mi) south of Flagstaff and 15 km (9 mi) north of Sedona along Highway 89a (Fig. 1). From the highway, the Canyon Introduction zigzags in a west and northerly direction for 18.7 km (11.6 The West Fork of Oak Creek Canyon is a narrow, steep­ mi) until it intersects with FR 231. Measuring from the walled canyon, deeply incised into the northwestern section canyon mouth, the more notable side are: Barney of the Mogollon Rim in southern Coconino County, Arizona. Springs Canyon to the southwest at 8.75 km, an unnamed The mouth of the Canyon is located about 15 km (9 mi) canyon to the north at 1Okm, Casner Cabin Draw to the north north of Sedona along Highway 89A (0.5 mi. north of mile at 15.25 km, and Fernow Draw to the southwest at 16.5 km marker 384). From the highway, the Canyon zigzags to the with an additional split to the southeast a short ways up this west and north for 18.7 km (11.6 mi). Difficult access and side canyon. The rim-to-rim width of the Canyon ranges from poor mining value have protected the West Fork of Oak Creek 600 to a little over 1500 m. The elevation ranges from a from serious human disturbances, keeping much of it in a little under 1610 m (5300 ft) at the mouth of the Canyon to pristine state. The diverse abiotic qualities of the Canyon just less than 2130 m (7000 ft) at the rim. coupled with its placement between two dramatically different biotic zones have produced a canyon of high The south and north rims of West Fork Canyon consist of biodiversity. In an attempt to protect the Canyon and set the outcropping, limestone ledges. The walls of the Canyon are stage for an increased knowledge of natural systems in the made of a series of sheer cliffs, terraced region, most of the lower six miles of the Canyon was escarpments, and steep wooded slopes. Obscure and designated as the Oak Creek Canyon Research Natural Area infrequent trails descend from the rim to the canyon floor. by the Forest Service (USFS) in 1951 (USDA These routes are passable though not recommended due to 1951). In the 1970's, the USFS established the West Fork their very difficult and occasionally dangerous character. The Trail along the lower three miles of the creek. The rugged lower 5 km of the Canyon has a well-defined canyon floor, beauty of the steep canyon walls along with the historic fame which is seldom more than 200 m wide. The significant bed of the locality adjacent to the mouth of the Canyon, made of sandy soil lying along the floor supports riparian deciduous known as the "Call of the Canyon" via the novel woodland. Above this point the canyon floor narrows to a of the same name, have contributed to the West Fork Trail creek bed of usually only a few meters. becoming one of the most popular hikes within the Sedona area. The recreational use of the Canyon has especially The study site boundaries are defmed by the northern section increased immensely over the last two decades. Despite the of the Red Rock I Secret Mountain Wilderness boundaries Canyon's appeal and biological importance, little formal that encompass the West Fork Canyon. From the confluence biological study has been completed. ofWest Fork and Oak Creek, the boundary heads north along a ridge, gaining altitude until it reaches the rim at an elevation The Canyon's diverse flora and , coupled with its of2040 m (6700 ft). From this point, the boundary skirts the increasing recreational use, highlight a need for a better north rim, fluctuating no more than 100 m above or below understanding of the interaction between natural systems and an average elevation of 2070 m (6800 ft). The boundary human influences. The overall goal of this floristic study reaches its western limit when it drops down to and crosses was to serve as baseline research that will supply support West Fork Creek just east of Forest Road 231. It continues for future biological studies and better management practices. along the south rim until again dropping down to the West This biological community "snapshot" will also allow for Fork/Oak Creek confluence. The total area within this future comparisons assessing the anthropological and natural 2 boundary has been estimated at 2040ha (20 .4 km , 7. 85 mF). .,. ~ ~ ~

~ ~ ~ ~ 15 ~

!::::-::::.r'JUT , -- -- ~tn.ni'O!"e l m~-~t-'a'JOIIO.

Figure 1. West Fork of Oak Creek Canyon. Blue line illustrates the study site boundaries for this project. Green line indicates the Oak Creek

...q- Canyon Research Natural Area boundary (TOPO! 1999) . Oak Creek Gilbert and Licher 5

Interior Community. Dominants are Arctostaphy­ Xeric slopes oflower canyon. Interior Chaparral, on rocky los spp. and Quercus spp. dry slopes, intergrade with a Mixed Association as soil profile builds

Mixed Deciduous Woodland. Acer grandidentatum (red! Hanging Garden. Water seeping from the Schnebly Hill orange), Alnus oblongifolia (light green) Sandstone layer has made hanging gardens a common component in lower canyon

Lower slopes of canyon tend to support a Douglas-fir I Riparian habitat typical to the lower canyon. This habitat White Fir Series integrated with patches of ponderosa type tends to be dominated by riparian obligates. on the more xeric soils. 6 Desert Plants 2005 The Call of the Canyon, the area essentially from the trailhead romanticized the area as a symbol of the wild and rugged parking lot to the mouth of the Canyon, has been inhabited beauty of the West (Grey 1924). Around the same time, a and significantly altered over the last 100 years. The general silent film of the same name was set in the location near the condition of this area, with the presence of garden relics and Mayhew Lodge (Fleming 1923). These events brought fame a large number of non-natives species, is incongruous with to the area adjacent to the mouth of the West Fork, which the generally pristine conditions of West Fork Canyon. For became well known as the "Call of the Canyon". these reasons, it was decided to exclude this area from this study. In the early 1950's, an evaluation of West Fork Canyon by Previous Floristic Research the USFS considered it oflittle value as a forest, agricultural, Little formal floristic research has focused specifically on mineral, and grazing resource, but highly valued as a natural West Fork Canyon. Forest Service personnel have conducted and study resource. On 15 October 1951, approximately940 periodic floristic surveys, although no voucher collections acres lying within the lower 6 miles of the Canyon was were made (United States Department of Agriculture 1951, designated the Oak Creek Canyon Research Natural Area 1972). The first publications dedicated specifically to West (OCCRNA) in order to "keep the area as nearly as possible Fork biota were a series of studies on the bryophytes and in a natural state" (Smith 1974; USDA 1951). In 1968, the lichens of the West Fork Canyon (Johnsen 1963a, 1963b, USFS used Land and Water Conservation Funds to acquire 1969). Wade and Kidd (1964) investigated the algae within the Mayhew property. With the idea that the lower West Fork West Fork Creek and identified sixteen species. Story (1975) could serve as a key recreation area, the lower OCCRNA conducted a general water quality and riparian vegetation boundaries were moved upstream to a point approximately report of the West Fork Canyon for the United States Forest 1.19 miles from the canyon mouth (Wier 1969; USDA 1972). Service. Dehoney (1978) preformed a seasonal analysis of During this same time period, Mayhew's Lodge was listed aquatic invertebrates and detritus within West Fork Creek. in the register ofNational Historic Places. Ideas of restoring A survey of the phytogeological relationships associated with the lodge and converting it to a visitor's center were derailed some of the seeps and springs that issue from the Coconino when a transient's fire burned the lodge to the ground in the Sandstone and Schnebly Hill Formation contact zones was early 1980's. performed by Greenwood-Miller (1997). In this study, Greenwood-Miller documented the plant specimens found Prior to the 1970's, hiking in the West Fork was mostly along 14 springs within the lower canyon. Although non­ limited to visitors of the lodge and likely remained light. botanical in nature, Broomhall (1978) detailed and mapped After the establishment of the Canyon as a scenic area and the of the West Fork I Dry Creek area. the building of the well-maintained West Fork Trail, foot travel in the lower 3 miles increased. The Canyon's rugged While little vascular floristic work has been published for beauty of steep rock formations and easy access via U.S. the West Fork, the beauty and pristine nature of the Canyon 89A has made this trail one of the most popular in the Sedona has attracted many botanists over the last century. A less Area. Forest Service estimates show that over 70,000 visitors formal although comprehensive checklist has been compiled hiked this trail in the year 2004. Trail counters placed roughly by joint efforts of several central Arizona-based botanists. one kilometer up stream from the canyon mouth indicate The main contributors of this unpublished list have been Jan that trail use quickly drops by 40% (USFS Sedona District, Busco, Jack Conklin, Max Licher, and Jean Searle. With 2004). Few hikers venture beyond 5km, for the trail officially exceptions of the observations and collections made by Max ends and travel is limited to walking within the creek. Licher, most of the previous work concerning the West Fork has focused mainly in the canyon bottoms with relatively Geology little exploration of the slopes and rim. One of the goals of The basic geology of the West Fork is composed of three this study was to capture a greater representation ofthe non­ well-documented -aged sedimentary layers, the riparian community types. upper Schnebly Hill Formation overlain by the Layer and capped by the History of Use and Management Formation (see back cover) (Broomhall 1978). The red­ While prehistoric use of the canyon is poorly known, flint colored Schnebly Hill Formation is seen only in the lowest flakes that litter the canyon rims show that indigenous six miles of the Canyon. This sandstone layer is populations did make use of flint nodules found within the approximately 200 m ( 600 ft.) thick at the Canyon mouth. exposed limestone. Jesse Jefferson Howard, later changing Above this layer and making up most of the canyon wall is his name to Charley Smith "Bear" Howard, was one of the th~ lighter-gray Coconino Sandstone Layer with an average first Anglo settlers in the upper Oak Creek Canyon (Ruland­ thickness of250 m (830ft). These two strata are the primary Thome 1989). After his death, his daughter Mattie Howard source ofthe sandy soils lining the floor ofthe lower canyon. sold his improvements to a local range rider, V. L. Thomas. The top layer of the canyon walls consist of roughly 100 m In 1925, the Mayhews purchased the property and the Oak (300ft.) of the light gray, overhanging Kaibab Limestone Creek Canyon Lodge was built. Around this time, Zane Grey Formation. The steep walls of the Canyon are attributed to wrote a novel called "Call of the Canyon", which this harder limestone forming an -resistant Oak Creek Gilbert and Licher 7 "cap" while erosion due to runoff removed the softer danger was so severe that the USFS closed all statewide Coconino Sandstone at a much faster rate (Baars 1972, National Forests from the end of May until mid-July when Ranney 1993). the first significant rainfall occurred for that year.

Weber (1972), while studying the relationships between The coldest temperatures tend to occur in the month of linear trends, drainage lines, and bedrock fractures, January. Average temperatures recorded at the Oak Creek concluded that the area's characteristic angular to rectilinear Station for the month of January range from a daily low of- drainage patterns are the result of excessive jointing. In 1.7° C to a daily high of 11.0° C. The Flagstaff Station's contrast to a fault, a joint is a fracture that occurs without an records show colder temperatures for this same time with appreciable movement (Ranney 1993). Jointing is often averages ranging between -8.6 oc and 6.1 °C. High caused by minor uplifting that occurs when adjacent and temperatures typically occur in the month of July. At the overlying rock is removed by erosion thus allowing the Oak Creek Station the temperature averages for the month interlaying layers to stretch from the relief of the tremendous of July are 14.9 oc for a daily low and 31.1 oc for the daily weight. This process often results in snaking canyons such high. The Flagstaff Station again shows cooler averages of a as the West Fork and Pumphouse Wash. Some sections of low of9.7 oc and a high of27.8 oc (Fig. 4). the West Fork Canyon have also formed along short northwest trending faults. The relatively straight section from Arizona weather is known for its extremes. Rather than the 9.5-14 km (6- 8.5 mi.) upstream is congruent with such a averages, it is the extremes that are likely to be the more fault system (Broomhall 1978). critical factor in determining floristic patterns. Low and high temperature extremes measured at the Oak Creek station Climate and Hydrology since 1982 are -16.7 oc and 41.7 oc (2 °F and 107 °F). The The nearest weather station is the Oak Creek Station located Flagstaff extremes are -30 oc and 37.8 oc (-22 °F and 100 2.5 km south of the mouth of West Fork Canyon along °F) (WRCC 2005). Precipitation extremes are even more Highway 89A. Due to the close proximity and elevation, dramatic. No or little precipitation can take place for months, data collected since 1948 gives an approximate as was the case in the spring of 2002. On the other hand, representation of climatic conditions within the lower section when the rains arrive, they can be plentiful. The severity of of West Fork Canyon. For a better representation of rim past flood events is demonstrated by the high placement of conditions, climatic data from the Flagstaff Station are also debris and large trees on banks and between the canyon walls. presented. This station is located at the Pullman Airport just Stream flow and peak flow levels in the Oak Creek Watershed south of the town of Flagstaff. The direct distance is about have been monitored by the USGS for the last 60 years 24 km (15 mi) north-northeast of West Fork Canyon and has (USGS 2005). Reviewing these records show that events of an elevation, 2100 m (7000 ft), comparable to that of the rim. extreme stream flow occurred in December 1952, December 1965, December 1966, September 1970, March 1978, The Sedona region falls under the typical Arizona climatic February 1980, March 1993, and March 1995. These data pattern of a hi-seasonal regime characterized by winter and records show that the extreme flooding events are more likely summer precipitation and spring and fall drought (Fig. 2). to take place in the winter months when warmer rains melt Of the two drought periods, spring is typically more severe accumulated snow from the rim. An exception to this was in with May and June receiving little, if any, rainfall. Sporadic September of 1970 when a summer storm dropped 5.5" of showers and cooler temperatures usually moderate the fall rain in 24 hrs (Aitchison 1978). drought. Summer precipitation comes as localized, heavy rains in the form of late-afternoon storm showers of a short Biotic Communities duration. Winter precipitation is generally in the form oflight The West Fork, as well as the other Mogollon Rim canyons, but long lasting showers or snow. falls along the border of the Intermountain and Madrean Floristic Provinces as defined by McLaughlin (1992). In Precipitation from one year to the next can be very erratic addition to the influences of these adjacent provinces, the (Fig. 3). Over the last 20 years, the yearly total precipitation floristic composition of the West Fork also reflects the values ranged from highs of 113 em and 114.4 em that Cordilleran Province that runs along the southern Rocky occurred in 1993 and 1994, respectively, to a low of 39.2 Mountains and into central Arizona (McLaughlin 1992). In em experienced during the drought of 2002. On average, all order to describe biological communities on a finer scale, three years of the study period were drier than normal. The ecologists have defined various global scale community types first two years were only slightly drier than the mean with known as biomes. Biomes, also referred to as biotic precipitation values 75-85% of the norm. Spring of 2002 community types, are based on the dominant life form or experienced a severe drought. In the first half of that year, vegetative structure of the plant community (Brown 1994). the Oak Creek station received less than 4 em compared to a Vegetation maps based on the biome concept have portrayed norm of 43 em. Since these 4 em were the result of multiple Oak Creek either as Interior Chaparral (Brown and Lowe precipitation events, it is doubtful that the vegetation was 1980) or Evergreen Woodland (also known as Pinon-Juniper able to make much use of the moisture. The drought and fire Woodland) (Kuchler 1966). While seeming contradictory, 8 Desert Plants 2005 12 10 8 E y 6 4 2 0 jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec

1--+- Oak Creek ---Flagstaff J Figure 2. Average monthly precipitation from Oak Creek and Flagstaff weather stations (WRCC 2005)

140 ~~~--~~~~~----~--~~~------~~~~ 120 +------~------~ 100 ~~~~~~~~~~-r~,_~~--~~------~ e so ~~~~~~~---.J~'Ifl--io::.;,.__--T-~---'rt----.....,._--\--~----.-t ~ 60 ~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-r~~~~~--~~ 40 +-~~~~~~~------~- ~- ~- ~~~~~~~~~--~ 20 +-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 4-~~~~-r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~ -~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,-,, ,~ ~ ,~ q,, I-+- Oak Creek ----Flagstaff I Figure 3. Average annual total precipitation from Oak Creek and Flagstaff weather stations (WRCC 2005)

35 ~-~----~--~----~--~~------~ 95 30 85 25 75 20 65 c• 15 65 Fo 10 -+"-~~~~~~~~~~~...... :~~~~~~~~ 5 45 0 35 ~ 25 ·10 15 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1--'r- oc- Max. -+--oc ... Min. --+--Flag... Max.. - Flag.... Min. I

Figure 4. Average monthly temperatures from Oak Creek and Flagstaff weather stations (WRCC 2005) Oak Creek Gilbert and Licher 9 they are both correct. The abiotic complexity of sub­ (Pringle's manzanita) and A. pungens (pointleafmanzanita). Mogollon canyons allow for a wide range of community Other species common to this community type, and types. In reference to this diversity found in Oak Creek occasionally co-dominant, are Garryajlavescens (yellowleaf Canyon, Deaver (1930) states, "Western yellow pine, white silktassel), fendleri (deer brier), Frangula fir, and Douglas-fir are to be found within a few feet of the californica ( buckthorn), Quercus chrysolepis prickly pear, live oak, manzanita, and century plants ... one (canyon live oak), Q. emoryi (Emory oak), Q. grise a might say the desert is shaking hands with the mountain". (Arizona or gray oak), and Rhamnus ilicifolia (hollyleaf Biotic community types that can clearly be seen within the buckthorn). The succulent species that are usually present, study boundaries are chaparral, ponderosa pine forest, mixed and tend to dominant along the extreme xeric ledges, are conifer forest, and deciduous (riparian) woodland. The Agave parryi (Parry's agave), Echinocereus coccineus following paragraphs describe the first three vegetation types (scarlet hedgehog cactus), Opuntia macrorhiza (plains as defined by Brown (1994). Brown's digitized classification prickly-pear), and Yucca baccata (banana yucca). system is displayed in Table 1. Rocky Mountain (Petran) Montane Conifer Forest is the most The Interior Chaparral vegetation type is for the most part common community type in West Fork Canyon. This type restricted to central Arizona. Discontinuous stands range has been further divided by Brown ( 1994) into the Douglas­ from the northern Sky Islands in southeastern Arizona and frr/White Fir (Mixed Conifer) Series and the Pinus Series run northwest along the foothills in the sub-Mogollon rim (Table 1). While both of these sub-types can be clearly seen region into and Mohave County, where it is fairly within the study site, the boundaries between the two are at well developed, and as far west as the Mountains. times difficult to differentiate. The Pine Series is dominant This dense, short-stature, evergreen vegetation type is above the Mogollon Rim on the where one defined by its semi-arid, mid-elevation (1050-2000 m) can find broad expanses of ponderosa pine forests. This habitats along foothills, mountain slopes, and canyons. Deep community type enters the study site along the xeric slopes root systems allow chaparral to thrive in habitats that that allow sufficient soil accumulation. As one enters into periodically experience fairly severe droughts. The dominant the more mesic environments of the canyon floors, the forest vegetation is characterized by sclerophyllous, broad-leaved grades into more of a Mixed Conifer type. (Lowe and Brown 1973). West Fork Canyon lies on the upper elevation limits for chaparral (Brown and Lowe (ponderosa pine) is the most common tree 1980). Patches of this higher elevation chaparral are a in the Pine Series of the Rocky Mountain Montane Conifer common element of the steep lower slopes of the Canyon. Forest type (Daubenmire 1978). In central and northern The dominant species are usually Arctostaphylos pringlei Arizona, a large portion of the mountains, plateaus, and

Table 1.. Biotic communititJs within thtJ study site boundaritJs.

Digitized Classific.ation System 1 Commnnitv l ~ (Bro\-.lD 1994. . Bro\vn andLo\ve 1980) l--~~~=-:.~.~~.:~1~~--r · ··~-~~.:.~ .. ~~-~.:.. ~~=-:: ...... l, Ponderosa Pine l, 122.3 Rocky !\·fountain (Petran) ~·lontane Conifer Forest 122.32 Pine Series ·=,.~ Forests .~,, 122.321 Pinus ]XJnderosa .Association }•••oouuoonoooooooooouoooooOOooooooooo o oooooooooooooooo o ooooooooooofooouoooo o onooooaoooouoooo o oooouooooooooooooooo o oooooouoooooooooooooooouoooooooooooooooooo o ••oouooooo••••••ooooooooooooooooooo o oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooouooouonooooooooooooooooooooo~ i h.-fixed Conifer Forest i 122.31 Douglas-fir I \\1lite Fir Series 1 122.33 Gambel Oak Series

222.3 Rocky ~·fountain Riparian Forests Riparian 222.32 h.-fixed Broadleaf Series Deciduous 222.321 ActJr nf!gundo-Populus angustifolia- }vfixed \Vo()dland Deciduous Association 222.322 Acer grandtdentatum .Association 10 Desert Plants 2005 mesas between 2150 to 2600m (7050-8530 ft.) consists of which emphasizes the species as the basic unit reacting essentially pure stands of this species. While Ponderosa Pine independently to the environment (Shreve 1915; Gleason 1926). Forest tends to display a low alpha diversity (i.e., number of species in standard size sample plots), their variation in Riparian Vegetation structure and co-dominants, as a whole, can be great. Riparian habitats are among the most complex environments Ecologists have identified up to 37 ponderosa pine forest in the southwestern United States and thus some of the most associations existing in four major groups based on difficult to classify. Brown (1994) has generalized the sub­ associated understory vegetation (Moir et al. 1997). Within Mogollon riparian vegetation structure as a Mixed Broadleaf West Fork Canyon, the understory shrubs usually include Series of the Riparian Deciduous Woodlands type. He further Ceanothus fendleri, Cercocarpus montanus (mountain divided this type into a number of suggested species mahogany), Frangula californica, Juniperus deppeana associations (Table 1). Szaro (1989) has proposed a (alligator juniper), J. scopulorum (Rocky Mountain juniper), generalized system of classification based more on species Quercus chrysolepis, Q. emoryi, Q. gambelii (Gambel oak), composition rather than structure. Due to the spatial Q. grisea, (New Mexican locust), and complexity of species associations in the West Fork Canyon Symphoricarpos rotundifolius (roundleaf snowberry). area, broad generalizations based on one or two dominant species are difficult. In Arizona, the Mixed Conifer Forests are generally found in canyons, north and east facing slopes of the Kaibab The presence of perennial water along a well-defined, yet Plateau, and on the high elevation mountain slopes (Brown narrow, canyon floor in many of the sub-Mogollon canyon 1994). Even though the general elevation range is considered bottoms, along with a winter season typified by freezing to be from 2450 to 2900m (8000-9500 ft.), cold air drainage temperatures, has dictated a flora structure dominated by and greater moisture availability have allowed this forest large-leaved, deciduous trees of a small to medium stature. type to extend down to 1600m (5200 ft.) in many canyons In the lower five kilometers of West Fork Canyon, long along the Mogollon Rim (Valenciano 1992). The vegetation patches of this deciduous woodland can be found along the structure tends to be relatively dense with a high canopy and canyon floor. Most of the areas within the creek bed, or heavy litter accumulation. In West Fork Canyon, the directly adjacent to it, appear to correspond best with the overstory consists of co-dominants ofAbies concolor (white Alnus oblongifolia Community Type as defined by Szaro fir), Pinus ponderosa, and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas­ (1989). Some of the more common trees and shrubs directly fir). Picea pungens (blue spruce) only occurs in the upper adjacent to the creek are Alnus oblongifolia (Arizona ), canyon bottoms. The and herb layers often consist of Acer negundo (box-elder), knowltonii (hop­ many of the same components as for the Pine Series but hornbeam), Salix lasiolepis (arroyo ), and Cornus tend to be more robust with additions of species with more sericea (red-osier). The canyon floor away from the creek mesic affinities such as Paxistima myrsinites (mountain tends to have better drained soils though a riparian affiliation lover), Ptelea trifoliata (hoptree), Rosa woodsii (Wood's is still shown by the high percentage of riparian species. rose), Rubus spp. (raspberry), and Sambucus nigra ssp. These areas correspond better with Brown's (1994) Mixed cerulea (blue elderberry). Deciduous and Acer grandidentatum Associations (Table 1). The more common tree and shrub species in these areas The existence of other habitat types can definitely be argued. are Abies concolor, Acer grandidentatum (bigtooth maple), Just below the rim of the canyon components of a Pinyon­ (velvet ash), Juglans major (Arizona Juniper community type can be seen, though without a walnut), Prunus serotina (black chokecherry), Pseudotsuga definite community alliance. Moreover, the limestone ledges menziesii, Quercus gambelii (Gambel oak), and Sambucus of the rim support a unique vegetative community that shows nigra ssp. cerulea. a high seasonal diversity, which may even match regions of the creek bed. In fact, there are a number of species that Above the five-kilometer mark, the stream morphology have only been seen along this limestone stratum. Further becomes narrowed and channeled with a riparian community exploration would surely uncover new additions to the checklist. that is defined by a dynamic shrub and herb layer. This area, which runs about 13 km upstream until the disappearance of The above habitat scenario is a much generalized view of perennial water, displays some ofthe highest plant diversity species associations in West Fork Canyon. Due to the found within the canyon. Periodic flooding has a strong structural complexity of the canyon, habitat generalizations influence in this area (see section on climate and hydrology). can be misleading. The variable moisture availability, aspect, While local Sedona resident, Daniel Paduchowski (pers. shade, and cold-air drainage has created a mosaic of comm.), reported the streambed just about void of vegetation vegetation communities that are tightly intertwined and after the floods of 1992, competing vegetation was a common difficult to differentiate. Rather than species associations obstacle to hikers during the last year of the study. The existing as distinct units, members typical to one community scouring effect of such floods has been hypothesized to be a type are often found present in another. A biotic landscape major factor in maintaining species diversity (Geogory et like this stresses the 'individualistic concept' of community al. 1991; Naiman et all993). Riparian communities are often Oak Creek Gilbert and Licher 11 considered to be in a state of perpetual succession, or non­ cumulative climatic events over the scope of years, decades, equilibrium, as a result of frequent flood disturbance (Pickett and centuries. Overlapping, multi-scaled shifts in climatic 1980, Larkin 1987). Evidence suggests that periodic flooding patterns coupled with individual extreme events cause generally has a positive effect on species diversity by progressive modifications to landscape vegetation patterns. retarding the processes of competitive exclusion (Naiman Climatic fluctuations can make an area unsuitable for a given et al1993, Szaro 1989). Petts (1984) notes, "High discharge species that once thrived and set the stage for the immigration can retard the encroachment of true terrestrial species, but of newcomers. The current weather pattern, which appears many riparian plants have evolved with, and become adapted to show a warming and drying trend, will undoubtedly cause to, the natural flood regimes". The result is a heterogeneous adjustments to the vegetation patterns within West Fork. Over community in which species coexistence appears to be the long period, species that show greater xeric affinities maintained (Larkin 1987). Periodic floods may be a critical may have the advantage over the more mesic species. factor in maintaining viable populations of the notable species of Epilobium glaberrimum (glaucous willowherb ), Extreme climatic events are often what have the most telling Erigeron saxitilis (rock fleabane), and Platanthera zothecina effect on species composition. They can serve as the 'last (alcove bog orchid). push' for a species existing on the limits of its preferred habitat type. This re-establishment of habitat boundaries can Between 4-8 kilometers upstream from the canyon mouth, be observed by the effects of the drought of 2002. Over the springs and seeps are a common component along the creek last few decades, ponderosa have been establishing bank, especially in the Coconino Sandstone and Schnebly themselves on the upper drier slopes ofthe canyon. The 2002 Hill Formation contact zones. The hanging gardens that drought, combined with the heightened pine beetle usually occur on these seeps have been defined as unique infestation, have killed the majority of these pines, thus biotic communities of their own (Greenwood-Miller 1997). reclaiming the slopes as a xeric shrub/chaparral habitat. Other Some rare species, such as Platanthera zothecina, have been xeric tolerant species, such as Arctostaphylos spp., Quercus shown to have narrow restrictions to such specialized and spp., also showed increased mortality rates. Fortunately, long uncommon microhabitats. While many of these hanging percolation rates serve as a buffer for the more mesic gardens are found at creek level, some are located vegetation located along the lower slopes and canyon significantly above the creek bed to be protected from flood bottoms. A drought would need to persist for decades before disturbance. Researchers have hypothesized that these flood­ spring flows produced any dramatic decrease. safe gardens, which tend to be richer in species than flood­ prone gardens, serve as important seed sources following Noteworthy Species and Composition Variability major flood events (Greenwood-Miller 1997, Malanson No threatened or endangered species have been encountered 1980). The scouring effects of extreme floods tend to not within West Fork Canyon (USFWS 2005), however a few only eliminate a high percentage of the individual plants species are worth special mention. Cimicifuga arizonica found within the creek bed, but also the accumulated soil (Arizona bugbane) is a candidate species for the Endangered and seeds. This can be detrimental to populations that only Species Act with a 02 and S2 rank (Arizona Rare Plant consist of a limited number of individuals. It is entirely likely Committee 2002; USFWS 2005). Individuals of this Arizona that some rare riparian obligates, such as Platanthera endemic were infrequently encountered along the lower and zothecina and Epilobium glaberrimum, depend on the upper canyon floors of the main canyon. This Miocene relict combination of periodic flooding to reduce competition and appears to prefer the even cooler, more shaded environments, the existence of flood-safe populations to repopulate. The for slightly more plentiful populations were encountered in role that this dynamic plays on species composition within various side canyons of the upper West Fork. These West Fork Canyon is truly worth further investigation. populations are likely to remain undisturbed given the difficult access of many of these canyons. The riparian vegetation in the upper canyons tends to be limited to a narrow creek bed dominated by a tree and shrub Two notable riparian obligates were found restricted to the layer ofAcer negundo, Abies concolor, Populus angustifolia biologically diverse section of creek located 5-8 km upstream (narrow leaf cottonwood), Pseudotsuga menziesii, Salix spp. from the mouth of the Canyon. Platanthera zothecina is a (), and an isolated grove of Picea pungens in the 'Species of Concern' for the Endangered Species Act with a upper most reaches of the main canyon. Surface water is 02 and S2 rank (Arizona Rare Plant Committee 2002). While only present in the form of stagnant pools except during the this species has been recorded to be restricted to hanging wettest seasons of the year. Even so, shade, cold air drainage, garden habitats, individuals were also found within the creek and subterranean water allows for numerous riparian species bed. Orchid specialist Ron Coleman is familiar with this to thrive in these canyon bottoms. population and has stated that he has observed hybrids between this species and P. sparsiflora within the area Temporal Vegetation Dynamics (Coleman, pers. comm., 2002). This is congruent with The vegetative components of the landscape are continuously observations of this study. While individuals of each species shifting and never truly static. A community is the result of are evident, a continuum between the characteristic features 12 Desert Plants 2005 was initially confusing. Also found growing in this habitat, The flora includes three hybrids. Equisetumxferrissii (Ferris but appearing more intolerant to competition, was a healthy horsetail) is a hybrid between E. hyemale (common population of Epilobium glaberrimum (glaucous scouringrush) and E. laevigatum (smooth scouringrush). willowherb). This is a new occurrence to the flora ofArizona Quercus x pauciloba (wavyleaf oak) is a cross between Q. and, to present knowledge, this population appears to be the gambelii and Q. turbinella. It is very possible that other southernmost extent for the species. Quercus hybrids occur, although none were clearly apparent. Apocynum x floribundum (intermediate dogbane) is a cross Erigeron saxatilis (rock fleabane) and Hedeoma diffusa between A. cannabinum (common dogbane) and A. (spreading false pennyroyal) are both Arizona endemics with androsaemifolium (spreading dogbane). While A. a USDA status of Sensitive (Arizona Rare Plant Committee cannabinum has been observed and collected along the lower 2002, USDA 1999). The former is most commonly found canyon riparian zone, A. androsaemifolium is usually found in, yet not limited to, mesic rock crevices located above the at elevations higher than the rim and thus likely does not creek bed. Healthy populations of H diffusa are found along occur within the study area. the rim of the canyon as well as throughout the poorly explored, xeric rock ledges of the canyon walls. It appears Introduced and Invasive Species not to be as rare as once thought and the inaccessibility of The ruggedness and inaccessibility of the canyon has made its preferred habitat may contribute to a rarity status greater development ofthe canyon impractical and thus kept artificial than is warranted. Ivesia multifoliolata (manyleaf-mousetail) disturbance, such as grazing, logging, and road building, to previously had a USDA Sensitive status but was taken off a minimum. Other than the trail in the lower canyon and a the list in 1999 (USDA 1990, 1999). This species was only few scattered popular campsites, disturbance has been found in one locality along an upper canyon rock ledge. restricted to the natural flood regime. This has kept the occurrence of weedy species low and for the most part While Botrychium virginianum (rattlesnake ) is found restricted to the creek bed. Likewise, the overall flora of the throughout the lower 48, it has only been collected three study area only consists of II% introduced species. Many times in the state ofArizona over the last 120 years (Kearney of these are found in the area adjacent to the mouth and et al. 1951 ). A search of the Deaver Herbarium (ASC) head of the canyon and the creek bed. produced a specimen of this species that was collected in West Fork Canyon in 1984. A search for this species in the In contrast, the Call of the Canyon, which consists of the area of collection produced no positive results. It is possible homestead ruins and fruit grove located at the junction of that this species is no longer present in West Fork Canyon. West Fork and Oak Creek proper, has seen over a century of development and cultivation. For this reason, a high The population ofPicea pungens found in the upper canyon percentage of the flora consists of weeds, many of these are is 500m lower in elevation then is typical for natural introduced. A few West Fork species occurrences are populations of this species. This refugal population is likely attributed to the influences of the disturbed habitat conditions a relic species left over from a cooler climatic period. Cold of the Call of the Canyon. Malus pumila (paradise apple), air drainage likely maintains a habitat that is significantly Ribes sativum (cultivated currant), and Vinca major (greater cool and moist to maintain the population. The warming and periwinkle) are cultivars originating from when the Mayhews' drying trend that is presently taking place could ultimately Lodge was active in the middle of the last century. Malus threaten the vitality of this population. pumila is an infrequent occurrence and can most likely be attributed to hikers who bring apples from the abandoned An unusual form of Mimulus cardinalis (scarlet orchards as trail snacks. Within the study site, the latter two monkeyflower) has been found to occur in hanging gardens species are only found just within the Canyon mouth and and mesic rock crevices 5-10 km upstream from the canyon likely do not occur further. mouth. This taxon has a particular red chevron pattern on the center of the leaf blades. This form is not known to occur Including Ribes sativem and Vinca major, fourteen species elsewhere. listed in Appendix A have only been observed along the study site boundaries. Of this group, Ailanthus altissima (tree-of­ Over the three years of collecting, riparian vegetation in the heaven), Convolvulus arvensis (field bindweed), creek bed has become noticeably thicker. Many weedy polycladon (sorrel buckwheat), Heterotheca subaxillaris species such as Cirsium vulgare (bull thistle), a species listed (camphorweed), Medicago sativa (alfalfa), and Pastinaca as invasive by the U.S. Forest Service, have become more sativa (wild parsnip) are common to disturbed habitats, such prevalent. During the drought of 2002, flow rates remained as the Call ofthe Canyon, and are unlikely to occur regularly low in the lower canyon allowing Lemna minuta (least within the study site. duckweed) and Potamogeton foliosus (leafy pondweed) to enter the research area. Potamogeton foliosus thickly filled ·The introduced species that readily occur within the canyon all the lower pools by July and L. minuta was very prominent are almost entirely restricted to the creek bed. Of these, few in a pool located about 500 ft upstream from the canyon mouth. have shown any threat of being invasive with the exception Oak Creek Gilbert and Licher 13 of Cirsium vulgare (bull thistle). This species has noticably Results increased its presences over the duration of the study period. Three years of fieldwork produced a collection of more than It appears that a lack of any recent flood events of serious 1000 specimens. Among these, 483 distinct taxa were magnitude has allowed this species to become well determined (see Appendix A). Twelve additional taxa established within the canyon. produced by herbarium searches bring the total number of documented taxa to 495. These taxa are represented by 303 Methods genera in 87 families (Table 2). The top five best-represented The most intensive investigation and collection ofthe study families are, in descending order, , Poaceae, site occurred over the years of 2000, 2001, and 2002. A few Rosaceae, Fabaceae, and Scrophulariaceae. Of these, collections were also obtained during collection seasons of Asteraceae and Poaceae combined account for almost 29% 2003 and 2004. More than 1000 specimens were collected of the total taxa. Forty-nine taxa, or roughly 10% of the total, along with notes containing information about the are not native to the North America. One third of these are surrounding vegetation and physical characteristics of the members of Poaceae. landscape. Given the inaccessibility of parts of the study area, it was not possible to cover the entire area on foot Herbarium searches produced 12 taxa that were previously within this time period. In order to get the best representation collected but not re-collected during the study. Cicuta of the Canyon as a whole, collections were made from a douglasii (western water hemlock) and Malva neglecta variety of vegetation zones, moisture gradients, slope aspect, (common mallow) occur in the proximity of the Call of the and topographies during as many seasons as possible. With Canyon area and may occasionally enter the study site. a few exceptions, multiple collections were made of fertile Muhlenbergia longiligula (longtongue muhly) has been seen specimens, with care taken to obtain the whole plant or at in Oak Creek not far from the confluence with West Fork least the features characteristic to identifying that particular Creek and may occur along the lower slopes. Polygonum taxonomic group. Voucher specimens were pressed, dried, pensylvanicum (Pennsylvania smartweed), Juncus longistylis mounted, and deposited at Arizona State University. When var. longistylis (longstyle rush), and Veronica americana possible, duplicates were deposited in the Deaver Herbarium (American speedwell) are very similar to closely related taxa (ASC) and with the USFS through the Sedona Ranger Station. that occur within the canyon, thus could have easily been Data collected for each specimen included locality overlooked. Botrychium virginianum and Tradescantia description, global positioning system (GPS) coordinates, pinetorum (pinewoods spiderwort) are unusual occurrences elevation, habitat type, and associated species. for the Oak Creek area. Complete searches for previously collected specimens were Comparing this study's relative species richness with those conducted of the Deaver Herbarium (ASC), Museum of of previously compiled Arizona floras is one way that has Herbarium (MNA), Arizona State been used to measure the degree of completeness of a flora. University Herbarium (ASU), and University of Arizona Using multiple regression as a comparison technique, Bowers Herbarium (ARIZ). Every specimen cited was inspected and and McLaughlin (1982) developed a measure of gamma verified with annotations made when necessary. diversity for local floras. They found that elevation range and collecting time account for 77% of the variance in species

Ta.hle 2. Taxonomic composition ofstudy site.

Species Division and subclass Families Genera Nativ·e Exotic Total Lycopodiophyta 1 1 1 0 1 Equis tophyta 1 1 4 0 4 Pteridiop h yta 6 12 16 0 16 Pinophyta 2 5 7 0 7 ~fagno liop h yta ~fagnoliopsida 66 227 330 31 361 Liliopsida 11 57 88 18 106 Total 87 303 446 49 495 14 Desert Plants 2005 number among local floras in Arizona. The remaining Acknowledgments variance was positively correlated with the diversity of Edward Gilbert's master thesis, Flora and Vegetation ofthe community-types, the presence of permanent water, and the West Fork of Oak Creek Canyon, served as the foundation existence of a canyon environment. Their formula of for this publication. He would like to thank his committee estimated number of species (N) states: members Dr. Leslie Landrum, Dr. Donald Pinkava, and Dr. N = 47 + 0.349E + 8.20T Kathleen Pigg for their mentorship, encouragement, and where E is the elevation range in meters and T is the time guidance. Support of the Coconino and Sedona Districts of spent collecting in years. Using an elevation range of 520m the USFS was greatly appreciated. Janie Agyagos was and a collection time of three years, this formula gives an particularly helpful in securing fee and collection permits, estimate of 253 species. Their measure of relative richness maps, related literature, and resource connections. We are (R) as compared to local Arizona floras is obtained from: grateful to the following for lending their expertise in the R= lOO(S -N) identification of difficult taxa: Peter Hoch, Les Landrum, N Steve McLaughlin, Donald Pinkava, Andrew Salywon, where S is the actual number of species encountered. The Michael Windham, and especially Charlotte and John relative richness of the West Fork Canyon ranks very high Reeder. The authors realize that this work is synthesized upon with a value of 9 5. More specifically, this signifies that almost a foundation of research previously established by the efforts twice the number of species was encountered than would be of many. We only wish that this flora adds to this foundation expected based solely on elevation gradient and collection and offers support to future research in the struggle to better effort. The most likely reasons for this are: 1) the study area understand our natural environment. is a major canyon environment with an above normal diversity of habitat types and the presence of permanent Literature Cited water; 2) collections were aided by a previously compiled Aitchinson, S. W. 1978. Oak Creek Canyon and the Red Rock checklist and the direction of personal correspondence with Country ofArizona: a natural history and trail guide. Stillwater local botanists who were aware of the locality of some of Canyon Press, Flagstaff. Arizona Rare Plant Committee. 2002. Arizona rare plant field the more difficult to find taxa; 3) and a high percentage of guide. Arizona Heritage Data Management System, Arizona riparian habitat. A graph by Bowers and McLaughlin ( 1996) Game and Fish Department, Phoenix. compares only the number of native species to elevation Baars, D. L. 1972. Red Rock Country: The Geologic History of range of 24 local Arizona and New floras, predicts the Plateau. Doubleday Natural History Press. Gar­ approximately 425 species for a site such as the West Fork den City, New York. Canyon. This is very close to this study's actual value of Bowers, J. E. and S. P. Mclaughlin. 1982. Plant species diversity 444 native species. in Arizona. Madroiio 29:227-233. Bowers, J. E. and S. P. Mclaughlin. 1996. Flora of the Hauachuca It should be noted that a flora is never truly complete. Not Mountains, a botanically rich and historically significant in Cochise County, Arizona. Journal of the Arizona-Ne­ only is it inevitable that species will be overlooked, but vada Academy of Science 29:66-107. extinction and immigration continuously take place, which Broomhall, R. W. 1978. Geology ofDry Creek-WestForkArea, keeps the total species number always in flux. A flora such Central Arizona, Flagstaff. M.A. thesis. Northern Arizona as this only shows a "snapshot" of the biota at a given time University, Flagstaff. period. Continuous collecting over multiple years will better Brown, D. E. (ed.). 1994. Biotic communities: southwestern demonstrate variations in species composition and produce United States and northwestern Mexico. University of insight on any current ecological trends within the canyon. Press, Salt Lake City. A complete cumulative checklist without a temporal Brown, D. E. and C. H. Lowe. 1980. Biotic Communities ofthe perspective is not a complete picture. While the majority of Southwest. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM78. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Sta­ species collected in this study are long-term residents, some tion, Fort Collins, Colorado. only periodically enter the area. While collections from this Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of study may have produced a better representation of the xeric flowering plants. Columbia University Press, New York. species component, this climate fluctuation is not believed Daubenmire, R. 1978. Plant geography with special reference to to have a dramatic effect on the final checklist. For one thing, North America. Academic Press, New York. seed banks tend to respond more to individual precipitation Deaver, C. F. 1930. Floristic Studies in Oak Creek Canyon. M.S. events, or a series of events, rather than the averages. In thesis. University of Arizona, Tucson. addition, previous efforts of local botanists greatly aided Dehoney, B. 1978. A seasonal analysis ofaquatic invertebrates study efforts by supplying information of what to look for and detritus in West Fork of Oak Creek. M.S. thesis. North­ and where to find it. em Arizona University, Flagstaff. Dice, L. R. 1943. The biotic provinces ofNorth America. Uni­ versity of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. Fleming, V. (Director). 1923. Call of the Canyon. Silent Film, Paramount, USA. 15 Pteridophytes

Selaginella underwoodii Equisetum arvense Equisetum hyemale Underwood's spikemoss common horsetail common scouringrush

Adiantum aleuticum Asplenium trichomanes Cheilanthes feei western maidenhair maidenhair spleenwort slender lipfern

Cheilanthes fendleri Cystopteris bulbifera Cystopteris reevesiana Fendler's lipfern bulblet bladder fern southwestern brittle fern

Dryopteris filix-mas Polypodium hesperium Pteridium aquilinum male fern western polypody bracken fern 16 Desert Plants 2005

Flora Of North America Editorial Committee (eds.). 1993+. Flora Smith, E. L. 1974. Established natural areas in Arizona: a guide­ of North America north of Mexico. 4+ vols. New York and book for scientists and educators. Arizona Academy of Sci­ Oxford. ence for Planning Division, Office of Economic Planning and Gleason, H. A. 1926. The Individualistic Concept of the Plant Development, Phoenix. Association. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 53: 7-26. Story, M. 1975. Water quality and Riparian Vegetation Report­ Gregory, S. V., F. J. Swanson, W. A. Mckee, and K. W. Cummins. West Fork of Oak Creek. U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1991. An ecosystem perspective of riparian zones. Bioscience Forest Service, Flagstaff. 41:540-551. Szaro, R. C. 1989. Riparian forest and scrubland community Greenwood-Miller, D. 1997. Phytogeologic relationships of seeps/ types of Arizona and . Desert Plants 9:69-137. springs in the West Fork of Oak Creek, Coconino County, Ari­ Topo! 1999. Software developed by Wildflower Productions zona. M. S. thesis. Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff. (www.topo.com), Wilson Mountain, Dutton Hill, Munds Park, Grey, Z. 1924. The call of the canyon. Grosset & Dunlap, New and Mountainaire U.S. Geological Survey Quadrangles. York United States Department Of Agriculture. 1951. Forest Service Johnsen, A. B. 1963a. The Bryophytes and Lichens of the West Proposal for Oak Creek Canyon Natural Area. Coconino Na­ Fork, Oak Creek Canyon. Plateau 36:54-62 tional Forest, Flagstaff. Johnsen, A. B. 1963b. Bryological and Lichenological studies of United States Department Of Agriculture. 1972. Revision Re­ West Fork, Arizona. Ph.D. dissertation. Duke University, port of the Oak Creek Canyon Research Natural Area. Durham, North Carolina. , Coconino County, Arizona. Johnsen, A. B. 1969. Additions to the moss flora of Arizona. United States Department Of Agriculture. 1990. Sensitive plant The Bryologist 72:411. list. Forest Service Region 3, Southwestern Regional Office, Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular Albuquerque, New Mexico. flora ofthe United States, Canada and Greenland. Vols. 1-2. United States Department Of Agriculture. 1997. Forest Service Ed. 2. Timber Press, Portland, . Proposed Actions for National Forest Lands in the Sedona Area. Kearney, T. H., R. H. Peebles and collaborators. 1951. Arizona Sedona Ranger District, Sedona, Arizona. flora. Ed. 2. with supplement (1960) by J. T. Howell, E. United States Department Of Agriculture. 1999. Regional McMlintock and collaborators. University of California Press, forester's sensitive species list. Forest Service Region 3, South­ Berkeley and Los Angeles. western Regional Office, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Kucher, A. W. 1966. Potential natural vegetation. (map, scale United States Department OfAgriculture, Natural Resources Con­ 1:7,500,000.) U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. servation Service. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5. Larkin, G. J. 1987. Factors influencing distribution and regen­ From website on26 October: (http://plants.usda.gov/). National eration of riparian species along mountain streams in central Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, . Arizona. M.S. thesis. Arizona State University, Tempe. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 2005. Threatened and Lehr, J. H. 1978. A Catalogue of the Flora ofArizona. Northland endangered species. From website on 17 October: (http:// Press, Flagstaff. arizonaes.fws.gov/threaten.htm). Elkins, West Virginia. Lowe, C. H. and D. E. Brown. 1973. The natural vegetation of United States Geological Survey. 2005. Real-time Water Re­ Arizona. Arizona Resources Information System, ARIS Co­ sources of Arizona. From website on 20 October: (http:// operative Publication 2, Phoenix. waterdata.usgs.gov/az/nwis/rt). Ft. Collins, Colorado. Malanson, G. P. 1980. Habitat and plant distributions in hanging Valenciano, D. 1992. Elevational and cross-sectional gradients gardens of the Narrows, Zion National Park, Utah. Great Ba­ in montane riparian plant communities of sub-Mogollon, Ari­ sin Naturalist 40: 178-182. zona: A comparison to adjacent upland communities. M.S. McLaughlin, Steven P. 1992. Are floristic areas hierarchically thesis. Arizona State University, Tempe. arranged? Journal ofBiogeography 19: 21-32. Vascular Plants Of Arizona Editorial Committee. 1992. A New Moir, W. H., B. Geils, M.A. Benoit, and D. Scurlock. 1997. Flora for Arizona. Journal oftheArizona-NevadaAcademy of Ecology of Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Forests. Pp. 3-27 in Science 26:i. W. H. Block and D.M. Finch, tech. ed. Songbird ecology in Wade, W. E. and D. E. Kidd. 1964. Algae of West Fork Canyon, southwestern ponderosa pine forests: a literature review. Gen. Oak Creek, Arizona. Plateau 36:83-88. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-292. Fort Collins, Colorado: U.S. Dept. Weber, N. V. 1972. The relationships among linear trends, bed­ of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and rock fractures, and linear drainage lines in the Oak Creek up­ Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. land area of the , Arizona. Ph.D. disserta­ Naiman, R. J., H. Decamps, and M. Pollock. 1993. The role of tion. State University, Terre Haute, Indiana. riparian corridors in maintaining regional biodiversity. Eco­ Wier, R. A. 1969. Letter to Forest Supervisor concerning West logical Applications 3:209-212. Fork Natural Area classification. United Department of Agri­ Petts, G. E. 1984. Impounded rivers: perspectives for ecological culture, Coconino National Forest, Arizona. management. John Wiley & Sons, Chinchester, England. Western Regional Climate Center. 2005. Arizona Climate Sum­ Pickett, S. T. A. 1980. Non-equilibrium coexistence of plants. maries. From website on 20 October: (http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/ Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club 107:238-248. summary/climsmaz.html), Reno, Nevada Ranney, W. 1993. Sedona Through Time: Geology of the Red Rocks. Red Lake Books, Flagstaff. Ruland-Thome, K. 1989. Experience Sedona Legends and lega­ cies. Thome Enterprises, Sedona, Arizona. Shreve, F. 1915. The vegetation of a desert mountain range as conditioned by climatic factors. Carnegie Institution of Washing on, Publication 217. Oak Creek Gilbert and Licher 17

Annotated Checklist of Vascular Plants Arizona Herbarium. If a collection number was not assigned Nomenclature, listed in order of priority, follows the new by collector, the accession number of the specimen is listed treatments published through the Vascular Plants ofArizona and is not italicized. Collection numbers followed by an Editorial Committee (1992), the Flora of North America asterisk (*) were collected on or within 1OOm of the study Editorial Committee (1993+), and A Synonymized Checklist site boundary. of the Vascular Flora of the United States, Canada and Greenland (Kartesz 1994) including updates via the USDA A few 'West Fork' herbarium specimens encountered were PLANTS database (2005). Species names preceded by a left out of the study due to the ambiguity oflocality data and pound sign(#) are non-natives to North America. Recently the high probability of being collected in the Call-of-the­ superceded synonyms are placed in brackets below the Canyon, which is located just outside of the study boundaries. accepted name. Abundance terms are defined below (Palmer If included, the following taxa would be added to the species et al1995). list:Acourtia wrightii, , Chorispora tenella, Lepidium virginicum, Phlox austromontana, Ranunculus Abundant - Dominant or co-dominant in one or more cymbalaria, Sanguisorba minor, Saponaria officinalis, and common habitats Stellaria umbellata. Frequent - Easily seen or found in one or more common habitats but not dominant in any common habitat Additional taxa observed within the Call-of-the-Canyon but Occasional - Widely scattered but not difficult to find not in West Fork Canyon include Amaranthus blitoides, Infrequent- Difficult to fmd with few individuals or colonies Grindelia nuda, Helianthus annuus, H. petiolaris, Lactuca but found in several locations serriola, Sonchus oleraceus, Descurainia sophia, Salsola Rare - Very difficult to find and limited to one or very few tragus, Ipomoea cristulata, Acalypha neomexicana, locations or uncommon habitats Chamaesyce glyptosperma, C. hyssopifolia, Euphorbia dentata, Desmodium metcalfei, Medicago minima, Ribes Collection numbers are italicized and preceded by the initials inerme, Lamium amplexicaule, Marrubium vulgare, Mentha of the collector (Table 5). Unless followed by one of the spicata, Nepeta cataria, Plantago lanceolata, Gilia clokeyi, following acronyms, collections are housed at the Arizona Rumex obtusifolius, Datura wrightii, Tribulus terrestris, State ·university herbarium (ASU): ASC = Deaver Tragopogon porrifolius, Sisymbrium altissimum, Avena Herbarium at Northern Arizona University; MNA =Museum fatua, Chloris virgata, Digitaria virgata, Eragrostis curvula, of Northern Arizona Herbarium; ARIZ = University of Festuca rubra, and Hordeum murinum.

Table 3. Acronyms ofcollectors.

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Abies concolor Juniperus deppeana Juniperus scopulorum white fir alligator juniper rocky mountain juniper

Pinus ponderosa Pseudotsuga menziesii Echinocereus coccineus ponderosa pine douglas-fir scarlet hedgehog cactus

Opuntia engelmannii Opuntia macrorhiza Opuntia phaeacantha engelmann prickly-pear plains prickly-pear brownspine prickly-pear

Agave parryi Nolina microcarpa Yucca baccata Parry's agave beargrass banana yucca 19 TREES & SHRUBS Aceraceae - Asteraceae

Acer negundo Acer negundo- male flws Acer negundo - female flws boxelder boxelder box elder

Acer glabrum Acer grandidentatum Acer grandidentatum - male flws rocky mountain maple bigtooth maple bigtooth maple

Rhus glabra - flowers Rhus glabra - fruit Rhus trilobata - flowers smooth sumac smooth sumac skunkbush

Rhus trilobata - fruit Toxicodendron rydbergii californica skunkbush western poison ivy Califomica brickellbush 20 Desert Plants 2005 LYCOPODIOPHYTA (SPIKE-MOSSES) Perennial herb; infrequent, rock crevices; EG Selaginellaceae 429; CD 1961 (ASC). Selaginella underwoodii Hieron.- UNDERWOOD'S neomexicana Windham - NEW MEXICO CLIFF SPIKEMOSS FERN Perennial herb; abundant; EG 337. Perennial herb; occasional, upper canyon; EG 522, 785. EQUISETOPHYTA (SCOURINGRUSH AND HORSETAILS) Ophioglossaceae Equisetaceae Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. - RATTLESNAKE FERN Equisetum arvense L. - COMMON HORSETAIL Perennial herb; not encountered; based on a 1984 Perennial herb; frequent, riparian; EG 24, 137, collection: AN (ASC 41612). 722; EL 21330; DD s.n. (ASU 41263). Equisetum hyemale L. - COMMON SCOURINGRUSH Polypodiaceae Perennial herb; occasional, riparian; EG 544; EL Polypodium hesperium Maxon- WESTERN POLYPODY 19875. [P. vulgare Maxon var. hesperium (Maxon) A. Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun - SMOOTH Nels. & J. F. Macbr.] SCOURINGRUSH Perennial herb; occasional, rock crevices; EG Perennial herb; rare, riparian; EG 44*. 338, 520, 638; TR 5288; EL 23999. Equisetum xferrissii Clute (pro sp.) (E. hyemale x E. laevigatum) - FERRIS' HORSETAIL Pteridaceae [E. intermedium (A. A. Eat.) Rydb., E. hyemale Adiantum aleuticum (Rupr.) Paris- WESTERN var. intermedium A. A. Eat.] MAIDENHAIR Perennial herb; infrequent, riparian; EG 727, [A. pedatum (Rupr.) Paris ssp. aleuticum (Rupr.) 814; ES 488; EK 120 (ASC); CD 5507 (ASC). Calder & Taylor] Perennial herb; abundant, riparian; EG 29, 305; PTERIDOPHYTA (FERNS) TR 5289; ES 485; DP 11677; EL 24934; CD 1900. Aspleniaceae Astrolepis integerrima (Hook.) Benham & Windham - Asplenium resiliens Kunze- BLACK-STEM HYBRID CLOAKFERN SPLEENWORT [Notholaena integerrima (Hook.) Hevly, Perennial herb; infrequent, lower canyon walls; Cheilanthes integerrima (Hook.) Mickel] PB s.n. (37251 ASC); EG 963. Perennial herb; not encountered, based on a 1989 Asplenium trichomanes L. - MAIDENHAIR collection: PR s.n. (ASC 58224). SPLEENWORT Cheilanthes feei T. Moore - SLENDER LIPFERN Perennial herb; occasional; EG 339; TR 5290. Perennial herb; infrequent; EG 358, 516. Cheilanthesfendleri Hook.- FENDLER'S LIPFERN Dennstaedtiaceae Perennial herb; infrequent; EG 669, DB 892 (ASC). Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn- BRACKEN FERN Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link- PURPLE CLIFFBRAKE Perennial herb; abundant; EG 115, 126, 636; EL Perennial herb; infrequent, lower slopes; EG 957; 18781. AJ 1086 (MNA). Pellaea wrightiana Hook.- WRIGHT'S CLIFFBRAKE Dryopteridaceae Perennial herb; infrequent, rocky lower slopes; Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. -BULBLET BLADDER ML999 FERN Perennial herb; occasional, riparian; EG 28, 346, CONIFEROPHYTA (GYMNOSPERMS) 427; TR R3046D, 5287F. Cupressaceae Cystopteris reevesiana Lellinger - SOUTHWESTERN Juniperus deppeana Steud. -ALLIGATOR JUNIPER BRITTLE FERN Tree; frequent, throughout; EG 641. [C.fragilis var. tenuifolia (Clute) Broun] Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. - ROCKY MOUNTAIN Perennial herb; occasional, riparian and canyon JUNIPER floor; EG 125, 155, 430, 493, 521; TR 5301J; EL Tree; frequent~ throughout; EG 380, 612. 20221; CD 4143 (ASC). Dryopteris .filix-mas (L.) Schott- MALE FERN Pinaceae Perennial herb; occasional, canyon floor; EG Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr.­ 966; TR 5291; MDW 37. WHITE FIR Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth- NORTHERN Tree; abundant, throughout; EG 135, 532. HOLLYFERN Picea pungens Engelm. - BLUE SPRUCE Tree; frequent, upper canyon; EG 136. Oak Creek Gilbert and Licher 21

Pinus edulis Engelm. - PINYON PINE Pseudocymopterus montanus (A. Gray) J. M. Coult. & Tree; rare-infrequent; rim only; EG 448. Rose -MOUNTAIN PARSLEY Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson - PONDEROSA PINE Perennial herb; occasional, upper canyon; EG Tree; abundant, throughout; EG 533. 100, 751. Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco- DOUGLAS-FIR Tree; abundant, throughout; EG 534. Apocynaceae Apocynum cannabinum L.- INDIANHEMP MAGNOLIOPHYTA (ANGIOSPERMS): Perennial herb; infrequent, riparian, lower MAGNOLIOPSIDA (DICOTS) canyon; ML 629 Aceraceae Apocynum xjloribundum Greene (pro sp.) (A. Acer glabrum Torr. - ROCKY MOUNTAIN MAPLE cannabinum L. x A. androsaemifolium L.) - Shrub; occasional, upperriparian;EG 79, 114, 128. INTERMEDIATE DOGBANE Acer grandidentatum Nutt. - BIGTOOTH MAPLE [A. medium Greene] Tree; frequent, canyon floor; EG 723. Perennial herb; frequent, riparian/canyon floor; Acer negundo L. - BOXELDER EG 69, 93, 919, ML 622. Tree; abundant, riparian; EG 84. # Vinca major L. - BIGLEAF PERIWINKLE Perennial herb; a cultivar introduced from Amaranthaceae Mayhews' lodge, only found at canyon mouth; Amaranthus powellii S. Wats. -POWELL'S AMARANTH EG 875*. [A. retrojlexus L. var.powellii (S. Wats.) Boivin] Annual herb; occasional, upper canyon and Call Araliaceae ofthe Canyon; EG 392, 480, 825, 970; ML 13. Aralia racemosa L. -AMERICAN SPIKENARD Perennial herb; infrequent, riparian; EG 164. Anacardiaceae Rhus glabra L. - SMOOTH SUMAC Asclepiadaceae Shrub; rare-infrequent, slopes; EG 777, 818. Asclepias engelmanniana Woods.- ENGELMANN'S Rhus trilobata Nutt. - SQUAW BUSH, SKUNKBUSH MILKWEED Shrub; occasional, throughout; EG 269, 874. Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon; ML Toxicodendron rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) Greene­ 632, 676. WESTERN POISON-IVY Asclepias speciosa Torr. - SHOWY MILKWEED [Rhus radicans L. var. rydbergii (Small ex Perennial herb; occasional, upper canyon; EG Rydb.) Rehd., T. radicans (L.) Kuntze var. 105, 761. rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) Erskine] Asclepias tuberosa L. - BUTTERFLY MILKWEED Perennial herb; frequent, canyon floor and mesic Perennial herb; occasional, canyon floor; EG slopes; EG 961. 59*, 64, 106.

Apiaceae Asteraceae Aletes macdougalii J. M. Coult. & Rose - Achillea millefolium L. - COMMON YARROW MACDOUGAL'S INDIAN PARSLEY Perennial herb; occasional, canyon floor; EG Perennial herb; occasional, canyon walls 241, 409. throughout; EG 558. Ageratina herbacea (A. Gray) King & H. E. Robins.­ Cicuta douglasii (DC.) J. M. Coult. & Rose- WESTERN FRAGRANT SNAKEROOT WATERHEMLOCK [Eupatorium herbaceum (A. Gray) Greene] [C. maculata L. var. califomica (A. Gray) Boivin] Annual herb; frequent, riparian; EG 333. Perennial herb; not encountered; based on 1965 Agoseris glauca (Pursh) Raf. - MOUNTAIN and 1979 collections: WR s.n. (ASC 33482); LP DANDELION Ligusticum porteri J. M. Coult. & Rose - OSHA Perennial herb; rare, upper canyon and rim; EG Perennial herb; occasional, canyon floor; EG 36, 613*, 706, 773. 48, 108, 138; EL 18789, 23991. Ambrosia psilostachya DC. - WESTERN RAGWEED Osmorhiza berteroi DC. - SWEET CICELY [A. cumanensis auct., non Kunth] [0. chilensis Hook. &Am.] Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon and Perennial herb; occasional, canyon floor; EG 17, Call of the Canyon; EG 390. 627, 654. Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.- PEARLY # Pastinaca sativa L. -WILD PARSNIP EVERLASTING Perennial herb; only found at confluence with Perennial herb; frequent, riparian; EG 210, 260. Oak Creek; EG 182*. Antennaria marginata Greene- WHITE-MARGIN PUSSYTOES 22 TREES & SHRUBS Asteraceae - Ericaceae

Brickellia californica Berberis repens Alnus oblongifolia Califomica brickellbush creeping barberry Arizona alder

Alnus oblongifolia - female & male Ostrya knowltonii - male flws Ostrya knowltonii - fruit Arizona alder Knowlton's hophombeam Knowlton's hophombean

Sambucus nigra ssp. cerulea Symphoricarpos rotundifolius Paxistima myrsinites blue elderberry roundleaf snowberry mountain lover

Cornus sericea Arctostaphylos pringlei Arctostaphylos pungens red-osier dogwood Pringle's manzanita pointleaf manzanita 23 TREES & SHRUBS Fabaceae- Juglandaceae

Robinia neomexicana Quercus ch~solepis Quercus emo~i New Mexico Locust canyon live oak emory oak

Quercus gambelii Quercus grisea Quercus turbinella gambel oak Arizona oak I gray oak scrub oak

CTar~aj1avescens Ribes pinetorum Ribes rubrum quinine bush, ashy silktassel orange grooseberry cultivated current

Fendlera rupicola Philadelphus microphyllus Juglans major - flower cliff fendlerbush littleleaf mockorange Arizona walnut 24 TREES & SHRUBS Juglandaceae- Rosaceae

Juglans major - fruit Fraxinus velutina Fraxinus velutina - flower Arizona walnut velvet ash velvet ash

Platanus wrightii - flower Frangula californica - flower Arizona sycamore Arizona sycamore Californica buckthorn

Frangula californica - fruit Amelanchier utahensis Cercocarpus montanus Californica buckthorn Utah serviceberry alderleaf mountain mahogany

Holodiscus dumosus Malus pumila Petrophyton caespitosum bush oceanspray, rock-spirea cultivated apple mat rock-spirea 25 TREES & SHRUBS Rosaceae -

Prunus serotina Prunus virginiana Rosa woodsii black chokecherry chokecherry Wood's Rose

Rubus discolor - fruit Rubus discolor - flower Rubus idaeus Himalayan Blackberry Himalayan Blackberry red raspberry

Rubus leucodermis - fruit Rubus leucodermis - flower Rubus neomexicanus whitebark raspberry white bark raspberry New Mexico raspberry

Ptelea trifoliata - flower Ptelea trifoliata - fruit Populus angustifolia hop tree hoptree narrow leaf cottonwood 26 TREES & SHRUBS Salicaceae

Populus femontii - fruit Populus femontii - female flowers Populus femontii - male flowers Fremont's cottonwood Fremont's cottonwood Fremont's cottonwood

Salix exigua Salix exigua - male flowers Salix gooddingii coyote willow coyote willow Goodding's willow

Salix gooddingii - female flowers Salix gooddingii - male flowers Salix lasiolepis - female flowers Goodding's willow Goodding's willow arroyo willow

Salix lasiolepis - male flowers Salix ligulifolia - female flowers Salix ligulifolia- male flowers arroyo willow strap leaf willow strap leaf willow 27 HERBS - Dicots Amarantbaceae - Asteraceae

Amaranthus powelii Aletes macdougalii Cicuta douglasii Powell's amaranth MacDougal's indian parsley western water hemlock

Ligusticum porteri Osmorhiza berteroi Apocynum x floribundum osha sweet cicely intermediate dogbane

Aralia racemosa Asclepias engelmanniana Asclepias speciosa american spikenard Engelmann's milkweed showy milkweed

Asclepias tuberosa Achillea millefolium Ageratina herbacea butterfly milkweed common yarrow fragrant snakeroot 28 HERBS - Dicots Asteraceae

Ambrosia psilostachya Anaphalis margaritacea Antennaria marginata western ragweed pearly everlasting white-margin pussytoes

Antennaria parvifolia Artemisia carruthii Artemisia dracunculus small-leaf pussytoes Carruth's sagewort tarragon

Artemisia ludoviciana Bahia dissecta Brickellia grandiflora Louisiana wormwood, white sagebrush rag leaf bahia tasselflower brickellbush

Cirsium arizonicum Cirsium vulgare Cirsium wheeleri Arizona thistle bull thistle Wheeler's thistle 29 HERBS - Dicots Asteraceae

Conyza canadensis Coreopsis tinctoria Erigeron divergens horseweed golden tickseed spreading fleabane

Erigeron flagellaris Erigeron oreophilus Erigeron saxatilis trailing fleabane chaparral fleabane rock fleabane

Erigeron speciosus Heterotheca subaxillaris Heterotheca villosa aspen fleabane camphorweed hairy goldenaster

Hieracium fendleri wrightii Lactuca tatarica yellow hawkweed Wright's thimblehead blue lettuce 30 HERBS - Dicots Asteraceae

Machaeranthera canescens Packera hartiana Packera multilobata hoary tansyaster Hart's ragwort lobe leaf groundsel

Packera quercetorum Perityle ciliata Pseudognaphalium canescens Oak Creek ragwort fringed rockdaisy Wright's cudweed

Pseudognaphalium macounii Rudbeckia laciniata Rudbeckia laciniata Macoun's cudweed cutleaf coneflower cutleaf coneflower

Senecio arizonicus canadensis Solidago missouriensis Arizona ragwort Canadian goldenrod goldenrod 31 HERBS - Dicots Asteraceae - Brassicaceae

Solidago velutina Solidago wrightii Sonchus asper three-nerve goldenrod Wright's goldenrod spiny sowthistle

Symphyotrichum falcatum Symphyotrichum lanceolatum Taraxacum laevigatum white prairie aster white panicle aster red seed dandelion

Taraxacum officinale Tragopogon dubius Lithospermum multiflorum common dandelion yellow salsify manyflowered stoneseed

Macromeria viridiflora Arabis hirsuta Boechera perennans giant trumpets hairy rockcress perennial rockcress 32 HERBS - Dicots Brassicaceae - Caprifoliaceae

Draba asprella Erysimum capitatum Nasturtium o.fficinale rough draba western wallflower watercress

Pennellia longifolia Rorippa palustris Schoenocrambe linearifolia longleaf mock thelypody bog yellowcress slimleaf plainsmustard

Thlaspi montanum Turritis glabra Campanula parryi pennycress tower rockcress Parry's bellflower

Lobelia cardinalis Humulus lupulus Lonicera arizonica cardinal flower hops Arizona honeysuckle 33 HERBS - Dicots Caryophylliaceae - Fabaceae

Arenaria lanuginosa Cerastium fontanum Cerastium texanum spreading sandwort common mouse-ear chickweed chickweed

Pseudostellaria jamesii Silene antirhinna Silene scouleri tuber starwort sleepy campion, sleepy catchfly simple campion

Hypericum scouleri Euphorbia dentata Tragia ramosa Scouler's saint johnswort toothed spurge branched nosebum

Cologania angustifolia Lathyrus lanswertii Lotus wrightii longleaf cologania Arizona peavine Wright's deervetch 34 HERBS - Dicots Fabaceae - Hydrophyllaceae

Lupinus palmeri Medicago lupulina Melilotus ojjicinalis bluebonnet lupine black medic yellow sweetclover

Thermopsis montana Trifolium repens Vicia americana mountain goldenbanner white clover American vetch

Corydalis aurea speciosa Geranium caespitosum var. fremontii golden corydalis deer's ears Fremont's geranium

Geranium caespitosum var. parryi Geranium richardsonii Hydrophyllum occidentale Parry's geranium Richardson's geranium western waterleaf 35 HERBS - Dicots Hydrophyllaceae - Onagraceae

Phacelia heterophylla Agastache pallidiflora Clinopodium vulgare varileaf phacelia Bill William's mountain giant hyssop wild basil

Hedeoma diffusa Monarda fistulosa Prunella vulgaris spreading false pennyroyal mintleaf beebalm, wild bergamot healall, selfheal

Sidalcea neomexicana Mirabilis decipiens Chamerion angustifolium New Mexico checkermallow broadleaffour o'clock fueweed

Circea alpina Epilobium brachycarpum Epilobium canum small enchanter's nightshade tall annual willowherb hummingbird trumpet 36 HERBS - Dicots Onagraceae - Plantaginaceae

Epilobium ciliatum Epilobium glaberrimum Epilobium glaberrimum fringed willowherb glaucous willowherb glaucous willowherb

Gaura hexandra Oenothera elata Oenothera flava harlequin bush Hooker's evening-primrose yellow evening-primrose

Oenothera laciniata Oenothera neomexicana Oenothera villosa cutleaf evening-primrose New Mexico evening-primrose hairy evening-primrose

Oxalis alpina Oxalis stricta Plantago major alpine woodsorrel yellow woodsorrel common plantain 37 HERBS - Dicots Planta2inaceae - Poly~onaceae

Ipomopsis aggregata Ipomopsis multiflora Linanthus nuttallii scarlet gilia, skyrocket gilia manyflowered gilia Nuttall's linanthus

Phlox gracilis Polemonium foliosissimum Eriogonum alatum slender phlox Jacob's-ladder winged buckwheat

Eriogonum alatum Eriogonum pharnaceoides Erigonum polycladon winged buckwheat wirestem buckwheat sorrel buckwheat

Polygonum convolvulus Polygonum lapathifolium Polygonum persicaria black bindweed pale smartweed lady's thumb 38 HERBS - Dicots - Ranunculaceae

Rumex crispus Rumex salicifolius Claytonia perfoliata curly dock willow dock miner's lettuce

Claytonia rosea Portulaca oleracea Androsace septentrionalis western springbeauty common purslane northern rockjasmine

Chimaphila umbellata Aconitum columbianum Anemone cylindrica pipsissewa I Columbian monkshood candle anemone

Aquilegia chrysantha Cimicifuga arizonica Clematis ligusticifolia golden columbine Arizona bugbane white virgin's bower 39 HERBS - Dicots Ranunculaceae - Rubiaceae

Delphinium geraniifolium Delphinium scaposum Thalictrum fendleri Clark Valley larkspur barestem larkspur Fendler's meadowrue

Agrimonia gryposepala Fragaria virginiana Ivesia arizonica tall hairy agrimony Virginia strawberry rock whitefeather

Potentilla glandulosa Potentilla thurberi Galium triflorum sticky cinquefoil scarlet cinquefoil fragrant bedstraw

Galium wrightii Houstonia wrightii Kelloggia gallioides Wright's bedstraw pygmy bluet milk kelloggia 40 Desert Plants 2005 Perennial herb; frequent, canyon floor; EG 31, Erigeron divergens Torr. & A. Gray - SPREADING 555, 562, 564, 569, 620. FLEABANE Antennaria parvifolia Nutt. - SMALL-LEAF PUSSYTOES Perennial herb; occasional; EG 255, 710, 775. [A. aprica Greene] Erigeron jlagellaris A. Gray - TRAILING FLEABANE Perennial herb; frequent, canyon floor; EG 592. [E. nudiflorus Buckl.] Antennaria rosea Greene - ROSY PUSSYTOES Perennial herb; frequent, upper canyon and rim; Perennial herb; rare-infrequent, upper canyons; EG 502, 605, 616, 617, 632, 666, 708, 748. EG 583, 588. Erigeron formosissimus Greene -BEAUTIFUL FLEABANE Antennaria rosulata Rydb. - KAIBAB PUSSYTOES Perennial herb; occasional, upper canyon; EG 772. Perennial herb; rare, upper canyons; EG 591*. Erigeron neomexicanus A. Grey - NEW MEXICO Artemisia campestris L. - FIELD SAGEWORT FLEABANE Perennial herb; infrequent; upper canyons; ML 648 Perennial herb; occasional, lower - mid canyon I Artemisia carruthii Wood ex Carruth.- CARRUTH'S riparian; ML 684; EG 1064 SAGEWORT Erigeron oreophilus Greenm. - CHAPARRAL FLEABANE Perennial herb; throughout; EG 366, 826. Perennial herb; occasional; EG 318, 796, 1063. Artemisia dracunculus L. Erigeron saxatilis Nesom- ROCK FLEABANE [A. dracunculoides Pursh] Perennial herb; occasional, mostly rock crevices Perennial herb; infrequent; EG 420. above creek; EG 85, 124. Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. - LOUISIANA SAGEWORT, Erigeron speciosus (Lindl.) DC. -ASPEN FLEABANE LOUISIANA WORMWOOD [E. macranthus Nutt.] Perennial herb; abundant, throughout; EG 474, 806. Perennial herb; occasional, canyon floor; EG Bahia dissecta (A. Gray) Britt. - RAGLEAF BAHIA 222, 424, 786, 807. Biennial herb; occasional, canyon floor; EG 421. Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby - BROOM Brickellia betonicifolia A. Gray- BETONY-LEAF SNAKEWEED BRICKELLBUSH Shrub; frequent on rim only; EG 434. Perennial herb; rare, lower slopes throughout Helianthella quinquenervis (Hook.) A. Gray- FIVE­ canyon; ML 708. NERVEHEL~THELLA Brickellia californica (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray [Helianthus quinquenervis Hook.] Shrub; occasional, canyon floor and lower Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyons; EG slopes; EG 479, 799, 860. 104, 764, 824; ML 15. Brickellia eupatorioides (L.) Shinners - FALSE BONESET Heliomeris multiflora Nutt. - SHOWY GOLDENEYE [Kuhnia rosemarinifolia Vent., B. chlorolepis Perennial herb; occasional, upper canyons; EG 389. (Woot. & Standi.) Shinners] Heterotheca subaxillaris (Lam.) Britt. & Rusby­ Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon; EG 83 7. CAMPHORWEED Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt. - TASSELFLOWER [Heterotheca psammophila B. Wageenkn.] BRICKELLBUSH Annual herb; rare (common in Call of the Perennial herb; occasional, riparian/canyon floor; Canyon); EG 791, 939*. EG 223, 284, 407; RD 2680. Heterotheca villosa (Pursh) Shinners -HAIRY Cirsium arizonicum (A. Gray) Petrak-ARIZONA THISTLE GOLDENASTER Perennial herb; occasional; EG 268, 373, 712, Perennial herb; frequent, throughout; EG 357. 819, 867. Hieracium carneum Greene- HUACHUCA # Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. - BULL THISTLE HAWKWEED Biennial herb; became frequent in 2002, riparian; Perennial herb; rare, one specimen found in EG209. upper canyon; EG 384. Cirsium wheeleri (A. Gray) Petrak- WHEELER'S Hieracium fendleri Schultz-Bip. -YELLOW HAWKWEED THISTLE Perennial herb; occasional, canyon floor; EG Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyons; ML 316. 659, 676, 702. Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. - HORSEWEED mexicanus A. Gray - MEXICAN Annual herb; frequent, riparian; EG 231, 332, WOOLLYWHITE 344, 387. Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon; ML Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. - GOLDEN TICKSEED 600, 612. Annual herb; occasional, upper canyons; EG 410. A. Gray- WRIGHT'S Erigeron colomexicanus A. Nels. -RUNNING FLEABANE THIMBLEHEAD [E. divergens Torr. & Gray var. cinereus A. Gray] Perennial herb; infrequent, rim and Call of the Perennial herb; infrequent, upper slopes; EG 369, Canyon; EG 441, 846; LP 45250 (ASC). 585, 615, 630. Hymenoxys bigelovii (A. Gray) Parker- BIGELOW'S RUBBERWEED Oak Creek Gilbert and Licher 41

[Macdougalia bigelovii (A. Gray) Heller] Perennial herb; infrequent, lower slopes; EG 1065. Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon; EG Pseudognaphalium macounii (Greene) Kartesz­ 587, 597. MACOUN'S CUDWEED Hymenoxys richardsonii (Hook.) Cockerell- PINGUE [Gnaphalium decurrens E. Ives, Gnaphalium RUBBERWEED macounii Greene] Perennial herb; not encountered; based on a 1967 Annual herb; infrequent, lower canyon; EG 465, collection: HR 52870 (ASC). 475, 800. Lactuca graminifolia Michx. - GRASSLEAF LETTUCE Rafinesquia californica Nutt- CALIFORNIA PLUMPSEED Perennial herb; frequent, canyon floor; EG 679, Annual herb; rare, upper slopes; ML 575. 703, 728. Rudbeckia laciniata L. - CUTLEAF CONEFLOWER Lactuca tatarica C. A. Mey. var. pulchella (Pursh) Perennial herb; occasional, riaprian; EG 35,3. Breitung - BLUE LETTUCE Senecio actinella Greene - FLAGSTAFF RAGWORT [L. pulchella (Pursh) DC.] [Packera actinella (Greene) W. A. Weber & A. Perennial herb; occasional, canyon floor; EG 698. Love] Layia glandulosa (Hook.) Hook. & Am. - WHITEDAISY Perennial herb; upper canyons; ML 597; RH s.n. TIDYTIPS (MNA 2199/Bll,071). Annual herb; infrequent, rim; ML 1239. Senecio arizonicus Greene -ARIZONA RAGWORT # Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. - OXEYE DAISY Perennial herb; occasional, lower canyon; EG 13, [Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.] 47, 553, 886. Perennial herb; rare, lower riparian; EG 930. Senecio bigelovii A. Gray - NODDING RAGWORT Machaeranthera canescens (Pursh) A. Gray - HOARY Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon; EG 422. TANSYASTER Senecio spartioides Torr. & A. Gray - BROOM Perennial herb; occasional; EG 393. GROUNDSEL Machaeranthera pinnatifida (Hook.) Shinners - LACY Perennial herb; occasional, upper rim; EG 388, 494. TANSYASTER Senecio wootonii Greene- WOOTON'S RAGWORT Perennial herb; occasional; EG 438, 797, 820, 857. Perennial herb; occasional, upper canyons; ML 168. Malacothrix clevelandii A. Gray - CLEVELAND'S Solidago canadensis L. - CANADIAN GOLDENROD DESERT DANDELION Perennial herb; frequent, riparian; EG 234, 320, Annual herb; infrequent, rim; EG 606, 623. 329. Packera hartiana (Heller) W. A. Weber & A. Love - Solidago missouriensis Nutt. -MISSOURI GOLDENROD HART'S RAGWORT Perennial herb; occasional, riparian; EG 185. [Senecio hartianus Heller] Solidago simplex Kunth - MT. ALBERT GOLDENROD Perennial herb; occasional, canyon floor; ML 172. Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon; ML 13. Packera multilobata (Torr. & A. Gray ex A. Gray) W. A. DC.- THREE-NERVE GOLDENROD Weber & A. Love - LOBELEAF GROUNDSEL [S. arizonica (A. Gray) Woot. & Standi., S. [Senecio multilobatus Torr. & A. Gray ex A. Gray] sparsijlora A. Gray] Perennial herb; occasional, canyon floor; EG Perennial herb; occasional, slopes; EG 330, 383, 116, 549, 554, 580. 816. Packera neomexicana (A. Gray) W. A. Weber & A. Love­ Solidago wrightii A. Gray- WRIGHT'S GOLDENROD NEW MEXICO GROUNDSEL Perennial herb; occasional, lower canyon slopes; Perennial herb; infrequent, canyon floor; EG 887, EG 242, 331. 913. # Sonchus asper (L.) Hill- SPINY SOWTHISTLE Packera quercetorum (Greene) C. Jeffrey- OAK CREEK Annual herb; occasional, riparian; EG 730. RAGWORT Symphyotrichum falcatum (Lindl.) G .L.N esom var. [Senecio quercetorum Greene] commutatum (Torr. & A. Gray) G. L. Nesom­ Perennial herb; occasional, rim and slopes; EG WHITE PRAIRIE ASTER 618, 645, 675; ML 171. [Aster commutatus A. Gray] Pericome caudata A. Gray- MOUNTAIN TAIL-LEAF Perennial herb; occasional, canyon floor; EG Perennial herb; rare, upper canyon; ML 707. 295, 503, 809, 851. Perityle ciliata (L. H. Dewey) Rydb. - FRINGED Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (Willd.) G. L. Nesom var. ROCKDAISY lanceolatum -WHITE PANICLE ASTER Perennial herb; occasional, lower rock faces; EG [Aster lanceolatus Willd.] 195, 261, 277. Perennial herb; frequent, riparian; EG 316, 414, Pseudognaphalium canescens (DC.) W. A. Weber­ 795. WRIGHT'S CUDWEED # Taraxacum laevigatum (Will d.) DC. - RED SEED [ Gnaphalium canescens DC., Gnaphalium DANDELION wrightii A. Gray] Perennial herb; frequent, riparian; EG 685. 42 HERBS - Dicots Santalaceae - Scrophulariaceae

Comandra umbellata Heuchera parvifolia Heuchera rubescens Bastard toadflax littleleaf alumroot pink alumroot

Pamassia palustris Saxifraga rhombiodea Castilleja applegatei grass-of-parnassus diamondleaf saxifrage desert indian paintbrush

Mimulus cardinalis Mimulus guttatus Mimulus rubellus scarlet monkeyflower common monkeyflower little redstem monkeyflower

Pedicularis centranthera Penstemon barbatus Penstemon pseudospectabilis dwarf lousewort beardlip penstemon desert penstemon 43 HERBS - Dicots Scrophulariaceae - Vitaceae

Penstemon rostriflorus Penstemon virgatus Scrophularia parviflora Bridge's penstemon upright blue beardtongue pineland figwort

Verbascum thapsis Veronica anagallis-aquatica Solanum americanum common mullein water speedwell American black nightshade , .... ~ ii•. . ', ""',(~- I • . . .l i ...- . ;

~,.... ·".. .. ·.\I ... ··.~• ~ - .--

-. ~.. '· ·:-... · .. ,·.·:·.·· ,.,. .. Jt"' -~\~. ·~, .- - ~·~~·,.. .. . ,_ ·~~ . ~ ' '--.. --. I, ,~ · :;:.. .' . , • fl' ' . /J . \ , . ' f Valeriana arizonica Valeriana edulis Valia canadensis Arizona valerian edible valerian, tobacco root Canadian violet

Viola sororia Parthenocissus vitacea Vitis arizonica sand violet woodbine Arizona grape 44 Desert Plants 2005

#Taraxacum officinale G. H. Weber ex Wiggers­ Descurainia californica (A. Gray) 0. E. Schulz- SIERRA COMMON DANDELION TANSYMUSTARD Perennial herb; frequent, riparian; EG 671. Biennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon; EG 167; Townsendia exscapa (Richards.) Porter- STEMLESS ML 10,653. TOWNSEND DAISY Descurainia obtusa (Greene) 0. E. Schulz- BLUNT [Aster exscapus Richards.] TANSYMUSTARD Perennial herb; infrequent, upper slopes; EG 589*. Annual herb; rare, rim; EG 664, 847. # Tragopogon dubius Scop. - YELLOW SALSIFY Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt. - WESTERN Perennial herb; infrequent; EG 134. TANSYMUSTARD Uropappus lindleyi (DC.) Nutt.- LINDLEY'S Annual herb; infrequent, rim; EG 600. SILVERPUFFS Draba asprella Greene - ROUGH DRABA [Microseris linearifolia (Nutt.) Schultz-Bip.] Perennial herb; frequent in spring, canyon floor; Annual herb; rim; ML 497. EG 5, 631; EL 18446, 19871, 21329; DD 44073. arizonica A. Gray- ARIZONA MULE-EARS Draba cuneifolia Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray - Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyons; ML 634 WEDGELEAF DRABA Annual herb; occasional in spring, rim and upper Berberidaceae canyons; EG 603. Berberis repens Lindl. - CREEPING BARBERRY Erysimum capitatum (Dougl. ex Hook.) Greene - [Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don] WESTERN WALLFLOWER Shrub; occasional, canyon & slope; EG 198, 274. Perennial herb; frequent, canyon floor; EG 107, 378, 557, 601, 647. Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. - COMMON PEPPERWEED Alnus oblongifolia Torr. -ARIZONA ALDER Annual herb; frequent, canyon floor; EG 296, Tree; frequent, riparian; EG 251. 792, 916. Ostrya knowltonii Coville- KNOWLTON'S Nasturtium officinale R. Br. -WATERCRESS HOPHORNBEAM [N nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Karsten, Rorippa Tree; occasional, lower canyon floor/riparian; EG nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek] 670, 681. Perennial herb; infrequent, lower riparian (common in Oak Creek proper); EG 186*, 1070; Boraginaceae DG 64404 (ASC). Cryptantha gracilis Osterhout - NARROWSTEM Pennellia longifolia (Benth.) Rollins- LONGLEAF CRYPTANTHA MOCK THELYPODY Annual herb; infrequent, rim; EG 622. [Thelypodium longifolium (Benth.) S. Wats.] Hackeliafloribunda (Lehm.) I. M. Johnston­ Perennial herb; rare, lower and upper canyon MANYFLOWER STICKSEED floor; EG 801, 999*. Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon floor; Rorippa palustris (L.) Bess. -BOG YELLOWCRESS EG 122. [R. islandica (Oeder) Borbas] Lithospermum multiflorum Torr. ex A. Gray - Biennial herb; frequent, riparian; AI 348; EG MANYFLOWERED STONESEED 246, 308, 423, 733. Perennial herb; occasional; EG 109, 652. Schoenocrambe linearifolia (A. Gray) Rollins­ Macromeria viridiflora DC. - GIANT TRUMPETS SLIMLEAF PLAINSMUSTARD Perennial herb; occasional, lower canyon floor; [Thelypodiopsis linearifolia (A. Gray) Al­ EG 253, 473. Shehbaz] Perennial herb; occasional; EG 280, 335, 355, 646. Brassicaceae Thlaspi montanum L. - PENNYCRESS Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. var. pycnocarpa (M. Hopkins) Perennial herb; frequent in spring; EG 6, 530. Rollins- HAIRY ROCKCRESS Thysanocarpus curvipes Hook. - SAND FRINGEPOD Perennial herb; occasional; EG 248, 301, 749. Annual herb; infrequent; ML 517, ML 1001 Boechera perennans (S. Wats.) W.A. Weber­ (ASC). PERENNIAL ROCKCRESS Turritis glabra L. - TOWER ROCKCRESS [Arabis perennans S. Wats.] [Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh.] Perennial herb; occasional, canyon floor and rim; Biennial herb; infrequent, lower riparian; EG EG 3, 542, 602, 667; ML 499, 519. 682,991. # Caps ella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. - SHEPHERD'S PURSE Cactaceae Annual herb; rare, upper canyon; EG 584. Echinocereus coccineus Engelm. var. coccineus - SCARLET HEDGEHOG CACTUS Oak Creek Gilbert and Licher 45

[E. triglochidiatus Engelm. var. melanacanthus [C. vulgatum L.] (Engelm.) L. D. Benson] Perennial herb; occasional, riparian; EG 293. Succulent shrubs; occasional, slopes and rim; EG Cerastium texanum Britt. - TEXAS CHICKWEED 649, 711. Annual herb; infrequent, riparian; EG 565. Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck ex Engelm.­ Drymaria molluginea (Lag.) Didr.- SLIMLEAF ENGELMANN PRICKLY-PEAR DRYMARY [0. phaeacantha Engelm. var. discata (Griffiths) [D. sperguloides A. Gray] L. D. Benson & Walk.] Annual herb; rare, upper canyon; EG 829; ML 2. Succulent shrubs; occasional, rim; EG 713. Pseudostellariajamesiana (Torr.) W. A. Weber & R. L. Opuntia macrorhiza Engelm.- PLAINS PRICKLY-PEAR, Hartman-TUBERSTARWORT TWISTSPINE PRICKLY-PEAR [Stellariajamesiana Torr.] Succulent shrubs; occasional, slopes and rim; EG Perennial herb; occasiona~ lower canyon; EG 19, 40. 879, 1022. Silene antirrhina L. - SLEEPY CAMPION, SLEEPY Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. - BROWNSPINE CATCHFLY PRICKLY-PEAR Annual herb; infrequent, canyon floor; EG 604, Succulent shrubs; occasional, rim; EG 714, 1023. 700. Silene scouleri Hook.- SIMPLE CAMPION Campanulaceae Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon; EG Campanula parryi A. Gray- PARRY'S BELLFLOWER 386, 412, 973. Perennial herb; infrequent, riparian (rock crevices above creek); EG 737. Celastraceae Lobelia cardinalis L. - CARDINAL FLOWER Paxistima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf. - MOUNTAIN LOVER Perennial herb; occasional, riparian; EG 239, 259, 299. Shrub; frequent, lower and mid-canyon floor and Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl.- CLASPING VENUS' lower slopes; EG 11, 14. LOOKING-GLASS Annual herb; rare, lower canyon floor; EG 699. Chenopodiaceae # Chenopodium album L. - COMMON LAMBS Cannabaceae QUARTERS Humulus lupulus - HOPS Annual herb; rare-infrequent, canyon floor; EG Perennial vine; occasional, riparian; EG 140, 294. 790*, 852, 862. # Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Ambrosi var. Caprifoliaceae parvicapitatum Welsh - LEAFY GOOSEFOOT Lonicera arizonica Rehd. -ARIZONA HONEYSUCKLE Annual herb; infrequent, upper canyon; ML 17. Perennial vine; infrequent, canyon floor; EG 46. Chenopodiumfremontii S. Wats.- FREMONT'S Sambucus nigra L. ssp. cerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli- BLUE GOOSEFOOT ELDERBERRY Annual herb; occasional; EG 226, 347, 375. [S. glauca Nutt., S. neomexicana Woot., S. Chenopodium pratericola Rydb. - DESERT cerulea Raf., S. mexicana Sarg. ssp. cerulea GOOSEFOOT (Raf.) E. Murray] Annual herb; infrequent, upper canyons; EG 404; Shrub; infrequent, canyon floor; EG 177, 561, ML6. 921; EL 21331. Dysphania graveolens (Willd.) Mosyakin & Clements - Symphoricarpos rotundifolius A. Gray - ROUNDLEAF FETID GOOSEFOOT SNOWBERRY [Chenopodium graveolens Willd., C. incisum Poir.] Shrub; frequent, throughout;EG 153, 665, 704, 763. Annual herb; seasonally frequent, upper canyons; EG 415, 517, 834. Caryophyllaceae Arenaria lanuginosa (Michx.) Rohrb.- SPREADING Clusiaceae SANDWORT Hypericum scouleri Hook.- SCOULER'S ST. Perennial herb; infrequent; EG 359. JOHNSWORT Cerastium brachypodum (Engelm. ex A. Gray) B. L. [H.formosum Kunth ssp. scouleri (Hook.) C. L. Robins. - SHORTS TALK CHICKWEED Hitchc.] [C. nutans Rafin. var. brachypodum Engelm. ex Perennial herb; infrequent, riparian; EG 747; EL A. Gray] 20210; ES 477. Annual herb; infrequent, riparian; ML 151. # Cerastium fontanum Baumg. ssp. vulgare (Hartman) Convolvulaceae Greuter & Burdet- COMMON MOUSE-EAR # Convolvulus arvensis L. - FIELD BINDWEED CHICKWEED 46 HERBS - Monocots

Commelina dianthifolia Tradescantia occidentalis Allium bisceptrum birdbill dayflower western spiderwort aspen onion

Disporum trachycarpum Fritillaria atropurpurea Maianthemum racemosum roughfruit fairybells spotted fritillary false solomon's-seal

Maianthemum stellatum Zigadenus elegans Epipactus gigantea starry false solomon's-seal mountain death camas stream orchid

Goodyera oblongifolia Platanthera sparsijlora Platanthera zothecina western rattlesnake-plantain sparse flowered bog orchid alcove bog orchid Oak Creek Gilbert and Licher 47 Perennial vine; infrequent; disturbed soils in [D. ordiae A. Gray; Petalostemon pilosulus Rydb.] upper canyons; ML 613. Perennial herb; infrequent; EG 187. Ipomoea plummerae A. Gray- HUACHUCA Dalea candida Michx. ex Willd. - WHITE PRAIRIE MOUNTAIN MORNING-GLORY CLOVER Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon; ML 17. [Petalostemon candidus Michx.] Cornaceae Perennial herb; infrequent, upper slopes; ML 633. Cornus sericea L. - RED-OSIER DOGWOOD Dalea polygonoides A. Gray - SIXWEEKS PRAIRIE Shrub; abundant, riparian; EG 25, 80, 158; MA 339. CLOVER Annual herb; seasonally and locally frequent, Crassulaceae upper canyon; EG 397. Sedum cockerellii Britt. - COCKERELL'S STONECROP Desmodium grahamii A. Gray- GRAHAM'S Perennial herb; infrequent, lower and upper TICKTREFOIL canyon walls; EG 225, 498, 523, 828. Perennial herb; rare, upper canyon; EG 364. Lathyrus lanszwertii Kellogg var.leucanthus (Rydb.) Ericaceae Dam- ARIZONA PEAVINE Arctostaphylos pringlei Parry- PRINGLE'S MANZANITA [L. lanszwertii var. arizonicus (Britt.) Welsh, L. Shrub; occasional, slopes; EG 8, 267, 270, 535. arizonicus Britt., L. leucanthus Rydb.] Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth - POINTLEAF Perennial herb; occasional; EG 34, 39, 52. MANZANITA Lotus wrightii (A. Gray) Greene -WRIGHT'S Shrub; occasional, slopes; EG 9. DEERVETCH Perennial herb; occasional, upper canyon and Euphorbiaceae rim; EG 146, 360, 640, 658, 969. Chamaesyce serpyllifolia (Pers.) Small- THYMELEAF Lupinus hi/Iii Greene -HILL'S LUPINE SAND MAT Perennial herb; occasional, upper canyon floor; Annual herb; occasional, riparian; EG 399, 513. CM s.n. (MNA 2327/B15315); EG 32, Ill; AJ Euphorbia brachycera Engelm. - HORNED SPURGE 1122 (MNA). [E. lurida Engelm.] Lupinus kingii S. Wats. - KING'S LUPINE Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyons; EG 571. Annual herb; infrequent, upper canyon bottoms; Tragia ramosa Torr. - BRANCHED NOSEBURN ML651 [T. stylaris Muell.-Arg.] Lupinus palmeri S. Wats. - BLUEBONNET LUPINE Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon slopes; [L. argenteus Pursh var. palmeri (S. Wats.) EG 365, 854, 977. Bameby] Perennial herb; frequent, throughout; EG 425, 491. Fabaceae # Medicago lupulina L. - BLACK MEDIC Astragalus castaneiformis S. Wats. - CHESTNUT Annual herb; frequent, riparian; EG 145, 349, 759. MILKVETCH # Medicago sativa L. -ALFALFA Perennial herb; rare, upper canyon; EG 590. Perennial herb; rare, seen by author only on Astragalus humistratus A. Gray - GROUNDCOVER upper border in disturbed soil; MA 33 (MNA). MILKVETCH # Melilotus alba Medik. - WHITE SWEETCLOVER Perennial herb; occasional, upper canyons and Annual herb; frequent, riparian; EG 211, 279. rim; EG 362, 572, 653, 782, 968. #Melilotus officina/is (L.) Lam.- YELLOW Astragalus lentiginosus Dougl. ex Hook. var. diphysus (A. SWEETCLOVER Gray) M. E. Jones - FRECKLED MILKVETCH [Melilotus a/bus Medik.] Perennial herb; infrequent, canyon rim; ML 498; Annual herb; frequent, riparian; EG 89, 103, 278. MWs.n. (MNA 1046/4123); CD258(ASC). Phaseolus grayanus Woot. and Standi.- GRAY'S BEAN Astragalus tephrodes A. Gray -ASHEN MILKVETCH Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon and rim; Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyons; EG 570. EG 363; ML 10. Calliandra humilis Benth.- DWARF STICKPEA Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh) Rydb. - SLIMFLOWER Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon slopes SCURFPEA and rim; ML 290. [P. tenuiflora Pursh] Cologania angustifolia Kunth - LONGLEAF Perennial herb; rare, upper rim; EG 644*. COLOGANIA Robinia neomexicana A. Gray- NEW MEXICO LOCUST [C. longifolia A. Gray] Shrub; abundant on slopes; EG 102, 721. Perennial herb; occasional, upper canyon slopes; Thermopsis montana Nutt. - MOUNTAIN EG 361, 781. GOLDENBANNER Dalea albiflora A. Gray - WHITEFLOWER PRAIRIE Perennial herb; frequent; EG 35, 49, 91. CLOVER Trifolium longipes Nutt. - LONGS TALK CLOVER 48 Desert Plants 2005

Perennial herb; infrequent, upper riparian; EG Perennial herb; frequent, mostly riparian; EG 38, 411, 771. 96, 101, 718. # Trifolium repens L. - WHITE CLOVER Perennial herb; frequent, riparian; EG 88, 292, 810. Grossulariaceae Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd. -AMERICAN VETCH Ribes pinetorum Greene - ORANGE GOOSEBERRY Perennial vine; occasional; EG 51, 86. Shrub; infrequent; EG 573, 635. Vicia pulchella Kunth - SWEETCLOVER VETCH # Ribes rubrum L. - CULTIVATED CURRANT Perennial vine; rare, upper slopes. [R. sativum Syme] Shrub; only found just within canyon mouth; EG Fagaceae 695*. Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. - CANYON LIVE OAK Tree; frequent, slopes and rim; EG 188, 200, 266, Hydrangeaceae 453, 960. Fend/era rupicola A. Gray- CLIFF FENDLERBUSH Quercus emoryi Torr. - EMORY OAK Shrub; infrequent, lower slopes; ML 170. Tree; occasional, lower slopes; EG 199, 264. Philadelphus microphyllus A. Gray - LITTLELEAF Quercus gambelii Nutt. - GAMBEL'S OAK MOCKORANGE Tree; frequent, throughout; EG 178, 191, 275, Shrub; occasional, throughout; EG 173, 559, 624, 736. 379; JP s.n. (ASU 103742). Quercus grisea Liebm. - GRAY OAK Hydrophyllaceae [Q. arizonica Sarg.] Eriodictyon angustifolium Nutt. - NARROWLEAF Tree; frequent, slopes; EG 190, 192, 265, 272. YERBASANTA Quercus turbinella Greene - SCRUB OAK Shrub; rare, lower slopes; EG 882, 923; ML 152. Shrub; occasional, lower slopes and rim; EG 201, Hydrophyllum occidentale (S. Wats.) A. Gray­ 445. WESTERN WATERLEAF Quercus x pauciloba Rydb. (Q. gambelii x Q. turbinella)­ Perennial herb; frequent, lower canyon floor and WAVYLEAF OAK wooded slopes; EG 37, 175, 546. [Q. undulata Torr.] Nama dichotomum (Ruiz & Pavon) Choisy - WISHBONE Shrub; infrequent, lower slopes; EG 189, 437. FIDDLELEAF Annual herb; infrequent, upper canyon and rim; Fumariaceae EG 398,518. Corydalis aurea Willd. - GOLDEN CORYDALIS Phacelia heterophylla Pursh- VARILEAF PHACELIA Annual herb; infrequent, lower; EG 526, 566. Perennial herb; occasional; EG 63, 283.

Garryaceae J uglandaceae Garrya flavescens S. Wats. - QUININE BUSH, ASHY Juglans major (Torr.) Heller- ARIZONA WALNUT SILKTASSEL Tree; occasional, canyon floor; EG 817, 884. Shrub; frequent, slopes; EG 4, 271. Garrya wrightii Torr. -WRIGHT'S SILKTASSEL Lamiaceae Shrub; rare; EG 726*; EG 1024*. Agastache pallidiflora (Heller) Rydb. - BILL WILLIAM'S MOUNTAIN GIANT HYSSOP Gentianaceae Perennial herb; occasional, riparian; EG 214, Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb.- DEER'S EARS 313a, 416. [Swertia radiata (Kellogg) Kuntze] Clinopodium vulgare L. - WILD BASIL Perennial herb; occasional, throughout canyon [Satureja vulgaris (L.) Fritsch] floor; EG 949; AJ 1013 (MNA). Perennial herb; occasional, riparian; EG 244, 313b, 524, 525, 758. Geraniaceae Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt. -AMERICAN # Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her. ex Ait. - FILAREE DRAGONHEAD Annual herb; infrequent, rim; EG 609. [Moldavica parviflora (Nutt.) Britt.] Geranium caespitosum James - PINEYWOODS Perennial herb; rare, upper canyons; EG 789. GERANIUM Hedeoma diffusa Greene - SPREADING FALSE (G. caespitosum var.fremontii and G. PENNYROYAL caespitosum var. parryi present) Perennial herb; infrequent-occasional, canyon Perennial herb; occasional, mostly riparian; EG walls and rim; EG 607, 661. 97, 110, 374. Hedeoma oblongifolia (A. Gray) Heller- OBLONGLEAF Geranium richardsonii Fisch. and Trautv. - FALSE PENNYROYAL RICHARDSON'S GERANIUM Oak Creek Gilbert and Licher 49

Perennial herb; occasional, canyon floor; EG Perennial herb; not encountered; based on a 1983 356, 495, 650, 798. collection: JA 39564 (ASC). Monardafistulosa L. var. menthifolia (Graham) Fern.­ Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub ssp. circumvagum MINTLEAF BEEBALM, WILD BERGAMOT (Mosquin) Kartesz - FIREWEED [M menthifolia Graham] [Epilobium angustifolium L. ssp. circumvagum Perennial herb; frequent, riparian; EG 141, 224, 287. Mosquin] Prunella vulgaris L. - HEALALL, SELFHEAL Perennial herb; infrequent, lower and upper Perennial herb; occasional, riparian; EG 165, 312. riparian; EG 142, 757. Circaea alpina L. ssp. pacifica (Aschers. & Magnus) Linaceae Raven- SMALL ENCHANTER'S Linum australe A. Heller - SOUTHERN FLAX NIGHTSHADE Annual herb; rare, upper canyon; EG 767. [C. pacifica Aschers. & Magnus] Perennial herb; rare, riparian; EG 336. Malvaceae Epilobium brachycarpum K. Presl- TALL ANNUAL #Malva neglecta Wallr. - COMMON MALLOW WILLOWHERB Annual herb; not encountered (common in Call [E. paniculatum Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray] of the Canyon); based on 1966, 1970, 1975 Annual herb; infrequent, upper canyon slopes; collection: AH 182288; EL 18794; WB s.n. (ASC EG 402, 822, 838b. 20808). Epilobium canum (Greene) Raven ssp. latifolium (Hook.) Sidalcea neomexicana A. Gray - NEW MEXICO Raven- HUMMINGBIRD TRUMPET CHECKERMALLOW [Zauschneria californica K. Presl ssp. latifolia Perennial herb; infrequent, throughout canyon; (Hook.) Keck, Zauschneria latifolia (Hook.) EG 426,931. Greene] Sphaeralcea fendleri A. Gray - FENDLER'S Perennial herb; occasional, throughout; EG 321, GLOBEMALLOW 334, 370. Perennial herb; rare, upper canyon floor and Call Epilobium ciliatum Raf. - FRINGED WILLOWHERB of the Canyon; EG 832. Perennial herb; frequent, riparian; EG 245, 297b, 808, 838a; RD 2677; EL 20216, 23359. Monotropaceae Epilobium glaberrimum Barbey - GLAUCOUS Pterospora andromedea Nutt.- WOODLAND WILLOWHERB PINEDROPS Perennial herb; infrequent, riparian 2.5-4.5 miles Parasite; rare, upper canyon slopes; EG 977b*. from canyon mouth; new record for AZ; EG 741, 929; ML 2. Nyctaginaceae Gaura hexandra ssp. gracilis (Woot. & Standi.) Raven & Mirabilis decipiens (Standi.) Standi.- BROADLEAF Gregory- HARLEQUIN BUSH FOUR O'CLOCK [Gaura gracilis Woot. & Standi.] [M linearis (Pursh) Heimerl var. decipiens Annual herb; occasional, canyon floor; EG 77b, (Standi.) Welsh, Oxybaphus linearis (Pursh) B.L. 477, 504, 804. Robins var. decipiens (Standi.) Kearney & Peebles] Gayophytum diffusum Torr. & A. Gray- SPREADING Perennial herb; occasional, throughout canyon; GROUNDSMOKE EG 396, 469, 478, 497, 793. Annual herb; rare, upper canyons; ML 9. Mirabilis pumila (Standi.) Standi. -DWARF FOUR Oenothera caespitosa Nutt. - TUFTED EVENING­ O'CLOCK PRIMROSE [Oxybaphus pumilus (Standi.) Standi.] Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyons; ML 596. Perennial herb; occasional, upper canyon slopes Oenothera elata Kunth - HOOKER'S EVENING­ and rim; EG 442, 955. PRIMROSE Perennial herb; infrequent, lower canyon; EG 217. Oleaceae Oenotherajlava (A. Nels.) Garrett- YELLOW Fraxinus velutina Torr. - VELVET ASH EVENING-PRIMROSE [F. pennsylvanica Marsh. ssp. velutina (Torr.) G. Perennial herb; infrequent, riparian; EG 170, N. Mill.] 341, 391. Tree; occasional, canyon floor; EG 273, 614. Oenothera laciniata Hill - CUTLEAF EVENING­ PRIMROSE Onagraceae Perennial herb; upper canyon and Call of the Calylophus hartwegii (Benth.) Raven- HARTWEG'S Canyon; ML 649; AJ 1108, 1162 (MNA). SUNDROPS Oenothera neomexicana (Small) Munz - NEW MEXICO EVENING-PRIMROSE 50 Desert Plants 2005

Biennial herb; occasional, lower canyon floor; Perennial herb; occasional, lower canyon floor; EG 324; EL 20211. EG 118, 166, 208. Oenothera villosa ssp. strigosa (Rydb.) W. Dietr. & Raven -HAIRY EVENING-PRIMROSE Polygonaceae [0. procera Woot. & Standi.] Eriogonum alatum Torr. -WINGED BUCKWHEAT Perennial herb; infrequent; EG 323, 803. Perennial herb; occasional, canyon floor; EG Oxalidaceae 519, 707. Oxalis alpina (Rose) Rose ex R. Knuth - ALPINE Eriogonum davidsonii Greene- DAVIDSON'S WOODSORREL BUCKWHEAT [ 0. metcalfei (Small) R. Knuth] [E. vimineum Dougl. ex Benth. ssp.juncinellum Perennial herb; seasonally occasional; EG830, (Gandog.) S. Stokes] 948; AJ 1107 (MNA); EL 20213. Annual herb; rare, rim; EG 593, 663. Oxalis stricta L. -YELLOW WOODSORREL Eriogonum pharnaceoides Torr. - WIRESTEM [0. dillenii Jacq.] BUCKWHEAT Perennial herb; rare, upper canyons; EG 309. Annual herb; occasional; EG 237, 394, 440, 510. Eriogonum polycladon Benth. - SORREL BUCKWHEAT Plantaginaceae [E. densum Greene] Plantago argyraea Morris - SALTMEADOW Annual herb; found only at canyon mouth; EG PLANTAIN 1018*, 1020*. [P. purshii Roemer & J. A. Schultes var. argyraea Eriogonum racemosum Nutt. - REDROOT (Morris) Poe] BUCKWHEAT Annual herb; infrequent, upper rim; EG 400, 845; Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon; EG 835. ML4. Eriogonum wrightii Torr. ex Benth. -WRIGHT'S Plantago major L. - COMMON PLANTAIN BUCKWHEAT Annual herb; frequent, riparian; EG 216. Shrub; frequent, rim; EG 376, 444, 455. # Polygonum aviculare L. - PROSTRATE KNOTWEED Platanaceae Annual herb; occasional, canyon; EG 401, 509, Platanus wrightii S. Wats. -ARIZONA SYCAMORE 811. Tree; rare, riparian; EG 866. Polygonum bistortoides Pursh -AMERICAN BISTORT Perennial herb; rare, upper canyon; EG 840; ML 16. Polemoniaceae # Polygonum convolvulus L. - BLACK BINDWEED Gilia ophthalmoides Brand - EYED GILIA Annual herb; infrequent, lower canyon; EG 229, Annual herb; infrequent, xeric slopes and rim; 351. EG 621, 633. Polygonum douglasii Greene ssp.johnstonii (Munz) Ipomopsis aggregata (Pursh) V. Grant - SCARLET Hickman- JOHNSTON'S KNOTWEED GILIA, SKYROCKET GILIA [P. sawatchense Small] Perennial herb; occasional; EG 372, 784; ES Annual herb; infrequent, throughout canyons; EG 474; EL 20204. 220, 511. Ipomopsis multiflora (Nutt.) V. Grant- MANY-FLOWER Polygonum lapathifolium L. - PALE SMARTWEED GILIA Annual herb; frequent, lower riparian; EG 205, 352. [ Gilia multiflora Nutt.] Polygonum pensylvanicum L. -PENNSYLVANIA Perennial herb; infrequent, lower canyon floor; SMARTWEED EG 193, ML 685. Annual herb; not encountered; based on a 197 6 Linanthus nuttallii (A. Gray) Greene ex Milliken­ collection: JKAL s.n. (ASC 46375). NUTTALL'S LINANTHUS # Polygonum persicaria L. - LADY'S-THUMB Perennial herb; frequent, throughout; EG 144, Annual herb; occasional, riparian; A1355; EG 183, 382. 861, 932. Phlox gracilis (Hook.) Greene- SLENDER PHLOX #Rumex acetosella L. - SHEEP SORREL [Microsteris gracilis (Hook.) Greene] Perennial herb; occasional, throughout canyon Annual herb; infrequent, lower canyon floor; EG floor; EG 547, 581, 720. 548. #Rumex crispus L. - CURLY DOCK Phlox speciosa ssp. woodhousei (Torr. ex A. Gray) Perennial herb; frequent, riparian; EG 117, 129, Wherry- WOODHOUSE'S PHLOX 163, 172, 207. [P. woodhousei (Torr. ex A. Gray) E. Nels.] Rumex salicifolius Weinm. - WILLOW DOCK Perennial herb; rare, upper canyon; ML 145. [R. californicus Rech. f., Rumex mexicanus Polemoniumfoliosissimum Brand- JACOB'S-LADDER Meisn., Rumex triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech. f.] Perennial herb; occasional, riaprian; EG 406. Oak Creek Gilbert and Licher 51 Portulacaceae Perennial herb; frequent, throughout canyon; EG Claytonia perfoliata Donn ex Willd. - MINER'S LETTUCE 83, 120. Perennial herb; infrequent, lower riparian; EG 16, 529. Claytonia rosea Rydb. -WESTERN SPRINGBEAUTY Ceanothus fendleri A. Gray- FENDLER'S CEANOTHUS [C. lanceolata Pall. ex Pursh var. rosea (Rydb.) Shrub; occasional, xeric slopes; EG 113. R. J. Davis] Ceanothus integerrimus Hook & Am.- DEERBRUSH Perennial herb; frequent in spring, lower canyon [C. califomicus] floor; EG 7. Shrub; rare, lower canyon; ML 1153 Portulaca oleracea L. - COMMON PURSLANE Frangula californica (Eschsch.) Gray- CALIFORNIA [P. retusa Engelm.] BUCKTHRON Annual herb; seasonally frequent, upper canyon [Rhamnus californica Eschsch.] and rim; EG 395. Shrub; frequent, canyon floor and slopes; EG 325. Rhamnus ilicifolia Kellogg- HOLLYLEAF REDBERRY Primulaceae [R. crocea Nutt. ssp. ilicifolia (Kellogg) C. B. Wolf] Androsace septentrionalis L. - NORTHERN Shrub; infrequent, slopes; EG 541. ROCKJASMINE Annual herb; occasional, canyon floor; EG 119, Rosaceae 567, 575, 628, 637. Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. -TALL HAIRY AGRIMONY Perennial herb; occasional, lower canyon; EG Pyrolaceae 206, 215, 500. Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart.- PIPSISSEWA Amelanchier utahensis Koehne -UTAH SERVICEBERRY Perennial herb; infrequent, lower slopes; EG 319, Shrub; occasional, throughout; EG 159, 619. 756. Cercocarpus montanus Raf. - ALDERLEAF Pyrola chlorantha Sw. - GREENFLOWERED MOUNTAIN MAHOGANY WINTERGREEN [C. breviflorus A. Gray] [P. virens Schreb.] Shrub; frequent, slopes; EG 953; AJ 1055, 1082 Perennial herb; rare, upper canyon; ML 709. (MNA); JKYN 102 (ASC). Chamaebatiaria millefolium (Torr.) Maxim. - FERNBUSH Ranunculaceae Shrub; infrequent, rim; EG 443, 836. Aconitum columbianum Nutt. - COLUMBIAN Dasiphora floribunda Pursh - SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL MONKSHOOD Shrub; rare, upper canyons; EG 500, 515, 783. Perennial herb; frequent, riparian; EG 257. Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. ex Torr. -APACHE Anemone cylindrica A. Gray - CANDLE ANEMONE PLUME Perennial herb; infrequent, canyon floor; EG 81, Shrub; rare, rims of upper canyon; EG 844*. 250, 743. Fragaria vesca L. ssp. bracteata (Heller) Staudt­ Aquilegia chrysantha A. Gray - GOLDEN COLUMBINE WOODLAND STRAWBERRY Perennial herb; occasional; EG 98, 112, 300, [F. bracteata Heller] 738; LP s.n. (ASU 212462). Perennial herb; infrequent; EG 787. Cimicifuga arizonica S. Wats. -ARIZONA BUGBANE Fragaria virginiana Duchesne ssp. glauca (S. Wats.) Perennial herb; infrequent, riparian; EG 161. Staudt- VIRGINIA STRAWBERRY Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. -WHITE VlRGIN'S BOWER [F. glauca (S. Wats.) Rydb., F. ova/is (Lehm.) Perennial vine; infrequent, canyon floor/riparian; Rydb.] EG821. Perennial herb; occasional; EG 577, 770. Delphinium geraniifolium Rydb. -CLARK VALLEY Geum triflorum Pursh- OLD MAN'S WHISKERS LARKSPUR Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon; EG Perennial herb; occasional, canyon floor; EG 568, 626. 252; EL 20215. Holodiscus dumosus (Nutt. ex Hook.) Heller- BUSH Delphinium scaposum Greene - BARESTEM OCEANSPRAY, ROCK-SPIREA LARKSPUR Shrub; occasional; EG 154, 174, 735. Perennial herb; rare, rim and slopes; EG 599. lvesia arizonica (Eastw. ex J. T. Howell) Ertter - ROCK Ranunculus cardiophyllus Hook. - HEARTLEAF WHITEFEATHER BUTTERCUP Perennial herb; rare, rock crevices of lower Perennial herb; rare, upper canyon; EG 582. slopes; EG 263. Thalictrumfendleri Engelm. ex A. Gray- FENDLER'S lvesia multifoliolata (Torr.) Keck- MANYLEAF­ MEADOWRUE MOUSETAIL 52 Desert Plants 2005

[Potentilla multifoliolata (Torr.) Kearney & Rubiaceae Peebles] Galium triflorum Michx. - FRAGRANT BEDSTRAW Perennial herb; rare, upper canyon; EG 490, 778. Perennial herb; occasional, riparian; EG 77. #Malus pumila P. Mill. -PARADISE APPLE Galium wrightii A. Gray- WRIGHT'S BEDSTRAW [M communis Poir., M sylvestris American Perennial herb; occasional, slopes; EG 194, 343, 496. auth., non P. Mill.] Houstonia wrightii A. Gray - PYGMY BLUET Tree; occasional, canyon floor; EG 470, 471, [Hedyotis pygmaea Roemer & J. A. Schultes] 877; EL 18159. Perennial herb; occasional, canyon floor; EG Petrophyton caespitosum (Nutt.) Rydb. -MAT ROCK­ 143, 705, 765. SPIREA Kelloggia galioides Torr. - MILK KELLOGGlA Perennial herb; frequent, slope and rim; EG 446, Perennial herb; occasional, canyon floor; EG 709. 608. Potentilla crinita A. Gray - BEARDED CINQUEFOIL Rutaceae Perennial herb; occasional, upper canyon; EG 774. Ptelea trifoliata L. var. polyadenia (Greene) V. Bailey­ Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. - STICKY CINQUEFOIL HOPTREE Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon; EG Shrub; frequent, lower canyon and slopes; EG 121, 238, 719. 82, 202; DD 41223. Potentilla hippiana Lehm. -WOOLLY CINQUEFOIL Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon; EG 952. Salicaceae Potentilla norvegica L. - NORWEGIAN CINQUEFOIL Populus angustifolia James - NARROWLEAF Perennial herb; rare, upper canyons; ML 650. COTTONWOOD Potentilla thurberi A. Gray - SCARLET CINQUEFOIL Tree; infrequent, upper riparian and Call of the Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon; EG Canyon; EG 419. 221, 405. Populus fremontii S. Wats. -FREMONT'S Prunus serotina Ehrh. - BLACK CHOKECHERRY COTTONWOOD Tree; occasional, lower canyon floor; EG 880, Tree; infrequent, lower riparian; EG 744, 917. 883; ML 153. Populus tremuloides Michx. - QUAKING ASPEN Prunus virginiana L. - CHOKECHERRY Tree; occasional, upper canyon; EG 87, 149, 408. Tree; occasional, canyon floor; EG 42, 92, 354. Salix bebbiana Sarg.- BEBB'S WILLOW Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson - STANSBURY Shrub; rare, upper canyons; EG 418, 841. CLIFFROSE Salix exigua Nutt. - COYOTE WILLOW [Cowania mexicana D. Don var. stansburiana Shrub; infrequent, lower riparian; EG 26, 888. (Torr.) Jepson, Cowania stansburiana Torr.] Salix gooddingii Ball- GOODDING'S WILLOW Shrub; occasional, rim; EG 436, 560. Shrub; infrequent, lower riparian; EG 918. Rosa woodsii Lindl. var. ultramontana (S. Wats.) Jepson­ Salix lasiolepis Benth. -ARROYO WILLOW WOODS' ROSE Shrub; frequent, riparian; EG 95, 545, 871, 873; [R. arizonica Rydb.] CD 1385, 1927, 1948 (ASC). Shrub; frequent, canyon floor; EG 78. Salix ligulifolia (Ball) Ball ex Schneid. - STRAPLEAF #Rubus discolor Weihe & Nees- HIMALAYAN WILLOW BLACKBERRY Shrub; infrequent, riparian; EG 303; DG s.n. [R. procerus auct., non P.J. Muell. ex Genev] (ASC 64548). Shrub; lower canyon floor and Call of the Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.- SCOULER'S Canyon; ML 627, KT 20841 (ASC); DG s.n. WILLOW (ASC 64390); KS 7 (ASC). Shrub; rare; EG 219, 746. Rubus idaeus L. ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke- RED RASPBERRY Santalaceae [R. strigosus Michx.] Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. ssp. pallida (A. DC.) Shrub; occasional, canyon floor; EG 162. Piehl -BASTARD TOADFLAX Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & A. Gray - [C. pallida A. DC.] WHITEBARK RASPBERRY Perennial herb; infrequent, slopes; EG 642. Shrub; infrequent, canyon floor; EG 745. Rubus neomexicanus A. Gray - NEW MEXICO Saxifragaceae RASPBERRY Heuchera parvifolia Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray var. arizonica Shrub; frequent, canyon floor; EG 33, 50. Rosendahl- LITTLELEAF ALUMROOT Sorbus dumosa Greene- ARIZONA MOUNTAIN-ASH Perennial herb; occasional; EG 655. Tree; rare-infrequent, upper riparian; EG 634, 750. Heuchera rubescens Torr. var. versicolor (Greene) M.G. Stewart- PINKALUMROOT 53 Cyperiaceae - J uncaceae - Poaceae

Carex occidentalis Carex rossii Carex senta western sedge Ross' sedge swamp sedge

Carex subfusca Juncus dudleyi Juncus ensifolius brown sedge Dudley's rush rocky mountain rush

Scirpus microcarpus Bouteloua gracilis Bromus anomalus panicled bulrush blue grama nodding brome

Bromus marginatus Dactylis glomerata Dichanthelium oligosanthes mountain brome orchard grass rosette grass 54 Desert Plants 2005

[H. versicolor Greene] Penstemon pseudospectabilis M. E. Jones - DESERT Perennial herb; frequent; EG 123,160, 677, 716. PENSTEMON Lithophragma tenellum Nutt. - SLENDER Perennial herb; infrequent, slopes and rim; EG WOODLAND-STAR 281, 668. Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon; EG Penstemon rostriflorus Kellogg- BRIDGE'S 586, 629. PENSTEMON Parnassia palustris L.- GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS [P. bridgesii A. Gray] Perennial herb; occasional, mid-canyon riparian; Perennial herb; occasional; EG 240, 371, 431. EG 262,286. Penstemon virgatus A. Gray - UPRIGHT BLUE Saxifraga rhomboidea Greene - DIAMONDLEAF BEARDTONGUE SAXIFRAGE Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon; EG 776. Perennial herb; infrequent, lower canyon; EG Scrophularia parvijlora Woot. & Standi. - PINELAND 540, 563. FIGWORT Perennial herb; occasional, lower canyon; EG 348. Scrophulariaceae # Verbascum thapsus L. - COMMON MULLEIN Besseya arizonica Pennell- ARIZONA CORAL-DROPS Biennial herb; frequent, canyon floor; EG 291, 317. Perennial herb; rare, upper canyon; ML 570. Veronica americana Schwein. ex Benth. -AMERICAN Castilleja applegatei Fern. ssp. martinii (Abrams) SPEEDWELL Chuang & Heckard - DESERT INDIAN Perennial herb; based on a 1974 collection, BT 38 PAINTBRUSH (ASC). [C. angustifolia (Nutt.) G. Don var. dubia A. Veronica anagallis-aquatica L.- WATER SPEEDWELL Nels., Castilleja chromosa A. Nels.] Aquatic perennial herb; abundant; EG 218, 258. Perennial herb; occasional; EG 30, 611, 715. Castilleja integra A. Gray- WHOLELEAF INDIAN Simaroubaceae PAINTBRUSH #Ailanthus altissima (P. Mill.) Swingle- TREE-OF­ Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon and HEAVEN slopes; EG 367, 610, 643; ML 7. Shrub; Call of the Canyon and just within canyon Castilleja linariaefolia Benth.- INDIAN mouth; EG 945*. PAINTBRUSH Perennial herb; occasional, rim; EG 435, 662, Solanaceae 848, 849; AJ 1156 (MNA). Solanum americanum P. Mill. -AMERICAN BLACK Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook. - GIANT RED NIGHTSHADE INDIAN PAINTBRUSH [S. nodiflorum Jacq., S. nigrum L. var. Perennial herb; infrequent; EG 99, 724, 768, americanum (P. Mill.) 0. E. Schulz] 769; AJ 1113 (MNA); CM s.n. (MNA2327/ Annual herb; rare, lower canyon floor; EG 345, Bl5361). 935*. #Linaria dalmatica (L.) P. Mill.- DALMATIAN TOAD FLAX Valerianaceae Perennial herb; occasional; EG 417, 508, 752. Valeriana arizonica A. Gray- ARIZONA VALERIAN Mimulus cardinalis Dougl. ex Benth. - SCARLET Perennial herb; occasional, canyon floor; EG 10, MONKEYFLOWER 527, 576, 625. Perennial herb; occasional, lower/mid-riparian; Valeriana edulis Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray- EDIBLE EG 23, 27, 297; DD s.n. (ASU 41262). VALERIAN, TOBACCO ROOT Mimulus guttatus DC. - COMMON MONKEYFLOWER Perennial herb; infrequent, canyon floor; EG 127, 788. [M nasutus Greene] Perennial herb; frequent-abundant, lower Verbenaceae riparian; EG 20, 285. Glandularia bipinnitifita (Briq.) Solbrig­ Mimulus rubellus A. Gray - LITTLE REDSTEM SOUTHWESTERN MOCK VERVAIN MONKEYFLOWER [Verbena gooddingii Briq.] Spring annual herb; infrequent, lower slopes; EG Perennial herb; infrequent; ML 574. 539, 556. Verbena bracteata Lag. & Rodr. - PROSTRATE Pedicularis centranthera A. Gray- DWARF LOUSEWORT VERVAIN Perennial herb; occasional, slopes; EG 552. Biennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon; EG 403. Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth- BEARDLIP PENSTEMON Violaceae Perennial herb; occasional, upper canyon; EG Viola canadensis L. - CANADA VIOLET 130, 648. Oak Creek Gilbert and Licher 55

Perennial herb; frequent, canyon floor; EG 18, Perennial herb; infrequent, slopes; EG 538. 413, 528. Carex occidentalis Bailey - WESTERN SEDGE Viola sororia Willd. ssp. affinis (Le Conte) R. J. Little - [C. neomexicana Mackenzie] SAND VIOLET Perennial herb; frequent, canyon; EG 168, 674b, [mistakenly called V. nephrophylla Greene by 762, 766, 878, 885; ML 161. Kearney and Peebles] Carex rossii Boott- ROSS' SEDGE Perennial herb; occasional, riparian; EG 15. Perennial herb; occasional, canyon; EG 674a; ML 154, 156. Viscaceae Carex senta Boott- SWAMP SEDGE Arceuthobium vaginatum (Willd.) J. Presl- PINELAND Perennial herb; frequent, riparian; EG 22, 536, DWARF MISTLETOE 672, 673. Parasite on Ponderosa Pine; infrequent­ Carex siccata Dewey - DRYSPIKE SEDGE occasional; EG 531. [C. foenea Willd. - misapplied] Phoradendron juniperinum Engelm. ex A. Gray - Perennial herb; rare, upper canyon; ML 157, ML JUNIPER MISTLETOE 569 (ASC). Parasite on Juniper; infrequent-occasional; EG 433. Carex subfusca W. Boott - BROWN SEDGE [C. macloviana d'Urv. ssp. subfusca (W. Boott) Vitaceae T. Koyama] Parthenocissus vitacea (Knerr) A. S. Hitchc.­ Perennial herb; occasional-frequent, riparian; EG WOODBINE 67, 139, 672a, 678, 683, 684, 729; ML 175. Perennial vine; occasional, canyon floor; EG 151. Carex vulpinoidea Michx. - FOX SEDGE Vitis arizonica Engelm. - CANYON GRAPE Perennial herb; infrequent, lower riparian; ML 3. Perennial vine; frequent, canyon floor; EG 197. Cyperusfendlerianus Boeckl.- FENDLER'S FLATSEDGE Perennial herb; infrequent, canyon floor; EG 368, LILIOPSIDA (MONOCOTS) 466, 476, 805; RH s.n. (MNA2199/B11389). Agavaceae Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roemer & J. A. Schultes­ Agave parryi Engelm. -PARRY'S AGAVE COMMON SPIKERUSH Succulent shrub; frequent, slopes and rim; EG [E. macrostachya Britt.] 1010. Perennial herb; rare, riparian; EG 754. No/ina microcarpa S. Wats. - BEARGRASS Scirpus microcarpus J. & K. Presl- PANICLED Perennial herb; occasional, slopes; EG 1009. BULRUSH Yucca baccata Torr. - BANANA YUCCA Perennial herb; occasional, riparian; CM s.n. Succulent shrub; occasional, slopes and rim; EG (MNA 2327/B15347); EG 235, 753; CD 316 725, 1010. (MNA).

Commelinaceae Iridaceae Commelina dianthifolia Delile - BIRDBILL DAYFLOWER Iris missouriensis Nutt. - ROCKY MOUNTAIN IRIS Perennial herb; occasional, lower canyon; EG Perennial herb; occasional, upper canyons; EG 94. 472, 802. Tradescantia occidentalis (Britt.) Smyth- WESTERN Juncaceae SPIDERWORT Juncus dudleyi Wieg. -DUDLEY'S RUSH Perennial herb; frequent, lower canyon floor; EG [J tenuis Willd. var. dudleyi (Wieg.) F. J. Herm.] 73, 326; ES 493. Perennial herb; occasional, lower riparian; CM Tradescantia pinetorum Greene - PINEWOODS s.n. (MNA2327/B15331); EG 68; MA 11 (MNA). SPIDERWORT Juncus ensifolius Wikstr. var. montanus (Engelm.) C. L. Perennial herb; not encountered; based on 1959 Hitchc. -ROCKY MOUNTAIN RUSH collection: RH s.n. (MNA 2355/B 11786). Perennial herb; occasional, riparian; EG 66, 310, 696, 813; MA 334 (MNA); HH s.n. (MNA 2165/ Cyperaceae B10264). Carex aurea Nutt. - GOLDEN SEDGE Juncus longistylis Torr. var. longistylis Torr. - Perennial herb; rare; ML 2-00. LONGSTYLE RUSH Carex duriuscula C.A. Mey. - NEEDLELEAF SEDGE Perennial herb; not encountered; based on a 1962 [C. eleocharis L.H. Bailey, C. stenophylla collection: CM s.n. (MNA 2327/B15316). Wahlenberg] Perennial herb; rare, upper canyon slopes; EG 578. Lemnaceae Carex geophila Mackenzie - WHITE MOUNTAIN Lemna minuta Kunth- LEAST DUCKWEED SEDGE 56 Poaceae

Echinochloa crus-gallii Elymus canadensis Elymus elymoides barnyard grass Canada wildrye squirreltail

Glyceria striata Holcus lanatus Muhlenbergia racemosa fowl mannagrass common velvetgrass marshmuhly

Muhlenbergia straminea Phleum pratense Poa compressa screwleaf muhly timothy Canada bluegrass

Poa fendleriana Poa pratensis Polypogon monspeliensis muttongrass kentucky bluegrass annual rabbitsfoot grass Oak Creek Gilbert and Licher 57 [Lemna minima Phil. ex Hegelm., non Thuill. ex [Habenaria sparsiflora S. Wats.] Beauv.] Perennial herb; infrequent, riparian in mid­ Perennial aquatic herb; rare (became common to canyon; EG 315, 350, 739. lower pools in 2002); EG 934. Platanthera zothecina (Higgins & Welsh) Kartesz & Lemna turionifera Landolt - TURION DUCKWEED Gandhi -ALCOVE BOG ORCHID Perennial herb; based on 1977 collection; EL [Habenaria zothecina Higgins & Welsh] L21456. Perennial herb; infrequent, riparian in mid­ canyon; hybridizes with P. sparsifolia (R. Liliaceae Coleman correspondence); EG 302, 911; CD Allium bisceptrum S. Wats. var. palmeri (S. Wats.) Cronq. 2492 (ASC). -ASPEN ONION [A. palmeri S. Wats.] Poaceae Perennial herb; rare, lower canyon floor; EG 550, Agrostis exarata Trin. - SPIKE BENTGRASS 693, 870. Perennial herb; not encountered; based on a 1965 #Asparagus officina/is L. -ASPARAGUS collection: MA 335 (MNA); CD 5500 (ASC). Perennial herb; rare, lower canyon floor; EG 823. Agrostis scabra Willd. - ROUGH BENTGRASS Calochortus ambiguus (M. E. Jones) Ownbey­ Perennial herb; rare; EG 227. DOUBTING MARIPOSA-LILY Agrostis stolonifera L. - CREEPING BENTGRASS Perennial herb; rare, rim; EG 660*. Perennial herb; occasional, lower canyon; ML Disporum trachycarpum (S. Wats.) Benth. & Hook. f.­ 233, 292 (ASC); LP 45112 (ASC); DG 70939 ROUGHFRUIT FAIRYBELLS (ASC). [Prosartes trachycarpa S. Wats.] Aristida arizonica Vasey -ARIZONA THREEAWN Perennial herb; occasional, upper riparian; EG Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon; EG 831. 152, 574; WH 11127. Aristida schiedeana Trin. & Rupr. var. orcuttiana (Vasey) Fritillaria atropurpurea Nutt. - SPOTTED FRITILLARY Allred & Valdes-Reyna- ORCUTT'S Perennial herb; infrequent, lower canyon floor; THREEAWN, SINGLE THREEAWN EG 694, 881; EL 18168, 19869, 21320. [A. orcuttiana Vasey] Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link - FALSE Perennial herb; infrequent, zeric slopes and rim; SOLOMON'S-SEAL, FEATHERY FALSE LILY­ ML258. OF-THE-VALLY Blepharoneuron tricholepis (Torr.) Nash- PINE Perennial herb; occasional, canyon floor; EG 21, DROPSEED 157, 176, 276, 327. Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon; EG Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link- STARRY FALSE 385, 432, 507. LILY-OF-THE-VALLY, STARRY FALSE Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.- SIDEOATS SOLOMON'S-SEAL GRAMA [Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf.] Perennial herb; occasional, upper canyon and Perennial herb; occasional, canyon floor; ML 160. rim; EG 449, 974. Triteleia lemmoniae (S. Wats.) Greene- OAK CREEK Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths - TRITELEIA BLUEGRAMA [Brodiaea lemmoniae S. Wats.] Perennial herb; occasional; EG 439, 505, 815. Perennial herb; rare, upper canyons; ML 601. Bromus anomalus Rupr. ex E. Fourn. -NODDING Zigadenus elegans Pursh -MOUNTAIN DEATH CAMAS BROME Perennial herb; occasional, riparian; EG 90, 732. [including B. frondosus and B. porteri] Perennial herb; infrequent, lower canyon; EG 322. Orchidaceae Bromus carinatus Hook. & Am. - California brome Corallorrhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf.- SPOTTED Perennial herb; infrequent, lower canyon; B. CORALROOT marginatus phase; ML 162. Perennial herb; infrequent; EG 12, 651. Bromus ciliatus L. - FRINGED BROME Epipactis gigantea Dougl. ex Hook. - STREAM ORCHID Perennial herb; frequent; EG 169, 213, 228, 289, Perennial herb; infrequent, riparian; EG 731, 740. 381, 514, ML 705. Goodyera oblongifolia Raf.- WESTERN # Bromus diandrus Roth - RIPGUT BROME RATTLESNAKE-PLANTAIN [B. rigidus Roth var. gussonei (Parl.) Coss. & [G. decipiens (Hook.) F. T. Hubbard] Durieu] Perennial herb; infrequent, lower canyon floor; Annual herb; infrequent, lower canyon floor EG249. (frequent in Call of the Canyon); ML 577; EG 56*. Platanthera sparsiflora (S. Wats.) Schlechter- SPARSE­ # Bromus inermis Leyss. - SMOOTH BROME FLOWERED BOG ORCHID 58 Desert Plants 2005 Perennial herb; infrequent, lower canyon floor; # Festuca arundinaceum Schreb. -TALL FESCUE EG 915; MA 24 (MNA). [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshire] # Bromus japonicus Thunb. ex Murr. - JAPANESE BROME Perennial herb; infrequent, lower canyon; ML 625. Annual herb; rare; ML 265a. Glyceria striata (Lam.) A. S. Hitchc.- FOWL # Bromus rubens L. - RED BROME MANNAGRASS Annual herb; infrequent, rim; EG 594. [G. elata (Nash ex Rydb.) M. E. Jones] # Bromus sterilis L. - POVERTY BROME Perennial herb; occasional, lower canyon; EG 45, Annual herb; infrequent, lower canyon; EG 53; 65, 689, 734. ML149. Hesperostipa comata (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth - # Bromus tectorum L. - CHEAT BROME NEEDLE & THREAD GRASS Annual herb; occasional, upper canyon, rim; EG Perennial herb; rare, upper canyons; ML 599 55*, 579, 596. # Holcus lanatus L. - COMMON VELVETGRASS # Dactylis glomerata L. - ORCHARD GRASS Perennial herb; occasional, lower canyon; EG Perennial herb; occasional, lower canyon; EG 41. 54*, 75*, 1005; ML 587 Dichanthelium oligosanthes (J. A. Schultes) Gould var. Hordeum jubatum L. - FOXTAIL BARLEY scribnerianum (Nash) Gould- SCRIBNER'S Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon; EG 132. ROSETTE GRASS Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) J. A. Schultes- PRAIRIE [Panicum scribnerianum Nash] JUNEGRASS Perennial herb; occasional, lower canyon floor; [K. cristata auct. p.p., non Pers., K. nitida Nutt., EG 688, 697, 976. K. pyramidata auct. p.p., non (Lam.) Beauv.] # Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.- BARNYARD Perennial herb; infrequent; EG 686, 780. GRASS # Lolium perenne L. - PERENNIAL RYEGRASS [Panicum crus-galli L.] Perennial herb; infrequent; EG 72. Annual herb; frequent, riparian; EG 243, 254, Lycurus setosus (Nutt.) C. G. Reeder- BRISTLY 794, 812. WOLFS TAIL Elymus canadensis L. - CANADA WILDRYE Perennial herb; infrequent, slopes and rim; EG Perennial herb; occasional, riparian; AI 339; EG 450, 506. 212, 232, 290; EL 20224, 23993. Melicaporteri Scribn.- PORTER'S MELICGRASS Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey- SQUIRRELTAIL Perennial herb; infrequent, lower canyon; EG Perennial herb; occasional, canyon; EG 180, 595. 148, 328, 858. # Elymus hispidus (Opiz) Melderis ssp. barbulatus Monroa squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr.- FALSE (Schur) Melderis - INTERMEDIATE BUFFALOGRASS WHEATGRASS Annual herb; seasonally and locally abundant, [Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & upper canyon; ML 1. D. R. Dewey, Agropyron intermedium (Host) Muhlenbergia andina (Nutt.) A. S. Hitchc. -FOXTAIL Beauv.] MUHLY Perennial herb; upper canyon and Call of the Perennial herb; rare, riparian; EG 1055, 1 062; Canyon; EG 74*. ML 262; DJ 50318 (ASC). Elymus glaucus Buckl. - BLUE WILDRYE Muhlenbergia curtifolia Scribn. - UTAH MUHLY Perennial herb; occasional, canyon; EG 76b*, Perennial herb; infrequent, lower canyon rock 131, 147, 680. crevices; EG 306, 340, 914, 925. Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners - Muhlenbergia emersleyi Vasey- BULLGRASS SLENDER WHEATGRASS Perennial herb; infrequent, slopes; EG 467. Perennial herb; occasional; EG 833, 912; ML 3- Muhlenbergia longiligula A. S. Hitchc. - LONGTONGUE 00, 7-01 (ARIZ). MUHLY Eragrostis intermedia A. S. Hitchc. - PLAINS Perennial herb; not encountered; based on a 1997 LOVEGRASS collection: DG s.n. (ASC 64563). Perennial herb; rare, lower slopes; ML 1000. Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin.- MEXICAN MUHLY Eragrostis mexicana (Hornem.) Link- MEXICAN Perennial herb; infrequent;EG 1051, 1053; ML232. LOVEGRASS Muhlenbergia minutissima (Steud.) Swallen- ANNUAL Annual herb; occasional, upper canyon; EG 827, MUHLY 1002; ML 9. Annual herb; seasonally frequent, upper canyon; Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees ex Steud.- TUFTED EG512; ML8. LOVEGRASS Muhlenbergia montana (Nutt.) A. S. Hitchc.­ Annual herb; rare; ML 289. MOUNTAIN MUHLY Festuca arizonica Vasey- ARIZONA FESCUE Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon; EG 489. Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon; EG 779. Muhlenbergia pauciflora Buckl. -NEW MEXICO MUHLY Oak Creek Gilbert and Licher 59

Perennial herb; rare, rim; EG 454; DJ s.n. (ASC Perennial herb; infrequent; EG 447, 451. 50316). Vulpia octoflora (Walt.) Rydb.- SIXWEEKS FESCUE Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B.S. P.- MARSH [Festuca octoflora Walt.] MUHLY Annual herb; rare, lower canyon; ML 586 Perennial herb; occasional, lower riparian; EG 204, 233, 288, 927, 928, 1058. Potamogetonaceae Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) A. S. Hitchc. -DEERGRASS Potamogeton foliosus Raf. - LEAFY PONDWEED Perennial herb; occasional, upper canyon; EG 997. Perennial aquatic herb; frequent in lower canyon Muhlenbergia straminea Hitchc. - SCREWLEAF in 2002; EG 856, 933. MUHLY Potamogeton nodosus Poir. - LONGLEAF Perennial herb; frequent, upper canyon slopes; PONDWEED EG 537; JKEL s.n. (ASC 40044). Perennial aquatic herb; rare, lower riparian; EG 236. Muhlenbergia wrightii Vasey- SPIKE MUHLY Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon and rim; Typhaceae EG996. Typha latifolia L. - COMMON CATTAIL Panicum bulbosum Kunth- BULB PANICGRASS Perennial herb; infrequent-occasional, riparian; Perennial herb; infrequent, lower canyon; EG EG 755, 859, 922; CD 3239. 179, 428. Phalaris arundinacea L. - REED CANARYGRASS Perennial herb; rare, lower riparian; EG 920. # Phleum pratense L. - TIMOTHY Perennial herb; occasional, canyon; EG 70, 133, 247, 839, 972. Piptochaetium pringlei (Beal) Parodi- PRINGLE'S SPEARGRASS [Stipa pringlei (Beal) Scribn.] Perennial herb; infrequent, upper canyon; EG 499. # Poa annuaL. -ANNUAL BLUEGRASS Annual herb; not encountered; based on a 1997 collection: DG s.n. (ASC 64561). # Poa compress a L. - CANADA BLUEGRASS Perennial herb; infrequent, riparian; EG 71, 203, 924. Poafendleriana (Steud.) Vasey ssp. longiligula (Scribn. & Williams) Soreng- MUTTONGRASS [P. longiligula Scribn. & Williams] Perennial herb; frequent, canyon floor and slopes; EG 1, 2. Poa palustris L. - EYERDAM'S BLUEGRASS, FOWL BLUEGRASS Perennial herb; infrequent, riparian; AI 338 (ASC); EG 910, 926. Poa pratensis L. -KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS Perennial herb; occasional, riparian; EG 76*, 156, 717. # Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. -ANNUAL RABBITSFOOT GRASS Annual herb; infrequent, riparian; EG 230. Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash var. scoparium­ LITTLE BLUESTEM [Andropogon scoparius Michx.] Perennial herb; infrequent; EG 855. #Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roemer & J. A. Schultes­ YELLOW BRISTLEGRASS Annual herb; rare, lower canyon; ML 264. Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray - SAND DROPSEED [Agrostis cryptandra Torr.] 60 Desert Plants 2005

Canyon wall near mouth of West Fork Canyon. Bottom red sandstone layer is the top of Schnebly Hill Formation. Next layer up is the light gray Coconino Sandstone Layer. At the top, one can just make out the in-cut ledge just below the thinner layer ofKaibab Limestone

Riparian Deciduous Woodland. Alnus oblongifolia Community (Szaro 1989). Just within Red = Acer grandidentatum, light green= Acer negundo, mouth of canyon. Dominants are Alnus oblongifolia, Acer yellow = Vitis arizonica negundo, and Salix lasiolepis