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EFFICACY of a LEVAMISOLE BOLUS in FIELD INFECTIONS of BOVINE NEMATODES Taylor Sm, Mallon T, Green Wp

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EFFICACY of a LEVAMISOLE BOLUS in FIELD INFECTIONS of BOVINE NEMATODES Taylor Sm, Mallon T, Green Wp EFFICACY OF A LEVAMISOLE BOLUS IN FIELD INFECTIONS OF BOVINE NEMATODES Taylor Sm, Mallon T, Green Wp To cite this version: Taylor Sm, Mallon T, Green Wp. EFFICACY OF A LEVAMISOLE BOLUS IN FIELD INFEC- TIONS OF BOVINE NEMATODES. Annales de Recherches Vétérinaires, INRA Editions, 1988, 19 (2), pp.111-118. hal-00901813 HAL Id: hal-00901813 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00901813 Submitted on 1 Jan 1988 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. EFFICACY OF A LEVAMISOLE BOLUS IN FIELD INFECTIONS OF BOVINE NEMATODES TAYLOR SM, MALLON T GREEN WP Veterinary Research Laboratories, The Farm, Stormont, Belfast, BT4 3SD Northern lreland received 07/04/87, accepted 15/07/87 Résumé RECHERCHE DE L’EFFICACITÉ D’UN DIFFUSEUR DE LÉVAMISOLE AU COURS D’INFECTIONS SUR LE TERRAIN PAR OSTERTAGIA OSTERTAGI, COOPERIA ONCOPHORA ET DICTYDCAULUS VIVIPARUS. - Quarante-quatre veaux indemnes de parasites ont été répartis en huit groupes, quatre de six veaux et quatre de cinq veaux. Deux des groupes de six veaux ont reçu un diffuseur contenant 22 g de lévamisole sous une forme conçue pour libérer l’anthelmintique pendant 90 jours. L’un des groupes de veaux traités a été mis à l’herbe début mai en même temps qu’un des groupes de veaux non traités sur un terrain contaminé avec 0 ostertagi et C oncophora, et l’autre groupe de veaux traités a été sorti avec les témoins sur une pâture connue pour avoir les mêmes espèces de parasites plus D viviparus. Mi-août, tous les veaux mis à l’herbe ont été abattus et leur nombre de vers a été compté. En même temps, les autres groupes (non traités) ont été amenés sur les mêmes pâtures et ont été utilisés comme traceurs du niveau d’infestation. Après être restés sur la pâture pendant un mois, ils ont été rentrés, abattus et leur nombre de vers compté. Les nombres d’oeufs dans les fecès des veaux traités ont été moins importants que ceux des témoins jusqu’à la fin du mois de juillet. Les veaux non traités, qui ont séjourné dans les enclos infestés par D viviparus, ont été sévèrement affectés par une bronchite d’origine parasitaire, tandis que les veaux traités, bien qu’étant infestés, n’ont pas présenté de symptômes cliniques. Chez les veaux mis à l’herbe, la charge parasitaire d’O ostertagi a été réduite de 65 à 67 % et celle de C oncophora de 97 % comparative- ment aux veaux non traités. Chez les veaux traceurs, il n’y a aucune différence dans les charges parasitaires d’O ostertagi et de D viviparus mais de grandes différences ont été établies dans le nombre de C oncophora. Il a été conclu que le traitement avec le diffuseur a supprimé efficacement la multiplication de Concophora mais que son efficacité sur O ostertagi et D viviparus n’a pas été suffisante pour empêcher une contamination des pâtures par ces nématodes à la fin de l’été. Une protection suffisante a cependant été observée contre les manifestations cliniques de la bronchite vermineuse malgré une contamination sévère. Disruption of the normal spring and summer core (Morgan and Rowlands, 1986, Proc l4th World pattern of multiplication of gastro-intestinal parasi- Cong Dis Cattle, 1:136-140). In general these devi- tes of cattle in temperate areas can be achieved by ces are arranged to be effective in minimising the regular administration of anthelmintics (Pott et al establishment and egg laying capacity of the com- 1974, Proc 3rd Int Cong Parasitol 2:747). The mon pathogenic nematodes for a minimum of anthelmintics can be given by a series of conven- sixty and a maximum of one hundred and thirty tional single doses, by periodic addition to drinking days. The method used for the prolonged adminis- water (Downey and O’Shea 1977) or by the use of a tration depends on the chemical characteristics, device which after a single application to individual pharmacokinetics, potential toxicity and the possi- animals will release anthelmintic at a predetermi- bility of undesirable tissue residues as well as the ned rate. The methods of release of active ingre- efficacy as an anthelmintic. Of the common anthel- dient have been shown to be either continuous mintic compounds benzimidazoles (Morgan and slow release with gradual decay of the quantity of Rowlands, 1986, Proc 14th World Cong Dis Cattle, anthelmintic released (Armour et al 1981, Jacobs 1:136-1401, pyrimidines (Armour et al 1981) and et al 1981), continuous administration with an ivermectin (Baggot et al 1986, Proc 14th World abrupt cut-off (Laby 1978 Australian Patent Appli- Cong Dis Cattle, 1 :160-165) have been shown to be cation 35908/78, Baggot et al 1986, Proc 14th World capable of adaptation to this form of use, but untill Cong Dis Cattle, 1:160-165) or periodic pulsed now there have been no reports using release of a therapeutic dose of anthelmintic trig- imidothiazoles such as levamisole. This paper gered by the rate of corrosion of a central alloy reports on the effectiveness of a bolus which gives continuous release of levamisole for approximately Experimental design ninety days on experimental field infections of Forty-four calves of Friesian type were purchased shortly calves with onco- Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia after birth from dairy farms and reared on milk, milk phora and Dictyocaulus viviparus. substitute, concentrates hay and silage until approximately twelve weeks of age. At that time, the calves were divided into two groups, the first group of twenty-four to go to Materials and Methods grass on 1 May and graze until 15 August, the second (untreated) to go to grass on 15 August and graze for one month which time would act as tracers of the Slow release bolus (Chronomintic Mk III-Virbac Ltdl. The during they level of infection propagated by the original calves. bolus consists of a 22.2 g of levamisole hydrochloxide moulded with ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer and iron The first group was further divided into four groups of fillings. The total weight is 152 g and the bolus is cylindrical six. Groups 1 and 3 acted as untreated controls and the with a height of 105 mm and base diameter 27 mm ; a calves in groups 2 and 4 were given a bolus on 29 April, two central cylindrical core of diameter 10 mm is removed from days before they went to grass for the first time. They were its entire length which leaves an open tube from one end to X-rayed on the following day to ensure that all had a bolus the other. It is greenish-gray in colour and has a plastic in position. At that time, groups 1 and 2 were placed on appearance. adjoining paddocks separated by a ten metre space. The paddocks were part of a field on which cattle inf ’cted with propagation of each parasite on the grazing areas. After O ostertagi and C oncophora had grazed during the pre- grazing for one month they were brought indoors, retained vious year. Groups 2 and 4 were placed on two similar for ten days to allow maturation and hence easier counting paddocks approximately six hundred metres from the and identification of the nematodes present, and then others, on which calves infected with O ostertagi, C onco- slaughtered. phora and Dictyocaulus viviparus had grazed during the the first two weeks at in order previous year. During grass Autopsy procedures to ensure adequate infections were initiated in addition to those naturally present, the calves in groups 1 and 2 were Calves were euthanised with intravenous sodium pento- given oral doses of 0 ostertagi and C oncophora infective barbitone. The carcases were carefully opened and the larvae on five occasions, so that in toto each calf received abomasa and small intestines isolated and ligatured. The approximately 2 000 larvae of each species. The same num- viscera and lungs were then removed and the worms in ber of larvae of these species was given to the calves in each organ counted using standard parasitologicaltechni- groups 3 and 4 which in addition were given 25 infective ques, including that for D viviparus larvae where appro- larvae of D viviparus with each dose of the intestinal priate. The number of worms in intestines and abomasa species, so that in toto they received 125 lungworm larvae. was estimated by counting these observed in a five per cent of the total contents. During the period at grass, the calves were weighed aliquot organ monthly and had faeces and blood samples taken every two weeks for estimation of worm egg count (Dunn 1978) Statistical techniques and plasma pepsinogen (Mylrea and Hotson 1969). Grass samples for estimation of numbers of infective larvae were The mean worm counts and faecal egg output for each taken monthly and examined using the technique of Parfitt group were obtained using the logarithm of (count + 1) and (1958). On 15 August, the original calves were brought in, compared by Student’s test adjusted for small groups using retained for ten days and euthanised. On the day that they the logarithmic values. For plasma pepsinogen concentra- were brought in from the paddocks, five calves from the tions absolute arithmetic values were used.
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