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UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Space and Time: Relationships among Language, Body, and Mind Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2mk948b0 Author Hendricks, Rose Katherine Publication Date 2017 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Space and Time: Relationships among Language, Body, and Mind A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Cognitive Science by Rose Katherine Hendricks Committee in charge: Professor Lera Boroditsky, Chair Professor Benjamin K. Bergen, Co-Chair Professor David Barner Professor Seana Coulson Professor Federico Rossano 2017 Copyright Rose Katherine Hendricks, 2017 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Rose Katherine Hendricks is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Co-Chair Chair University of California, San Diego 2017 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page . iii Table of Contents . iv List of Figures . ix List of Tables . x Acknowledgements . xi Vita . xii Abstract of the Dissertation . xiii Chapter 1 Introduction . 1 1.1 Metaphor & Thought . 1 1.2 Language & Thought . 3 1.2.1 The Causal Problem . 6 1.2.2 The Nature of Effects of Language on Thought . 9 1.3 Spatio-Temporal Metaphors: Bridging Case Study . 11 1.3.1 Does Language Play a Causal Role? . 15 1.3.2 Mechanisms: Testing Verbal & Spatial Working Mem- ory with Dual Tasks . 17 1.4 Overview of Studies . 19 Chapter 2 New Space-Time Metaphors Foster New Non-Linguistic Represen- tations . 23 2.1 Abstract . 23 2.2 Experiment 1 Introduction . 24 2.2.1 Spatio-Temporal Metaphors: A Brief Overview . 24 2.2.2 Experiment 1 Overview . 26 2.3 Experiment 1 Methods . 27 2.3.1 Participants . 27 2.3.2 Procedure . 28 2.3.3 Participant & Trial Inclusion Criteria . 32 2.3.4 Analyses . 33 2.4 Experiment 1 Results . 34 2.4.1 Main (Hypothesis-Relevant) Results . 34 2.4.2 Ancillary Results . 35 2.5 Experiment 1 Discussion . 38 2.5.1 Open Questions . 40 2.6 Experiment 2 Introduction . 41 iv 2.7 Experiment 2 Methods . 42 2.7.1 Participants . 42 2.7.2 Materials & Procedure . 43 2.7.3 Participants & Trial Inclusion Criteria . 43 2.7.4 Analyses . 44 2.8 Experiment 2 Results . 44 2.8.1 Comparison to Experiment 1 . 45 2.9 Experiment 2 Discussion . 46 Chapter 3 Chinese speakers’ space-time associations . 47 3.1 Abstract . 47 3.2 Introduction . 48 3.3 Experiment 3 Methods . 52 3.3.1 Participants & Trial Inclusion . 52 3.3.2 Materials & Procedure . 53 3.3.3 Analyses . 54 3.4 Experiment 3 Results . 55 3.4.1 Time Judgment Reaction Times . 55 3.4.2 Time Judgment Accuracies . 59 3.4.3 Interference Accuracies . 59 3.4.4 Comparison to Experiment 1, Metaphor Training . 61 3.5 Experiment 3 Discussion . 62 3.6 Experiment 4 Methods . 63 3.6.1 Participants & Trial Inclusion . 63 3.6.2 Materials & Procedure . 63 3.7 Experiment 4 Results . 64 3.7.1 Time Judgment Reaction Times . 64 3.7.2 Proficiency & Congruency Effects . 65 3.7.3 Accuracies . 66 3.7.4 Comparison to Experiment 3, Natural Language Con- gruency Effects . 68 3.7.5 Comparison to Experiment 1, Metaphor Training for English Speakers . 68 3.8 Experiment 4 Discussion . 70 3.9 General Discussion . 70 Chapter 4 Consistencies in space-time and space-number associations under spatial interference . 74 4.1 Abstract . 74 4.2 Introduction . 75 4.3 Experiment 5: Space-Time Associations from Visuomotor Experiences . 78 4.4 Experiment 5 Methods . 78 v 4.4.1 Participants & Trial Inclusion . 78 4.4.2 Materials & Procedure . 78 4.4.3 Analyses . 79 4.5 Experiment 5 Results . 79 4.5.1 Judgment Reaction Times . 79 4.5.2 Accuracies . 80 4.5.3 Comparing Behavior Shaped by Learning New Metaphors (Exp 1) to Behavior Shaped by Visuomotor Experi- ence (Exp 5) . 81 4.6 Experiment 5 Discussion . 83 4.7 Experiments 6 & 7: Mental Time- vs. Number Lines . 84 4.8 Experiments 6 & 7 Methods . 87 4.8.1 Participants & Trial Inclusion Criteria . 87 4.8.2 Materials and Procedure . 88 4.8.3 Time Judgments . 89 4.8.4 Analyses . 90 4.9 Experiments 6 & 7 Results . 90 4.9.1 Judgment Reaction Times . 90 4.9.2 Judgment Accuracies . 91 4.9.3 Interference Accuracies . 92 4.10 Experiments 6 & 7 Discussion . 93 4.11 Experiment 8: Mental Timeline under Horizonal vs. Vertical Interference . 96 4.12 Experiment 8 Methods . 98 4.12.1 Participants & Trial Inclusion . 98 4.12.2 Materials & Procedure . 98 4.12.3 Analyses . 99 4.13 Experiment 8 Results . 99 4.13.1 Interference Distractors . 99 4.13.2 Judgment Reaction Times . 100 4.13.3 Judgment Accuracies . 101 4.13.4 Interference Accuracies . 101 4.14 Experiment 8 Discussion . 101 4.15 General Discussion . 103 Chapter 5 Interim Meta-Analyses . 105 5.1 Abstract . 105 5.2 Methods . 106 5.3 Results . 107 5.3.1 Congruency Effects over Time . 107 5.3.2 By Trial Number . 108 5.3.3 Congruency Effects & Individual Differences . 111 5.3.4 Congruency Effects by Stimuli Features . 113 vi 5.4 Discussion . 117 Chapter 6 New Space-Time Associations in the Body . 121 6.1 Abstract . 121 6.2 Introduction . 122 6.2.1 Gestures . 123 6.3 Methods . 126 6.3.1 Participants . 126 6.3.2 Materials & Procedure . 126 6.3.3 Gesture Analyses . 128 6.4 Results . 129 6.4.1 Item Analyses . 129 6.4.2 Gestures on the Sagittal Axis . 131 6.4.3 Gestures on the Lateral Axis . 132 6.5 Discussion . 133 6.5.1 Mental Timelines are Dynamic . 134 6.5.2 Linguistic Metaphors Shapes Gestures . 135 Chapter 7 Do metaphors move from mind to mouth? Evidence from a new system of linguistic metaphors for time . 137 7.1 Abstract . 137 7.2 Introduction . 138 7.2.1 The Coupling of Language and Thought about Time 142 7.2.2 Case Study: The U.S. Military . 144 7.3 Study 10 Methods . 145 7.3.1 Participants . 145 7.3.2 Materials . 146 7.3.3 Procedure . 147 7.3.4 Exclusions and Analyses . 147 7.4 Study 10 Results . 148 7.5 Study 10 Discussion . 151 7.6 Study 11: Lateral Linguistic Metaphors in Different Contexts 152 7.7 Study 11 Methods . 152 7.7.1 Participants . 152 7.7.2 Materials . 153 7.7.3 Procedure . 153 7.7.4 Exclusions & Analyses . ..
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