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Newsletterfinal Client.Qxd:Layout 1 February 2010 INSIDE • Haiti’s earthquake The massive earthquake to hit Haiti has thrown attention once more onto in figures, p2 the humanitarian system. Issues of financing, coordination, programming, planning and implementation of short and long-term aid in such a • Funding according devastated context have all been prominent. to need: the case of Southern This update from the Global Humanitarian Assistance programme provides an Sudan, p4 introductory factsheet on Haiti and then follows the trajectory of a crisis, highlighting some of what we know – as well as what we don’t know – about the interrelations within • UN consolidated appeals 2010: humanitarian financing. Using the latest available figures, we follow the path from crisis more money, to implementation, from the country context to the difficulties of understanding needs, same places, p6 from the use of consolidated appeals to the priorities of donors and the mechanisms they may choose, and then to the complex world of humanitarian delivery. Finally we return to • Government the context and situate natural disasters in a fragile state setting. donors: shifting structures, changing trends, p8 • Humanitarian pooled funds: where are we now? p12 • A roadmap to beneficiaries: the simplified version, p14 • First responders: the unaccounted for world of domestic response, p16 • Natural disasters, financial crisis and fragile states: a bad situation made worse, p18 Photo: UNICEF/irq/07/SabahArar CLARITY COUNTS A history of fragility, crisis and aid Official development assistance (ODA) to Haiti has increased by 312% (or US$655 million) since 2002, with sharp rises in both Haiti development1000 and humanitarian aid. At US$175 million, humanitarian aid – aid that aims to save lives, alleviate suffering 12 January 2010. Earthquake. and900 maintain human dignity – accounted for just over 20% of the Port-au-Prince. total aid spent in the country in 2008. This is second only to 1995, when800 humanitarian aid to Haiti reached US$316 million – or 37% The earthquake that hit Haiti on 12 January 2010, measuring 7.0 of total ODA. on the Richter scale and reported as the strongest to have hit the The700 trend towards increased humanitarian aid can be attributed to country in 200 years, is just the latest but probably worst crisis to disaster relief following several devastating hurricanes that affected have hit this country – one of the least able to cope with such a the600 country in 2004, which were then followed by food riots in April shock. Political upheaval and insecurity, as well as a long list of that year. The January 2010 earthquake will most likely ensure that natural disasters, especially tropical cyclones and flooding, have humanitarian500 aid to Haiti remains a major donor priority. had a serious impact on Haiti over the last 20 years. In terms of scale, this earthquake ranks as one of the worst in 400 recent memory. Initial reports suggested that over 100,000 people had been killed and three million affected by the disaster. US$ million (constant 2007 prices) 300 200 Affected 73,338 100 Killed 0 6 100,000 100,000 5,128,000 1991 1997 1995 1993 1992 1990 1994 1996 5 1989 226,096 4 698 1990 3,000,000 Jean-Bertrand 3 1992 1998 Aristide elected 2,321,700 2,321,700 519 Drought 26,796 5,422 president in first Cyclone 1,783,684 affects 2 democratic George kills 1,000,000 Number of people (million) elections 190 and 1 affects 12,029 353,377 353,377 479,955 479,955 267,628 1991 0 Aristide ousted in a 1999 2010 2004 2005 2007 2008 coup led by Préval Dec 2003 General Raoul Haiti floods declares that Haiti cyclones Haiti cyclones Cedras, parliament's Iran earthquakeIran Peru earthquakePeru Haiti earthquake triggering -tsunami Dec 2004 term has sanctions expired and South Asia earthquake - Indian Ocean earthquake begins ruling by decree Source: Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED); 1994 ‘Haiti earthquake 2010’ based on initial estimates (UN sources) Military regime relinquishes power; 2000 US oversees transition to a civilian Haiti is often called the poorest country in the Americas but even Aristide government; Aristide returns when compared to the whole world it is revealed as fraught with re-elected huge humanitarian and development challenges. Tropical cyclone Gordon. 112 killed, 1,587,000 affected Indicator Result Global rankingAmericas ranking 2001 Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita US$1,155 23rd worst Worst 1995 Armed attacks Life expectancy: 61 years 32nd worst Worst and attempted Probability of not living until 40 18.5% 44th worst Worst UN peacekeepers seizure of the % of population not using an arrive; Aristide National improved water source 42% 16th worst Worst supporters win Palace Adult illiteracy 37.9% 16th worst Worst elections; René Préval suggested to Corruption n/a 10th worst Worst elected president be a prelude Fragility n/a 16th worst Worst to a coup Aid dependency (total ODA as % GDP) 13% 15th worst 2nd worst Source: Human Development Report, OECD, MDG Monitor, Foreign Policy, World Bank, Transparency International, Development Initiatives Source: CRED, BBC, January 2010 page2 2006 15 January 2010. UN launches Préval becomes president. A democratically-elected flash appeal for US$575 million. government headed by Jacques- On 15 January the UN launched a US$575 million flash appeal for Edouard Alexis takes power 30 appealing agencies to carry out emergency operations for some Tropical storm Ernesto, regional three million people over the next six months. Humanitarian aid flooding and storm surges kill The World Food Programme (WFP) estimates that lack of access 16 and affect 39,700 Non-humanitarian aid to supplies and the damaged infrastructure will leave at least two million people in need of food aid. The water, sanitation and Total ODA (excluding debt relief) hygiene (WASH) cluster, led by UNICEF, has the next largest 2005 requirements. Cyclones Dennis, Alpha, Stan and $1m Emily as well $10m $41m as regional $1m $23m $16m $23m $38m $48m $34m flooding kill $246m $59m 76 and affect $34m 41,878 Logistics Logistics Education Agriculture Emergency shelter & Emergency non-food Health Protection and Coordination support services and Camp coordination management telecoms Emergency Nutrition Early recovery Food aid Food (WASH) $0m $100m $200m $300m $400m $500m $600m UN flash appeal for Haiti, January 2010 [Source: UN OCHA Financial 2001 2007 1999 1998 2005 2003 2002 2000 2004 2006 2008 Tracking Service (FTS)] 2007 Over the last seven years, only the Indian Ocean earthquake- tsunami, which was estimated to have affected five million people, Multiple floods has had a higher flash appeal requirement in response to an and cylones Noel, earthquake (US$978 million). On a per person basis, requirements Olga and Dean for the Indian Ocean earthquake-tsunami and Haiti appeals kill 73 and affect are similar. 220,042 1000 2008 978 900 2002 Food riots. Parliament dismisses Alexis; 800 Cyclone Lili 2003 Michèle Pierre-Louis and flash 700 Flooding and succeeds as prime floods kill 35 600 storms kill minister. Brazil boosts 575 and affect 88 and affect peacekeeping force to 38,589 500 197,225; combat violence drought US$ million 400 Cyclones Gustav, Ike, affects 312 Hanna and Fay kill 698 300 another and affect 246,726 35,000 200 100 108 67 31 2004 37 0 200 years of independence 2010 2007 2008 marred by violent uprising. 2004 2004 2005 Rebels seize towns and cities. Aristide forced into exile; Haiti floods 2009 Haiti cyclones -tsunami 2005 interim government takes earthquakeIran Peru earthquakePeru Haiti earthquake over. UN peacekeepers arrive Jean-Max Bellerive becomes to take over security. Political prime minister after the South Asia earthquake and gang violence levels rise Senate passes censure Indian Ocean earthquake motion against Pierre-Louis Severe flooding, tropical Initial UN flash appeal requirements [Source: UN OCHA FTS] storm Jeanne and cyclone Ivan World Bank and IMF cancel kill 5,422 and affect another US$1.2bn of Haiti's debt, 353,377 80% of the total page3 Since the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in January 2005, Southern Sudan has been a major recipient of humanitarian assistance, receiving over US$6 billion through the UN consolidated appeals process (CAP) alone. But to what extent has this huge volume of funding addressed the dizzying scale of needs? A World Bank and UN-led post-disaster joint assessment mission (JAM) was conducted in the early days of the peace. It emphasised the need to maintain humanitarian safety nets and a large peacekeeping mission in tandem with ambitious institution-building and poverty reduction measures. In practice this balance has not been met. Despite stubbornly persistent and severe humanitarian needs, a situation developed where funding designated for urgent life-saving activities and material assistance was diverted to recovery activities and basic service provision to compensate for the poorly performing Multi-Donor Trust Fund (MDTF). The net result is that the provision of basic services has been increasingly squeezed and humanitarian donors, together with the pooled Common Humanitarian Fund (CHF), have made a number of emergency funding decisions to keep hospitals and clinics from closing. In some areas, access to health care has declined and humanitarian needs have actually increased since the end of the war. A morass of needs assessment information is generated each year, considering diverse aspects of the multi-dimensional needs of a population emerging from – and in some areas
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