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U Jugoistočnoj Evropi: Predeono - Ekološka Analiza

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U Jugoistočnoj Evropi: Predeono - Ekološka Analiza UNIVERZITET U NOVOM SADU PRIRODNO-MATEMATIČKI FAKULTET DEPARTMAN ZA BIOLOGIJU I EKOLOGIJU Snežana Popov Distribucija i diverzitet rodova Merodon Meigen i Cheilosia Meigen (Diptera: Syrphidae) u jugoistočnoj Evropi: predeono - ekološka analiza - doktorska disertacija - Novi Sad, 2017. Zahvalnica "Tvoje trenutne okolnosti ne određuju gde možeš otići, nego samo odakle počinješ." N.Q. Sa zahvalnošću konstatujem da su okolnosti u kojima je nastala ova doktorska disertacija bile blagonaklone, pre svega zbog ljudi koji su na različite načine bili povezani sa pojedinim fazama istraživanja. Jedan od onih koji je bio tu od samog početka je dr Ante Vujić, mentor, učitelj i uzor. Njemu dugujem ogromnu zahvalnost za ohrabrivanje i podršku tokom svih godina zajedničkog rada, prenošenje znanja, kao i za veliku inspiraciju za bavljenje naučno-istraživačkim radom. Posebno se zahvaljujem članovima komisije - dr Snežani Radenković, dr Zorici Nedeljković, dr Oliveri Bjelić Čabrilo i dr Ljubiši Stanisavljević, na nesebičnom prenošenju znanja i svim korisnim sugestijama i komentarima tokom izrade doktorske disertacije. Zahvaljujem se dr Janezu Pirnat sa Biotehničkog fakulteta u Ljubljani za preneseno znanje iz oblasti predeone ekologije. Hvala italijanskim kolegama, dr Giovanni Burgio i dr Irene Diti, za divnu saradnju i korisne savete prilikom izrade jednog dela disertacije. Veliko hvala kolegi Oskaru Marko na pomoći u statističkoj obradi podataka. Veliku zahvalnost dugujem i kolegama iz Laboratorije za istraživanje i zaštitu biodiverziteta Departmana za biologiju i ekologiju na nesebičnoj pomoći tokom različitih faza istraživanja, uz posebno hvala koleginicama Zlati Markov i Dušanki Vujanović na svim trenucima kolegijalne i, pre svega, nemerljive prijateljske podrške. Hvala svim mojim prijateljima na bodrenju, verovanju i deljenju lepih i manje lepih životnih trenutaka. Najveću zahvalnost dugujem svojoj porodici; mami, sestri i mužu - okolnosti u kojima su oni moj oslonac su najbolje moguće okolnosti. Doktorsku disertaciju posvećujem tati. Snežana Popov SADRŽAJ LISTA ILUSTRACIJA LISTA TABELA 1 UVOD ...............................................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Ciljevi istraživanja........................................................................................................................ 3 2 OPŠTI DEO ......................................................................................................................................................4 2.1 Osolike muve (Diptera: Syrphidae).............................................................................................. 4 2.1.1 Opšte karakteristike familije Syrphidae i pregled dosadašnjeg istraživanja na području jugoistočne Evrope..............................................................................................................................4 2.1.2 Opšte karakteristike rodova Merodon i Cheilosia i pregled dosadašnjeg istraživanja rodova na području jugoistočne Evrope .......................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Areali vrsta i njihovo predstavljanje .......................................................................................... 11 2.3 Predeona ekologija ..................................................................................................................... 12 2.3.1 Predeona ekologija: definicija i principi ............................................................................. 13 2.3.2 Predeone karakteristike: predeona struktura ....................................................................... 14 2.3.3 Značaj predeone strukture za insekte .................................................................................. 19 2.3.4 Korišćenje zemljišta i uticaj na biodiverzitet ...................................................................... 21 2.3.5 CORINE Land Cover baza podataka .................................................................................. 23 2.4 Bioindikatorska uloga osolikih muva ......................................................................................... 24 2.4.1 Bioindikatori ....................................................................................................................... 24 2.4.2 SyrphTheNet baza ............................................................................................................... 26 2.4.3 Promene zemljišnog pokrivača i promene u načinu korišćenja zemljišta .......................... 28 3 MATERIJAL I METODE ............................................................................................................................30 3.1 Analiza distribucije vrsta rodova Merodon i Cheilosia ............................................................. 30 3.2 Odabir lokaliteta ......................................................................................................................... 30 3.3 Odabir uzorka ............................................................................................................................. 37 3.3.1 Uzorkovanje za potrebe analize SyrphTheNet bazom podataka ........................................ 37 3.4 Predeono- ekološka analiza: GIS alatke i predeoni parametri ................................................... 38 3.4.1 GIS alatke............................................................................................................................ 38 3.4.2 Predeoni parametri .............................................................................................................. 38 3.4.3 Statistička analiza................................................................................................................ 41 3.5 Analiza SyrphTheNet bazom podataka ...................................................................................... 42 3.5.1 GIS alatke i predeoni parametri za analizu višegodišnjih promena .................................... 45 3.5.2 Promene predeonih parametara i upotrebe zemljišta i njihov uticaj na gubitak vrsta u poslednjih 25 godina...........................................................................................................................47 4 REZULTATI ..................................................................................................................................................48 4.1 Distribucija ................................................................................................................................. 48 4.1.1 Distribucija vrsta roda Merodon evidentiranih u jugoistočnoj Evropi ............................... 48 4.1.2 Distribucija vrsta roda Cheilosia evidentiranih u jugoistočnoj Evropi ............................... 79 4.1.3 Uporedna analiza distribucije rodova Merodon i Cheilosia ............................................... 99 4.2 Zoogeografska analiza fauna rodova Merodon i Cheilosia ..................................................... 102 4.2.1 Rod Merodon .................................................................................................................... 102 4.2.2 Rod Cheilosia.................................................................................................................... 106 4.2.3 Endemi .............................................................................................................................. 108 4.3 Predeono-ekološka analiza ....................................................................................................... 111 4.3.1 Corine mape sa prikazom različitih klasa zemljišta u različitim tampon zonama ............ 111 4.3.2 Diverzitet rodova Merodon i Cheilosia na 17 istraživanih lokaliteta ............................... 123 4.3.3 Predeoni parametri ............................................................................................................ 125 4.4 SyrphTheNet analiza ................................................................................................................ 129 4.4.1 Predviđene i uočene vrste ................................................................................................. 129 4.4.2 Funkcija održavanja biodiverziteta (BDMF) .................................................................... 130 4.5 Uticaj promena u načinu korišćenja zemljišta i promena predeone strukture na gubitak vrsta rodova Merodon i Cheilosia ................................................................................................................ 132 4.5.1 Redukcija bogatstva vrsta na lokalitetima ........................................................................ 132 4.5.2 Promene zemljišnog pokrivača i načina korišćenja zemljišta ........................................... 133 4.5.3 Povezanost između promena predeonih parametra u periodu od 25 godina i bogatstva vrsta i kvaliteta makrostaništa .................................................................................................................. 140 5 DISKUSIJA ..................................................................................................................................................141 5.1 Obrazac distribucije rodova Merodon i Cheilosia u jugoistočnoj Evropi i zoogeografska analiza - uporedni pregled ............................................................................................................................... 141 5.2 Uticaj predeone strukture na rodove Merodon i Cheilosia .....................................................
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