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EFFICACY of a LEVAMISOLE BOLUS in OSTERTAGIA and COOPERIA INFECTIONS Taylor Sm, Mallon T, Carrol B

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EFFICACY of a LEVAMISOLE BOLUS in OSTERTAGIA and COOPERIA INFECTIONS Taylor Sm, Mallon T, Carrol B EFFICACY OF A LEVAMISOLE BOLUS IN OSTERTAGIA AND COOPERIA INFECTIONS Taylor Sm, Mallon T, Carrol B To cite this version: Taylor Sm, Mallon T, Carrol B. EFFICACY OF A LEVAMISOLE BOLUS IN OSTERTAGIA AND COOPERIA INFECTIONS. Annales de Recherches Vétérinaires, INRA Editions, 1988, 19 (2), pp.107- 110. hal-00901812 HAL Id: hal-00901812 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00901812 Submitted on 1 Jan 1988 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. EFFICACY OF A LEVAMISOLE BOLUS IN OSTERTAGIA AND COOPERIA INFECTIONS TAYLOR SM MALLON T CARROLB Veterinary Research Laboratory, The Farm, Stormont, Belfast, BT4 3SD Northern Ireland received 04/04/87, accepted 15/07/87 Résumé RECHERCHE DE L’EFFICACITÉ D’UN DIFFUSEUR DE LEVAMISOLE INTRA-RUMINAL AU COURS D’INFES- TATIONS EXPÉRIMENTALES PAR OSTERTAGIA OSTERTAGI ET COOPERIA ONCOPHORA. - Dix veaux indemnes de parasites ont été répartis en deux groupes de cinq. Un groupe a reçu dans le rumen un diffuseur destiné à produire un relargage lent de levamisole. Les deux groupes de veaux ont été alors infestés par 30000 larves infestantes d’O osiertagi et de Concophora pendant six semaines. Huit semaines après le début de l’infestation, tous les veaux sont abattus et le nombre total de vers estimé. La concentration plasmatique moyenne en levamisole chez les veaux traités vingt-quatre heures après l’introduction du diffuseur était de 0,37 ¡Ag/ml, mais elle décroît rapidement et deux semaines après, elle était de 0,054 ¡Ag/ml. Ce taux s’est maintenu pendant les trois semaines suivantes puis il est tombé à 0,02 ¡Ag/ml. La moyenne géométrique du nombre d’O ostertagi a été réduite de 27,7 % et celle de C oncophora de 100 % chez les veaux traités. Il est apparu que la concentration en levamisole circulant était suffisante pour inhiber 0 ostertagi pendant seulement deux semaines mais était efficace contre C oncophora pendant au moins six semaines. Since Pott et al 1974 (Proc. 3rd Int. Cong Parasi- being investigated for such purposes. This paper tol., 2: 747) reported that suppression of the multi- reports on the effectiveness of experimental bolus plication of gastro-intestinal nematodes of cattle designed to release levamisole for approximately by repeated doses of anthelmintic in the early part ninety days on artificial infections of the common of the summer grazing season had an effect which pathogenic gastro-intestinal nematodes of cattle, lasted until late autumn, pharmaceutical compa- Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora. nies have attempted to facilitate the means of achieving the same effect with a single administra- tion of anthelmintic contained in various forms of Materials and Methods slow or delayed release devices. The methods of release have been continuous slow release with either gradual reduction (Armour eta/1981, Jacobs Experimental Design et a/ 1981) or abrupt cut off (Laby 1978 Australian Ten calves of Friesian type were purchased shortly after Patent No. 35908/78, Proc. l4th World Cong. Disea- birth and reared indoors on milk, milk substitute, concentra- ses of Cattle, 1: 160) of anthelmintic release, or by tes hay and silage until approximately 12 weeks of age. At periodic pulsed doses of anthelmintic triggered by that time the calves were divided randomly into two groups of five. One groupe had the slow release bolus which the rate of corrosion of a central alloy core Morgan contained 22.2 levamisole hydrochloride (Chronomintic and Rowlands 1986 (Proc. 14th World Disea- g Cong. MK III, Laboratoires Virbac) administered to them, the other ses of 1: The anthelmintics used so far Cattle, 1361. remained as controls. The bolus consisted of levamisole, have been morantel, ivermectin and oxfendazole iron filings and a copolymer homogenised plastic material. respectively. The method of prolonged administra- It was cylindrical and measured 105 x 27 mm. tion depends on the chemical characteristics, phar- macokinetics, potential toxicity, and the possibility Artificial infections of undesirable tissue residues as well as anthelmin- On the day after administration of the boluses all calves tic efficacy of the used. To date there compound were infected with 2 500 infective larvae of both Ostertagia have been no of the use of imidothiazoles reports ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora. This procedure was such as levamisole in such devices, but since it is a repeated twice weekly until all had received 30 000 larvae common anthelmintic it is not surprising that it is of both species ie 6 weeks after the start of the experiment. Experimental observations respectively 169.1, 167.6, 169.4, 160.5, and 166.6 g. The mean pre-infection bolus were 158.8 Faeces and plasma samples were taken on the day after weights + The mean bolus increase insertion and then weekly to follow changes in worm egg 1.2 g. weight during output (Dunn 1978) and to estimate plasma levamisole the eight weeks of the experiment was ie 7.8 g, (Graziani and De Martin 1977) and pepsinogen concentra- presumably due to absorption of water. Abomasa tions (Mylrea and Hotson 1969). Eight weeks after adminis- from both groups showed evidence of Ostertagia tration of the boluses all the calves were euthanised using type infection. intravenous sodium pentobarbitone, the abomasa and intestines carefully removed and the number of worms in Faecal egg counts (table 1) each organ estimated using standard parasitological techni- ques. The number of worms was estimated by counting Infections were observed to become patent in those observed in a five per cent aliquot of the total organ the control calves on the 21st day after the start of contents. the trickle infections, and on the 28th day in treated animals. There were large and statistically highly Female fecundity significant differences between the egg output of One hundred female Ostertagia from both groups were the groups, with treated cattle having much lower laid out on glass slides, cleared with lactophenol solution numbers of eggs per g of faeces than the untreated and the number of eggs present in their uteri counted after controls. microscopic observation. Total worm counts Statistical techniques Abomasal burdens (table 2) The mean worm and faecal egg counts for each group The worms recovered from the abomasa were were obtained using the logarithm of (count + 1) and counted and adult males from each compared by Student’s T test adjusted for small groups twenty-five using the logarithmic values. were collected, laid out in rows on glass micros- cope slides cleared by the addition of lactophenol and their genera identified. All were Ostertagia ostertagi. The geometric mean numbers of worms Results in the control and treatment groups were 5 344 and 3 868 respectively. The difference between Observations at autopsy them was not statistically significant. Small intestinal burdens (table 2) All boluses were found to be in the reticulum ; There were no worms recovered from the intesti- none were missing from treated animals. The wall nes of the bolus treated calves. In contrast all of the reticulum in each was washed, examined controls were moderately infected, the geometric and compared with the same organ from control mean burden being 5 465. All the worms identified animals. No abnormalities were observed and it were Cooperia oncophora. appeared that bolus had caused no adverse local reactions. Plasma pepsinogen The recovered boluses were rinsed, lightly dried The group mean pepsinogen concentrations of with paper towels and weighed. The weights were neither group reached levels such as would be expected in clinical ostertagiasis. Those of the Levamisole administered in a single dose of control increased eight days earlier than those in 8 mg/kg bodyweight to cattle is known to be an the treated group. Both peaked in the samples effective anthelmintic for adult 0 ostertagi and C taken on day 43, at which time the mean value of oncophora, at which dose the plasma concentra- the controls was significantly greater (P < 0.05) tion ranged from a mean of 2.34 ¡Ag/ml than that of calves with the bolus. one hour after treatment to 0.239 wg/ml seven hours later (Graziani and De Martin 1977). At the Female Ostertagia ostertagi fecundity reduced dose of 1.5 mg/kg (Hart et al 19691, it was however found to be only moderately effective for In an effort to ascertain whether the difference in Ostertagia spp whilst still highly efficient for Coo- faecal egg output between the groups was due peria spp. This result was further verified in field entirely to the presence of Cooperia oncophora in infections, where even at 8 mg/kg bodyweight untreated cattle and whether the Ostertagia fema- there was evidence of differential susceptibility of les in treated calves had a reduced egg output. The these species to levamisole (Presidente et al 1971, mean number of eggs present in female Ostertagia Dorn and Federmann 19761. ostertagi from treated calves was 24.85 ± 12.71, and from untreated control calves 23.84 + 9.75. It is evident that a similar reaction took place in The difference was not statistically significant, and this experiment. The total worm count of O oster- it was concluded (a) that the egg laying capacity of tagi was reduced only by 27.7 % in treated cattle Ostertagia spp females in bolus treated calves was from that found in the controls, whereas the popu- unaffected by the presence of the bolus and (b) lation of C oncophora was reduced by 100 %.
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