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CENTER FOR EXCELLENCE IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT & HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE WWW.CFE-DMHA.ORG

COVID-19 FHA Decision Support Tool UPDATED 20 MAY 2020

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List of Countries and U.S. Territories in USINDOPACOM AOR

Notes: For quick access to each section place cursor over section and press Ctrl + Click Updated text in last 24 hours highlighted in yellow Table of Contents

AMERICAN SAMOA ...... 3 ...... 5 BANGLADESH ...... 7 BHUTAN ...... 12 BRUNEI ...... 15 CAMBODIA ...... 17 ...... 19 COMMONWEALTH OF THE NORTHERN (CNMI) ...... 22 FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA (FSM) ...... 24 ...... 26 ...... 29 INDIA ...... 31 ...... 35 ...... 41 KIRIBATI ...... 45 ...... 47 ...... 49 MALDIVES ...... 53 MONGOLIA ...... 55 (BURMA) ...... 57 NAURU ...... 63 NEPAL ...... 65 ...... 69 NORTH KOREA (DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA) ...... 71 ...... 74 PAPUA ...... 76

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PHILIPPINES ...... 80 REPUBLIC OF (RMI) ...... 84 SAMOA ...... 86 SINGAPORE ...... 89 ...... 91 SOUTH KOREA ...... 93 ...... 96 (REPUBLIC OF CHINA) ...... 99 THAILAND ...... 101 -LESTE ...... 104 ...... 107 TUVALU ...... 109 ...... 111 ...... 115 General Planning Considerations ...... 118

Product Summary: One of CFE-DM's contributions to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) information sharing efforts is providing this Decision Support Tool (DST) to enhance the U.S. Indo-Pacific Command’s (USINDOPACOM) planning capabilities for potential Foreign Humanitarian Assistance (FHA) in a COVID-19 environment. The process of developing the DST can be described as a successive layering of data until a snapshot of the current state of a country is presented for planning considerations in a complex environment. Each country’s 2-page DST presents information on COVID-19 cases and the affected nation’s response and planning, integrated with humanitarian community response and recent disaster response and risk affecting the country. All countries and U.S. territories in the USINDOPACOM AOR are included. Sections are updated daily.

Contact Information: For further information and for how to be added to the distribution list, please contact Dr. Alberto "Mo" Morales, Branch Chief, Applied Research and Information Sharing (ARIS) Branch, Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance (CFE-DM), at: [email protected]

Requests for Information: In response to this unprecedented global crisis, the Center is actively engaged in supporting operational response planning and providing relevant and timely information to our civilian and military partners. Please use the form available at the CFE-DM website (https://www.cfe-dmha.org/) to send requests for information to the CFE-DM Director at: [email protected] Requests for information will be responded to within 18 hours.

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AMERICAN SAMOA Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Planning Considerations Affected State Measures/Access Information Resources Case Trend As of 20 May, Recovering from recent measles American Samoa Government (ASG) issued American Samoa COVID: 1 American Samoa has outbreak; ended March 9. a revised ‘Continued Public Health https://www.americansamoa.gov/covid- Emergency and State of Emergency for 19-advisories no confirmed COVID- Public health emergency declared in Covid-19’ on 1 May.3 19 cases. mid-November for measles, sparking a Department of Health (DOH): vaccination campaign. Travel Restrictions: https://www.facebook.com/asdoh.hotline/ All Hawaiian Airline and Samoa Air Flights Closure of schools, public gatherings are suspended. Travelers from affected American Samoa government: and entry restrictions put in place for foreign countries will be quarantined https://www.americansamoa.gov/?page=h the measles outbreak may assist in automatically and travelers from affected omeland mitigating spread of COVID-19. U.S. states will be subject to screening and possible quarantine. All travelers entering Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan: Cyclones common from December- will be tested and negative tests will permit https://www.wsspc.org/wp- March. entry.4 content/uploads/2016/07/AmericanSamoa https://www.american _mitigationplan15-20.pdf samoa.gov/covid-19- International airport at Pago Pago. USG approved a major disaster declaration advisories ; for American Samoa, allowing the territory WHO American Samoa: https://coronavirus.jhu.ed The population is roughly 49,437 (July to receive federal funds.5 https://www.who.int/americansamoa u/map.html 2020 est.)2

Disaster risk: American Samoa is vulnerable to natural hazards such as cyclones, earthquakes, tsunami, flooding, drought, and wildfires.6

National organization response In March, American Samoa's governor Lolo Matalasi Moliga established a 21-member COVID-19 government taskforce.7 An Emergency Operations Center has also been activated to coordinate response.8 According to the American Samoa Government (ASG) the COVID-19 risk level in the territory is: “CODE BLUE Minimal social disruption with an emphasis on social distancing, hygiene, and cough etiquette.”9 A three- tier threat level matrix has been designed, with “Blue level” being the lowest risk level, “Yellow level” indicating medium risk, and “red level” indicating high risk. American Samoa’s COVID-19 Response and Action Plan can be found here: https://6fe16cc8-c42f-411f- 9950-4abb1763c703.filesusr.com/ugd/4bfff9_8201b0412f8d4e9ea6f32116ee883b29.pdf The Department of Health (DOH) has the responsibility to isolate, monitor and care for infected patients.10 The DOH is authorized to quarantine and isolate individuals for 14 days without notice per the Governor’s emergency declaration.11

1 https://6fe16cc8-c42f-411f-9950-4abb1763c703.filesusr.com/ugd/4bfff9_1199b0a229ea45d2b25d4eda6c869d50.pdf 2 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aq.html 3 https://6fe16cc8-c42f-411f-9950-4abb1763c703.filesusr.com/ugd/4bfff9_54e0ecfd113444029f54b7ebbcc92972.pdf ; https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/415660/american-samoa-extends-covid-state-of-emergency 4 https://6fe16cc8-c42f-411f-9950-4abb1763c703.filesusr.com/ugd/4bfff9_54e0ecfd113444029f54b7ebbcc92972.pdf 5 https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-approves-american-samoa-disaster-declaration-2/ 6 https://www.eastwestcenter.org/system/tdf/private/pacificrisa-americansamoa.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=34978 7 https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/411472/american-samoa-establishes-covid-19-govt-taskforce 8 https://6fe16cc8-c42f-411f-9950-4abb1763c703.filesusr.com/ugd/4bfff9_c87185122f6241ae8dfb0263d1d66656.pdf 9 https://6fe16cc8-c42f-411f-9950-4abb1763c703.filesusr.com/ugd/4bfff9_18609abb0377405580285eea4f864991.pdf 10 https://6fe16cc8-c42f-411f-9950-4abb1763c703.filesusr.com/ugd/4bfff9_8201b0412f8d4e9ea6f32116ee883b29.pdf 11 https://6fe16cc8-c42f-411f-9950-4abb1763c703.filesusr.com/ugd/4bfff9_c87185122f6241ae8dfb0263d1d66656.pdf

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In early April, a Coast Guard C-130 brought the first federal government shipment of personal protective equipment (PPE) and other supplies from the Strategic National Stockpile, first brought by U.S. Air Force plane to Hickam Air Field, before making its way to the territory. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) coordinated this first shipment, which included respirators. A second shipment is expected to be sent.1213 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the territory’s primary partner for disease prevention.14 A CDC team was sent to assist for the recent measles outbreak. FEMA announced that federal emergency aid has been made available to supplement local recovery efforts in the affected areas beginning on Jan. 20, 2020 and continuing.15 FEMA has granted an award of $1,200,749.98 in federal funding to the American Samoa Power Authority (ASPA) for a replacement project resulting from the destruction of the Satala Operations Building from the 2009 tsunami. ASPA is the public utility providing electricity, water, wastewater and solid waste service and has responsibility for American Samoa's public utility infrastructure16 The US government has provided $US1.6 million in funding for emergency repairs for the ferry MV Manu'atele, which was damaged by a storm in January. The ferry provides one of the main links between the capital and the Manu'a islands for transporting goods and people. The ferry will be repaired in Hawai'i.17

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) Through the COVID-19 Pacific Joint Incident Management Team (JIMT), WHO is coordinating with partners to assist readiness in the Pacific. WHO completed the “COVID-19 Pacific Health Sector Support Plan – Phase 2,” which details the shift in preparedness measures in the Pacific.18

Country-specific planning considerations Quarantine Centers: ASG discussing possible use of hotels, as well as gymnasiums at Tafuna High and Tafuna Elementary as facilities that could accommodate 50- 80 people if needed.19

Health: Health conditions are described as generally good. The leading causes of death include heart diseases, cancers, and diseases of the respiratory system. Life expectancy is in the low 70s for men and low 80s for women, somewhat higher than regional averages.20 The weekend of 25-26 April, 1100 test kits and 1000 swabs arrived, increasing the capacity to test locally for COVID-19. There were just under 200 kits remaining from a previous shipment. As of 26 April, 23 local tests had been conducted by the Department of Health, all with negative results. The department is only testing those showing with Covid-19 symptoms.21

Hospitals: American Samoa’s total healthcare service delivery infrastructure includes one acute care hospital (Lyndon Baines Johnson Tropical Medical Center) with only 132 beds (inclusive of the 8 COVID-19 dedicated beds) and four district health clinics with an already exceeded operating capacity and does not have the physical capacity to appropriately respond to pandemics. They have been given the ability to conduct tests on island with the new testing machine, the total number of test kits on hand is insufficient.22

Security: No significant security incidents to report. Return to TOC

12 https://www.hstoday.us/subject-matter-areas/emergency-preparedness/coast-guard-air-force-fema-ensure-delivery-of-medical-supplies-to-american- samoa/ 13 https://www.samoanews.com/local-news/airlift-person-protective-equipment-ppe-arrives-american-samoa 14 https://reliefweb.int/report/american-samoa/interior-provides-490000-help-prevent-measles-outbreak-and-support-vaccination 15 https://www.kitv.com/story/42021839/fema-american-samoa-to-receive-federal-assistance-amid-growing-pandemic 16 https://reliefweb.int/report/american-samoa/amata-welcomes-12-million-fema-tsunami-grant-aspa 17 https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/414911/us-govt-redirects-funding-to-repair-ferry-in-american-samoa 18 https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/wpro---documents/dps/outbreaks-and-emergencies/covid-19/covid-19-joint-external-situation-report- 12.pdf?sfvrsn=ac350bc1_2 19 https://www.samoanews.com/local-news/covid-19-task-force-unclear-use-ths-gym-quarantine 20 https://www.britannica.com/place/American-Samoa 21 https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/415227/american-samoa-not-planning-random-covid-19-testing-yet 22 https://6fe16cc8-c42f-411f-9950-4abb1763c703.filesusr.com/ugd/4bfff9_54e0ecfd113444029f54b7ebbcc92972.pdf

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AUSTRALIA Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Case Trend Planning Considerations Affected State Information Measures/ Resources Access As of 30 April, Australian On 27 February See footnotes for all. Australia COVID-19 Total Case Trend citizens & permanent 2020, the Prime Australian residents cannot travel Minister Government 7,100 overseas (specific online Department of Home announced the exceptions via Affairs Guidance: activation of 7,050 applications). You can https://covid19.homeaff travel to Australia only if the ‘Australian airs.gov.au/ 7,000 you are an Australian Health Sector citizen, a permanent Emergency COVID-19 Confirmed 6,950 resident, an immediate Response Plan Cases https://github.com/CSSE family member of an for Novel 6,900 GISandData/COVID-19 Australian citizen or Coronavirus permanent resident, or a (COVID-19)’ 6,850 New Zealand citizen Flight and Movement residing in Australia. Restrictions: https://www.health.gov. 6,800 Mandatory 14-day au/news/health- quarantine at designated alerts/novel-coronavirus- facilities in port of arrival 2019-ncov-health- 100 Deaths – 7,084 confirmed cases as of 20 MAY for all arriving travelers. To alert/coronavirus-covid- transit through Australia, 19-advice-for-travellers you must hold a valid VISA https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html ; https://www.health.gov.au or be from an eligible country to travel without a VISA.23

Disaster Risk The INFORM Global Risk Index’s overall ranking for Australia is 140 out of 191 countries (lower number indicates higher risk) for disasters and humanitarian crises.24 Australia has experienced a number of large scale and devastating natural disasters, including bushfires, flooding, storms, and other hazards.25 Additionally, INFORM has a new COVID-19 Risk Index, which identifies “countries at risk from health and humanitarian impacts of COVID-19 that could overwhelm current national response capacity.” Australia is in the “low” COVID risk class, based on its COVID risk of 2.1 on a scale of 1-10 (10 indicating highest risk).26

National organization response for disaster: The Department of Home Affairs is the branch of the Australian Government responsible for, among other things, emergency management including crisis management and disaster recovery.27 Emergency Management Australia (EMA) is responsible for delivering programs, policies, and services that strengthen Australia's national security and emergency management capability. EMA is a division of the department of Home Affairs, and they are directed by the National Strategy for Disaster Resilience.28 EMA coordinates physical and financial support

23 https://covid19.homeaffairs.gov.au/ 24 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/Results-and-data/INFORM-2019-Results-and-data 25 http://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/hazards 26 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Epidemic 27 https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/about-us/who-we-are 28 https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/about-us/our-portfolios/emergency-management/emergency-response-plans

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during a disaster and coordinates Australian Government disaster assistance to states and territories and coordinates state and territory emergency response capabilities to disasters overseas if requested by DFAT. Managing emergencies across Australia is largely the responsibility of state and territory governments, and local governments also play a significant role. State and territory governments have arrangements with each other to share resources when necessary. During major disasters, a state or territory government may seek federal assistance. However, it is uncommon for a disaster to be so large that it is beyond the capacity of a state or territory government to deal with effectively.29

National organization response: The Australian Government’s response to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic was to develop a response plan. This response is being guided by the Australian Health Sector Emergency Response Plan for Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19 Plan) (www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/australian-health-sector-emergency- response-plan-for-novel-coronavirus-covid-19.) The COVID-19 Plan is designed to support and help coordinate government health agencies. State and territory governments have primary responsibility for health matters. State and territory governments work together with the Australian Government during major health events. The key committee used to coordinate this and make key decisions is the Australian Health Protection Principal Committee (AHPPC). AHPPC is made up of the Chief Health Officers of each state and territory, the Australian Government’s Chief Medical Officer and representatives from other key departments. It meets daily to assess risk, recommend public health actions, and provide national leadership to inform the response.30 Australia has two official government apps to stay up to date with official information and advice about the COVID-19) situation. They are the Coronavirus Australia app and the Australian Government WhatsApp channel for COVID- 19. Australian Government Department of Health website: https://www.health.gov.au/

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) The Australian Red Cross is responding by supporting pandemic preparedness, emergency operations and emergency health services. This includes daily wellbeing calls, providing psychological first aid, information and services to vulnerable people across the country in quarantine and self-isolation. The Red Cross launched COVID CONNECT, a nationwide telephone outreach service. They also have migration support programs, meal services, and provide health and safety messages for COVID-19.31

Country-specific planning considerations Health Facilities: The health system was expanded to meet potential increased demand to include opening new respiratory clinics, expanding emergency departments, and increasing the availability of general hospital beds in public and private hospitals. Australia has a capacity of 7,000 ICU beds32 and has 3.8 hospital beds per 1,000 people;33 2.5 beds per 1,000 are in the public hospitals and 1.4 beds per 1,000 are available in private hospitals. There are 693 public hospitals and 657 private hospitals.34 Security: In New South Wales, a nurse was assaulted after boarding a train while wearing scrubs, for suspicion of spreading COVID-19. Medical workers are being encouraged not to wear medical outfits in public as a result of increasing hostility. The (ADF) has begun assisting state and territory governments with personnel, supporting the NT Police with border control operations, contact tracing efforts and quarantine, producing surgical masks, and planning/logistics support.35Australia has seen a significant increase in COVID-19 themed cyberattacks amid the pandemic and released a new threat report.36 Return to TOC

29 https://knowledge.aidr.org.au/media/2153/nationalstrategyfordisasterresilience.pdf 30 https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/australian-health-sector-emergency-response-plan-for-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-short-form 31 https://www.redcross.org.au/stories/covid-19/our-response-to-coronavirus-covid-19 32 https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/impact-of-covid-19-in-australia-ensuring-the-health-system-can-respond 33 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.BEDS.ZS?locations=AU 34 https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/hospitals/hospitals-at-a-glance-2017-18/contents/hospital-resources-and-diversity 35 https://www.pm.gov.au/media/update-coronavirus-measures-270320 36 https://www.cyber.gov.au/threats/threat-update-covid-19-malicious-cyber-activity

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BANGLADESH Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Case Trend Planning Affected State Information Resources Considerations Measures/Access

TC Amphan made On 13 May, Bangladesh Bangladesh Red Crescent Society Bangladesh COVID-19 Total Case Trend in southwestern reported the highest (BDRCS) Updates 30,000 Bangladesh 20 May with number of new confirmed http://www.bdrcs.org/news/cor a Category 2 Landfall COVID-19 cases (1,162) ona-virus-covid-19-situation- Classification.37 thus far.39 update 25,000 First COVID-19 case in Bangladesh extended Cyclone Emergency Rohingya camps nationwide lockdown to Preparedness 40 20,000 reported on 14 May. 30 May. https://www.humanitarianrespo Humanitarian access has nse.info/sites/www.humanitaria Daily curfew 6pm-6am.41 been severely restricted nresponse.info/files/documents/ 38 15,000 to the crowded camps. Humanitarian access to files/cyclone_emergency_prepar Rohingya refugee camps edness_update_- Some 859,000 Rohingya in Cox’s Bazar reduced _march_2020.pdf live in 34 camps in Cox’s 10,000 80%, severely impacting Bazaar. 42 Inter Sector Coordination Group critical services. https://data.humdata.org/datas Govt of BGD has internet Restrictions to UN/NGOs et/iscg-4w-influx-cox-s-bazar- blackout and phone 5,000 working in Rohingya bangladesh restrictions in camps. camps; essential staff only Humanitarian Coordination Task Several instances of Country has inadequate Team (HCCT) Contingency Plan social unrest and testing only 240 per for Climate Disasters in COVID- 386 Deaths – 26,738 confirmed cases as of 20 MAY violence against aid million.43 19 Context, 17 May 2020: workers. https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html https://www.humanitarianrespo https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19 May is a high risk month nse.info/fr/operations/banglade for Tropical Cyclones. sh/document/hctt-contingency- plan-2020-climate-related- disasters-covid-19

SPECIAL SECTION – (TC) Amphan: TC Amphan reached Bangladesh 20 May in the afternoon and has already caused devastation--destroying homes and in the first day, resulting in at least 10 people dead. In Kolkata in West Bengal, strong winds upturned cars, trees and electric poles resulting in loss of electricity. It is the largest cyclone to hit the Bay of Bengal since 1999.44 Evacuations to cyclone shelters are in place for up to 2 million people, including 712,000 children under 18. The Navy has prepositioned 26 ships for post-cyclone emergency evacuation and relief work in the affected areas and the GoB has allocated rice and food packets, animal feed and US$58,700 in cash. There are approximately 14.2 million people living in high risk areas. Concerns remain for maintaining social distancing in shelters to prevent transmission of the coronavirus. Volunteers from the Cyclone Preparedness Programme (CPP) have been mobilized across 355 unions of 19 districts at risk to raise awareness and encourage evacuation and relocation to shelters. Additionally, emergency lifesaving supplies have been prepositioned by UNICEF to

37 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/adam_ts_1000667_17_20200520090008-converted.pdf 38 https://www.dhakatribune.com/health/coronavirus/2020/05/14/2-rohingya-refugees-test-covid-19-positive-in-cox-s-bazar 39 https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19 40 https://nenow.in/neighbour/bangladesh/covid-19-bangladesh-to-extend-lockdown-to-may-30.html 41 https://bd.usembassy.gov/travel-health-alert-u-s-embassy-dhaka-bangladesh/ 42 https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/28/bangladesh-covid-19-aid-limits-imperil-rohingya# 43 https://thediplomat.com/2020/04/the-covid-19-catastrophe-in-bangladesh/ 44 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/bangladesh-india-brace-amphan-largest-cyclone-20-years-200520022755647.html

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meet the needs of up to 1.5 million along with contingency agreements with partners to provide resources such as nutrition, health, child protection and education services, and WASH needs.45 It is forecast to continue north- northwest across western Bangladesh.46 Additionally, thousands of Indian migrant workers are stranded as train schedules were cancelled due to the storm.47 As of 20 May, Cox’s Bazar in the southeast is still not expected to be significantly impacted by the Cyclone, however, strong winds, and rains and flooding are anticipated. GoB, NGO, partners, and UNICEF have implemented preparedness measures across the Rohingya camps and host communities, prepositioned supplies and strengthened critical infrastructure.48 Additionally, no evacuations of the 300 refugees on the island of Bhasan Char, an already vulnerable location, were made. Although the cyclones’ course is no longer heading toward the island, its vulnerable inhabitants are a continued humanitarian concern.49

Bangladesh COVID-19 Forecast Historical Events: 2500 Major events: April 1991: Cyclone Gorky (Marian), left 139,000 people dead.

Nov 2007: Cyclone Sidr, left 4,234 dead 2000 and affected 8.9 million

Recent events: July 2019: Heavy rains, , 1500 landslides. 119 dead, 7.3 million affected.

May 2019: Tropical left 17 1000 dead and 13,000 houses damaged.

May 2009: Cyclone Aila hit southern Bangladesh. 190 people dead and 3,935,341 affected. 500 PACOM Response: April 1991: Cyclone Gorky (Marian). (Operation Sea Angel).

0 November 2007: Cyclone Sidr. (Operation Sea Angel II). 3/8/2020 4/1/2020 4/3/2020 4/5/2020 4/7/2020 4/9/2020 5/1/2020 5/3/2020 5/5/2020 5/7/2020 5/9/2020 3/10/2020 3/12/2020 3/14/2020 3/16/2020 3/18/2020 3/20/2020 3/22/2020 3/24/2020 3/26/2020 3/28/2020 3/30/2020 4/11/2020 4/13/2020 4/15/2020 4/17/2020 4/19/2020 4/21/2020 4/23/2020 4/25/2020 4/27/2020 4/29/2020 5/11/2020 5/13/2020 5/15/2020 5/17/2020 5/19/2020 5/21/2020 5/23/2020 5/25/2020 5/27/2020 5/29/2020

New Cases Forecast Lower Forecast Range Upper Forecast Range Epi Curve

Projections: Bangladesh’s standard deviation (std.) for new cases is 154.51 and a daily average std. of 73.58. This low daily average indicates that Bangladesh’s curve has just begun stabilizing. However, due to large swings in their daily new cases, their epidemic curve projects sharply towards the upper forecast range. Bangladesh needs to experience at least 14-days of new cases below the std. of 154 to crest their curve and begin flattening. Bangladesh is not projected to exhaust their medical capabilities during this curve or subsequent spikes. Bangladesh has extended their lockdown until 16 May. Their re-spike is not expected to grow faster than their initial wave and is not expected to exceed their largest spike by double. The projection is any spike will plateau and carry on longer that the previous wave.

45https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UNICEF%20Bangladesh%20Situation%20Report%20No.%201%20%28Cyclone%20Amphan%20%2 9%20-%2020%20May%202020.pdf 46https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/20200519_nawg_situation_overview_and_anticipated_impact_cylone_amphan_03.pdf 47 https://www.cnn.com/asia/live-news/live-updates-cyclone-amphan-intl-hnk/index.html 48https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UNICEF%20Bangladesh%20Situation%20Report%20No.%201%20%28Cyclone%20Amphan%20%2 9%20-%2020%20May%202020.pdf 49 https://reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/bangladesh-cyclone-endangers-rohingya-silt-island

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Disaster Risk: The INFORM Global Risk Index’s overall ranking for Bangladesh is 22 out of 191 countries (lower number indicates higher risk) for natural disasters and humanitarian crises. INFORM also has a new COVID-19 Risk Index, which identifies “countries at risk from health and humanitarian impacts of COVID-19 that could overwhelm current national response capacity.” Bangladesh is assessed as being in the High COVID risk class, based on a COVID risk of 5.2 on a scale of 1-10, where 10 indicates the highest risk. 50 Bangladesh has two Tropical Cyclone seasons; March – July and September – December. The majority of storms arrive in May and October marking this month at high risk for TCs and prompting preparations from government and humanitarian response.51 With aid drastically impaired by humanitarian access reduced 80% since COVID-19 outbreak, humanitarian groups warn this season could be particularly dangerous.52 National organization response: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW) is working with Armed Forces Division, UN Bodies, International, National & Local NGOs to deliver coordinated assistance. MOHFW Rohingya dashboard: http://103.247.238.81/webportal/pages/controlroom_rohingya.php Bangladesh extended its nationwide lockdown to 30 May from the original 16 May date due to the continued rise in COVID-19 cases. The government will also tightly restrict travel and encourage citizens to spend the Eid festival in place. The country’s lockdown began 26 March with the first detection of the virus and fatalities.53 There are also significant concerns over the health of front-line workers. At least 554 medical doctors,54 and 854 police officers have been diagnosed with COVID-19.55 Workers in garment factories which produced 84% of the country’s exports reopen despite lockdown in cramped conditions with no PPE raising serious health concerns that crowds could cause new vectors of the virus.56 The coronavirus has led factories to furlough or lay off more than half of the country’s nearly 4.1 million garment workers, according to estimates from the Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA).57 Myanmar Refugee Relief Operation (MRRO) distributed 90,918 pre-monsoon kits in Cox’s Bazar camps.58 On 11 May, the U.S. donated 1,000 KN95 surgical masks, 800 pieces of 200-milliliter bottles of hand sanitizer, 500 pairs of surgical gloves, 300 hazardous materials (HAZMAT) suits, 100 protective masks, and 50 medical goggles, all of which were sourced locally from Bangladeshi companies.59

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) The Inter Sector Coordination Group (USCG) partners are preparing for Tropical cyclone season in Bangladesh, specifically equipping Cox’s Bazar District by stockpiling emergency items, water purification tables, tie-down kits to ensure rapid access to support to the Rohingya and host communities. The cyclone response plan builds on past year efforts but could be compounded by the existing humanitarian issues, limited resources and lack of emergency relocation and the COVID-19 pandemic crisis.60

50 https://data.humdata.org/dataset/inform-covid-analysis-v01 51 https://bd.usembassy.gov/u-s-citizen-services/local-resources-of-u-s-citizens/living-in-bangladesh/tropical-cyclones/ 52 https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2020/05/07/coronavirus-humanitarian-aid- response?utm_source=The+New+Humanitarian&utm_campaign=4014b09a5b- EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_05_7_2020_DAILY&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_d842d98289-4014b09a5b-75574133# 53 https://nenow.in/neighbour/bangladesh/covid-19-bangladesh-to-extend-lockdown-to-may-30.html 54 https://tbsnews.net/coronavirus-chronicle/covid-19-bangladesh/second-doctor-dies-covid-19-bangladesh-76843 55 https://apnews.com/37685e242282a0b3ca9de6124cef67ee 56 https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/may/11/bangladesh-garment-factories-reopen-despite-coronavirus-threat-to-workers 57 https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/coronavirus-asia-asean-live-updates-by-country/ 58 http://www.bdrcs.org/sites/default/files/Reports/20200428_SitRep05_BDRCS.pdf 59 https://www.bangladeshpost.net/posts/us-donates-ppe-to-bangladesh-fire-service-33150 60https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/documents/files/joint_humanitarian_community_press_release_o n_cyclone_preparedness_04052020_english_final.pdf

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As of 19 May, IOM is constructing new a 250-bed capacity Severe Acute Respiratory Infection Isolation and Treatment Centre (SARI ITC) which will contribute to the larger target agreed upon by the lead actors of the humanitarian community, IOM, UNICEF and UNHCR. Triage areas in the 35 primary care facilities IOM supports along with three isolation and treatment centers, and a 93-unit contact-tracing quarantine center large enough to accommodate 465 is nearing completion. IOM is also setting up much needed oxygen provisions as a common pipeline service for treatment facilities supporting both its own and partners. Through 24-hour hotlines and Interactive Voice Response (IVR) technology, IOM continues to respond despite operational challenges, providing life-saving information while dispelling harmful rumors and misinformation having reached more than 20,000 calls over the last weeks.61 On 24 March, the Government of Bangladesh suspended non-essential activities in all 34 Rohingya refugee camps in Cox's Bazar. All shops and markets in the camps are closed and site management staff have been reduced by 50%. The humanitarian community began preparing to have around 1,050 beds ready in May. The biggest needs in the event of a COVID outbreak in the refugee camps would be ICUs and ventilators. Bangladesh Red Crescent Society (BDRCS) operations for COVID-19 support including disinfectant spraying at 262 hospitals, hosting psychosocial support calls from COVID-19 patients struggling with fear/worry, distributing bottles of water, setting up handwashing stations in 64 districts and arranging for financial and human resource mobilization for imminent cyclone season preparations. BDRCS volunteers are also assisting 62 with temperature checking, disinfectant spraying and social distance monitoring activities at 61 prisons. The Resident Coordinator (RC) leads the UN Country Team by coordinating overall UN development assistance to Bangladesh, with the support of the UNDP.63 The UN Country Team is prioritizing gender-based violence in COVID-19 affected areas and working with the government to provide food assistance to those in the informal economy hit hardest by lockdown.64 The Humanitarian Coordination Task Team (HCTT) is an operational-level coordination platform for the government, national and international actors working on disaster preparedness and response in Bangladesh. The HCTT falls under the Disaster and Emergency Response (DER) working group in the Local Consultative Group Mechanism (LCG) – a key structure through which the government engages with development partners.65 The Humanitarian Coordination Task Team (HCTT) Contingency Plan 2020 for Climate-Related Disasters in the COVID-19 Pandemic Context was finalized on 17 May. The HCCT Plan identifies 25 districts it anticipates would be severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and related mitigation measures, encompassing 15.4 million households across Barisal, Chittagong (Chattogram), Khulna, Rangpur, Dhaka, Rajshahi, Mymensingh, and Sylhet Divisions. (p. 13, https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/fr/operations/bangladesh/document/hctt- contingency-plan-2020-climate-related-disasters-covid-19) The Inter-Sector Coordination Group (ISCG) is the coordination mechanism for the international humanitarian response focused specifically on the Rohingya refugee situation in Cox’s Bazar. The ISCG structure is available at: https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/operations/bangladesh/inter-sector-coordination

Country-specific planning considerations

Displaced Persons: Six Rohingya refugees have tested positive for COVID-19, out of 202 confirmed cases in the Cox’s Bazar (CXB) community. The first COVID-19 case in the Rohingya camps was reported 14 May, following which authorities put 5,000 Rohingyas under lockdown at the Kutupalong camp. Two COVID-19 patients are residents of Kutupalong’s Camp #5.66 Teams have been activated to treat the patients and trace any contacts that may have encountered those who tested positive. Additionally, approximately 1,200 beds for isolating and

61 https://reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/super-cyclone-amphan-approaches-iom-ramps-covid-19-response-coxs-bazar 62 http://www.bdrcs.org/sites/default/files/Reports/20200428_SitRep05_BDRCS.pdf 63 https://www.bd.undp.org/content/bangladesh/en/home/about-us/undp-and-the-un.html 64 https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/04/1062552 65 https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/documents/files/bgd_bkgd_emerg-resp-plan_2014_0.pdf 66 https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2020/05/18/coronavirus-13-including-another-rohingya-tested-positive

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treating COVID-19 patients are being prepared outside the Ukhiya and Teknaf camps in Cox’s Bazar and more are being planned.67 “The worrying thing is that people in the camps live in very congested conditions,” said Mahbub Alam Talukder, Refugee Relief and Repatriation Commissioner (RRRC).68 Families of up to a dozen share small shelters.69 Aid in camps is severely limited, since the RRRC reduced humanitarian aid staff by 80% on 8 APR to try to avoid a COVID-19 outbreak, which aid workers said severely impacted the ability to provide critical services such as food, water, hygiene, vaccines, and sanitation.70 CXB hosts 859,000 Rohingya refugee (34 camps, 2 of which host Bangladesh Military Barracks). An internet ban in the Rohingya refugee camps is a growing concern, impeding information sharing. In an outbreak, Rohingya women and girls would be especially vulnerable as gender norms affect their ability to reduce risks.71 In early May, the government sent 29 Rohingya boat returnees to Bhasan Char, a silt island that emerged in 2006 in the Bay of Bengal. Rohingya refugees have been refusing for years to relocate to the remote island, where the government rapidly built shelters and a barrier in the past couple years.72 A Rohingya refugee boat returned to Bangladesh 15 April, with at least 382 very malnourished survivors rescued after being turned away by Malaysia two months earlier. At least 32 refugees died, though some accounts reported much higher numbers of fatalities.73 As of 3 May, several hundred Rohingya refugees remain adrift on at least two boats after leaving the Bangladesh camps for Malaysia, which is refusing to let the refugees land.74 The humanitarian crisis is similar to the 2015 Andaman Sea crisis, when thousands of refugees and migrants were stranded on boats.75 Health: 18,880 beds across 472 facilities (Upazila [administrative] level); 27,053 across 126 facilities at the secondary and tertiary level; 45,485 beds across 2,983 registered private hospitals. Bangladesh has less than 2,000 ventilators for population of 165 million, according to Save the Children. Age groups most affected by COVID-19: 21-30 years of age (26% of cases), 31-40 years (24%), 41-50 years (18%), 51-60 years (13%), 11-20 years tied with over 60 years (8% each), followed lastly by under 10 years (comprising 3% of cases.)76 Prisons: Prisons are at over 200% capacity, raising fears of COVID-19 transmission in the prison population. Tensions projected to increase. 2,329 prisoners set to be freed in response to outbreak.77 Security: There is a history of attacks, including on aid workers and ambulances, by host and refugee communities in Cox's Bazar. In CXB, an INGO team was attacked by the local community while travelling towards a Rohinyga camp amidst rumors that foreigners travelling to the refugee camps have been spreading COVID- 19.78 In Tejgaon area, Dhaka city and division, more than a hundred residents protested against the building of an emergency hospital for COVID-19 patients, vandalizing the construction site and attacking construction workers, resulting in the project’s postponement.79 Return to TOC

67 https://apnews.com/f6ad74d1c0dcfb784b5a245e762e3b3e 68 https://www.dhakatribune.com/health/coronavirus/2020/05/14/2-rohingya-refugees-test-covid-19-positive-in-cox-s-bazar 69 https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/live-blog/2020-05-14-coronavirus-news-n1206776/ncrd1206966#liveBlogHeader 70 https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/28/bangladesh-covid-19-aid-limits-imperil-rohingya# 71 https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/operations/bangladesh/document/covid-19-outbreak-rapid-gender-analysis 72 https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2020/05/07/coronavirus-humanitarian-aid- response?utm_source=The+New+Humanitarian&utm_campaign=4014b09a5b- EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_05_7_2020_DAILY&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_d842d98289-4014b09a5b-75574133#philippines 73 https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2020/04/16/Bangladesh-Rohingya-boat-rescued 74 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-rohingya-idUSKBN22F0QA 75 https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/101503/all-sea-what-lies-behind-southeast-asia%E2%80%99s-migrant-crisis 76 http://www.bdrcs.org/sites/default/files/Reports/20200428_SitRep05_BDRCS.pdf 77 https://tbsnews.net/coronavirus-chronicle/covid-19-bangladesh/2329-prisoners-be-freed-over-covid-19-outbreak-79330 78 http://insecurityinsight.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Bulletin-2-Aid-Security-and-COVID-19-.pdf 79 https://www.newagebd.net/article/103337/protests-halt-coronavirus-hospital-construction

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BHUTAN Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Case Trend Planning Affected State Information Considerations Measures/Access Resources

International borders All international borders Border restrictions: Bhutan COVID-19 Total Case Trend closed closed 23 March. http://www.ddm.gov.bt/

30 No e-visa for persons Nearly all international Visa restrictions: 25 coming from or through flights are restricted. https://www.drukair.com.bt/ COVID-19 affected 20 countries, and no visas on Visas restricted for Flight restrictions: 15 arrival, as of 6 March.80 foreigners. Incoming https://www.mfa.gov.bt/?pa 10 Bhutanese subjected to ge_id=7587 Monsoon season runs June medical screening and https://www.paroairport.co 5 to September in the south quarantine. m/ 0 and southwest. The winter northeast monsoon ranges Movement restrictions in COVID-19 Cases Database from November to March, place as all residents asked https://github.com/CSSEGISa bringing gale-force winds to to stay at home except for ndData/COVID-19 higher altitudes. essential travel. 0 Deaths – 21 confirmed cases as of 20 MAY Hotline COVID-19 inquiries: 2121 https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html

Disaster Risk: The INFORM Global Risk Index’s overall ranking for Bhutan is 115 out of 191 countries (lower number indicates higher risk) for natural disasters and humanitarian crises. Disaster risk has remained stable in the last three years. The INFORM global risk index annually measures the risk of disasters and humanitarian crises for 191 countries. Bhutan is most highly exposed to the natural hazard of earthquakes.81 The country also frequently experiences flooding, especially during monsoon season.82 Located high in the Himalayas, Bhutan’s elevation ranges from approximately 1200-3700 meters (~3,937-12,379 feet), with a population averaging 800,000 people. Additionally, INFORM has a new COVID-19 Risk Index, which identifies “countries at risk from health and humanitarian impacts of COVID-19 that could overwhelm current national response capacity.” Bhutan is assessed as being in the Medium COVID risk class, based on a COVID risk of 4.1 on a scale of 1-10, where a higher number indicates higher risk. 83

National organization response

The Department of Disaster Management (DDM), under the Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs, leads disaster mitigation, preparedness and response, with a vision for “Safe, Resilient and Happy Bhutan”.84

Effective 23 March the government closed all international borders, only allowing foreigners to exit, and subjecting incoming Bhutanese to medical screening and mandatory 2-week quarantine at a designated facility.

80 https://drukair.s3.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/cms/Flash%20NEWS/Notice-MOAH.jpg 81 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/Results-and-data/INFORM-2019-Results-and-data 82 https://www.bhutan.travel/page/climate-weather 83 https://data.humdata.org/dataset/inform-covid-analysis-v01 84 http://www.ddm.gov.bt/

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Only authorized vehicles can move across borders. Any movement of vehicles or people across informal routes is prohibited. The government stated it will ensure the continued supply of all commodities.85

As of 20 April, the government has developed a contact tracing mobile app, called “Druk Trace,” to help identify who may have come into contact with a COVID-19 infected person. Every office, business, and public transport are required to display a Druk Trace-generated QR code, and all individuals are mandated to use the app to scan the QR code upon each entry into those public spaces.86 Bilaterally, the Indian Army is preparing to deploy a team to Bhutan, to boost COVID-19 response.87

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society)

UNDP reports that the Loden-UNDP COVID-19 Response Fund is helping young Bhutanese to contribute to the country’s response through small grants.88 The UN is supporting the government through various activities. Food supplementation for children includes nutrition and WASH packages which provide a take-home school feeding ration; nutrition and hygiene messages and; soaps. The most vulnerable children will receive a “food basket.”89 Due to the closure of trade routes, the demand for local vegetables is high, according to UNICEF. The UN supports and implements the Farm to Schools (F2S) project which links farmer groups to supply local schools and institutions. The UN also plans to assist local farmers in improving agriculture production.90 The latest GIEWS country brief by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), states that food insecurity persists mostly in rural areas, especially in eastern and southern parts of the country. A large number of households have inadequate access to food markets.91 According to the World Food Program (WFP) the pandemic is causing some minor disruptions in the food supply chain due to the lockdown in neighboring India, the major supplier of food to the country. WFP has reprogrammed some of its funds to accelerate agriculture production and farmer linkages to markets to help mitigate this adverse impact.92 The WFP donated two mobile storage units, with a capacity of 500 metric tons each, which will help authorities preposition food to meet the needs of half the population for three months. Bhutan has taken a proactive approach toward COVID-19, but movement restrictions are straining the economy and food security. WFP’s technical assistance package also includes regional food price monitoring, prepositioning food, and targeting food needs via geo-referenced maps and assessments.93 The World Bank, on 17 April, approved fast-track financing of the US$5million COVID-19 Emergency Response and Health Systems Preparedness Project, which builds capacity for testing, contact tracing and early warning.94 UNICEF is supporting the health and other ministries with risk communication and community engagement, helping to reach about 90% of the population on social media with the help of 10,000 community

85 http://www.ddm.gov.bt/download/public_notification_closure_border_gates.png 86 http://www.moh.gov.bt/contact-tracing-app/ 87 https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/apr/21/fighting-covid-19-army-readying-teams-for-bangladesh-bhutan-sri-lanka-afghanistan- 2133393.html 88 http://www.moh.gov.bt/who-bhutans-generous-donation-of-nu-12-52-million-to-support-activities-towards-covid19/ 89 https://reliefweb.int/report/bhutan/un-family-scaling-nutrition 90 https://reliefweb.int/report/bhutan/un-family-scaling-nutrition 91 https://reliefweb.int/report/bhutan/giews-country-brief-bhutan-05-may-2020 92 https://reliefweb.int/report/bhutan/wfp-bhutan-country-brief-march-2020 93 https://www.wfp.org/news/wfp-extends-food-security-assistance-royal-government-bhutan-covid-19-response 94 https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/loans-credits/2020/04/16/bhutan-covid-19-emergency-response-and-health-systems-preparedness-project

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leaders and other social influencers. UNICEF has received US$500,000 out of $1.8 million required for Bhutan, which is a funding gap of 68%, below the 72% average gap for the South Asia region.95 United Nations (UN) agencies with a presence in Bhutan doing humanitarian activities include the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), World Food Programme (WFP), and the World Health Organization (WHO), with additional UN agencies focused more on long-term development.96 The Bhutan Red Cross Society, as of 18 April, provided financial support for HOPE-Covid19 Bhutan to produce 6,000 face-shields mainly for the front-line health care workers. Bhutan Red Cross volunteers help sanitize vehicles at a border crossing in Samdrup Jongkhar, per a 12 April post, and have been going door-to- door to raise awareness of COVID-19 and distribute medicine to seniors in Mongar, per a 14 April post.97 Private Sector: Karma Pharmaceuticals and Medical Supplies donated 5,500 face masks on 9 March.98

Country-specific planning considerations

Displaced Populations: An estimated 107,000 Bhutanese are living outside the country as refugees, primarily ethnic Lhotshampa in refugee camps in eastern Nepal.99

Quarantine Centers: There are 75 quarantine facilities. As of 21 April, 1,476 people are quarantined, including 1474 in designated facilities and 2 at home. 3,563 previously quarantined people have been released.100

Health: Bhutan has 17.4 hospital beds per 10,000 population, per 2012 data.101 Screening is available at 54 flu clinics. All six confirmed COVID-19 cases are imported, with no community transmission.102 A special isolation hospital equipped to treat COVID-19 patients was set up in the Royal Guest House in eastern Mongar.

Security: No significant COVID-19 related security incidents. Community volunteers help patrol border areas. Police see controlling the movement of people across the porous border as a growing challenge.103 Return to TOC

95 https://www.unicef.org/appeals/files/UNICEF_ROSA_COVID19_Situation_Report_14_April_2020.pdf 96 http://www.unct.org.bt/about-us/ 97 https://www.facebook.com/bhutanredcrosssociety/ 98 http://www.moh.gov.bt/karma-pharmaceuticals-and-medical-supplies-donated-5500-face-masks-to-ministry-of-health/ 99 https://www.unocha.org/asia-and-pacific-roap/bhutan 100 http://www.moh.gov.bt/national-situational-update-on-covid-19-as-of-20th-april-2020/ 101 https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/hospital-beds-(per-10-000-population) 102 http://www.moh.gov.bt/national-situational-update-on-covid-19-as-of-20th-april-2020/ 103 https://kuenselonline.com/for-the-safety-and-security-of-the-community/

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BRUNEI Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Case Trend Planning Considerations Affected State Information Resources Measures/Access Government of Brunei has Brunei’s Infectious Government of Brunei banned all foreign citizens Disease Act 2010 website: https://www.gov.bn/ BRUNEI COVID-19 Total from entering or transiting provides guidance for by air, land, or sea to the COVID-19 response Government of Brunei COVID- Case Trend Brunei. and the Government has 19 site: http://www.moh.gov.bn/SiteP 150 implemented procedures Citizens and foreign for the investigation and ages/COVID-19.aspxincludes 148 residents in the country are Travel updates, Alerts, best 146 management of barred from leaving the outbreak such as practices and video & media 144 104 nation. reporting, quarantine, statements. 142 isolation, and treatment 140 Royal Brunei Airlines (RBA) Brunei Self-Isolation Policy: of suspected cases as 138 has suspended most flights http://www.moh.gov.bn/SiteP outlined in the law; 136 until 31 May with limited ages/selfisolationpolicy.aspx specifically the Infectious 134 service to KL, Singapore, U.S. Embassy in Brunei: Diseases Act Chapter 132 Melbourne, HK, . https://bn.usembassy.gov/ 204. The Infectious 130 All passengers arriving to Diseases Act was Brunei Disaster Management Brunei through Brunei amended 30 January Reference Handbook: International Airport will be 2020 to include https://www.cfe- served a Self-Isolation punishment for those dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?filetic

Notice at border control who breach or refuse the ket=VwnEuxL818s%3d&portali and must undergo an quarantine order with a d=0 1 Death – 141* confirmed cases as of 20 MAY immediate 14-day isolation fine of up to BND COVID-19 Case Database at designated monitoring $10,000, imprisonment *No new confirmed COVID-19 cases since 7 MAY https://github.com/CSSEGISan centers and must be tested for up to 6 months, or https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html 105 dData/COVID-19 for COVID-19. both.106

Disaster Risk Brunei, which joined the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1984, is statistically the safest country in Southeast Asia. The INFORM Global Risk Index’s overall ranking for Brunei is 158 out of 191 countries (lower number indicates higher risk). Disaster risk in the last three years has been stable.107 Although Brunei has a low level of risk to natural disaster, the country is still susceptible to floods, forest fires, air pollution, haze, and landslide due to flooding. Additionally, INFORM has a new COVID-19 Risk Index, which identifies “countries at risk from health and humanitarian impacts of COVID-19 that could overwhelm current national response capacity.” Brunei’s INFORM COVID-19 risk is 3.1/10, indicating low risk (10 being highest risk).108

National organization response

104 https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/coronavirus-asia-asean-live-updates-by-country/ 105 https://bn.usembassy.gov/u-s-citizen-services-covid-19-information/ 106 https://www.brudirect.com/news.php?id=89708 107 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/Results-and-data/INFORM-2019-Results-and-data 108 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Epidemic

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The National Disaster Management Centre is the leading agency for disaster management in Brunei. It falls under the Ministry of Home Affairs. The country has the financial resources necessary to cope with disasters and all aspects of disaster risk reduction and response are funded at the national level.109

The Government has set up a Health Advice Line (148 ) and web application, (https://www.healthinfo.gov.bn) for the community to receive information and updates re: COVID-19.

After confirming the first new case in 17 days, Minister of Health YB Dato Seri Setia Dr Hj Mohammad Isham Hj Jaafar cautioned, “We are still in an emergency situation, we may not be under lockdown but the public need to remember that even though there have not been many infections recently, the concern is still there.”110

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) The Brunei Darussalam Red Crescent Society was established in 1948 and maintains a presence assisting the Government of Brunei in blood donation, first aid training, responding to fires and assisting with disaster preparedness training. (https://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/where-we-work/asia-pacific/brunei-darussalam-red- crescent-society/.)

Country-specific planning considerations Health: The Government of Brunei provides free healthcare to all citizens and medical care is among the best in the region. Non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and chronic respiratory disease are the leading causes of death.111 Hospitals: There are four main hospitals serving the four districts of Brunei and several other health centers and traveling clinics serve the country.112 Quarantine Centers: February 2020, in preparation and response to the growing pandemic, and before any cases arrived to the country, the Ministry of Home Affairs and the Ministry of Health identified four monitoring centers/quarantine shelters for suspected coronavirus cases: the Hassanal Bolkiah National Stadium’s Games Village Complex; the SEAMEO Voctech Regional Centre in Gadong; National Service Programme’s Training Camp in Batu Apoi, Temburong, and the Government Rest House in Kuala Belait.113

Additionally, Brunei’s National Isolation Center opened in December 2012. It is part of the Pengiran Muda Mahkota Pengiran Muda Haji Al-Muhtadee Billah Hospital in Pekan, Tutong which has 139 beds.114 Currently there are 125 individuals in quarantine at this location and individuals are being treated there for critical condition due to COVID-19 symptoms. The Ministry of Health also reports re-admitted persons previously recovered and tested positive again to the National Isolation Center.115 As a result, recovered patients must undergo an additional 14 day self-isolation at home post discharge and be retested after the 14 days.116 Security: Following the amendment to the Infectious Diseases Act, the Royal Brunei Police Force has increased patrols and members of the public are urged to comply with guidance not to gather to reduce spread of disease. Breaches to the quarantine order can be reported to a hotline (993). Monitoring of those under quarantine will be done via video calls, GPS tracking and spot checks with the Royal Brunei Police Force.117 Return to TOC

109 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=VwnEuxL818s%3d&portalid=0 110 https://thescoop.co/2020/05/01/covid-19-live-updates-3/ 111. https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=VwnEuxL818s%3d&portalid=0 112 http://www.moh.gov.bn/Pages/BruneiFacilities.aspx 113 https://thescoop.co/2020/02/09/brunei-sets-up-4-temporary-shelters-to-combat-coronavirus-spread/ 114 http://moh.gov.bn/SitePages/hpmmpmhamb.aspx 115http://www.moh.gov.bn/Shared%20Documents/2019%20ncov/press%20releases/Media%20statement%20on%20the%20current%20situation%20of%2 0COVID-19%20in%20Brunei%20Darussalam%20(18.04.2020).pdf 116 https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/coronavirus-brunei-reports-no-new-cases-one-recovered-patient-turns-positive-again 117 https://borneobulletin.com.bn/covid-19-cases-in-brunei-rise-to-11-2/

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CAMBODIA Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Case Trend Planning Affected State Information Considerations Measures/Access Resources

Cambodia Cambodia is vulnerable due As of 17 March, there is a Flight & border restrictions: to its weak health system. 30-day suspension of entry https://kh.usembassy.gov/c 130 COVID-19 Total Case Trend Medical facilities/services into Cambodia for ovid-19-information/ 125 do not meet international “foreigners traveling from” standards and both Phnom the United States, France, COVID-19 Cases Database 120 Penh and Siem Reap have a Germany, Italy, and https://github.com/CSSEGIS 121 115 limited number of clinics Spain. andData/COVID-19 and hospitals which are 110 severely taxed by the All visa free entry & Domestic Hotline 105 current COVID-19 crisis.118 issuance of all e-visas and 012 825 424, 012 488 981 visas-on-arrival for all or 012 836 868. Information 100 Seasonal rains begin in mid- foreigners suspended for 30 is available in English and May.119 days, effective 31 March.122 Khmer.https://kh.usembass y.gov/covid-19-information/ Cyclone season runs from 120 May to October. Ministry of Health website/ 0 Deaths – 122* confirmed cases as of 20 MAY daily surveillance reports: *No new confirmed cases since 11 APR 2020 www.cdcmoh.gov.kh https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html Disaster Risk: The INFORM (Index for Risk Management) ranking for Cambodia is 53 out of 191 countries (lower number indicates higher risk).123 Cambodia experiences hazards such as floods, drought, heavy storms, , fire incidents, and epidemics. Typhoons and tropical storms lead to heavy flood seasons in the country and approximately 80% of Cambodia lies along the Mekong River which is vulnerable to flooding.124 Additionally, Cambodia’s INFORM COVID-19 risk is 4.9/10, indicating medium risk (10 being the highest).125 National organization response The National Committee for Disaster Management (NCDM) is Cambodia’s lead government agency for emergency preparedness and relief. The Government of Cambodia has adopted the Cambodia Red Cross (CRC) as the primary partner for relief operations. The Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF) has played an important role in disaster response and relief in the country.126 The Cambodian Ministry of Health (MoH) is keeping the public informed of developments via the MoH website at (www.cdcmoh.gov.kh) and social media where relevant health education materials can also be downloaded. Daily COVID-19 Surveillance Reports can be downloaded in English on this page also.127 The Government of Cambodia suspended all visa-free entry and the issuance of all e-visas and visas-on-arrival for foreigners for 30 days, as of 31 March.128

118 https://kh.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 119 https://reliefweb.int/report/cambodia/dovetailing-disasters-how-covid-19-compounding-risk-cambodian-communities 120 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/DMHA-Resources/Disaster-Management-Reference-Handbooks 121 https://kh.usembassy.gov/important-notice-to-american-citizens/ 122 https://kh.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 123 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/Results-and-data/INFORM-2019-Results-and-data 124 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/DMHA-Resources/Disaster-Management-Reference-Handbooks 125 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Epidemic 126 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/DMHA-Resources/Disaster-Management-Reference-Handbooks 127 http://www.cdcmoh.gov.kh/ 128 https://kh.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/

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The Government issued a state of emergency law.129 The Cambodian Ministry of Education has issued an immediate, indefinite, closure of all schools until further notice. The Cambodian government has closed all museums, cinemas, concert halls, bars, and karaoke establishments (KTV parlors). Any large religious gatherings are prohibited until further notice.130 Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) Cambodia has 23 United Nations agencies working together through the United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) 2016–2018.131 The Cambodian Red Cross is the largest humanitarian organization in Cambodia and often provides the first assistance and can draw on a wide network of pre-positioned resources and subnational presence.132 The Cambodian Red Cross website is located here: (https://redcross.org.kh/) WHO is assisting hospitals with readiness to respond with appropriate case management: Khmer-Soviet, Phnom Penh; Siem Reap Hospital; Sihanoukville Hospital; Kampong Cham Hospital; Kampot Hospital; Strung Treng Hospital; assisting with laboratory capacity for collection of samples nationwide and detection of 2019-nCoV at Institute Pasteur Cambodia, National Institute of Public Health (NIPH) and NAMRU-2.133 UNDP warns that the start of the rainy season in May could increase the risk of transmission, as during the rainy season, there is an increase in fishing, human migration and busier wet markets. “It could also mean that health resources are diverted. Power-cuts – such as those caused by drought conditions across the capital of Phnom Penh last year – could compromise health systems’ capacity to provide sufficient services to both COVID-19 individuals and the wider community,” the UNDP said.134 WFP, in collaboration with the NCDM, developed a digital questionnaire for collecting field information on the large-scale return of migrants following the closure of border crossings. This builds on the existing Platforms for Realtime Information SysteMs (PRISM) used to collect disaster risk data.135 WFP and the Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry (MAFF), expanded the existing remote monthly food price monitoring to cover the entire country to capture changes as a result of the pandemic.136 Country-specific planning considerations Health: The MOH has designated three hospitals in Phnom Penh (Khmer-Soviet Friendship Hospital, National Pediatric Hospital, and Kantha Bopha Hospital), and 25 Provincial Referral Hospitals as medical facilities that can order a test for, and treat, suspected cases of COVID-19. The MOH, in consultation with the WHO, US-CDC, and the Institute Pasteur of Cambodia (IPC), has selected IPC as the designated lab for COVID-19 testing. Phnom Penh and Siem Reap have a limited number of clinics and hospitals that can provide basic medical care and stabilization. Medical care outside of these two cities is almost non-existent. Local pharmacies provide a limited supply of prescription and over- the-counter medications, but the quality can vary greatly.137 There are 102 referral hospitals, including 9 National Hospitals, 25 Municipal and Provincial Referral Hospitals and 68 district-based Referral Hospitals. There are 1,141 Health Centers and 107 Health Posts.138 Quarantine Centers: Quarantine is not well-established and may be unpredictable. Security: Cambodian authorities have arrested approximately 30 people since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic on charges of spreading false news authorities have arrested at least 30 people on charges of spreading “fake news” and other offenses since the global outbreak of the pandemic. Obstruction of execution of emergency measures can result in $US 500-2500 fines and or jail term from 1-10 years.139 Return to TOC

129 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-cambodia-idUSKCN21S0IW 130 https://kh.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 131 https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/137071/ccsbrief_khm_en.pdf;jsessionid=0E0B20605B7A7CAD6D9C3968B7933A8F?sequence=1 132 https://dlca.logcluster.org/pages/releaseview.action?pageId=12355727 133 https://www.who.int/cambodia/news/detail/28-01-2020-ministry-of-health-responds-to-first-positive-case-of-new-coronavirus 134 https://reliefweb.int/report/cambodia/dovetailing-disasters-how-covid-19-compounding-risk-cambodian-communities 135 https://reliefweb.int/report/cambodia/wfp-cambodia-country-brief-march-2020 136 https://reliefweb.int/report/cambodia/wfp-cambodia-country-brief-march-2020 137 https://kh.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 138 http://hismohcambodia.org/public/fileupload/carousel/HSP3-(2016-2020).pdf 139 https://asiatimes.com/2020/04/cambodias-state-of-emergency-law-in-context/

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CHINA Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Case Trend Planning Affected State Information Resources Considerations Measures/Access

As of 28 March, all foreign Shulan, a border city with Flight & border restrictions: China nationals are banned from Russia and near North https://www.aljazeera.com/ne 84,100 COVID-19 Total Case Trend entry including those with Korea, was reclassified by ws/2020/03/coronavirus-travel- residence permits, with Chinese authorities as restrictions-border-shutdowns- 84,050 diplomatic exceptions. high risk on 10 May and country- 84,000 put on lockdown, after a 200318091505922.html The civil aviation ministry cluster of new cases.140 US embassy updates 83,950 has limited passenger https://china.usembassy- numbers on inbound China is at a Level 4 Travel 83,900 china.org.cn/health-alert- international flights. Advisory (Do Not Travel) 141 012420/ 83,850 for Hubei province.

83,800 China CDC Wuhan, the COVID-19 http://www.chinacdc.cn/en/CO epicenter, to commence VID19/ testing of all 11 million residents. This follows the COVID-19 Cases Database 4,638 Deaths – 84,063 confirmed cases as of 20 MAY first new cluster of cases https://github.com/CSSEGISand Data/COVID-19 https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html found in over one month, most asymptomatic.142

Disaster Risk: The INFORM (Index for Risk Management) risk assessment ranking for China is 67 out of 191 countries (lower number indicates higher risk) for disasters and humanitarian crises, with a stable disaster risk trend for the last three years. China is highly exposed to earthquakes, tropical storms, floods and tsunamis.143 INFORM also has a new COVID-19 Risk Index, which identifies “countries at risk from health and humanitarian impacts of COVID-19 that could overwhelm current national response capacity.” China is in the “low” COVID risk class, based on a COVID risk assessed at 3.4 on a scale of 1-10, where a higher number indicates higher risk. 144

National organization response On 11 May, Reuters reported that Wuhan, the pandemic epicenter, plans city-wide nucleic acid testing for COVID-19 in all 11 million residents over 10 days, with each district to submit a detailed testing plan by 12 May.145 This comes after Wuhan found the first new cluster in over a month, since lockdown was lifted 8 April. Six new COVID- 19 cases were found over the weekend, all in the same residential compound, with 5 of the 6 cases asymptomatic.146 On 10 May, Chinese authorities reclassified Shulan as high risk – the only city in China with that designation – and told residents to stay home. Shulan, a city on the Russian border and near North Korea, reported 14 new COVID- 19 cases, all traced to a 45-year-old woman with no known history of travel or virus exposure.147 The last four imported COVID-19 patients who entered China via Suifenhe from Russia have recovered and were discharged from Hongqi Hospital, though will be transferred to Mudanjiang Hospital for a 14-day medical observation, per 12 May reports.148 Suifenhe was locked down in early April, after a spate of cases from travelers

140 https://www.businessinsider.com/china-renews-lockdowns-after-coronavirus-reported-in-wuhan-and-shulan-2020-5 141 https://china.usembassy-china.org.cn/health-alert-012420/ 142 https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/05/12/854431546/wuhan-to-test-all-residents-after-new-coronavirus-cases-emerge 143 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/Results-and-data/INFORM-2019-Results-and-data 144 https://data.humdata.org/dataset/inform-covid-analysis-v01 145 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-wuhan/chinas-wuhan-plans-city-wide-testing-for-coronavirus-over-period-of-10-days-sources-idUSKBN22N24F 146 https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/05/12/854431546/wuhan-to-test-all-residents-after-new-coronavirus-cases-emerge 147 https://www.businessinsider.com/china-renews-lockdowns-after-coronavirus-reported-in-wuhan-and-shulan-2020-5 148 http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202005/12/WS5ebaade5a310a8b241155318.html

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crossing the border from Russia. On March 26, China announced that it was barring the entry of most foreign nationals, excluding diplomatic workers, to prevent imported COVID-19 cases. Starting 28 March, foreign ministry said that even foreign citizens with residence permits would be prevented from entering, although foreign citizens coming to China for "necessary economic, trade, scientific or technological activities or out of emergency humanitarian needs" can still apply for visas. In January, China increased efforts to deal with cases from overseas, with Beijing and other regions forcing international arrivals to go into a 14-day quarantine. The civil aviation ministry also limited passenger numbers on inbound international flights.149 The first known cases of COVID-19 were in Wuhan, China, with information of the first cases starting in December, although international information sharing did not occur until January.150 In the Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (China CDC), the Public Health Emergency Center (PHEC) takes charge of national public health emergency preparedness and response activities. China CDC’s Office of Epidemiology is dedicated to providing epidemiology services for disease control and public health work, including technical support and applied research. China CDC’s Division of Infectious Diseases (DID) is a technical department responsible for national communicable diseases surveillance, early warning, and outbreak investigation. The National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention (NIVDC) is an independent legal institution, which belongs to the China CDC, and has several WHO collaboration centers and laboratories.151 China was more heavily on the receiving end of foreign aid for the COVID-19 response in January and February, but there has also been significant demand from other countries for Chinese medical supplies and technical expertise. The China International Development Cooperation Agency, established in April 2018, is coordinating with other ministries to provide foreign aid to countries and international organizations, including the EU, AU, and ASEAN. China has donated $20 million to the WHO.152

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) UN agencies focused on humanitarian action with a presence in China include UNICEF, FAO, IOM, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNFPA, UN-Habitat, UNHCR, UN Women, WFP, and WHO, along with other development agencies.153

The China Red Cross Society was visited by Secretary-General of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies to discuss greater cooperation.154

PLAN International distributed 189,000 Euro (US$205,000) worth of disinfectant and personal protective equipment to government institutions and local NGOs, as of 17 April.155

Country-specific planning considerations

Health Information: The outbreak of COVID-19 in China surged in January and February, with the number of new confirmed cases peaking on 13 February at 15,136. Since then, daily new confirmed cases have been generally declining, averaging 73.1 per day from 16-22 April. The areas currently experiences the highest average number of new confirmed cases from 16-22 April include the provinces of Heilongjiang (11.4), Shaanxi (3.3) and Shanghai (2.4), and the special administrative region of (2.3). The provinces hardest hit with absolute total numbers of COVID-19 to date are Hubei (68,128) – where the epicenter was located in Hubei’s provincial capital of Wuhan, (1,582), Henan (1,276) and Zhejiang (1,268).156 A major hospital in China’s capital, the Beijing Xiaotangshan, designated to screen and treat COVID-19 patients from overseas, closed 29 April after the last two patients were released on 28 April. A total of 2,175 people were tested over the past 44 days at the hospital, which

149 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/coronavirus-travel-restrictions-border-shutdowns-country-200318091505922.html 150 https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/coronavirus-causes 151 http://www.chinacdc.cn/en/ 152 https://reliefweb.int/report/china/new-chinese-aid-agency-after-its-first-two-years ; http://en.cidca.gov.cn/2020-03/26/c_465653.htm 153 http://www.un.org.cn/pages/UNCountryTeamInChina.html 154 https://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/where-we-work/asia-pacific/red-cross-society-of-china/ 155 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ExSitRep_COVID19_PlanInternational_AP_17April%5B5%5D.pdf 156 https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19

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has more than 1,600 beds and has been used primarily to handle cases during epidemics. 54 confirmed COVID-19 cases were hospitalized for treatment. The hospital began operations on 16 March.157

As of 4 May, China said just 481 people remain in hospitals with ~1,000 under monitoring and isolation.158 China has 42 hospital beds per 10,000 population, per 2012 data.159

Security: In response to reports of discrimination against foreign citizens, the Chinese government reiterated that all public health measures apply equally to Chinese citizens and foreigners.160 Discrimination against Africans and African-Americans was reported in . As part of increased scrutiny of foreign nationals in response to COVID-19 infections, police ordered bars and restaurants not to serve clients who appear to be of African origin. Local officials mandated COVID-19 tests followed by self-quarantine for anyone with “African contacts,” regardless of recent travel history or previous quarantine completion. The U.S. Consulate General advises avoidance of the Guangzhou metropolitan area until further notice.161

Human rights lawyer and constitutional scholar Zhang Xuezhong was removed from his Shanghai home by authorities on 10 May after posting a letter criticizing the government's COVID-19 response on WeChat, social media.162 Return to TOC

157 http://en.nhc.gov.cn/2020-04/29/c_79743.htm 158 https://finance.yahoo.com/news/asia-today-no-cases-n-023134743.html 159 https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/hospital-beds-(per-10-000-population) 160 https://china.usembassy-china.org.cn/embassy-consulates/guangzhou/security-alert-u-s-embassy-beijing-and-all-consulates-april-24-2020/ 161 https://china.usembassy-china.org.cn/health-alert-u-s-consulate-general-guangzhou-peoples-republic-of-china/ 162 https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3083863/chinese-scholar-calls-political-reform-criticising-tight

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COMMONWEALTH OF THE (CNMI) Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Case Trend Planning Considerations Affected State Information Resources Measures/Access

Typhoon season is from July to The Commonwealth CHCC COVID-19 website: CNMI COVID-19 Total Case Trend January, and CNMI is usually Healthcare Corporation http://chcc.gov.mp/corona subject to at least 1 (CHCC) offers reporting of virusinformation.php /yr.163 COVID-19 symptoms to 24 health officials for persons CHCC POC: Janet Guerrero 22 Screening of incoming passengers enrolled in Sara Alert.167 & Portia Tomokane 20 at airport started 1 (670) 234-8950 Ext. 3416 February. All vessels entering As of 4 April, the Governor’s [email protected] 18 CNMI waters are inspected Office has not mandated the .mp 16 before they make port.164 public wear masks, and 14 discouraged masks for those Governor’s COVID-19 Task Starting 23 March, all individuals not sick or taking care of the Force POC: Kevin Bautista, 12 entering the CNMI must be sick. However, some [email protected] 10 quarantined at a designated site businesses have made face for 14 days, per Governor Ralph covering required for entry CNMI Homeland Security & DLG Torres's Second Amended into their establishments.168 Emergency Management Executive Order 2020-04, (OHS & EM) webpage: 2 Deaths – 21 confirmed cases as of 20 MAY Directive 8.165 As of 29 March, all grocery http://www.cnmihsem.gov. stores hours were limited to mp/ CNMI CHCC: http://chcc.gov.mp/coronavirusinformation.php Curfew is in effect 7:00pm – 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. and JHU data for this US territory only updated once per day: 6:00am, with workers needing to 50% reduced occupancy.169 COVID-19 cases database: https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19 commute required to carry a Gatherings of more than 10 https://github.com/CSSEGI designated company POC and people are prohibited.170 SandData/COVID-19

proper ID, as of 22 April.166

Disaster Risk: CNMI (Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands) is composed of 22 islands and inlets including the principal islands, Saipan, , Rota, , and , although Pagan has not been inhabited since 1981 after a severe volcanic eruption.171 CNMI is subject to a multitude of regularly recurring hazards, including typhoons, earthquakes, tsunamis, flash flooding and drought.172

National organization response The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Homeland Security & Emergency Management (OHS & EM) coordinates emergencies and disaster response. OHS & EM have disaster information awareness for typhoons, tsunami, and volcano, as well as evacuation zones posted on the OHS & EM website found here:

163 https://www.pacificrisa.org/places/commonwealth-of-the-northern-mariana-islands/ 164 http://chcc.gov.mp/DocumentFiles/coronavirusinformation_142_1454553753.pdf 165 http://chcc.gov.mp/DocumentFiles/First%20group%20of%20travelers%20to%20be%20released%20from%20COVID- 19%20quarantine%20facility%20this%20week.pdf ; https://www.guampdn.com/story/news/local/2020/04/07/cnmi-release-118-people-quarantine- week/2959323001/ 166 https://www.facebook.com/GovernorCNMI/photos/pb.1743833292514312.-2207520000../2707681932796105/?type=3&theater 167 http://chcc.gov.mp/coronavirusinformation.php 168 http://chcc.gov.mp/DocumentFiles/Face%20masks%20and%20DIY%20face%20coverings.pdf 169 http://chcc.gov.mp/DocumentFiles/Two%20cases%20confirmed%20positive%20for%20COVID- 19%20Hours%20for%20businesses%20and%20retail%20establishments%20adjusted.pdf 170 https://governor.gov.mp/news/press-releases/the-governors-social-distancing-guidance-cnmi-covid-19-emergency-directives-as-of-april-16-2020/ 171 https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Mariana-Islands/Economy 172 https://opd.gov.mp/library/plans/cnmi-standard-state-mitigation-plan-2014-2019/

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http://www.cnmihsem.gov.mp/).173 In September 2018, caused damage to CNMI resulting in the U.S. President issuing a major disaster declaration under the Stafford Act. During this time, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) appointed a Federal Coordinating Officer for this major disaster to provide federal assistance. The islands of Rota, Saipan, and Tinian received Individual and public assistance, and all areas within CNMI were eligible for assistance under the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program.174 After Super Typhoon Yuta in January 2020, FEMA granted US$4.9 million to CNMI to support ongoing recovery which included rebuilding schools, debris removal, repairs to ports and buildings, and other relief efforts.175

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) The American Red Cross of Northern Mariana Islands (https://www.redcross.org/local/northern-mariana- islands.html) is actively involved in the COVID-19 response having distributed 3,500 hand sanitizers to local emergency, health, and social service agencies and providing hundreds of hygiene supplies to those quarantined at Kanoa Resort and Pacific Islands Club Saipan.176 Additionally, the World Health Organization (WHO) (https://www.who.int/northernmarianaislands) deployed staff to several Pacific Island countries and territories, including CNMI with elevated risks for measles to assist with prevention measures from January-March 2020.177

Country-specific planning considerations Health: On 6 May, CNMI reported the first COVID-19 case in almost three weeks, since 18 April. The case was identified by local testing, and the sample awaits confirmation from the US CDC.178 Due to lifestyle and dependence on imported and processed foods, noncommunicable diseases such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer in CNMI is widespread. 83% of CNMI residents of Northern Marianas descent are overweight or obese and 21% of Carolinian adults and 25% of Chamorro adults have diabetes. Additionally, substance abuse and mental health problems are a public health concern, along with infant mortality rates and sexually transmitted infections.179

Hospitals: CNMI has one hospital, the 86-bed Commonwealth Health Center, located on Saipan. It is operated by the Commonwealth Healthcare Corporation (CHCC).180,181 There are also two major health centers in CNMI, also operated by the CHCC. Tinian Health Center is a satellite clinic located in San Jose Village, Tinian. It is the only medical facility on island.182 The Rota Health Center is a satellite facility on the island of Rota. It is the only medical facility on Rota.183 Another center, the Kagman Community Health Center, is located on Saipan. There are five private healthcare clinics: FHP Health Center, Marianas Medical Center, Medical Associates of the Pacific, Pacific Medical Center, and the Saipan Health Clinic.184

Quarantine: The CNMI government requires all individuals coming into the CNMI to be quarantined at a designated site for 14-days. Upon completion of the quarantine period, each individual will be issued a certificate from Commonwealth Healthcare indicating that they successfully completed quarantine.185

Security: No significant security incidents to report at this time. Return to TOC

173 http://cnmihsem.gov.mp/natural-disasters/typhoon/typhoonprep 174 https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2018/10/10/2018-21927/commonwealth-of-the-northern-mariana-islands-major-disaster-and-related- determinations 175 https://reliefweb.int/report/northern-mariana-islands-united-states-america/fema-grants-additional-funds-super-typhoon 176 https://www.saipantribune.com/index.php/arc-involved-in-covid-19-efforts/ 177 https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/wpro---documents/dps/outbreaks-and-emergencies/measles-2019/20200108-measles-pacific-who-unicef- sitrep-106cd003b8c83042dd81fb17d62dc3f35c.pdf?sfvrsn=657d0d88_0 178 https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/415994/cnmi-has-presumptive-positive-covid-19-case 179 https://www.congress.gov/116/meeting/house/109536/witnesses/HHRG-116-II00-Wstate-MunaE-20190523-SD001.pdf 180 https://chcc.gov.mp/ 181 https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/states/northern-mariana 182 https://chcc.gov.mp/tinianhealthcenter.php 183 https://chcc.gov.mp/rotahealthcenter.php 184 https://www.pihoa.org/cnmi/ 185 https://www.guampdn.com/story/news/local/2020/04/07/cnmi-release-118-people-quarantine-week/2959323001/

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FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA (FSM) Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Case Planning Considerations Affected State Measures/Access Information Trend Resources

As of 20 May, FSM had Typhoon season runs June 1 – Nov. 30 No passengers are allowed to disembark unless WHO country health profile no confirmed COVID-19 COVID-19 medical workers or patients returning https://www.who.int/count On January 31, 2020, a Public Health from overseas treatment. All must complete a 14- ries/fsm/en/ cases. Emergency declared and National Task day quarantine. Force (NTF) created WHO Country Cooperation No personnel are permitted to debark ships with Strategy: USG with USAID/OFDA as lead likely to be a the exception of National Oceanic Resource https://apps.who.int/iris/bit primary responder Management Agency (NORMA) observers who stream/handle/10665/1369 must complete a 14-day quarantine. 45/ccsbrief_fsm_en.pdf?seq Travel restrictions have been extended to uence=1 May 31st, 2020 per FSM Congress.186 Travel between FSM states is not permitted by international air carrier. Travel between states by FSM COVID-19 Response 187 There is a dengue outbreak on Yap State. Caroline Islands Air or by ship is allowed, but Framework: https://gov.fm/files/FSM_C some states are requiring all passengers and crew https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/ Health screening of all incoming travelers OVID- to complete a 14-day quarantine period. map.html at airport and seaport is ongoing since 2 19_Response_Framework.p February. df

Disaster Risk: Overall INFORM model risk ranking is 67 out of 191 countries (lower number indicates higher risk). A 3-yr trend indicates stable overall risk. Additionally, FSM’s INFORM COVID-19 risk is 5.0/10, placing FSM in the “high” COVID risk class (10 indicates highest risk).188

National organization response FSM Department of Health and Social Affairs (DHSA) will lead any health response. FSM National and States taskforces continue to coordinate local preparedness and readiness efforts for potential introduction and spread of COVID-19. A surveillance system for influenza-like illness (ILI) is in place for all 4 States.189 The National Disaster Committee is the strategic decision-making body for committing resources and priorities and advising the President during a disaster. The National Disaster Response Plan (2016) defines the efforts to be taken at all government levels to ensure that disaster preparedness, response, relief and recovery are carried out. Tests of any suspected cases of COVID-19 will be sent to Hawaii or Guam to be confirmed.190 U.S. Ambassador Carmen G. Cantor in a joint ceremony on 7 May handed off 30 ventilators to the FSM government. The U.S. had earlier presented $7,700,000 to FSM, which is FSM’s share of the U.S. Coronavirus Aid, Relief, & Economic Security (CARES) Act. Israel also provided to FSM 2,000 surgical masks, 200 NK95 masks, 4 infrared thermometers, and 40 protective suits. At the ceremony, government officials stated that the FSM COVID-19 Task Force will more closely collaborate with the Pohnpei COVID-19 Task Force, resulting in a joint FSM-PNI Task Force meeting.191192

186 https://gov.fm/files/CR_No__21- 138_Further_Amending_the_Presidents_Public_Health_Emergency_Declaration_APRIL_17_2020_RECEIVED_BY_OOP.pdf 187 https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/traveler/none/micronesia 188 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Epidemic 189 FSM Updates on Implementation of COVID-19 Preparedness and Response 190 https://fm.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 191 https://reliefweb.int/report/micronesia-federated-states/through-donations-ventilators-medical-supplies-state-israel 192 https://reliefweb.int/report/micronesia-federated-states/president-panuelo-vice-president-george-receive-ambassador-cantor

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FSM is experiencing drought conditions. In mid-April, the Northern Marianas' Emergency Operations Center issued a warning, saying dry conditions could persist for the next month or two.193 The FSM COVID-19 Response Framework (https://gov.fm/files/FSM_COVID- 19_Response_Framework.pdf) is the national COVID-19 contingency plan. CFE-DM Federated States of Micronesia Disaster Management Reference Handbook: https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=YalZdsMBBZo%3d&portalid=0

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) FSM is continuing to work with WHO, CDC, and UNICEF on support for COVID19 response. The International Organization for Migration (IOM) mission is located in FSM and oversees the offices in the FSM, RMI and Palau. WHO Health Profile: non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancers remain a major health problem. Tuberculosis (TB) has a high prevalence, as does leprosy – the latter being among the highest in the Pacific.

Country-specific planning considerations

Evacuation Centers: Chuuk leased the High-Tide Hotel (with 20-27 rooms) as quarantine space. It is also renovating a former Chinese barracks for construction workers (with at least 5 rooms). For surge capacity, Chuuk will utilize the Chuuk High School and Gymnasium. Pohnpei built an 8-room quarantine facility at Misko Beach, and the China Star Hotel (with 30 rooms) and Yvonne Hotel (with more than 50 rooms) were used. However, these became quickly full with travelers. Pohnpei decided to scale back capacity and relocate quarantine services out to Dekehtik. Yap is utilizing its Sports Complex for quarantine space (50 beds). Kosrae does not have any quarantine facilities, and is resorting to home quarantine. Kosrae hospital is also building 24 isolation rooms some of which could be used for quarantine. FSM Government is procuring 30 20’ x 10’ ft. folding container - housing units for additional quarantine and/or isolation rooms.194

Displaced Populations: None.

Health: The Department of Health Services in each state provides medical and public health services through a hospital, community health centers and dispensaries. Each state system is autonomous. Health services are highly subsidized by the state governments, except in private clinics. The national Department of Health and Social Affairs oversees health programs and is responsible for public health programs funded by the US Department of Health and Human Services. Hospitals: There are six private health clinics in the country and one private hospital. Access to hospital services remains an issue, particularly for outer-islands residents due to transportation difficulties.

USAID/OFDA and FEMA: Developed an Operational Blueprint for USG disaster response in FSM. USAID/OFDA assisted FSM after passed over Chuuk, Pohnpei and Yap states in Feb 2019. U.S. Department of the Interior released US$416,918 COFA in financial assistance to FSM. The funds will help support and strengthen hospital and quarantine infrastructure in .195

DOD: Seabees have visited FSM since 1969. Seabees from the Naval Mobile Construction Five (NMCB5) are currently assisting in the construction of a quarantine facility in Pohnpei.

Security: No security incidents reported. Return to TOC

193 https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/414470/micronesia-experiencing-drought 194 FSM Updates on Implementation of COVID-19 Preparedness and Response 195 https://www.doi.gov/oia/press/compact-funding-help-build-and-repair-covid-19-quarantine-facilities-federated-states

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FIJI Return to TOC

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Flight restrictions. Tropical struck See footnotes for all. Fiji COVID-19 Total Case Trend Fiji on 7 APR as a category 4 Movement storm. Fiji Ministry of Health & 30 restrictions. Medical Services: Over 1,700 evacuees are being 25 Cyclone season http://www.health.gov.fj/ sheltered in 61 evacuation https://www.facebook.co runs November to 20 centers (14 APR). m/MoHFiji/ April. 15 Nationwide curfew, 10pm- Fiji is regional TC Harold: 10 humanitarian 5am, reactivated 25 APR. Inter- https://reliefweb.int/repo island travel resumed 26 APR, rt/fiji/fiji-tropical-cyclone- 5 headquarters for UN and other Int’l gatherings of 20 people or few harold-humanitarian- 0 agencies. UN RC were permitted from 27 APR. snapshot-14-april- is co-lead of But schools, cinemas, gyms, COVID-19 Confirmed Cases Pacific pools and nightclubs remain http://www.health.gov.fj/ Humanitarian 0 Deaths – 18* confirmed cases as of 20 MAY closed.196 All sporting events Team, a primary remain suspended, whether COVID-19 Cases Database *No new cases since 20 APR humanitarian https://github.com/CSSEGISa organized by sporting bodies or https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html response ndData/COVID-19 mechanism. at community levels.197

SPECIAL SECTION – Tropical Cyclone Harold Tropical Cyclone (TC) Harold made landfall in Fiji as a category 4 cyclone, striking the night of 7 April and morning of 8 April.198 TC Harold first struck the Solomon Islands, then Vanuatu as category 5, followed by Fiji, and finally hit Tonga. Of the Pacific Island countries affected by TC Harold, Fiji is the only one also dealing with confirmed COVID-19 cases as of 27 April, though all are implementing with movement control and social distancing measures. TC Harold displaced around 10,000 people in Fiji, and led to the deaths of two people. Authorities encouraged people to take shelter before the cyclone struck, and 6,240 people sheltered in 197 evacuation centers. This decreased to about 2,000 people remaining in shelters after the cyclone, as many were able to return home. A remaining concern is whether the mass gatherings in evacuation shelters during the storm resulted in increased COVID-19 infections, which could result in more illnesses and deaths. As Fijian national Nacanieli Bolo Speigth notes: “Evacuating in most Pacific island countries means fleeing to a village hall, church or running across to your closest extended families. It is these confined spaces that enable the spread of the virus. One has to acknowledge the challenges for government to one day be restricting social gatherings to avoid contagion and then the next day congregating them in communal areas to give them needed shelter.” 199 According to the Fiji Red Cross, there is a "full focus on hygiene" in evacuation centers.200

196 http://www.health.gov.fj/statement-by-the-prime-minister-hon-voreqe-bainimarama-on-tc-harold-and-covid-19-measures/ 197 http://www.health.gov.fj/all-sporting-events-remain-temporarily-suspended/ 198 https://reliefweb.int/report/fiji/tropical-cyclone-harold-vanuatu-and-fiji-flash-update-no-1-8-april-2020-2200-local-time 199 https://www.internal-displacement.org/expert-opinion/tropical-cyclone-harold-and-covid-19-a-double-blow-to-the-pacific-islands 200 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-52268119

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The Government of Fiji declared a disaster on 12 April in the Eastern, Central and Western Divisions. Across Fiji, 635 homes across the country were destroyed by the storm, with over 2,100 suffering damage.201 Agricultural losses over approximately 894 hectares (2,209 acres) are estimated at 19.6 million Fiji Dollars (8.5 million USD), with the majority of damage sustained in the Eastern Division. Major damage to school infrastructure, facilities, resources and materials are reported in (Eastern Division), and Vatulele Island (Nadroga Navosa). Structural damage is estimated at 3 million FJD. UNICEF provided WASH kits and dignity kits to 1,000 households in Korovou and via the Ministry of Health and Medical Services (MoHMS) and is supporting the needs assessment of WASH facilities. The Fiji Red Cross Society is preparing NFIs for distributions in Vatulele, including 100 jerry cans, 60 tarpaulins and 56 shelter toolkits.202 Under Fiji’s Rural Housing Assistance Programme, the Ministry of Housing and Community Development is working to provide relief to high-need households. They are subsidizing the cost of government-procured building materials for eligible households. As of 24 April, thousands of food ration packs and other supplies have been delivered.203

Disaster Risk - The INFORM (Index for Risk Management) risk assessment ranking for Fiji is 115 out of 191 countries (lower number indicates higher risk) for disasters and humanitarian crises. Disaster risk in the last three years has been stable. Fiji is highly exposed to tsunamis, and also significantly exposed to tropical cyclones, earthquakes, and drought.204 INFORM has also released a new COVID-19 Risk Index, which identifies “countries at risk from health and humanitarian impacts of COVID-19 that could overwhelm current national response capacity.” Fiji is in the “medium” COVID risk class, based on a COVID risk assessment of 4.1 on a scale of 1-10, where a higher number indicates higher risk.205 According to the 2019 Global Health Security Index, Fiji is ranked 28.35% out of a possible 100% (where lower number indicates poor health security) in regards to rapid response to and mitigation of the spread of an epidemic. This number ranks Fiji as a “least prepared” country.206

National organization response The National Disaster Management Office (http://www.ndmo.gov.fj/) handles natural disasters. The National Emergency Operations Centre as well as Divisional Emergency Operation Centres have been activated by the National Disaster Management Office, in response to TC Harold striking Fiji.207 The Ministry of Health and Medical Services (http://www.health.gov.fj/) carries news and information on the COVID-19 situation. They have traced the 16 current cases to four clusters, identifying the potential virus sources as the USA, Australia, India, and New Zealand.208

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) The WHO in the Pacific is based in Suva, Fiji, and coordinates the COVID-19 Joint Incident Management Team (IMT), which has developed and is implementing a six-month Pacific Action Plan for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Preparedness and Response.209 On 4 May, WHO Representative to Fiji and the Pacific delivered testing kits to the Fijian Minister for Health and Medical Services at the Fiji Centre for Disease Control laboratory in Tamavua. These Genexpert kits can be used to test for tuberculosis as well as COVID-19.210 On 3 May the

201 http://www.health.gov.fj/statement-by-the-prime-minister-hon-voreqe-bainimarama-on-tc-harold-and-covid-19-measures/ 202 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA-FJI-TCHarold-HumSnapshot-200414_Final.pdf Fiji Red Cross https://twitter.com/FijiRedCross 203 http://www.health.gov.fj/statement-by-the-prime-minister-hon-voreqe-bainimarama-on-tc-harold-and-covid-19-measures/ 204 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/Results-and-data/INFORM-2019-Results-and-data 205 https://data.humdata.org/organization/inform 206 https://www.ghsindex.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/2019-Global-Health-Security-Index.pdf 207 https://reliefweb.int/report/fiji/fiji-tropical-cyclone-harold-humanitarian-snapshot-9-april-2020 208 http://www.health.gov.fj/fiji-covid-19-cases-clusters/ 209 https://www.who.int/westernpacific/about/how-we-work/pacific-support/news/detail/21-02-2020-pacific-steps-up-preparedness-against-covid-19 210 https://www.facebook.com/MoHFiji

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Minister for Health and Medical Services received personal protective equipment (PPE) from the Chinese Ambassador to Fiji.211

Country-specific planning considerations Following TC Harold, the Ministry of Health is launching a door-to-door campaign to combat leptospirosis, typhoid, dengue, and diarrhea. The Fiji government is focusing on the illnesses that thrive in the wet environments left behind by tropical cyclones.212

Health Facilities: Health services are delivered through 98 nursing stations, 84 health centers, 17 subdivisional hospitals and three divisional hospitals.213 There are 23 hospital beds per 10,000 population, per WHO 2011 data.214 As of 15 April, all 37 fever clinics in Fiji are operational, following TC Harold.215 Mobile fever clinics were introduced in Suva on 6 April. Mobile clinics were launched in on 2 April to complement clinics already in operation, seeing 43,392 residents over four days. Mobile clinics planned in Samabula East.216 Fiji plans to screen over 150,000 people.217 On 21 April, the Fijian Ministry of Health and Medical Services deployed mobile fever clinic teams to Lami. The teams visited homes from Delainavesi to Wailekutu taking fever readings for all household members referring individuals for further investigation, including testing if needed.218

Quarantine Facilities: As of 4 April, there are eight COVID-19 Isolation Facilities across Fiji, comprising five hospitals and three community isolation facilities. Three facilities are located in Central Division (CWM Hospital; Navua Hospital; Forestry Training Centre) and five in the Western Division ( Hospital; Nadi Special School; Lautoka Hospital; Natabua High School; Mission Hospital).219

Security: As of 15 April, 106 arrests were made in the last 24 hours for breach of COVID-19 restrictions, predominantly for social gathering breaches, followed by curfew violations.220 The Suva lockdown was lifted 17 April, but all other health protections are still in effect.221 School holidays are extended, a stay-at-home order is in place except for life-sustaining reasons to travel, and a nationwide curfew is in effect from 10pm to 5am.222 As of 26 April, all passenger inter-island travel, by air and sea resumed. As of 27th April, restrictions were lifted to allow gatherings of 20 people or fewer.223 As of 5 May, Nabua and Soasoa lockdowns have been lifted.224

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211 https://www.facebook.com/MoHFiji 212 http://www.health.gov.fj/statement-by-the-prime-minister-hon-voreqe-bainimarama-on-tc-harold-and-covid-19-measures/ 213 https://www.who.int/countries/fji/en/ 214 https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators 215 http://www.health.gov.fj/fever-clinics-now-fully-functional-after-tc-harold/ 216 http://www.health.gov.fj/mobile-fever-clinics-services-for-the-suva-lockdown-zone/ 217 https://www.fijivillage.com/news/Suva-Lockdown-can-and-will-easily-be-extended-if-enough-people-are-not-screened---PM-4f8rx5/ 218 http://www.health.gov.fj/mobile-fever-clinics-to-be-deployed-to-lami-on-tuesday-21-april/ 219 http://www.health.gov.fj/media-center/novel-coronavirus-covid-19/media-releases/ 220 https://www.fijivillage.com/news/106-arrested-last-night-for-breach-of-COVID-19-restrictions-rf45x8/ 221 https://www.facebook.com/FijianGovernment/videos/though-the-suva-lockdown-is-lifted-every-other-health-protection-is-still-in- eff/211314596985637/ 222 https://www.fijivillage.com/news/Suva-Lockdown-can-and-will-easily-be-extended-if-enough-people-are-not-screened---PM-4f8rx5/ 223 http://www.health.gov.fj/statement-by-the-prime-minister-hon-voreqe-bainimarama-on-tc-harold-and-covid-19-measures/ 224 https://www.facebook.com/MoHFiji

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GUAM Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Case Trend Planning Affected State Information Resources Considerations Measures/Access

Guam is an The Governor extended the Guam Dept. of Public Health Guam COVID-19 Total Case Trend unincorporated Public Health Emergency until and Social Services, COVID-19: territory of the U.S. 30 May, by signing on 30 APR http://dphss.guam.gov/covid- 160 and is home to Joint Executive Order 2020-11, which 19/ Region Marianas also establishes the Pandemic 155 COVID-19 Cases Database (JRM), which Conditions of Readiness (PCOR) https://github.com/CSSEGISan 150 oversees Naval Base System as part of the dData/COVID-19 145 Guam, Andersen Air Governor’s Chålan Para Force Base, and the Hinemlo’ recovery plan.226 140 The Guam Homeland Security other military Office of Civil Defense page Travel restrictions and a 135 installations that posts daily updates on mandatory 14-day quarantine in 130 occupy the island. information on COVID-19. a government facility for those https://www.ghs.guam.gov Guam has developed, arriving on the island are but limited, medical currently imposed.227 Governor Leon Guerrero’s resources and Facebook Page is: President Trump made a 5 Deaths – 149 confirmed* cases as of 20 MAY infrastructure. Guam https://www.facebook.com/g disaster declaration 28 MAR for *Reduced to 149 to match Guam DPHSS confirmed #, excl. 5 probable has 168,000 ovlouguam/ the territory of Guam, ordering residents and Guam Dept. of Pub. Health: http://dphss.guam.gov/covid-19/ federal assistance to approximately 6,000 Pandemic Conditions of JHU data for this US territory only updated once per day: supplement local efforts in U.S. service Readiness (PCOR) System https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19 228 members.225 areas affected by COVID-19. http://www.investguam.com/ roadtorecovery/

Disaster Risk: Guam is vulnerable to storms during the wet season and destructive tropical cyclones.229 Guam is extremely vulnerable to the effects of climate change because of its small size, geographical remoteness, and exposure to threats such as sea-level rise and increased .230

National organization response The Office of Civil Defense (OCD) Guam coordinates and facilitates all Government of Guam, Military, and Federal Liaison Response Agencies and their resources in mitigating, preparing, responding, and recovering from any and all types of emergencies in order to protect the lives, environment, and property of the island of Guam. The OCD website is: (http://ghs.guam.gov).231 The OCD page posts daily updates on information on COVID-19. The Guam Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan (GUAM CEMP) is the master operations document for the Territory of Guam in responding to all emergencies, and all catastrophic, major, and minor disasters. The GUAM CEMP describes the basic strategies, assumptions, operational objectives, and mechanisms through which the Guam Emergency Operations Center Emergency Support Function (EOC ESF) Team will mobilize resources and conduct activities to guide and support local emergency management efforts through preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation. The GUAM CEMP provides for integration of territorial response operations with the federal agencies responding to emergency situations in Guam at the request of the Governor. If on-hand island resources, and capabilities, whether public or private, are exhausted, additional

225 https://thediplomat.com/2020/04/guams-growing-coronavirus-challenge/ 226 http://dphss.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/JIC-Release-No.-101-Governor-Signs-Executive-Order-2020-11-Public-Health-Emergency- Extended.docx.pdf 227 https://thediplomat.com/2020/04/guams-growing-coronavirus-challenge/ 228 https://www.postguam.com/news/local/white-house-announces-guam-a-major-disaster-area/article_a2ef94c8-7162-11ea-8843-6b16b912cea2.html 229 https://www.britannica.com/place/Guam 230 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/50118ddce4b0d78fd4e59ba3 231 https://www.preventionweb.net/organizations/4449/view

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resources may be requested from other states through the Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC), from the Department of Defense through the Defense Coordinating Officer (DCO), or his representatives, and from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) through the Federal Coordinating Officer (FCO).232 On 28 March U.S. President Trump declared that a major disaster exists in the territory of Guam and ordered Federal assistance to supplement territory and local recovery efforts in the areas affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. FEMA also announced that federal emergency aid has been made available for Guam. Robert J. Fenton from FEMA was named the Federal Coordinating Officer for Federal recovery operations in the affected areas.233 FEMA’s webpage is: (https://www.fema.gov/coronavirus/best-practices). On March 22, President Trump directed the Secretary of Defense to permit full federal reimbursement through FEMA for states’ use of their National Guard forces. This provides Governors continued command of their National Guard forces, while being federally funded under Title 32. Each state’s National Guard is still under the authority of the Governor and is working in concert with the DoD.234 An Expeditionary Medical Facility (EMF) is being built on Naval Base Guam by NMCB-5. The EMF will provide expanded medical capabilities in support of DoD’s COVID-19 response and will enable forces to be postured to support Guam and the region if a Defense Support of Civil Authorities mission is requested.235 The purpose of the EMF is to provide care to people who may be infected with the virus. In order to make sure that bringing the personnel to Guam didn’t inadvertently spread the virus, movements of CBMU 303 personnel and cargo were made with the proper personal protection gear on and the Sailors from CBMU 303 were immediately put into a 14-day restriction of movement (ROM) onboard Naval Base Guam after they arrived. When they safely complete their ROM and are verified as COVID free, they will begin construction of the EMF. A skilled and dedicated team of U.S. Navy Seabees are providing engineering and logistics support to the EMF.236

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) The American Red Cross of Guam serves all 19 villages in Guam. It is assisting with response and blood banks.237

Country-specific planning considerations Health Information: There is a current dengue outbreak in Guam.238 Guam has elevated rates of noncommunicable diseases like diabetes, cancer, and heart disease leading to a larger population of health- compromised individuals who may have elevated risk factors for COVID-19. Forecast models indicate Guam Memorial Hospital (GMH) and Skilled Nursing Units may reach maximum capacity (250 beds) this week, even if all non-COVID-19 patients can be relocated to Guam Regional Medical City (GRMC), a 136-bed acute care hospital. It is important to note that GMH, the island’s primary healthcare facility, has struggled to retain accreditation and is frequently at maximum capacity, even under normal circumstances. Guam’s public health director confirms the number of coronavirus tests that have been performed by the Department of Public Health and Social Services. There is no on-island V.A. for military.239 Quarantine Information: If you travel to Guam, you will be subject to quarantine at a government-designated facility, even if transiting. You may only be exempt if you have a Government of Guam recognized and certified medical certificate confirming you are not infected with COVID-19; issued within 72 hours of arrival.240 Security: As of 21 February, entry restrictions are in place. Governor Lou Leon Guerrero has declared a state of public health emergency in Guam. All government travel on Guam has been cancelled. 241 Return to TOC

232 https://ghs.guam.gov/sites/default/files/a_basic_cemp_v8_12_13_16.pdf 233 https://www.postguam.com/news/local/white-house-announces-guam-a-major-disaster-area/article_a2ef94c8-7162-11ea-8843-6b16b912cea2.html 234 https://www.fema.gov/coronavirus/governments 235 https://www.facebook.com/pg/NavyExpeditionaryCombatCommand/photos/?tab=album&album_id=10163273851135632 236 https://www.pacom.mil/Media/News/News-Article-View/Article/2161083/pacific-seabees-demonstrate-expeditionary-expertise-support-covid-19-flight/ 237 https://www.redcross.org/local/guam.html 238 https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/traveler/none/guam 239 https://thediplomat.com/2020/04/guams-growing-coronavirus-challenge/ 240 https://www.smartraveller.gov.au/destinations/pacific/guam 241 https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/411810/covid-19-three-cases-confirmed-on-guam-emergency-declared

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INDIA Return to TOC COVID-19 Total Case Trend Planning Considerations Affected State Information Measures/Access Resources

India TC Amphan made landfall 20 May India extended Flight/border restrictions: in West Bengal. 242 Red Alert in nationwide lockdown a https://in.usembassy.gov/ COVID-19 Total Case Trend Effect 20-21 May.243 4th time to 31 May.248 covid-19-information/ 120,000

Indian Govt. suspended visas and New guidelines detailing Ministry of Home Affairs 110,000 https://www.mha.gov.in quarantining all incoming some relaxed restrictions 100,000 travelers.244 in green and orange Ministry of Health and 90,000 zones. 249 Uttar Pradesh, Family Welfare: Domestic flight services to resume Maharashtra, Tamil https://www.mohfw.gov.i 80,000 25 May. Railways remain closed n MOHFW helpline 245 Nadu states and all 11 70,000 until 30 June. number: Delhi districts still red +91-11-23978046 60,000 Restricted access to human rights zones (hot spots) and (Toll Free: 1075) organizations and international maintaining heavy 50,000 NGOs and foreign staff.246 restrictions. Central Help Line numbers for States and Curfew remains 7pm-7am for all Aarogya Setu App Union Territories at: non-essential activities.247 (COVID-19 bluetooth https://www.mohfw.gov.i based tracker) is n/pdf/coronvavirushelplin Maharashtra is India’s worst enumber.pdf mandatory for all affected stated accounting for employees.250 COVID-19 Cases Database rd 4 Deaths – 112,028 confirmed cases as of 20 MAY 1/3 of the country’s cases. https://github.com/CSSEG Repatriation efforts https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html Mumbai and Pune are the worst ISandData/COVID-19 affected cities in Maharashtra. ongoing.251252

SPECIAL SECTION – Tropical Cyclone (TC) Amphan: TC Amphan made landfall in eastern India and Bangladesh at 5pm local time 20 May, with sustained winds of 160km (100mph). 12 people have been killed in eastern India and it had been named the strongest storm recorded in the Bay of Bengal, although since then it has slightly weakened. It is expected to dissipate by 22 May. Up to 300,000 are in immediate danger from deadly storm surges and flooding. Heavy rain leading to flash flooding is expected through 21 May.253 Trees were uprooted and homes were destroyed in both India and neighboring Bangladesh. Although winds have weakened since its onset, it is still classified as a severe cyclone. Schools and other buildings are being used as temporary shelters but more space is needed to maintain social distancing precautions. Orissa is expected to be the worst hit part of India and some people have been afraid of going to shelters due to fear of contracting COVID-19. 254A red alert for heavy rain and thunderstorms is in effect for West Bengal for 20-21 May.255

242 https://reliefweb.int/report/india/tropical-cyclone-amphan-threatens-india-and-bangladesh 243 https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-bangladesh-tropical-cyclone-amphan-update-gdacs-jtwc-imd-bmd-reliefweb-media-echo 244 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/quarantine-india-covid-19-coronavirus/ 245 https://www.india-briefing.com/news/covid-19-india-latest-updates-business-advisory-20322.html/ 246 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/20200420_acaps_short_note_jammu_and_kashmir_lockdown.pdf 247 https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/covid-19-govt-extends-lockdown-by-two-more-weeks/article31482605.ece 248 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52698828 249 https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/covid-19-govt-extends-lockdown-by-two-more-weeks/article31482605.ece 250 https://www.india-briefing.com/news/latest-india-covid-19-updates-business-advisory-20322.html/ 251 https://in.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 252 https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/coronavirus-india-updates-live-india-covid-19-count-nears-53000-deaths-above- 1700/liveblog/75565965.cms 253 https://www.cnn.com/asia/live-news/live-updates-cyclone-amphan-intl-hnk/index.html 254 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-52734259 255 https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-bangladesh-tropical-cyclone-amphan-update-gdacs-jtwc-imd-bmd-reliefweb-media-echo

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The Indian Meteorological Department warned of a storm surge of about 4-5 meters that is likely to inundate low-lying areas of West Bengal during landfall.256 On 18 May, India’s Odisha state government began evacuating 1.1 million people across 649 villages along the coast, identifying 567 cyclone shelters and 7,000 concrete buildings across 649 villages. Community based COVID-19 quarantine centers in coastal areas are being shifted inland to safe locations.257 Three National Disaster Response Force units, 12 Odisha Disaster Rapid Action Force units, and 355 fire service units have been deployed.258

Disaster Risk: The INFORM Global Risk Index’s overall ranking for India is 29 out of 191 countries (lower number indicates higher risk) for disasters.259 India is exposed floods, cyclones, droughts, and earthquakes.260 India’s INFORM COVID-19 risk is 4.6/10, placing it in the “medium” COVID risk class (10 indicating highest risk).261Severe weather activity over North, East, and Northeast India is reported for 3-7 May, with rainfall, thunderstorms, and wind speeds up to 50-60 KPH (31-37 MPH).262

National organization response : A mandatory COVID-19 tracing application ‘The Aarogya Setu App’ is required for all government and private sector employees in India which uses location and personal data to aid the country’s contact tracing efforts.263 It has prompted concerns of security and privacy issues for citizens of which developers of the app refute.264 The Federal Government sent support teams to assist with managing outbreak in 10 states including Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Delhi.265 India’s Prime Minister announced a COVID-19 Rescue Package for citizen of $260 Billion (appx 10% of India’s GDP) to mitigate the economic impact of the pandemic.266 The government has divided India into three color coded zones which are continuously monitored for rise and fall in cases: red zones, with "significant risk of spread of the infection"; green zones, with either zero cases or no confirmed cases in the past 21 days; and orange zones in between. Red and orange zones will continue to have intensified contact tracing, house-to-house surveillance, and no movement in or out, except for medical emergencies and the supply of essential goods and services, according to a Ministry of Home Affairs statement.267 Some lockdown restrictions were relaxed for economic activity in low-risk areas, as of 4 May. At 758 tests per million, it is among the countries with the lowest portion of their population tested.268 India is working with Arab Gulf states for a large-scale repatriation of migrant workers stranded by the pandemic, which officials say could bring home 192,000 Indians by mid-June in first wave alone.269 The United Arab Emirates on 2 May sent an aid plane containing 7 metric tons of medical supplies to India, which will assist some 7,000 medical professionals as they work to prevent COVID-19 infections.270 India’s Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has overall responsibility for disaster management along with India’s National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). It has posted orders and guidelines on its MHA website found here: (https://www.mha.gov.in/). India’s government has ordered implementation of lockdown

256 https://reliefweb.int/report/india/tropical-cyclone-amphan-threatens-india-and-bangladesh 257 https://reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/india-bangladesh-tropical-cyclone-amphan-dg-echo-imd-iag-grc-iscg-media-echo-daily 258 https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/odisha-begins-evacuation-as-amphan-is-likely-to-intensify-into-super- cyclone/article31612396.ece 259 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/Results-and-data/INFORM-2019-Results-and-data 260 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/DMHA-Resources/Disaster-Management-Reference-Handbooks 261 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Epidemic 262 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Press_Release_for_North%2C_East_and_northeast_India_Dt__03_05_2020.pdf 263 https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/aarogya-setu-app-mandatory-massive-showdown-erupts-congress-calls-it-surveillance-system-centre- defends/587357 264 https://www.hindustantimes.com/tech/aarogya-setu-responds-to-hacker-s-claim-of-privacy-issue/story-tkQsplRpupawXuy3XlfPYI.html 265 https://www.india-briefing.com/news/covid-19-india-latest-updates-business-advisory-20322.html/ 266 https://www.npr.org/2020/05/13/855096170/indias-prime-minister-announces-260-billion-covid-19-rescue-package 267 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/india-coronavirus-lockdown-extended-weeks-easing-200501141218380.html 268 https://finance.yahoo.com/news/asia-today-no-cases-n-023134743.html 269 https://www.wsj.com/articles/india-prepares-large-scale-repatriation-of-workers-stranded-by-pandemic-11588620671 270 https://www.mofaic.gov.ae/en/mediahub/news/2020/5/2/02-05-2020-uae-india

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measures in response to COVID-19, as per guidelines issued under the Disaster Management Act 2005.271 The State Governments are responsible for the primary function of coordinating disaster management activities. The State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) is headed by the Chief Minister of each state.272 India’s Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) is keeping the public informed of developments via the MoHFW website at (https://www.mohfw.gov.in/). MoHFW is also hosting a Psycho-Social toll-free helpline for citizens dealing with COVID-10 related stress and providing stress management including yoga and other training on its website. The country’s lockdown has significantly affected the economy with over 120 million people with job losses.273 Testing for COVID-19 has been scaled up significantly. 19 May recorded the nation’s highest single-day spike of infections registering 5,611 in a 24 hours cycle.274 As a result, India, as of 15 May surpasses China in cases and is the 11th most infected nation in the world.275 Odisha has been exposed to previous natural disasters and as a result, crisis precautions were already in place and now have been repurposed.276 During the lockdown, Maharashtra, India’s worst affected state, has used drones to monitor physical distancing and applied a cluster containment strategy: if three or more patients are diagnosed, all houses within 3 km are surveyed to detect further cases, trace contacts, and raise awareness.277 Maharashtra continues to be the worst affected state in India with more than half the national tally followed by Tamil Nadu. Both are “red” states who extended their lockdown to 31 May before the 17 May announcement to extend.278Maharashtra released separate guidelines for lockdown.279

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) On 14 May, the World Bank approved US$1 billion for the 'Accelerating India's COVID-19 Social Protection Response Program' to support India’s social assistance to the poor and vulnerable households, severely impacted by the pandemic. Total commitment from the World Bank towards emergency COVID-19 response in India is now US$2 billion.280 The World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office for India has been working closely with India’s Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MoHFW) on preparedness & response measures including surveillance, contact tracing, laboratory diagnosis, risk communications and community engagement, hospital preparedness, infection prevention and control, and implementation of containment plan.281 The Indian Red Cross Society is collecting units of blood and distributing food packets, face masks, medicine, and other aid.282 A recent avalanche in Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand blocked access to the Gangotri National Hospital for days, but the Indian Red Cross provided relief & other essential commodities to villagers cut-off due to the heavy landslide.283UNFPA partnered with Patna Municipal Corporation in Bihar to provide essential services to pregnant women and the elderly, including free travel assistance to health facilities, which is a lifeline during lockdown.284

Country-specific planning considerations

271 https://www.mha.gov.in/ 272 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/DMHA-Resources/Disaster-Management-Reference-Handbooks 273 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52698828 274 https://en.as.com/en/2020/05/20/other_sports/1589929657_973988.html 275 https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-coronavirus-lockdown-may-15-2020-live-updates/article31588277.ece 276 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30938-7/fulltext 277 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30938-7/fulltext 278 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52698828 279 https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/coronavirus/news/maharashtra-lockdown-4-0-guidelines-full-list-of-whats-allowed-whats-not-in-red-zones- mumbai-pune-thane-navi-mumbai-parlours-salons-taxis-ubers-not-allowed/articleshow/75825929.cms 280 https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/coronavirus-india-live-updates-economic-package-lockdown-extension-migrant-workers- covid-19-global-cases-death-toll-maharashtra-delhi-china-usa-latest-news-120051500117_1.html 281 https://www.who.int/india/emergencies/novel-coronavirus-2019 282 https://indianredcross.org/ircs/sites/default/files/IRCS%20COVID19%20Bulletin%20No.%2022_0.pdf 283 https://indianredcross.org/ircs/sites/default/files/IRCS%20COVID19%20Bulletin%20No.%2022_0.pdf 284 https://asiapacific.unfpa.org/en/news/indias-bihar-state-lifesaving-support-pregnant-women-and-new-mothers-amid-covid-19

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Health Information: India’s MoHFW has created a process for suspected and confirmed cases of COVID-19 in which patients are categorized into three groups and managed in the respective COVID hospitals. Screening is being done at “Fever clinics.” Suspected cases go directly to a COVID dedicated facility. Mild and very mild cases are admitted to designated COVID Care Centers (hotels, lodges, hostels, stadiums). Moderate cases are admitted to a dedicated COVID Health Center. Severe cases such as patients with breathing issues are admitted to a dedicated COVID Hospital with an ICU facility. All admitted patients are tested for COVID-19. There are further procedures for patients testing negative and positive.285 Accurately accounting for COVID-19 fatalities may be a challenge, since 80% of deaths occur at home.286 Migrants: Since India commenced lockdown on 24 March, millions of Indian daily-wage earners have been stranded in urban centers. Some people were permitted people to go home to their villages through state government facilitation, but these were quickly overrun. Thousands of others have been placed in quarantine centers and relief camps.287 The 24 March lockdown led to an unprecedented reverse migration from India’s cities as workers abruptly jobless rushed to inter-state buses and trains, which were shut down along with most businesses. Many walked miles in desperation -- some reached their villages, but others became stranded and forced into makeshift camps. Workers have initiated 4 demonstrations, clashing with police over the past 7 weeks demanding the right to go home.288 On 15 May, Union Home Secretary announced to Chief Secretaries of states/UTs that there is no movement of migrant workers on roads and railway tracks, and to facilitate their movement through special buses or Shramik special trains after migrants were still being noticed in several parts of the country. They are taken to nearby shelters and provided food/water until transportation to their native homes.289 Kerala state has set up thousands of temporary shelters for migrant workers.290 Some workers continue to make their way to their home villages, many of whom are on foot. District officials requesting the state government to accommodate them until after the current TC AMPHAN storm passes.291 Monitoring and testing of the migrants who have returned home may accelerate or widen the spread of the virus and officials are watching for the 2 week incubation period to trace the impact of not only the migrations but also the ease in lockdown restrictions for the country.292 Quarantine Information: The Narela Quarantine Center is among the largest in India for housing those suspected of having COVID-19. It was established by the Delhi Government in mid-March. The Indian Army has taken over the responsibility of managing the Narela Quarantine Center in Delhi during the daytime and medical staff are managing it at night. The Indian Army is also running quarantine centers for civilians at Jodhpur, Jaiselmer, and Manesar. This is in addition to quarantine centers set up at military stations for defense personnel. To account for isolation and treatment (including ICU-based care) for COVID-19 cases, orders notifying 50 Armed Forces hospitals as dedicated COVID hospitals and mixed COVID hospitals have been issued. These hospitals have a combined bed capacity of 9,038 patients. 100 medical officers from recruiting organizations are being detailed to work in hospitals where COVID wards are being established.293 Security: 17,000 prisoners in Maharashtra Prisons department were granted temporary parole294 and in Delhi, 1,056 convicts have been released on emergency parole, and thousands more have been released under interim bail, personal bond and granted special remission due to corona virus concerns.295 Return to TOC

285 https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/FinalGuidanceonMangaementofCovidcasesversion2.pdf 286 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52435463 287 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52475387 288 https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/economics/article/3083167/coronavirus-modis-lockdown-leaves-india-facing-future-without 289 https://news.abplive.com/news/india/coronavirus-india-lockdown-4-live-updates-total-covid-19-death-and-active-cases-economy-package-news- 1229071 290 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30938-7/fulltext 291 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-52734259 292 https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/migrants-to-be-tracked-focus-on-keeping-toll-low- centre/articleshow/75837356.cms?utm_source=twitter.com&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=TOIIndiaNews 293 https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/army-takes-over-management-of-indias-largest-covid-quarantine-centre-in-delhi-73315 294 http://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20200516-indian-inmates-released-from-overcrowded-jails-to-limit-covid-19-spread-lockdown 295 https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/three-days-after-first-covid-19-case-16-test-positive-at-rohini-jail-6412816/

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INDONESIA Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Case Trend Planning Affected State Information Considerations Measures/Access Resources

Multiple ongoing On 23 April, the government Ministry of Health (MOH) Indonesia COVID-19 Total Case Trend disasters within announced the suspension of website: 20,000 Indonesia (Floods, domestic air travel in and out https://www.kemkes.go.id/ landslides, drought, of regions covered by Large- The MOH has set up an 19,000 volcanic activity), as well Scale Social Movement information hotline. Details 18,000 as dengue outbreaks. Restrictions (PSBB) and about the information COVID-19 red zones. 17,000 Badan Nasional hotline are available on its 16,000 Penanggulangan On 4 May the policy was website and: +62-21- Bencana (BNPB) changed to allow a limited 5210411 or +62-82- 15,000 reported approximately number of domestic flights, 12123119.303 14,000 145,000 affected people this will allow foreign The National Task Force: in Central Kalimantan nationals to board domestic 13,000 https://www.covid19.go.id/ due to heavy rains since flights to transit to an 12,000 30 April. Flooding and outbound international flight MOFA – COVID Referral 11,000 landslides also occurring out of . International Hospitals in several other places flights are still authorized to https://kemlu.go.id/portal/e 10,000 across the country.296 operate under this policy.298 n/read/1126/siaran_pers/inf ormation-from-the- Ibu and Sangeang Health certificates required as indonesian-authority-about- Volcanoes are active and well as a travel endorsement the-list-of-corona-virus- both remain under Alert letter for air transport.299 1,242 Deaths – 19,189 confirmed cases as of 20 MAY referral-hospitals-in- Level II.297 There are restrictions on indonesia https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html Recent disasters domestic road, rail, and sea National Logistics Cluster requiring international transport.300 Concept of Operations Map: assistance placed access Jakarta's governor announced https://reliefweb.int/map/in restriction measures for that the partial lockdown in donesia/indonesia-national- international aid the capital would be logistics-cluster-concept- workers. extended for another 14 days operations-map-april-2020 until 4 June.301 Large-scale social restrictions were originally extended throughout Ramadan, until 22 May.302 Disaster Risk: The INFORM Global Risk Index’s overall ranking for Indonesia is 55 out of 191 countries (lower number indicates higher risk) for disasters and humanitarian crises. On INFORM’s COVID-19 Risk Index, Indonesia is assessed as being in the “medium” COVID risk class, based on its COVID risk of 4.4 on a scale of 1-10, where 10 indicates highest risk.304

296 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/DWeek_19_04-10May_2020-1.pdf 297 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/DWeek_19_04-10May_2020-1.pdf 298 https://id.usembassy.gov/health-alert-covid-19-update-47-u-s-embassy-jakarta/ 299 https://id.usembassy.gov/health-alert-covid-19-update-47-u-s-embassy-jakarta/ 300 https://id.usembassy.gov/health-alert-covid-19-update-47-u-s-embassy-jakarta/ 301 http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-05/20/c_139072496.htm 302 https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/indonesia-coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-situation-report-5 303 https://id.usembassy.gov/health-alert-covid-19-update-46-u-s-embassy-jakarta/ 304 https://data.humdata.org/dataset/inform-covid-analysis-v01

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Heavy rains have continued to cause disruption in parts of Indonesia. Heavy rains in recent days have triggered flooding in Aceh Timur, Aceh Jaya districts, in Aceh province, affecting around 3,000 people.305306 Lebak and Serang districts in Banten province are also experiencing flooding due to heavy rains and the increased volume of the Ciberang River, affecting close to 1,700 people.307308 Coastal flooding occurred in Demak District, Central Java Province.309 Floods and landslides triggered by heavy rains have affected parts of Indonesia over the past several weeks. Earlier this month, the Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) said the rainy season, initially forecast to end in April, would last to May in Jakarta and June in other parts of Java.310

Indonesia COVID-19 Forecast Historical Events: Major events: Dec 2004 earthquake and tsunami: 1400 Nearly 170,000 people dead, more than 200,000 homes destroyed.

1200 July 2011 floods: More than 680 deaths, more than 13 million affected.311 1000 Recent events: Sept 2018 earthquake 800 and tsunami: 2,227 deaths were reported, and some 211,000 people were displaced312 600 2010 eruption of Mt. Merapi. At least 386 deaths and more than 400 300,000 people displaced.313 PACOM Response: 200 December 2004: Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami.

0 May 2006: Yogyakarta Earthquake.

September 2009: Padang, Sumatra -200 Earthquakes.

September 2018: Sulawesi Earthquake and Tsunami.314 3/1/2020 3/6/2020 4/5/2020 5/5/2020 6/4/2020 6/9/2020 7/4/2020 7/9/2020 3/11/2020 3/16/2020 3/21/2020 3/26/2020 3/31/2020 4/10/2020 4/15/2020 4/20/2020 4/25/2020 4/30/2020 5/10/2020 5/15/2020 5/20/2020 5/25/2020 5/30/2020 6/14/2020 6/19/2020 6/24/2020 6/29/2020 7/14/2020 7/19/2020 7/24/2020 7/29/2020 New Cases Forecast

National organization response The National Task Force for the Acceleration of COVID-19 Response was created on 13 March, chaired by the Head of BNPB (National Disaster Management Agency), Doni Monardo. He is also an active duty Army

305 https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/indonesia-flood-aceh-timur-district-2200-may-16-2020 306 https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/indonesia-flooding-aceh-jaya-district-aceh-province-2220-may-16-2020 307 https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/indonesia-flooding-serang-district-banten-province-0000-may-13-2020 308 https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/indonesia-flooding-cipanas-area-lebak-district-banten-province-0343-may-13-2020 309 https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/indonesia-flooding-demak-district-central-java-province-2300-may-13-2020 310 https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/floods-landslides-hit-regions-rainy-season-prolonged 311 https://reliefweb.int/report/thailand/thai-flood-2011-rapid-assessment-resilient-recovery-and-reconstruction-planning 312 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=twwMY081NH8%3d&portalid=0 313 https://www.usaid.gov/crisis/indonesia 314 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=twwMY081NH8%3d&portalid=0

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Lieutenant General. The National Task Force website https://www.covid19.go.id/ contains information about case developments, measures and educational material.315 Regional Task Forces have been created in 34 provinces and 249 districts/cities.316 On 20 April, the national response plan for COVID-19 was finalized. On 22 April, the MoH shared the plan with the National Board for Disaster Management, the COVID-19 Task Force, and to the Provincial Health Offices to be used for the creation of provincial response plans.317 On 20 May, Indonesia recorded its highest single-day rise in COVID-19 cases. The Health ministry said that confirmed cases of COVID-19 infections increased by 693, taking the total number of infections nationwide over 19,000, including more than 1,200 deaths. The previous highest daily increase in COVID-19 cases was recorded a week ago with 689 new cases.318 The government on 18 May agreed upon emergency funding, cash payments totaling 1.8 million Indonesian rupiah ($121) that will target 23 million households and be disbursed over the next three months via the Ministries of Social Affairs and Villages and Underdeveloped Regions.319 The government banned the use of sea, inter-city land, and air transportation means, including commercial flights for international and domestic routes, from 24 April to 31 May. This was modified on 4 May to allow a limited number of domestic flights and international flights out of Jakarta.320 DKI Jakarta and West Sumatra Provinces, and 22 districts / cities have implemented Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB).321 On 15 May Government Spokesperson for COVID-19 Dr. Achmad Yurianto stated that 383 districts / cities have been affected in 34 provinces from COVID-19. The data reflects that transmission cases are still occurring, and their distribution is spreading.322 Death tolls are climbing despite government officials earlier claims that the curve of new cases has flattened.323 At the request of the BNPB, WFP is currently drafting standard operating procedures for the receipt of international supplies, domestic supplies, and donations.324 Indonesia's Finance Minister Sri Mulyani Indrawati said the country’s poverty eradication efforts have been set back by at least a decade due to the pandemic and that 2 million people have lost their jobs over the past six weeks. According to Reuters, Indonesia's poverty rate was 12.36% in 2011, with nearly 30 million people considered poor. The rate was 9.22% in September, with 24.79 million people counted as poor. Indonesia expects economic growth this year could drop to 2.3%, down from 5.02% last year, or under the government's worst-case scenario contract -0.4%.325 On 6 May, President Joko Widodo ordered his cabinet to use "whatever means" necessary to ensure Indonesia's infection curve of the outbreak goes down in May, to reach a low in cases by July, Reuters reported. On 5 May, Widodo signed a presidential decree to delay regional elections, originally scheduled for September, to be delayed until at least the end of 2020.326 Indonesia's Foreign Minister Retno Marsudi says the country faces a fresh wave of COVID-19 infections with the return of migrant workers and cruise ship employees. She said about 90,000 Indonesian migrant

315 https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/indonesia-situation-update-covid-19-27-april-2020-enid 316 https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/indonesia-situation-update-covid-19-27-april-2020-enid 317 https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/searo/indonesia/covid19/who-situation-report-5.pdf?sfvrsn=f1d00104_2 318 https://www.thenationalherald.com/coronavirus/arthro/indonesia_tallies_new_record_single_day_increase_in_covid_19_cases-327334/ 319 https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/an-idul-fitri-unlike-any-other-in-covid-19-challenged-indonesia/ 320 https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/indonesia-situation-update-covid-19-27-april-2020-enid 321 https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/indonesia-situation-update-covid-19-27-april-2020-enid 322 https://p2p.kemkes.go.id/psbb-putuskan-penularan-covid-19/ 323 https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/05/13/indonesia-sees-another-daily-record-in-covid-19-cases-as-death-toll-tops-1000.html 324 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/WFP-0000114607.pdf 325 https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-05-06/indonesia-warns-on-covid-19-poverty-setback-as-regional-elections-postponed 326 https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-05-06/indonesia-warns-on-covid-19-poverty-setback-as-regional-elections-postponed

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workers had already returned to the country and that the government has stepped up measures ahead of the returns and has begun increasing testing and setting up quarantine centers in anticipation of this.327 Since Indonesian citizens abroad have begun returning home, a total of 132,978 Indonesian citizens consisting of crew members, migrant workers and students, had returned to Indonesia as of 18 May, the national COVID-19 task force reported. Of those, 591 had tested positive for COVID-19.328 There has been concern regarding Indonesia’s Tomohon market which is one of the region’s largest to sell wildlife for food. Indonesia’s Ministry of Environment and Forestry encouraged local officials to close the markets, but they are still open. Some markets like the Depok Market remain open, but is no longer selling bats.329 On 20 May, Indonesia’s Research and Technology Ministry launched a domestically-made medical equipment initiative to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. The equipment, comprising rapid diagnostic test kits, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kits and artificial intelligence (AI) to triage patients, are developed by the Ministry's consortium which includes state-owned enterprises, private companies, universities and research institutes.330 Indonesia has produced 50,000 PCR testing kits, the head of the Assessment and Application of Technology Agency said. The testing kits produced by PT Biofarma, are capable of examining 32 specimens in 90 minutes. PT Biofarma will continue to produce 50,000 PCR testing kits per week. Indonesia has also launched a mobile Laboratory known as Bio Safety Level-2. The laboratory aims to conduct testing with the PCR method in areas that lack adequate health services. 331 Indonesia DM Handbook:https://www.cfe- dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=YUdeVhtp3ns%3d&portalid=0

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) As of 15 April, there were 305 non-government organizations carrying out 857 activities in 33 provinces. The most current activities carried out are in the health sector and WASH.332 The WHO, jointly with partners, is supporting the National Institute of Health Research and Development (NIHRD) with a training on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for COVID-19 for 52 laboratories.333 On 29 April, the WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia organized a virtual meeting for vaccine manufacturers and national regulatory authorities from the region and leading manufacturers from India, Indonesia and Thailand to discuss timelines and production capacity, while regulatory bodies deliberated on process adjustments that would be needed to make COVID-19 vaccines available as soon as possible. Several steps must be completed before a COVID-19 vaccine can be used on a large scale, including pre-clinical and clinical trials, production, licensure, deployment of vaccines and plans for surveillance. Indonesian manufacturer, PT Bio Farma, shared their plan and timeline for COVID-19 vaccine development.334 WFP released a Food Price Bulletin (https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/indonesia-food-price- update-march-2020-focus-effect-covid-19-outbreak-food-prices) which looked into potential effects of the outbreak on food prices between December 2019 and March 2020. According to WFP, the outbreak did not have a major impact on the prices of 10 key commodities. WFP has also been supporting the response through increased research and analysis, and improving preparedness through the National Logistics Cluster.335

327 https://www.businessinsider.in/international/news/indonesia-faces-fresh-wave-of-covid-19-infections-with-return-of-migrant-workers-foreign- minister/articleshow/75678100.cms 328 https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/05/19/more-than-100000-citizens-return-to-indonesia-591-test-positive-for-covid-19.html 329 https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/13/world/asia/coronavirus-bats-market-Indonesia.html 330 http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-05/20/c_139072573.htm 331 https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/indonesia-produces-50-000-testing-kits-for-covid-19/1844999 332 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/20200427_Situation%20Update_English.pdf 333 https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/indonesia-coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-situation-report-6 334 https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/indonesia-coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-situation-report-6 335 https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/wfp-indonesia-country-brief-march-2020

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IOM has initiated risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) activities with refugee and asylum seekers in Indonesia. IOM has also jointly donated 30 ventilators with UNDP and WHO to the government.336 The Indonesian Red Cross (Palang Merah Indonesia - PMI), is active and has a large presence of volunteers throughout the country. PMI will continue to help the Government in terms of prevention and education.337 In recent disasters, PMI has been named as the primary direct assistance organization, with BNPB providing overall coordination and the TNI providing logistical support.338 There are multiple ongoing disasters in Indonesia (without international support). The reach of these responses is limited due to COVID-19 restrictions and other protection measures for aid workers. In addition, multiple recovery efforts from large disasters in 2018 are ongoing in Lombok and Central Sulawesi. During the most recent crisis in Indonesia that required international assistance (Central Sulawesi Earthquake/Tsunami), the IDN government placed the ASEAN AHA Centre in charge of coordinating offers of international assistance. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) is conducting an assessment to determine how sexual and reproductive health services have been impacted by COVID-19.339 According to the World Bank, in Indonesia, over 530,000 have schools closed amid the outbreak affecting 68 million students from pre-primary through tertiary levels.340 UNICEF has released its position brief: “COVID-19 and Children in Indonesia: An Agenda for Action to Address Socio-Economic Challenges” (https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/covid-19-and-children-indonesia- agenda-action-address-socio-economic-challenges-11). This paper provides an overview of the socio-economic impact on Indonesia’s 80 million children (30 percent of the population) of the COVID-19 pandemic. According to UNICEF, although the health risk of COVID-19 infection is lower for children than for older age groups, children are likely to be heavily affected by secondary impacts in both the short and long-term.341 UNAIDS and its local partner, Inti Muda, conducted a survey to assess the needs of young key populations and young people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Indonesia and found that 81.5% of respondents are struggling to make ends meet due to COvID-19 measures.342 As of 12 May the U.S. has committed US$7.3 million to support the response to COVID-19. The U.S. CDC has been providing technical assistance to help develop a national testing strategy and in support of this, USAID has directed over US$1 million to support lab capacity and provide testing supplies. The CDC, in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and the U.S. Association for Public Health Laboratories, is also supporting virtual training for lab technicians. USAID and CDC is partnering with UNICEF and Johns Hopkins University to enhance public awareness about the disease.343 The Tzu Chi Foundation has donated a total of: 2,241,100 surgical masks, 39,420 N95 masks, 1,000,000 COVID-19 test kits, 41,536 protective gowns, 111 ventilators, 11,840L of disinfectant, and 1,627 high pressure mist blasters. Additionally, Tzu Chi has distributed food and necessities packs to 344,000 families across 18 regions. The NGO also supported 844 hospitals and medical clinics in 17 regions.344

Country-specific planning considerations Quarantine Centers: WHO is discussing with the Association of Indonesia Local Health Offices (ADINKES), isolation and quarantine facilities and contact tracing at province and district levels.345

336 https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/iom-ramps-response-covid-19-pandemic-refugees-indonesia 337 http://www.pmi.or.id/index.php/berita-dan-media/siaran-pers.html 338 http://www.pmi.or.id/ ; https://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/where-we-work/asia-pacific/indonesian-red-cross-society/ 339 https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/locked-down-and-pregnant-clinics-are-no-longer-safe-places-they-used-be-so-what-can 340 https://blogs.worldbank.org/eastasiapacific/indonesias-education-technology-during-covid-19-and-beyond 341 https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/covid-19-and-children-indonesia-agenda-action-address-socio-economic-challenges-11 342 https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/how-covid-19-has-affected-needs-young-people-living-hiv-and-young-key-populations 343 https://id.usembassy.gov/indo-pacific-cooperation-on-covid-19/ 344 https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/covid-19-relief-action-report-3-activities-29-april-2020 345 https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/searo/indonesia/covid19/who-situation-report-5.pdf?sfvrsn=f1d00104_2

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Displaced Populations: 104,000 displaced (2019).346 There are 13,829 refugees and asylum seekers in Indonesia.347 Health: OCHA reported 27 APR there were 668 referral hospitals for COVID-19 in the country. Indonesia will start producing ventilators jointly developed by the Bandung Institute of Technology, PT Dirgantara Indonesia and PT Pindad. It is expected that 500 ventilator units can be produced every week. Several other prototypes will be tested.348Jakarta Military Command Chief Maj. Gen. Eko Margiyono is leading the operation of the capital's emergency hospital for treating COVID-19. Four of 10 towers at the former athlete’s village for the 2018 Asian Games have been designated to treat up to 3,000 patients and will continue to be expanded to handle up to 24,000.349There are 2,410 inpatient facilities (1,782 general & 546 specialty); 338,370 inpatient beds, including 140,186 private sector. Security: Despite the COVID-19 outbreak, the Jamaah Ansharut Daulah (JAD) remains active in spreading radical narratives, planning operations, and selecting their targets, benefiting from the security forces’ new focus on handling the current crisis, according to an article in The Diplomat. Additionally, Ramadan (April 23-May 23) may bring additional acts of terrorism and Chinese-Indonesian communities may be targets.350 In Jakarta, special police units have been formed to guard burial processions for COVID-19 victims, after protesters blocked streets in some areas to prevent the dead from being transported to cemeteries.351 On 7 April, hundreds of people held a protest in Banjarmasin City, South Kalimantan province, opposing the government plan of using a public building as a quarantine center. They blockaded a road until police and military forces intervened.352

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346 https://www.internal-displacement.org/countries/indonesia 347 https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/protection/operations/50001bda9/indonesia-fact-sheet.html 348 https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/indonesia-situation-update-covid-19-27-april-2020-enid 349 https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/03/30/jakarta-military-commander-tapped-as-covid-19-emergency-hospital-head.html 350 https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/how-covid-19-is-reshaping-terror-threats-in-indonesia/ 351 https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/05/01/848956806/fearing-infection-some-in-indonesia-refuse-nearby-burial-of-covid-19- victims 352 https://data.humdata.org/dataset/aid-security-and-covid-19

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JAPAN Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Case Trend Planning Affected State Information Considerations Measures/Access Resources

TC Vongfong forecast to Japan’s state of emergency lifted Japan COVID-19 tracker affect Okinawa and early on 14 May for 39 of 47 https://covid19japan.co Japan COVID-19 Total Case Trend Kyushu 16-17 May. prefectures, remaining in effect in m high-risk areas, including , July – September is peak Health Ministry web Osaka, Kyoto and Hokkaido.358 17,000 Typhoon season; May – page on COVID-19:

16,500 July is the rainy https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf 353 The government will review the /seisakunitsuite/bunya/new 16,000 season. status of high-risk prefectures on page_00032.html 359 15,500 The CDC set its warning 21 May. in Japan to highest Japan National Tourism 15,000 The emergency is a non- level.354 Organization (JNTO) (for 14,500 mandatory stay-at-home request; travel restrictions): On February 14, a It also requests the cancellation or https://www.japan.travel/e 14,000 Cabinet Order postponement of events and n/coronavirus/ 13,500 designated COVID-19 as exhibits.360 WHO Japan: a “quarantine-able 13,000 Initial emergency steps included https://www.who.int/count disease.” This order shutting down schools and ries/jpn/en/ permits detention and cancelling large events; Olympics isolation of those White Paper on Disaster were later postponed until 2021. Management 2019: 768 Deaths – 16,367 confirmed cases as of 20 MAY suspected or confirmed to be infected.355 Entry bans in place for foreigners http://www.bousai.go.jp/ka igirep/hakusho/pdf/R1_hak https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html ; https://covid19japan.com (new from COVID-19 affected Hospitals turning away 361 usho_english.pdf cases only included if confirmed, not provisional) countries people as the country Basic Policies for Novel struggles with surging Japan asked returning nationals to Coronavirus Disease cases and its emergency self-quarantine for 14 days.362 Control (Revised on April system is overloaded.356 Prefectures with few cases relaxed 7, 2020): On 12 May, USFJ restrictions for some businesses https://www.mhlw.go.jp/co extended COVID-19 but residents asked not to travel ntent/10900000/00062073 3.pdf public health emergency outside their home region. Bars for US troops in the and nightclubs remain closed.363 COVID-19 Multilingual country to 14 June.357 Hotline: 0120-296-004

Disaster risk: The INFORM Global Risk Index’s overall ranking for Japan is 153 out of 191 countries (lower number indicates higher risk) for disasters, with a 3-yr trend of stable disaster risk.364 Common natural hazards include:

353 https://www.adrc.asia/nationinformation.php?NationCode=392&Lang=en&NationNum=23 354 https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2020/03/58d3ae2df4bb-japan-to-ask-travelers-from-us-to-self-quarantine-for-14-days.html 355 https://jp.usembassy.gov/u-s-citizen-services/covid-19-information/ 356 https://apnews.com/9140ddd7283d534d8464778d9c4bd92a 357 https://www.stripes.com/news/pacific/us-forces-japan-extends-its-public-health-emergency-as-okinawa-preps-to-reopen-businesses-1.629382 358 https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/asia-today-japan-ease-emergency-skorea-sees-cases-70672994 359 https://jp.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 360 https://nypost.com/2020/04/07/japan-declares-state-of-emergency-as-coronavirus-cases-soar/ 361 https://www.japan.travel/en/coronavirus/ 362 https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2020/03/58d3ae2df4bb-japan-to-ask-travelers-from-us-to-self-quarantine-for-14-days.html 363 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/04/japan-to-extend-state-of-emergency-covid-19-amid-fears-second-wave-could-cripple-tokyo- hospitals 364 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index

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earthquakes, tsunami, typhoons, volcanoes, landslides, and flooding. Additionally, INFORM has a new COVID-19 Risk Index, which identifies “countries at risk from health and humanitarian impacts of COVID-19 that could overwhelm current national response capacity.” Japan’s INFORM COVID-19 risk is 2.3/10 (with 10 indicating highest risk), placing it in the “low” COVID-19 risk class.365 In mid-October 2019, caused record-breaking rains in central to northern Japan, including Tokyo. In late October, Chiba and Fukushima were hit by heavy rains, landslides and floods.366

National organization response Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga said government officials will meet on 15 May to coordinate their response to TC Vongfong. TC Vongfong is forecast to pass closest to Okinawa 16-17 May, and make landfall in Kyushu 17 May. It is moving very slowly, which raises the danger of landslides and flooding. Two nuclear plants are on Kyushu Island and one on neighboring Shikoku Island – all are halted in line with national policy.367 On 14 May, Prime Minister (PM) Abe lifted a coronavirus state of emergency ahead of schedule in 39 out of 47 prefectures. It remains in effect in eight high-risk areas, including Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto and Hokkaido.368 The PM reiterated his call for citizens to reduce people-to-people contact, with a focus on avoiding the “three Cs:” closed spaces, crowded spaces, and close-contact settings. He has also asked that people refrain from all non-essential prefectural border crossings.369 Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike on 15 May revealed a framework for the city’s plan to gradually reopen. The completed plan will be announced on 19 May. The plan will be decided as the city government closely monitors daily cases, untraceable cases and the infection rate.370 The Japan National Tourism Organization (JNTO) has a dedicated COVID-19 page. On the page is a listing of countries subject to an entry ban. Starting 16 May, it has added another 14 countries to its list. For the complete list and more restrictions please visit: https://www.japan.travel/en/coronavirus/371 Under the Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act, the Central Disaster Management Council (CDMC) was formed as the lead disaster management agency. The council consists of the Prime Minister, who is the chair, the Minister of State for Disaster Management, all other ministers, heads of major public institutions and experts. Prefectural and municipal Disaster Management Councils are established at the state and local level. Implementation of disaster risk management measures is based on the Local Disaster Management Plans drafted by the Councils. Japan’s Basic Disaster Management Plan clarifies the duties of the Government, public corporations and local governments in implementing measures. The plan also describes disaster countermeasures such as preparation, emergency response, recovery and reconstruction, according to the type of disaster.372 The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) is the central organization in the health care system. The Novel Coronavirus Response Headquarters has been stood up in Tokyo.373 There are 1.66 million foreign workers in Japan and many have been affected by the economic impact of the shutdown. Government support packages including 100,000 yen are available to foreign nationals registered as residents and additional loans and rent deferral plans are in place to assist.374

365 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Epidemic 366 https://www.adrc.asia/view_disaster_en.php?NationCode=392&Lang=en&Key=2358 https://www.adrc.asia/view_disaster_en.php?NationCode=392&Lang=en&Key=2357 367 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-typhoon-idUSKCN0HZ05A20141010 368 https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/asia-today-japan-ease-emergency-skorea-sees-cases-70672994 369 https://jp.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 370 https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/05/15/national/tokyo-reopening-plan-coronavirus/#.Xr8zu9aSk_w 371 https://www.japan.travel/en/coronavirus/ 372 https://www.adrc.asia/nationinformation.php?NationCode=392&Lang=en&NationNum=23 373 https://www.stripes.com/news/pacific/japan-imposes-14-day-self-quarantine-for-travelers-from-united-states-1.623498 374 https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Japan-immigration/Japan-s-foreign-work-force-hit-by-coronavirus-cuts

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Foreigners who leave Japan, even U.S. citizen legal residents, will not be able to return under current conditions. International flights are currently available in Japan, but service has dropped significantly since the outbreak.375 The Tokyo Metropolitan Government launched a multilingual call center on COVID-19 for foreign residents at 0120-296-004.376 There are no penalties for noncompliance to state of emergency and social distancing measures.377 A government campaign was instituted to counter harassment against bullying and discrimination toward the sick, their families and health workers, which discouraged people from seeking testing and care.378 Hospital and equipment shortages: A government panel warned that hospitals and clinics were stretched in Tokyo, Aichi, Kanagawa, Osaka and Hyogo; "drastic countermeasures need to be taken as quickly as possible."379 Japan is also facing a potential shortage of ventilators. As of February, Japan was estimated to have more than 22,000 ventilators, for a population of over 126 million (NHK). At least 40% of those ventilators are already in use, as officials scramble to ramp up production and source new machines from overseas.380A government virus task force has warned that, in a worst-case scenario, more than 400,000 could die due to shortages of ventilators and other intensive care equipment. Abe has said the government has secured 15,000 ventilators and is getting Sony and Toyota to produce more.381 Hospitals lack ICUs, with five per 100,000 people, compared to 30 in Germany, and 35 in the U.S.382 Japan only has 7 intensive care beds per 100,000 people.383 Officials had previously been urging anyone with symptoms to go to hospital, putting an additional strain on the health system. Authorities are preparing to shift to a new policy of requiring those with mild symptoms to self-isolate. Additionally, Japan has been limiting testing for the coronavirus because of rules requiring any patients to be hospitalized. An uptick in cases have prompted the Health Ministry to loosen those rules and move patients with milder symptoms to hotels to free up beds.384

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) The Japan Red Cross Society (JRCS) is transferring doctors, nurses and pharmacists to support all government quarantine facilities.385 The JRCS has asked for more blood donations among a dwindling supply in the face of the crisis.386 The JRCS also sent medical staff to assist with the Diamond Princess outbreak.387 The Association of Medical Doctors of Asia (AMDA) Medical Information Center is operating a hotline to assist foreign nationals in Japan. It is available from 10:00 to 17:00, and can be reached at 03-6233-9266.388 More information on multilingual COVID-19 call centers can be found here (NHK): https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/backstories/1019/

Country-specific planning considerations Quarantine Centers: Numbers/locations unknown at this time; Hotels being used to alleviate hospital shortages.

375 https://jp.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 376 https://jp.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 377 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/04/japan-to-extend-state-of-emergency-covid-19-amid-fears-second-wave-could-cripple-tokyo- hospitals 378 https://www.staradvertiser.com/2020/05/09/breaking-news/in-japan-coronavirus-pandemic-brings-outbreaks-of-bullying-ostracism/ 379 https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/07/asia/japan-coronavirus-state-of-emergency-intl-hnk/index.html 380 https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/07/asia/japan-coronavirus-state-of-emergency-intl-hnk/index.html 381 https://apnews.com/9140ddd7283d534d8464778d9c4bd92a 382 https://apnews.com/9140ddd7283d534d8464778d9c4bd92a 383 https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/07/asia/japan-coronavirus-state-of-emergency-intl-hnk/index.html 384 https://apnews.com/9140ddd7283d534d8464778d9c4bd92a 385 https://www.redcross.org/about-us/news-and-events/news/2020/look-for-the-helpers-stepping-up-to-stomp-out-covid-19.html 386 https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2020/03/7cf4dda2ef3d-japan-frets-over-falling-blood-donations-amid-coronavirus-outbreak.html 387 https://www.redcross.org.uk/about-us/news-and-media/media-centre/press-releases/coronavirus---latest-updates-from-british-red-cross 388 https://jp.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/

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Hospitals: There are 8,442 (2017) hospitals, including 7,380 general hospitals and 324 national hospitals. Of the total, 361 hospitals have infectious disease beds.389 There is roughly a total of 1,664,525 hospital beds (2016). Approximately 100,461 clinics (2014) augment the health system.390 It has about 13 hospital beds per 1,000 people, the highest among Group of Seven nations and more than triple the rate for Italy, the U.S., U.K. and Canada, according to World Bank data.391 Health: According to the WHO, Japan’s health care system is characterized by excellent health outcomes at a relatively low cost; there is universal insurance, with virtually free access to health-care facilities. The government regulates and controls most aspects of the health system at three levels: national, prefectural, and municipal. Diabetes and hypertension are the two major chronic diseases. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are now the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in Japan.392 Japan has had success with control and eradication of common infectious diseases over the past 50 years.393 Life expectancy is higher than the global average, however, the country’s population is rapidly ageing, and in the COVID-19 context, this trend poses a danger to a significant portion of the population. DOD/USJF: USFJ extended COVID-19 public health emergency for US troops to 14 June.394 Return to TOC

389 https://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/database/db-hh/2-2.html 390 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5719211/ 391 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-19/a-coronavirus-explosion-was-expected-in-japan-where-is-it 392 https://apps.searo.who.int/PDS_DOCS/B5390.pdf 393 https://apps.searo.who.int/PDS_DOCS/B5390.pdf 394 https://www.stripes.com/news/pacific/us-forces-japan-extends-its-public-health-emergency-as-okinawa-preps-to-reopen-businesses-1.629382

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KIRIBATI Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Case Trend Planning Considerations Affected State Information Resources Measures/Access

As of 20 May, Kiribati has no confirmed Cyclone season is November to Travelers from countries with See footnotes for all. COVID-19 cases. April in the South Pacific. ongoing local transmission of Entry Restrictions: novel coronavirus must spend Entry Restrictions – for travelers https://fj.usembassy.gov/u- at least 14 days in a country from countries with ongoing s-citizen-services/covid-19- free of the virus before information/ COVID transmission. traveling to Kiribati, and Kiribati Ministry of Health Flight Restrictions – all commercial provide a medical clearance and Medical Services airlines servicing Kiribati that they are virus-free. https://mhms.gov.ki/ internationally have suspended https://www.facebook.com Travelers arriving earlier than flights to the country, effectively /info.mhms.gov.ki the required 14-day waiting isolating Kiribati. period may be subject to COVID-19 Cases Database https://github.com/CSSEGIS quarantine and/or andData/COVID-19 deportation.

https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html Schools closed 30 MAR.

Disaster Risk – The INFORM Global Risk Index’s overall ranking for Kiribati is 86 out of 191 countries (lower number indicates higher risk) for disasters.395 Kiribati’s disaster risk trend for the previous three years has been stable. Like other Pacific island countries, Kiribati faces humanitarian logistics challenges, as it is among the most remote, geographically dispersed nations on earth, with an estimated population of just over 100,000 spread over 21 islands across three million square kilometers of ocean. Additionally, INFORM has a new COVID-19 Risk Index, which identifies “countries at risk from health and humanitarian impacts of COVID-19 that could overwhelm current national response capacity.” Kiribati’s INFORM COVID-19 risk is 5.9/10, placing it in the “high” COVID risk class (10 indicates highest risk). 396

National organization response President Taneti Maamau on 26 March 2020 formally declared Kiribati in a state of public emergency.397

The National Disaster Management Office carries out disaster management and other responsibilities as determined by the Minister or the National Disaster Council. The National Disaster Council advises the Minister on disaster mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery, including the coordination of activities of government and non-government agencies. All Local Government Councils have a Disaster Committee.398

The Health Emergency Operational Centre (HEOC) was set up in the MoH/Tarawa Central Hospital following the first measles recorded in December 2019.

395 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/Results-and-data/INFORM-2019-Results-and-data 396 https://data.humdata.org/dataset/inform-covid-analysis-v01 397 https://kiribatiupdates.com.ki/president-declared-kiribati-a-state-of-public-emergency-for-convid-19/ 398 http://www.president.gov.ki/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Kiribati-National-Disaster-Risk-Management-Plan_Part-3.pdf

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Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) The Pacific Humanitarian Team (PHT), based in Suva, Fiji, supports 14 Pacific Island countries and territories, including Kiribati. OCHA leads coordination and the PHT Secretariat; UNDP leads the Early Recovery Network; WFP leads Logistics, and Emergency Telecommunications; IFRC leads Shelter; UNICEF leads Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene; UNICEF and Save the Children co-lead Education; UN Women leads Protection; WHO and UNICEF co-lead Health and Nutrition, and FAO and WFP co-lead Food Security.399 On 10 March 2020, the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), UN Population Fund (UNFPA) and the Government of Kiribati, with support from the Australian Government and the Pacific Community, officially launched Kiribati’s first nationwide survey – Kiribati Social Development Indicator Survey – to monitor and promote the well-being of women and children.400

Country-specific planning considerations Following the confirmation of Fiji’s first COVID-19 case on 19 March 2020, the Fijian government suspended services to Kiribati’s Tarawa and Kiritimati airports by from Nadi, effective the next day. Together with the earlier suspension of the Our Airline service, from Nauru and Majuro, and the Solomon Airlines service, Kiribati has effectively been isolated from the rest of the world. Tarawa in the Gilbert group and Kiritimati in the Line Islands are Kiribati’s main international ports of entry and are usually serviced Fiji Airways, Our Airline (Tarawa only) and Solomon Airlines (Tarawa only).401 Island councils and mayors have further imposed interisland travel restrictions domestically within Kiribati.402 President Maamau declared all schools in Kiribati closed effective 30 March 2020.403 Nation-wide elections started 14 April for the House of Parliament. There are 44 Member of Parliament seats available and 108 registered candidates competing for a 4-year term.404

Hospitals / Health Facilities: Kiribati has 18.6 hospital beds per 10,000 population as of 2015.405 The health system has a central hospital, three sub-divisional hospitals, more than 20 health centers and around 70 dispensaries. Tungaru Central Hospital on Tarawa provides medical service to all the islands. Government dispensaries on all islands are equipped to handle minor ailments and injuries.406

Health: Kiribati recorded its first measles case on 17 December 2019 when test samples returned from Fiji.407 The country’s second measles case was confirmed 23 December. The Measles Taskforce in Kiribati was established in October 2019, following the measles outbreak declared in Samoa. The Taskforce, with experts from UNICEF and WHO, monitors and investigates suspected measles cases.408 The US$15 million South Tarawa Water Supply Project was approved on 13 December 2019 by the World Bank, to provide the most populated island with better access to a safe, reliable, and climate-resilient water supply.409 Return to TOC

399 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/PHT%202018%20Annual%20Report_FINAL.pdf 400 https://www.unicef.org/pacificislands/press-releases/kiribati-launches-its-first-nationwide-survey-monitor-well-being-women-and-children 401 https://newsletter.visitkiribati.travel/2020/03/31/covid-19-impacts-kiribati-tourism/ 402 https://kiribatiupdates.com.ki/islands-travel-restrictions-contain-virus-from-spreading/ 403 https://kiribatiupdates.com.ki/the-kiribati-schools-are-first-among-lockdowns-for-the-convid-19/ 404 https://kiribatiupdates.com.ki/kiribati-national-election-begins-today/ 405 https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators 406 http://www.commonwealthhealth.org/pacific/kiribati/health_systems_in_kiribati/ 407 https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/405799/kiribati-records-first-measles-case 408 https://reliefweb.int/report/kiribati/kiribati-measles-sitrep-2-27122019 409 https://reliefweb.int/report/kiribati/safer-more-reliable-water-kiribati

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LAOS Return to TOC COVID-19 Total Case Trend Planning Affected State Information Considerations Measures/Access Resources

On 1 May, the Government On 4 May, the GOL Lockdown/borders: Laos COVID-19 Total Case Trend of Laos (GOL) announced announced new screening http://www.vientianetimes. the easing of certain and quarantine measures. org.la/freeContent/FreeCon 30 restrictions. Government Foreigners who have a work ten_Local74.php 25 offices and certain permit or who have been businesses will be allowed granted permission from https://www.visalaos.com/t 20 to operate again with the GOL to work in Laos are ravel-restrictions/ 15 preventative measures and required to present at the limitations in place. port of embarkation a COVID-19 Cases Database 10 Certificate of Entry into Laos https://github.com/CSSEGIS 5 Inter-provincial travel will issued by the Lao Embassy andData/COVID-19 remain restricted and or Lao Consulate General in 0 entertainment venues and their country of Hotline for information: large social gatherings will departure.411 166 or 165 remain banned. The new order will take effect from Foreigners must also furnish Hotline to self-report 0 Deaths – 19* confirmed cases as of 20 MAY 4-17 May.410 a completed Declaration symptoms: *No new confirmed cases since 12 APR 2020 Form and Fit to Fly Health +856 20 5406 6777 https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.htm Monsoon season runs May Certificate issued no more to October. than 72 hours before traveling Entry visas restricted. Upon entry, foreigners will be required to be tested and spend 14 days in self- quarantine at a government facility at their own expense. These measures will be in effect until at least 17 May.412

All border crossings are closed to individuals.

Disaster Risk: The INFORM (Index for Risk Management) ranking for the Lao People's Democratic Republic (also referred to as Laos) is 74 out of 191 countries (lower number indicates higher risk). Disaster risk in has decreased in the last three years.413 The INFORM global risk index annually measures the risk of disasters and humanitarian crises for 191 countries. The natural disaster that Lao is the most highly exposed to is flooding, which occur frequently due to storms. The country is also exposed to typhoons (tropical cyclones) and earthquakes.414 In July 2018, Laos suffered its worst floods in a decade, which affected more than 600,000 people in all 17 provinces and Vientiane. Tropical storm-driven rains caused the collapse of the Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy saddle dam in Attapeu province, leading to unprecedented flash flooding, and exacerbated by another tropical storm the

410 https://la.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 411 https://la.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 412 https://la.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 413 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/Results-and-data/INFORM-2019-Results-and-data 414 https://www.unocha.org/asia-and-pacific-roap/lao

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following month.415 According to the INFORM COVID-19 Risk Index, Laos is in the “medium” COVID risk class, based on a COVID risk of 4.6 on a scale of 1-10, where 10 indicates the higher risk. 416 National organization response The National Disaster Management Committee (NDMC), established in 1999, provides recommendations and advice to the Prime Minister and plays the lead role in ensuring effective coordination throughout disaster mitigation, prevention, preparedness, response and recovery.417 China announced on 25 March it would send a team of medical experts to Laos, medical equipment and medicines to help respond to the COVID-19 epidemic.418 Vietnam announced on 26 March it would provide Laos with medical equipment worth $100,000, and medical experts if desired.419 The US government has provided personal protective equipment to Laos.420 Laos DM Handbook: https://www.cfe-dmha.org/DMHA-Resources/Disaster-Management-Reference-Handbooks Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), is providing psychosocial support with its local NGO partners.421 UN agencies providing humanitarian assistance in Laos include FAO, IOM, UN-Habitat, UN Women, UNAIDS, UNCDF, UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF, WFP, WHO. Led by the UN Resident Coordinator, the UN Country Team in Laos is also comprised of other UN agencies focused more on development work.422 Since 24 March, WFP has suspended physical presence of all staff at the field-level and activities are conducted remotely or postponed. WFP is coordinating with other UN agencies and partners on assessing the potential impact, particularly for food security.423 Country-specific planning considerations Displaced Populations: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused thousands of Lao women and girl migrant workers to return to Laos. As of 2 April, 4,715 migrants have crossed Lao-Thai Friendship Bridge in the capital, Vientiane, of whom 2,922 (62%) are women and girls, per the Immigration Department of Vientiane Municipality Public Security. Those exhibiting COVID-19 symptoms are quarantined for 14 days. There were 277,840 registered Laotian employees in Thailand as of August 2019, with women comprising more than half. As in many crises, they are at higher risk of gender-based violence.424 3,750 survivors of the 2018 collapse of Attapeu Province’s Xepian-Xe Nam Noy dam remain without permanent homes.425 Quarantine Centers: As of 25 March 2020, quarantine facilities have been set up by the government in the capital for people with symptoms among returning migrants, who will be housed there for 14 days.426 Health: According to the WHO, despite the ongoing pandemic, the Laos healthcare system is continuing to provide routine immunizations and other health care services.427 Laos has 15 hospital beds per 10,000 population, per 2012 data.428 Security: Enforcement of the country’s lockdown is inconsistent. Health officials on 21 April urged people to comply with staying at home except for essential needs and for local authorities to enforce.429 Return to TOC

415 https://reliefweb.int/report/lao-peoples-democratic-republic/government-presents-way-forward-lao-pdr-s-recovery 416 https://data.humdata.org/dataset/inform-covid-analysis-v01 417 http://www.fao.org/3/a-at540e.pdf 418 https://laotiantimes.com/2020/03/26/china-sends-medical-experts-to-help-laos-fight-covid-19/ 419 https://vietnaminsider.vn/vietnam-to-provide-laos-and-cambodia-with-medical-equipment-worth-100000-each/ 420 https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/coronavirus-asia-asean-live-updates-by-country/ 421 https://reliefweb.int/report/lao-peoples-democratic-republic/coping-covid19-through-psychosocial-support-lao-pdr 422 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/lao_pdr_inter-agency_contingency_plan_3sep19.pdf 423 https://reliefweb.int/report/lao-peoples-democratic-republic/wfp-lao-pdr-country-brief-march-2020 424 https://reliefweb.int/report/lao-peoples-democratic-republic/1000-migrant-women-quarantine-covid19-receive-essential 425 https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/opinion/2019/04/11/qa-why-laos-dam-collapse-wake-call- un?utm_source=The+New+Humanitarian&utm_campaign=4e57d365e4- EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_Cheat_Sheet_1_May&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_d842d98289-4e57d365e4-75574133 426 https://reliefweb.int/report/lao-peoples-democratic-republic/1000-migrant-women-quarantine-covid19-receive-essential 427 https://reliefweb.int/report/lao-peoples-democratic-republic/lao-health-system-continues-offer-immunization-services 428 https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/hospital-beds-(per-10-000-population) 429 http://www.vientianetimes.org.la/freeContent/FreeConten_Local74.php

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MALAYSIA Return to TOC COVID-19 Total Case Trend Planning Affected State Measures/Access Information Considerations Resources

Since 8 May, floods On 10 May, Prime Minister (PM) Tan Sri MOH COVID-19 due to heavy rains Muhyiddin Yassin announced that the web site: Malaysia COVID-19 Total have been affecting Conditional Movement Control Order (MCO) https://www.mo Betong district would be extended to 9 June. During the h.gov.my/index.p Case Trend (Sarawak state), CMCO, the government will open limited hp/pages/view/2 431 7100 resulting in casualties immigration services. 019-ncov-wuhan and damage. At least The Prime Minister said most businesses can Ministry of 7000 650 families have open on 4 May with recommended Health: been affected.430 6900 restrictions, but a ban on gatherings http://www.moh. Kuala Lumpur hosts remain.432 gov.my/index.ph 6800 the UN Humanitarian p Response Depot Schools and Universities remain closed. The 6700 MOH Facebook: (UNHRD) hub, serving PM said that people would still not be https://www.face 6600 Asia –Pacific; 1 of 6 allowed to move across states unless for 433 book.com/kemen worldwide hubs. work. 6500 teriankesihatanm Nov-Dec The country's Muslims will also not be alaysia until March, and allowed to undertake their traditional trip PM Office: May/June to home at the end of the Ramadan fasting https://www.pm Sept./Oct. month. o.gov.my/special- ASEAN through the International commercial flight options are contents/2019- 114 Deaths – 7,009 confirmed cases as of 20 MAY 434 AHA Centre likely to operating in Malaysia. All foreign novel- lead regional response nationals, with very limited exceptions, are coronavirus- to a disaster if outside restricted from entry to Malaysia until 9 2019-ncov/ https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html ; https://www.outbreak.my/ help needed. June. Any travelers permitted to enter Malaysia will be subject to COVID-19 testing WHO Malaysia United Nations and a mandatory 14-day quarantine.435 website: Country Team (UNCT) https://www.wh in Malaysia supports From 3 April, all Malaysians returning home o.int/malaysia government disaster must head to government quarantine management efforts. centers for 14 days436

Disaster risk: Overall INFORM model risk ranking is 111 out of 191 countries (lower number indicates higher risk); 3-yr trend indicates stable to decreasing risk.437 Malaysia is affected by floods, forest fires, tsunami, cyclonic storms, landslides, and haze. According to the INFORM COVID-19 Risk Index, Malaysia’s COVID-19 risk is 3.2/10 (10 indicates highest risk), placing it in the “low” COVID-19 risk class.438

430 https://reliefweb.int/report/malaysia/malaysia-floods-metgovmy-media-echo-daily-flash-11-may-2020 431 https://my.usembassy.gov/health-alert-covid-051120/ 432 https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/coronavirus-asia-asean-live-updates-by-country/ 433 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/malaysia-ease-coronavirus-curbs-resume-business-200501033953802.html 434 https://my.usembassy.gov/health-alert-covid-051120/ 435 https://my.usembassy.gov/u-s-citizen-services/covid-19-information/ 436 https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/03/31/ismail-sabri-straight-to-quarantine-centre-for-any-malaysians-returning-home-no-exceptions 437 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index 438 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Epidemic

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Since 17 May, floods triggered by heavy rains have affected Penang and Perak States.439 Earlier this month, heavy rains led to floods that affected some 3,250 people in Betong district in Sarawak state.440 CFE-DM Disaster Management Reference Handbook on Malaysia: https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=he2xmI8xZFQ%3d&portalid=0 National organization response The National Disaster Management Agency (NADMA) is the government lead for disaster management and response. The disaster management organization structure is divided into federal, state, and district levels. NADMA website: http://www.nadma.gov.my/ The Ministry of Health (MOH) has an overall responsibility for the health sector. MOH website: http://www.moh.gov.my/index.php The Movement Control Order (MCO) which began 18 March, prohibits all individuals from movement and mass assembly within Malaysia. Under the MCO, only one person from each family is permitted to leave home to buy essential items. Outdoor recreational activities are prohibited. Foreign citizens may depart Malaysia during the MCO. However, authorities require that foreign citizens obtain certain required documents, including written concurrence from the respective diplomatic mission; and a written movement permit from the nearest police station. The Conditional Movement Control Order (CMCO) came into effect on 4 May, which relaxed some of the nationwide restrictions over commercial and social activities under the MCO. 441442 On 17 May, PM Muhyiddin Yassin announced that people will not be allowed to cross states to celebrate upcoming festivals, including Hari Raya Aidilfitri (24-25 May). The PM said gatherings of up to 20 people are allowed during the celebrations, but advised against open house gatherings and banquets. The government has also eased a ban on mass prayers in mosques, starting from 22 May and ahead of Hari Raya Aidilfitri.443 Health Director-General Dr Noor Hisham Abdullah encouraged Malaysians to download two apps to help the government with efforts to curb the spread of COVID-19. “MySejahtera” can help users find hotspots while “MyTrace” is meant to aid contract tracing.444 In an effort to learn from the experiences of neighboring Singapore, Malaysia plans to test millions of migrants for the virus. In mid-April, Singapore experienced outbreaks in the dormitories housing the country's hundreds of thousands of migrant workers. Malaysia’s government says some 2.5 million migrants are in the country legally, though there are thought to be just as many in Malaysia illegally. Many of Malaysia's migrant workers are packed into large dorms or hostels sleeping 10 to 20 people to a room. On 4 May, following an increase in cases traced mostly to noncitizens, the government ordered that all migrant workers be tested.445 The Ministry of Health, in collaboration with Doctor On Call, has set up a platform to disseminate information, including a list of designated public hospitals in each state that are equipped to screen for COVID- 19. (https://www.doctoroncall.com.my/coronavirus?lang=en)446 Screening points are present at all international entry points. and Sarawak states have imposed temporary restrictions on all foreign nationals and non-Sabah residents from entering. Long term visa holders may be admitted but will be required to self-quarantine at home for 14 days.447 The Malaysian Plastics Manufacturers Association (MPMA) said swab sticks produced for testing kits for COVID-19 are being tested. The group is working with a team of experts from Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Penang Hospital, Perdana Universiti-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, University of Malaya’s Medical Faculty and the Malaysian Petrochemicals Association (MPA) to make 1.2 million of the

439 https://reliefweb.int/report/malaysia/malaysia-floods-met-malaysia-media-echo-daily-flash-18-may-2020 440 https://reliefweb.int/report/malaysia/malaysia-flooding-betong-district-sarawak-state-1949-may-11-2020 441 https://my.usembassy.gov/health-alert-covid-050420/ 442 https://my.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 443 https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-covid-19-cases-may-20-coronavirus-12752914 444 https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/05/04/on-first-day-of-cmco-malaysias-new-covid-19-cases-back-to-two-digit-zero-de/1862954 445 https://www.voanews.com/covid-19-pandemic/singapores-coronavirus-outbreak-sends-malaysia-scrambling-test-migrant-workers 446 https://my.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 447 https://my.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/

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specialized swabs. The initiative is in partnership with the Ministry of International Trade and Industry which has allowed resumption of operations of manufacturers of essential plastics products to allow Malaysia to produce its own essential supplies without relying on international suppliers.448

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) The Malaysian Red Crescent Society (MRCS) set up a task force to support the GOM in dealing with the pandemic. (https://www.redcrescent.org.my/covid-19-task-force/) The MRCS is continuing to provide support to affected populations from heavy rains and flooding in Kelantan and Terengganu that began in late 2019.449 HP Foundation has donated US$500,000 (RM2.17 million) to Mercy Malaysia’s Covid-19 Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan. The donation will be primarily used to help test high risk and vulnerable communities. Mercy Malaysia’s plan is part of the wider efforts supporting the Ministry of Health (MOH) and National Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre (CPRC).450 Mercy Malaysia’s COVID-19 Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan can be found here: https://secureservercdn.net/166.62.107.20/c4u.e1c.myftpupload.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID-19- Strategic-Preparedness-and-Response-Plan-1.pdf The UN World Health Organization (WHO) is Malaysia’s primary health partner. Other UN agencies include UNAIDS, UN Development Program (UNDP), UN Population Fund (UNFPA), UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)451 Amnesty International and the Asia Pacific Refugee Rights Network (APRRN) have expressed concern over reports of boats likely carrying Rohingya refugees in the region and have called upon on regional governments to allow them safe disembarkation.452453 Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) has expressed that it is willing to support the government in its COVID-19 and general health response with regards to refugees and asylum-seekers.454

Country-specific planning considerations

Quarantine Centers: Government-run centers set up in March. NADMA is coordinating the operation of quarantine centers. One of the main centers, at the Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang (MAEPS), has the capacity for 600 patients and will be coordinated by NADMA with the Armed Forces and other government agencies.455 On 7 April, NADMA identified hotels which could double as centers.456 Any travelers permitted to enter Malaysia during the CMCO will be subject to testing and a mandatory 14-day quarantine. Travelers will be transported directly from the airport to a quarantine facility. Foreign nationals, including Malaysian permanent residents, will be required to cover the costs of this quarantine, which will be a minimum of RM150/day.457

Displaced Populations: 178,990 refugees and asylum seekers are registered with UNHCR across Malaysia.458 Sabah has a large migrant and stateless population.

Hospitals: As of 24 March, according to Malaysia’s PM, only 34 percent of beds have been taken while 66 percent are ready to be used. Total beds available are 3,585 at 34 identified hospitals for the response. The

448 https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/05/20/malaysian-plastics-makers-to-make-swabs-for-covid-19-mass-testing/1868096 449 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/MDRMY004du3.pdf 450 https://sg.channelasia.tech/article/679854/hp-supports-covid-19-fight-malaysia-through-mercy-donation/ 451 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=he2xmI8xZFQ%3d&portalid=0 452 https://reliefweb.int/report/malaysia/urgent-statement-end-pushbacks-rohingya-refugees 453 https://reliefweb.int/report/malaysia/covid-19-no-excuse-sacrifice-rohingya-lives-sea 454 https://reliefweb.int/report/malaysia/msf-ready-support-government-malaysia-safe-disembarkation-people-distress-sea 455 https://www.pmo.gov.my/2020/03/covid-19-pm-visits-maeps-low-risk-patient-quarantine-treatment-centre/ 456 https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2020/04/07/hotels-doubling-up-as-quarantine-centres-identified-by-nadma-says-health-dg/ 457 https://my.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 458 https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/figures-at-a-glance-in-malaysia.html

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GOM has identified other hospitals that can be turned into temporary quarantine centers.459 There is a total of 144 government, 240 private hospitals in the country.460

Health: Outbreaks of Dengue and TB remain concerns. Malaysia has a health system and health status on par with its rank as an upper middle income country. Malaysia is a medical tourism destination.461 Malaysia has a current polio outbreak. On 27 February, Malaysia’s MoH received 2.5 million doses of the polio vaccine from WHO and managed by the United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) to be delivered to over 1 million children below 13 years old in Sabah to control the spread of polio. Malaysia was polio free from 1992 to 2019, but now has 3 reported cases.462

Migrants: Malaysia has four million undocumented migrant workers and refugees. On 1 May, Malaysian police raided homes and arrested hundreds of undocumented migrants in an attempt to contain the spread of Covid- 19. Healthcare professionals are bound by circular 10/2001, which requires doctors to report illegal immigrants seeking health services to the police and immigration authorities. This also gives license to authorities to detain the undocumented workers. 463

Security: In Malaysia, reports have emerged of health workers evicted from their homes by landlords over fears that the tenants could transmit the virus.464

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459 https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/03/578007/malaysia-has-enough-hospital-beds-says-pm 460 https://www.statista.com/statistics/794860/number-of-public-and-private-hospitals-malaysia/ 461 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=he2xmI8xZFQ%3d&portalid=0 462 https://www.who.int/malaysia/news/detail/28-02-2020-2.5-million-doses-of-polio-vaccines-deployed-to-stamp-out-polio-in-sabah 463 https://asiafoundation.org/2020/05/13/malaysias-marginalized-and-covid-19/ 464 http://insecurityinsight.org/

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MALDIVES Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Case Trend Planning Affected State Information Resources Considerations Measures/Access International travel remains State of emergency Government of Maldives site: MALDIVES COVID-19 banned for maritime and issued 12 March 2020 re: http://www.maldivesinfo.gov.mv/h international and domestic COVID-19. Authorities ome/ Total Case Trend flights. Foreign tourists cannot eased some restrictions check into hotels and must 4 May and extended MoH Maldives COVID-19 site: 1400 remain in resorts where curfew in Greater Male’ covid19.health.gov.mv/en/ 1200 restrictions can be enforced. is ongoing.468 1000 MoH Maldives Corona Virus 800 Nationwide ban on public Public Health Risk Alerts: Infection Response Guideline 2020: 600 gatherings and stay at home National – Level 2 http://hpa.gov.mv/DOCS/15802967 400 guidance issued. Police (Yellow) 08.pdf 200 enforcing measures and could Male’ City - Level 4 (Red) 0 detain or fine violators.465 Six Kuredu Island Resort & DRR in Maldives 2019 Status Report: inhabited islands, including Spa – Level 3 (Orange)469 https://www.preventionweb.net/fil Male, are under lockdown.466 es/68254_682304maldivesdrmstatu April 17, strict Stay-at- sreport.pdf 500 foreigners are stranded, Home order for the 4 Deaths – 1,186 confirmed cases as of 20 MAY including 100 at the airport. The capital city, Male’ to COVID-19 Case Database Government providing financial assist in controlling the https://github.com/CSSEGISandData 467 470 https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html assistance. spread of infection. /COVID-19

Disaster Risk The Republic of Maldives has an overall INFORM model risk ranking of 136 out of 191 countries (a lower number indicates higher risk). Disaster risk in the last three years has been stable.471 Its low-lying atolls, are highly vulnerable to flooding and impacts from climate change.472 90% of the islands flood annually and 97% experience flood line erosion.473 The country has a tourist dependent economy which has been hard hit by travel bans due to COVID-19 restrictions.474 Additionally, INFORM has a new COVID-19 Risk Index, which assesses “countries at risk from health and humanitarian impacts of COVID-19 that could overwhelm current national response capacity.” Maldives is in the “medium” COVID risk class, based on its INFORM COVID-19 risk of 4/10 (with 10 indicating highest risk).475

National organization response The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) was established in December 2018 to carry out comprehensive disaster risk management interventions and address vulnerability issues. The National Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Framework provides legal and administrative guidance for DRR activities and coordinates between government ministries, private sector, NGOs and citizens.476

465 https://www.worldaware.com/covid-19-alert-maldives-eases-some-entry-restrictions-may-4 466 https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/maldives-sees-rapid-spike-in-covid-19-patients/ 467 https://weather.com/health/coronavirus/news/2020-05-01-hundreds-of-tourists-are-stranded-in-the-maldives-due-to 468 https://covid19.health.gov.mv/en/ 469 https://covid19.health.gov.mv/en/ 470 https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/covid-19-modi-assures-maldives-of-india-s-continued-support-11587374788024.html 471 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/Results-and-data/INFORM-2019-Results-and-data 472 https://www.britannica.com/place/Maldives 473 https://www.preventionweb.net/files/68254_682304maldivesdrmstatusreport.pdf 474 https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/covid-19-india-will-stand-by-maldives-in-this-challenging-time-says-pm- modi/articleshow/75247158.cms 475 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Epidemic 476 https://www.preventionweb.net/files/68254_682304maldivesdrmstatusreport.pdf

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In late January, the Health Minister began preparations for a COVID-19 outbreak by conducting a risk assessment and forming a national response guideline and health emergency coordination committee. In February, Maldives arranged with the WHO to receive 1000 testing kits and thermal cameras were fitted in the main airport to screen incoming passengers. Resorts were quarantined, and schools and other public spaces were closed.477 The government has allocated USD$13.7 million to finance precautionary measures against the virus outbreak.478 USAID committed US$2 million to Maldives for emergency assistance to address COVID-19, as of 8 May.479

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) UNICEF (https://www.unicef.org/maldives/) and Maldivian Red Crescent (https://redcrescent.org.mv/ ) are among the most active contributors to DRR and disaster management funding and support.480On 1 May, Maldivian Red Cross launched a ‘COVID-19 Migrants Relief Fund’ to expand ongoing relief efforts to support the socio-economic impacts of the outbreak of coronavirus in the country.481

Country-specific planning considerations Confirmed COVID-19 cases have increased significantly from less than 100 three weeks ago to more than 900 as of 12 May. At least 416 are Bangladeshi migrant workers, who live in congested accommodation in the capital, Male, a small densely populated island where more than 150,000 people live in a 5.8-square-kilometer (2.3-square-mile) area. Many [foreign workers] are undocumented, do not report symptoms or are asymptomatic," said Mohamed Mabrook Azeez, spokesman for the National Emergency Operations Center, adding that “physical distancing measures is logistically difficult in place like Male’ in any situation.” There are about 60,000 migrant workers, mostly from Bangladesh, working as unskilled laborers in Male’, many of whom work as couriers to deliver essentials. The government plans to relocate some 3,000 Bangladeshi nationals to other islands in the Maldives to enable social distancing, and repatriate 1,500 unregistered Bangladeshi workers, according to Azeez. 482 Health: Maldives has made strides against communicable diseases having great success with vaccine-prevention and receiving free status from malaria, polio, neonatal tetanus, whooping cough, and diphtheria. However, it is moving toward an increasing burden of non-communicable diseases.483 Hospitals: There are 23 public hospitals, 6 regional hospitals, 14 atoll hospitals, and 172 primary healthcare centers. The geographic dispersion of the islands challenges access to provide health care and necessary supplies, pharmaceuticals, and equipment to the population.484 Quarantine Centers: The Government set up three dedicated clinics for COVID-19 include: Flu Clinic in Senahiya, Male; Flu Clinic behind Male’ Hiya 2, Male; Expat Clinic next to Maldives Autism Centre, Hulhumale.485 Additionally, there are a total of 17 isolation facilities and 867 quarantine facilities in the country.486 In March the government converted the abandoned luxury resort island of Villivaru in the Kaafu Atoll into a quarantine facility. Renovations to update facilities to house patients were completed in 10 days by 50 workers. Increasing space in the country for 1,158 rooms and 2,288 beds available for potential quarantined populations.487 Security: On 15 April, al-Nab, the Islamic State (ISIS) claimed responsibility for attacks against the Maldives with the arson of 5 speedboats and 2 dinghies in the Mahibadhoo island harbor. 488 The Maldives has seen a resurgence of ISIS supporters spreading ideology by the exploitation of the COVID-19 pandemic as several incidents show violent extremism becoming a growing problem in the country.489 Return to TOC

477 https://covid19.health.gov.mv/faqs/ 478 http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-03/31/c_138935314.htm 479 https://mv.usmission.gov/united-states-to-support-maldives-covid-19-response-through-economic-support-and-social-protection/ 480 https://www.preventionweb.net/files/68254_682304maldivesdrmstatusreport.pdf 481 https://redcrescent.org.mv/documents/press-statement-maldivian-red-crescent-launches-covid19-migrants-relief-fund/ 482 https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/maldives-sees-rapid-spike-in-covid-19-patients/ 483 http://www.health.gov.mv/Uploads/Downloads//Informations/Informations(42).pdf 484 http://www.health.gov.mv/Uploads/Downloads//Informations/Informations(42).pdf 485 https://covid19.health.gov.mv/en/ 486 http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-03/31/c_138935314.htm 487 https://www.businessinsider.com/maldives-turns-abandoned-island-into-coronavirus-quarantine-facility-2020-3 488 https://thediplomat.com/2020/04/islamic-state-terror-in-the-maldives-as-covid-19-arrives/ 489 https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/ICS-Maldives_UNCLASS-508.pdf

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MONGOLIA Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Case Trend Planning Considerations Affected State Information Measures/Access Resources Total COVID-19 cases doubled 14 Authorities declared state Government of Mongolia May, imported from Russia. of high alert on 13 Official website: February and quickly http://www.cabinet.gov. MONGOLIA COVID-19 On 21 April, the government implemented travel mn/ prohibited all in/outbound vehicle Total Case Trend restrictions from high risk traffic to/from Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia government countries, social 200 Darkhan City, and Selenge District official website on distancing, cancelling of 180 until 25 April. COVID-19: 160 public events and schools https://covid19.mohs.mn 140 On 30 March there will be two and suspended coal 120 planned evacuation flights for exports to China.492 Mongolia National Center 100 foreign nationals wishing to for Communicable 80 On 14 APR, the State evacuate Mongolia: 1) to Seoul, Diseases: 60 Emergency Commission https://www.nccd.gov.m 40 ROK 30 April and 2) to Frankfurt, 490 extended preventative n/ 20 Germany 2 May. measures to 1 SEP 2020. 0 International borders remain closed CFE-DM Disaster and only charter flights repatriating The U.S. has committed Reference Handbook for Mongolia: Mongolian citizens are able to land $1.2 million in financial https://www.cfe- with passengers following 3-week support to Mongolia to combat COVID-19.493 dmha.org/DMHA- quarantine measures. Resources/Disaster-

0 Deaths – 140 confirmed cases as of 20 MAY Management-Reference- School closures affecting 900,000 Compulsory use of face Handbooks children have caused secondary masks in public was https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html impacts such as nutrition, mandated on 14 April subject to penalty of MNT COVID-19 Case Database protection, and safety. Physical https://github.com/CSSE $150,000 for abuse of children up by 32.9% in 494 GISandData/COVID-19 March compared to February.491 noncompliance.

Disaster Risk Mongolia has an overall INFORM model risk ranking of 101 out of 191 countries (a lower number indicates higher risk) and shows decreasing risk in the last three years.495 The country is also at risk for natural disasters including severe winter storms, strong winds, dust storms, drought, flooding and earthquakes.496 Additionally, INFORM has a new COVID-19 Risk Index, which assesses “countries at risk from health and humanitarian impacts of COVID-19 that could overwhelm current national response capacity.” Mongolia is in the “medium” COVID-19 risk class, based on its INFORM COVID-19 risk of 3.7 on a scale of 1-10, where 10 indicates highest risk.497

National organization response On 23 February, the Mongolian government mobilized a COVID-19 task force of 832 individuals monitoring 336 checkpoints around the country. Additionally, citizens were repatriated from S. Korea, Japan, Turkey, and Russia.

490 https://mn.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 491 https://reliefweb.int/report/mongolia/mongolia-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-situation-report-no-1 492 https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19 493 https://www.usaid.gov/mongolia/press-releases/mar-25-2020-us-mongolia-partner-combat-covid-19-mongolia 494 https://mn.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 495 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/Results-and-data/INFORM-2019-Results-and-data 496 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/DMHA-Resources/Disaster-Management-Reference-Handbooks 497 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Epidemic

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When the first cases were detected on 2 March, the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) detained the man and all he made contact with to curb the spread.498 In February 2020, the number of unemployed increased by 31,000 from the previous month in the same period in 2019.499 As a result, on 27 March, a comprehensive set of measures to address the financial impact of COVID-19 response including tax exemptions, child allowance and unemployment benefits was implemented.500

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) The World Bank approved US$26.9 million for the Mongolia COVID-19 Emergency Response and Health System Preparedness Project. Funding will go toward training emergency medical staff, medical equipment and supplies and the construction of COVID-19 diagnostic capacity centers in Ulaanbaatar and all provinces.501 The U.S. Government will collaborate with USAID, the Mongolian Ministry of Health, World Health Organization and UNICEF to strengthen infection prevention and control in Mongolia with a $1.2 million COVID-19 funding allocation.502 On 11 April, over USD$80,000 in lab tests and personal protection equipment was provided to the Mongolian Ministry of Health on behalf of the WHO. To maintain essential protective measures for health workers and responders on the frontline and their patients.503

Country-specific planning considerations Total COVID-19 cases doubled with 56 new cases reported 14 May. Most patients were returning students. All cases involved recent arrivals from neighboring Russia, where a spike in infections brought total cases to over 240,000. Mongolia faces risks from the spiraling outbreak in Russia, where many Mongolians work and study.504

Health: Mongolia struggled with H1N1 virus during winter 2018-2019 specifically affecting children under 5. 1,700 children were hospitalized exceeding the pediatric beds available (977) in Ulaanbaatar by 70%. Anticipating the 2019- 2020 flu season and prevalence of the H3N2 flu strain, the country began doubling the number of available hospital beds. In February 2020, 1,169 children were hospitalized due to flu coinciding with the onset of COVID-19 cases globally. The government measures for closed borders and quarantine were successful. And preparations for H3N2 set up the country for success in the COVID-19 response. Additionally, flu cases dropped 90% from last year to only 1.8% of hospital visits. Also, due to heightened hygiene practices surrounding COVID-19 precautions, there have been 0 cases of gastro infections registered this year.505

Hospitals: There are 12 general and maternity hospitals, 16 district health centers, and 21 health facilities in Mongolia. Their contact information is here: (https://covid19.mohs.mn/p/cat/post/52/). The urban areas in the country had the highest number of physicians (42.4 per 10,000 patients) and 77.6 hospital beds per 10,000.506

Security: The State Emergency Commission (SEC) announced that not wearing a mask in public places could be considered intent to harm other people’s health and residents could be fined MNT $150,000 for the Law on Infringement.507 Return to TOC

498 https://thediplomat.com/2020/03/mongolias-small-country-strategy-for-containing-covid-19/ 499 https://reliefweb.int/report/mongolia/mongolia-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-situation-report-no-1 500 https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19 501 https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/04/02/the-world-bank-approves-269-million-for-mongolias-covid-19-coronavirus- emergency-response 502 https://www.usaid.gov/mongolia/press-releases/mar-25-2020-us-mongolia-partner-combat-covid-19-mongolia 503 https://www.who.int/mongolia/news/detail/10-04-2020-supporting-frontline-workers-in-the-covid-19-response 504 https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/russia-outbreak-spreads-to-neighbor-as-mongolian-cases-jump/ar-BB144gny 505 https://thediplomat.com/2020/04/mongolia-finds-a-silver-living-in-the-covid-19-crisis/ 506 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5576166/ 507 https://montsame.mn/en/read/222259

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MYANMAR (BURMA) Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Case Trend Planning Considerations Affected State Information Measures/Access Resources

Entering pre-monsoon cyclone season: Nationwide ban on gatherings Travel & Activity April to May of five or more people, as of 17 restrictions Myanmar COVID-19 Total Case Trend Post-monsoon cyclone season is April. https://mm.usem October to November. bassy.gov/covid- 200 People entering the capital, 19-information/ 190 Suspension of all visa issuances Nay Pyi Taw, must quarantine 180 extended until 15 May. Quarantine for for 21 days if from COVID Myanmar Information 170 arrivals extended to 28 days – 21 in quarantined townships, as of Management Unit quarantine center and 7 isolated at 30 APR. Foreigners entering for 160 / Daily SITREPS home.508 150 work must have employer https://themimu.i approval and be symptom 140 International commercial passenger nfo/emergencies/ free.510 coronavirus- 130 flights are not allowed to land at any disease-2019- airport at least through 15 May. 120 Curfew from 10:00pm-4:00am covid-19 110 Exceptions apply to “relief flights, all- in Yangon, as of April 18. Coco 100 cargo flights, medical evacuation flights Island township is exempt from Ministry of Health and special flights specifically approved the order. and Sports COVID by the Department of Civil Aviation.”509 dashboard A stay-at-home order is in https://mohs.gov. Extreme shortages of health care 6 Deaths – 199 confirmed cases as of 20 MAY effect for the following ten mm/Main/conten professionals Yangon townships: South t/publication/201 Okkalapa, Pabedan, Bahan, 9-ncov 150,000+ internally displaced persons Mayangone, Insein, Shwe Pyi https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html (IDPs) Thar, Hlaingtharyar, COVID-19 Cases Database Mingalardon, Tarmwe, and Numbers of reported COVID positive https://github.co cases likely to be vastly lower than real Botahtaun. m/CSSEGISandDat rates of infection. a/COVID-19 In Mandalay, non-essential Government continues to greatly businesses are closed and restrict humanitarian access to areas persons must wear masks in with conflict. public.

Disaster Risk: The INFORM Global Risk Index’s overall ranking for Myanmar is 14 out of 191 countries (lower number indicates higher risk) for disasters and humanitarian crises. The natural hazards Myanmar is most highly exposed to include flood, earthquake, and tsunami, in addition to human conflict. Additionally, INFORM has a new COVID-19 Risk Index, which assesses “countries at risk from health and humanitarian impacts of COVID-19 that could overwhelm current national response capacity.” Myanmar is in the “medium” COVID risk class, based on a COVID risk of 4.8 on a scale of 1-10, where 10 indicates highest risk. 511

508 https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-extends-visa-flight-ban-may-15-tackle-covid-19.html 509 https://mm.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 510 https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmars-capital-sets-regulations-visitors.html 511 https://data.humdata.org/dataset/inform-covid-analysis-v01

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Myanmar COVID-19 Forecast Historical Events: 25 Major events: May 2008: Cyclone Nargis left 138,300 people dead and affected 2.4 million people.512 20

Recent Events: Aug 2019: Heavy rains and landslides In Mon State 53 were killed and 29 15 reported missing; more than 105,000 displaced.513

10 PACOM Response: May 2015: Rohingya Sea Migration 5 May 2007: Myanmar: Cyclone Nargis514

0 4/2/2020 4/4/2020 4/6/2020 4/8/2020 5/2/2020 5/4/2020 5/6/2020 5/8/2020 3/23/2020 3/25/2020 3/27/2020 3/29/2020 3/31/2020 4/10/2020 4/12/2020 4/14/2020 4/16/2020 4/18/2020 4/20/2020 4/22/2020 4/24/2020 4/26/2020 4/28/2020 4/30/2020 5/10/2020 5/12/2020 5/14/2020 5/16/2020 5/18/2020 5/20/2020 5/22/2020 5/24/2020 5/26/2020 5/28/2020 5/30/2020 New Cases Forecast Lower Forecast Range Upper Forecast Range Epi Curve

Projections: Myanmar’s standard deviation (std.) for new cases is 4.83 and a daily average std. of 2.84. This numbers are indicative of a small sample set but indicate Myanmar’s curve is stable. Although their epidemic curve is flat, there has been criticism in the international community & media about the quality and accuracy of the data. Myanmar is not projected to exhaust their medical capabilities during this curve or subsequent spikes. Myanmar is currently under a lockdown; however, they have not published an end-date. Their re-spike is not expected to grow faster than their initial wave and is not expected to exceed their largest spike by double. The projection is any spike will plateau and carry on longer that the previous wave.

National organization response Ministry of Health and Sports (MoHS) is lead for response. The Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement (MoSWRR) plays critical role in determining humanitarian access and assistance to most vulnerable populations. Rakhine and Chin States in Myanmar continue to be hard to reach due to Government restrictions on access. The MoSWRR continues response efforts, and together with national and international partners, delivered hygiene items to IDP camps, and provided awareness sessions and psychosocial support. 515 Burma has the ability to test for COVID-19 infections domestically, according to the US embassy. There has been no change in the availability of fuel or water in Burma due to COVID-19 but the pandemic has

512 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=twwMY081NH8%3d&portalid=0 513 https://www.adrc.asia/view_disaster_en.php?NationCode=104&Lang=en&Key=2345 514 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=twwMY081NH8%3d&portalid=0 515 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Myanmar%20-%20%20COVID-19%20Situation%20report%20No%203.pdf

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disrupted the supply of some imported food. Criminal penalties exist for violating Burma’s disease-control efforts, the embassy cautions.516 According to the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the border with Thailand was expected to re-open on 1 May to allow an estimated 20,000 to 50,000 migrant returns. The Myanmar Government requested to the Thai Government to only allow 2,500 returnees per day through the Myawaddy border gate; however, due to an extension of the Emergency Decree in Thailand until 31 May, returns have been delayed. The government, UN and other actors are closely observing the situation in order to provide support. It is expected that approximately 2,000 returning migrants will be quarantined in Myawaddy, while the remainder will be transported from the border to their home communities for community-based quarantine, the IOM reports.517 Preparedness and response efforts, as well as risk communication and community engagement by government and humanitarian partners continue.518 Myanmar health authorities have been planning to accelerate preventive and control measures against Dengue this year, an official from the Public Health Department said. Efforts are being focused, especially in Yangon, Mandalay regions and Mon state.519 Information on disaster management is available in CFE-DM’s Myanmar DM Reference Handbook: https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=S8aQJk6cuzE%3d&portalid=0

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) On 20 April, the World Bank approved a US$50 million loan for the Myanmar COVID-19 Emergency Response Project.520 According to OCHA, while maintaining ongoing operations, humanitarian organizations continue to scale up COVID-19 prevention and response preparedness activities in camps, displacement sites and conflict-affected areas, as well as activities in support of the government to provide basic assistance to returning migrant workers in quarantine facilities.521 Over 60,300 migrant workers had returned from abroad as of 23 April, according to the IOM.522 IOM continues to support the MOHS and State/Region Health Departments in Kachin, Rakhine, Mon, Kayin and Yangon in surveillance and health screenings near points of entry.523 According to IOM, over 4,000 migrants returned to Kachin State, mainly from China. An additional 6,207 returned to northern Shan State through Muse Nan Taw, Muse Chinshwehaw and Mongla. IOM states that 65,613 migrants have expressed intention to re-migrate to Thailand once the border reopens. IOM reported that due to the delayed re-opening of the Thai-Myanmar border, only 218 returns through official channels occurred from 1-7 May, according to the Department of Labour. IOM and partners provided hygiene kits and WASH supplies to returnees.524 International Labour Organization and local partners provided hygiene items in Kachin, Shan and Kayin states, in Bago and Tanintharyi regions, and Yangon. UNHCR is providing assistance in Kachin, northern Shan State and in the Southeast; WFP coordinating with the Kayin State Government to provide meals to returning migrants.525

516 https://mm.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 517 https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/iom-myanmar-covid-19-response-situation-report-3-1-may-2020 518 https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-covid-19-situation-report-no-03-4-may-2020 519 https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/preventive-and-control-measures-against-dengue-accelerated 520 https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-covid-19-situation-report-no-03-4-may-2020 521 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Myanmar%20-%20%20COVID-19%20Situation%20report%20No%203.pdf 522 https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-covid-19-situation-report-no-03-4-may-2020 523 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Myanmar%20-%20%20COVID-19%20Situation%20report%20No%203.pdf 524 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/IOM%20Myanmar%20COVID19%20Sitrep%20%234%20%289%20May%202020%29.pdf 525 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/IOM%20Myanmar%20COVID19%20Sitrep%20%234%20%289%20May%202020%29.pdf

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The UNDP and the UNHCR agreed with the government of Myanmar to extend the tripartite Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for activities in Rakhine State through June 2021. The MoU aims at “helping create a conducive environment for the voluntary, safe, dignified and sustainable repatriation of Rohingya refugees from Bangladesh as well as supporting recovery and resilience-based development for the benefit of all communities living in the three northern townships of Rakhine State,” UNDP and UNHCR report.526 World Vision Myanmar supported the Township Health Departments and General Administration Departments (GAD) across conflict-affected areas and provided 2,660 sets of personal protective equipment (PPE), 8,360 masks and 480 thermometers.527 WFP is coordinating the consolidated procurement of PPE for humanitarian organizations and is arranging chartered flights connecting Yangon to Kuala Lumpur on a weekly basis in May. The service will provide access for humanitarian workers and help transport humanitarian cargo. According to OCHA, WFP is promoting the use of its newly established Consolidation Hub in Guangzhou, China to humanitarian partners for storing and shipping COVID-19-related humanitarian cargo.528 The Myanmar Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP) “provides a framework for coordinated, needs-based and prioritized action in Myanmar.” The plan is developed by the Myanmar Humanitarian Country Team (HCT), under the Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator (RC/HC). The plan can be found here: https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-humanitarian-response-plan-2020-december-2019 A COVID-19 Addendum to the 2020 HRP has been added for an initial period of three months, that outlines priority preparedness and response, in particular in Chin, Kachin, Kayin, Rakhine and Shan states. According to OCHA, “the total caseload includes the existing HRP target (850,000) and an emergency support for 50,000 returning migrant workers. Response will be mobilized through existing humanitarian coordination structures (including clusters/sectors) with additional requirements for Logistics. An inter-sectoral Rapid Response Mechanism is also being established. US$46 million will be required to implement priority activities in regard to COVID-19 in high risk areas, in addition to the $216.3 million requested through the existing HRP (total $262.3m).”529 According to OCHA, the Health cluster adapted programs and prioritized infection prevention and control measures to ensure essential services are delivered in HRP target areas.530 The Germany based NGO Arche noVa reports that it has supplied masks to the MOH, started a COVID-19 awareness campaign, and provided hygiene supplies in Lashio and Rakhine state.531 Emergency food aid from the WFP have reached communities stranded for months in Paletwa in southern Chin State, located near the border with Rakhine state. Some 3,700 conflict-affected people will receive food. Supply routes going into Paletwa have been cut off due to fighting. The delivery was hampered on 29 April, when a convoy of five WFP contracted trucks carrying aid was fired on by unidentified gunmen.532 UNFPA (United Nations sexual and reproductive health agency), has delivered 350 sets of PPE to Kachin State Health Department. UNFPA is also working on delivering 1,500 sets of PPE for the State Health Departments from Kachin, Northern, Shan, Rakhine, Mon and Kayin States supported by the Women and Girls First Programme and Access to Health.533 WFP will operate its first weekly humanitarian flight linking Yangon and Kuala Lumpur on 10 May to bring in priority cargo and support frontline humanitarian and health responders in Myanmar. Each flight is able to accommodate two MT of humanitarian cargo and up to 100 passengers. 534

526 https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/undp-unhcr-and-government-union-myanmar-extend-memorandum-understanding 527 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Myanmar%20-%20%20COVID-19%20Situation%20report%20No%203.pdf 528 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Myanmar%20-%20%20COVID-19%20Situation%20report%20No%203.pdf 529 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Myanmar%20-%20%20COVID-19%20Situation%20report%20No%203.pdf 530 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Myanmar%20-%20%20COVID-19%20Situation%20report%20No%203.pdf 531 https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/coronavirus-emergency-aid-worldwide-current-preventive-measures-myanmar-and-syria 532 https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/wfp-food-reaches-communities-affected-conflict-and-hunger-remote-paletwa-chin-state 533 https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/unfpa-scales-its-support-myanmar-s-state-and-regional-health-departments-fighting 534 https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/wfp-myanmar-covid-19-situation-report-04-6-may-2020

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On 10 May, the first flight brought 10,000 COVID-19 test kits, the first batch of 20,000 kits, reagents and viral transport medium that UNICEF has procured as part of its ongoing support to the MoHS. EU and Switzerland are providing financial support.535 On 9 May, to mark Europe Day, EU Ambassador Kristian Schmidt handed over food and supplies to 550 health workers at the government hospitals of Wai Bar Gyi and South Okkapala.536 WFP, with UNICEF, UNHCR, and UNFPA, is designing a Rapid Response Mechanism for Myanmar to be activated in case of need. The package may include food assistance, drinking water and hygiene kits, and will aim to link to Government social protection assistance.537 WFP is planning a UN COVID-19 Socio-Economic Workstream, co-leading the social protection pillar with UNICEF and the community resilience pillar with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).538 WFP, in close coordination with other actors in the Nutrition in Emergency (NiE) Sector, has developed a guidance package on emergency nutrition response in the context of COVID-19.539 Myanmar Red Cross: Myanmar Red Cross Society (MRCS), in close coordination with the MoHS and with the support of IFRC Myanmar Country Office, is leading the Red Cross and Red Crescent’s response to COVID-19 in Myanmar. MRCS has 44,000 community-based volunteers through its 330 branches in the country. With the auxiliary role to the government in humanitarian activities by the national law, MRCS has closely coordinated with MoHS both at national, regional, and township levels. Food: According to OCHA, since the beginning of April, WFP has shifted its emergency relief assistance to a two- month ration in the majority of its operational areas and a three-month ration in hard-to-reach areas in Kachin, Kayin, Rakhine and northern Shan.540

Country-specific planning considerations Quarantine Centers: As of 2 May, around 42,600 people had been quarantined in over 8,300 facilities across the country.541 According to MoHS, in conflict-affected areas, 461 facilities host over 3,500 people in Shan, 518 facilities host over 5,700 people in Kachin, 367 facilities host more than 230 people in Kayin and 209 facilities host around 2,000 people in Rakhine.542 WFP is providing emergency food and nutrition assistance to 14,400 people in quarantine sites in Kayin, Mon and Yangon. WFP also delivered meal boxes to 800 people who completed facility quarantine in Hpa An Township in Kayin. WFP plans to provide cooked meals for 15,000 migrant returnees in quarantine sites in Hpa An, Kyarinseikgyi and Myawaddy townships in Kayin State for the 21-day quarantine period, in addition to a one-time meal for an estimated 30,000 migrant returnees who may cross the Thai-Myanmar border in Myawaddy. 543 Health: On 21 April, the Government opened a new medical center in Hlegu Township of Yangon able to treat up to 600 patients, with the possibility to expand to up to 2,000 patients. The facility has four intensive care units (ICU) capable to support 40 patients, and a special ward with two oxygen therapy rooms for 240 patients. Given the high proportion of confirmed cases and limited ICU beds in Yangon, the government has also repurposed a training facility into a medical center.544 Myanmar utilizes a community-based health care system. Hospitals vary in size by district and range from 16 to 300 beds with a provider-to-patient ratio of about 2:1. EXTREME shortages of health care

535 https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/united-nations-launches-european-unionswitzerland-funded-humanitarian-flights-first 536 https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/eu-ambassador-marks-europe-day-myanmar-donation-health-workers 537 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Myanmar%20COVID-19%20External%20Sitrep%20%234%20%286%20May%202020%29.pdf 538 https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/wfp-myanmar-covid-19-situation-report-04-6-may-2020 539 https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/wfp-myanmar-covid-19-situation-report-04-6-may-2020 540 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Myanmar%20-%20%20COVID-19%20Situation%20report%20No%203.pdf 541 https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-covid-19-situation-report-no-03-4-may-2020 542 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Myanmar%20-%20%20COVID-19%20Situation%20report%20No%203.pdf 543 https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/wfp-myanmar-covid-19-situation-report-04-6-may-2020 544 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Myanmar%20-%20%20COVID-19%20Situation%20report%20No%203.pdf

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professionals. Somewhat updated facilities, but severely understaffed. Infection control measures not in place. 944 hospitals / 45,346 beds. Prisons: Myanmar will release 25,000 prisoners amid coronavirus fears.545 The country’s entire system of almost 100 prisons and labor camps has only 30 doctors and 80 nurses. Displaced: In Rakhine State – 130,000 IDPs in camps;546 In Shan State – 9,817 IDPs at 34 sites.547 As of 31 March, there were 138 IDP sites in Kachin State, with a total of 96,930 IDPs.548 For maps of IDP sites in Kachin and northern Shan states: https://reliefweb.int/map/myanmar/myanmar-idp-sites-kachin-state-31-march-2020. Some 4,000 people were forced to flee their homes on 21-22 April due to fighting in Minbya Township – the same township where a WHO driver died 20 April after his WHO vehicle came under gunfire (see “Security” section). There is also small-scale displacement in Kyauktaw and Ponnagyun townships.549 The Government announced a budget of 2.4 billion Myanmar Kyats (US$1.7million) for preventive measures in IDP camps.550 Myanmar contends with rebel groups in its borderlands, which have severely limited medical supplies and piecemeal COVID-19 containment plans – some led by armed groups and civil society groups. Some armed groups are procuring coronavirus test kits and building makeshift quarantine sites. The problems are magnified by extreme restrictions on aid in rebel-controlled areas.551 Health: UN will provide 50,000 sets of coveralls to the Ministry of Health and Sports. The coveralls are expected to be distributed to the frontline healthcare workers at state and regional levels, as well as to community-based organizations and ethnic health organizations. The Access to Health Fund is in process of delivering other PPE. Security: On 9 May Myanmar’s Tatmadaw has announced a four-month unilateral ceasefire to allow the country to fight COVID-19, but it excludes areas where the Arakan Army operates. The military said there will be a ceasefire from 10 May to 31 Aug with the aim of allowing the nation to carry out the containment, prevention and treatment of COVID-19.552553 On 20 April, a WHO driver was killed while driving a marked UN vehicle from Sittwe [Rakhine State’s capital] to Yangon, transporting COVID19 surveillance samples for the MoHS.554 Some armed groups have called for a ceasefire to prepare for the coronavirus, though military officials have rejected such proposals.555 The Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) has expressed concern over growing civilian fatalities as a result of fighting between Myanmar security forces and the United League of Arakan/Arakan Army (ULA/AA) — an ethnic Rakhine armed group fighting for greater autonomy in Rakhine state.556

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545 https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/coronavirus-asia-asean-live-updates-by-country/ 546 https://www.globalprotectioncluster.org/2020/04/29/covid-19-protection-risks-responses-situation-report-no-4-as-of-29-april-2020/ 547 https://reliefweb.int/map/myanmar/myanmar-idp-sites-kachin-state-29-february-2020 548 https://reliefweb.int/map/myanmar/myanmar-idp-sites-kachin-state-31-march-2020 549 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ROAP_Snapshot_200428.pdf 550 https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-covid-19-situation-report-no-03-4-may-2020 551 https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2020/04/21/Myanmar-coronavirus-Rakhine-Kachin-Karen-conflict 552 https://www.ucanews.com/news/myanmar-military-calls-unilateral-ceasefire-in-covid-19-fight/87983 553 https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-05-10/Myanmar-military-declares-ceasefire-for-COVID-19-fight-QngnEOEII8/index.html 554 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/attack-vehicle-killed-myanmar-driver-condemned-200422011858564.html 555 https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2020/04/21/Myanmar-coronavirus-Rakhine-Kachin-Karen-conflict 556 https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/coronavirus-cover-myanmar-civilians-under-fire

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As of 20 May 2020, Nauru has 0 confirmed cases of Government suspended On 16 March 2020, Government of Republic COVID-19. all international flights to Nauru’s President of Nauru website: Nauru except one every declared a state of http://www.naurugov.nr/ Republic of Nauru President Lionel Rouwen Aingimea stated other day to Brisbane emergency to manage TC Harold SITREP: on 15 March 2020, “Nauru is particularly vulnerable to with strict quarantine and minimize the impact threat of the coronavirus. The global impact indicates that Details affecting Pacific measures including 14 of COVID-19 effective for should the virus enter Nauru, the results could be Islands: devastating.” day quarantine. an initial 30 days. https://reliefweb.int/rep 14-day Quarantine Australia will provide ort/vanuatu/tropical- cyclone-harold-situation- The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Mandate for travelers AUD $4.5 million to assist Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) has designated Nauru a report-7-14-april-2020 with direct or indirect the Government of country at minimal risk for natural disasters however Nauru address the health involvement with a acknowledges it has a low capacity to respond due to its and economic impacts of *TC Harold has not had 557 vessel with confirmed small population and geographic isolation. the COVID-19 any impact to Nauru. coronavirus cases. pandemic.559 COVID-19 Case Database Any travelers with flu-like 200 refugees and asylum https://github.com/CSSE symptoms may be seekers in country GISandData/COVID-19 quarantined until cleared undergoing Australian

by Nauru Health off-shore processing.560 https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html Department.558

Disaster Risk: The INFORM Global Risk Index’s overall ranking for Nauru is 108 out of 191 countries (a lower number indicates higher risk) for natural disasters and humanitarian crises. Disaster risk in the last three years has been stable.561 Additionally, INFORM has a new COVID-19 Risk Index, which assesses “countries at risk from health and humanitarian impacts of COVID-19 that could overwhelm current national response capacity.” Nauru is in the “high” COVID risk class, based on its INFORM COVID-19 risk score of 5.2 on a scale of 1-10, where 10 indicates highest risk.562

National organization response

Nauru established the Department of National Emergency Services in 2016 also passing their Disaster Risk Management Act detailing the plan for disaster management and disaster risk reduction in the country.563

557 https://www.unocha.org/office-pacific-islands/nauru 558 https://fj.usembassy.gov/u-s-citizen-services/covid-19-information/ 559 http://www.naurugov.nr/government-information-office/gio-notices/wednesday,-15-april-2020.aspx 560 https://www.sbs.com.au/news/nauru-declares-state-of-emergency-to-manage-coronavirus-pandemic 561 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/Results-and-data/INFORM-2019-Results-and-data 562 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Epidemic 563 http://ronlaw.gov.nr/nauru_lpms/files/acts/d36677fea38c559c4ea7f5041735cf8e.pdf

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The Coronavirus Taskforce and the Nauru Police Force are working on a national response drill while the hospital is also working on its own drill. The MOH is expecting a second oxygen plant which will more than double oxygen capacity. The hospital is expected to receive testing kits on 1 May.564

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) The WHO in the Western Pacific is based in Manila, Philippines and there are several regional WHO Country Liaison Offices which provide support to Nauru.565 The WHO in the Pacific coordinates the COVID-19 Joint Incident Management Team (IMT), which has developed and is implementing a six-month Pacific Action Plan for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Preparedness and Response.566

Country-specific planning considerations A Migration Act with Australia could critically complicate persons contracting the COVID-19 virus and needing to seek emergency care services and or inundating services in country and needing to be medically evacuated to Australia. Particularly concerning are the 600 Australian refugee/asylum seekers currently detained in offshore processing centers in and Nauru. The ‘Medevac Bill’ was passed in February 2019 allowing refuges to be transferred to Australia for urgent medical treatment unavailable in Nauru. Prior to this bill, patients were delayed or denied medical transfers of against the recommendation of doctors for months or years impacting outcomes and in at least one instance resulting in a death that was deemed preventable if not for the significant delays.567 In December 2019, Australia repealed the medical evacuation law citing concerns about national security and concerns regarding the ability to obtain approval for medical transfers for this population have returned.568 This population being held in detention facilities are at greater risk due to their inability to practice recommended social distancing in the event of exposure to the virus.569

Evacuation Centers: Nauru has no confirmed COVID-19 cases as of 16 April, 2020.

Hospitals: Nauru has two hospitals: Nauru General Hospital is run by the government and Nauru Phosphate Corporation Hospital also known as the Republic of Nauru Hospital (RONH), which is state run and provides free medical and dental treatment for its citizens. Anyone with serious illnesses and injuries unable to be treated on island are sent by air to Australia. Additionally, the Republic of Nauru Pharmacy imports pharmaceuticals from Australia and Netherlands and suffers from frequent supply shortages and disruptions in distribution.570 These circumstances could critically challenge the country if affected by the virus.

Quarantine: A flight from Brisbane arrived 1 May with 27 passengers. They will be taken to the Meneñ Hotel and Anibare Village for a 14 day quarantine, along with one Nauruan fisheries observer who was waiting on a vessel at sea.571

Security: N/A Return to TOC

564 http://www.naurugov.nr/government-information-office/gio-notices/thursday,-30-april,-2020.aspx 565 https://www.who.int/nauru/about-us 566 https://www.who.int/westernpacific/about/how-we-work/pacific-support/news/detail/21-02-2020-pacific-steps-up-preparedness-against-covid-19 567 https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/08/23/australia-retain-emergency-medical-care-refugees# 568 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/dark-day-australia-repeals-medical-evacuation-refugees-191204004120084.html 569 https://reliefweb.int/report/australia/coronavirus-poses-added-risks-australia-s-immigration-detainees 570 http://www.naurugov.nr/government/departments/department-of-health-and-medicinal-service.aspx 571 http://www.naurugov.nr/government-information-office/gio-notices/thursday,-30-april,-2020.aspx

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NEPAL Return to TOC

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5.3 magnitude The nationwide lockdown is Ministry of Health earthquake struck extended through 2 June.575 and Population Nepal COVID-19 Total Case Trend central Nepal on 12 https://heoc.mohp.gov. A ‘timecard system’ implemented 10 np/update-on-novel- 500 May. No damages or May regulates the limited vehicular corona-virus-covid-19/ 450 loss of life reported.572 movement in Kathmandu Valley by Epidemiology and 400 Measles outbreaks mandating essential businesses only Control Division 350 have been reported in operate vehicles 2-3 hours/day at http://www.edcd.gov.np 576 / 300 several districts designated times. including in Kathmandu Civil Aviation 250 The government has extended the Authority 200 and Lalitpur. suspension on all domestic and http://caanepal.gov.np/ 150 Dept. of Immigration international flights until 14 June.577 COVID-19 Cases 100 suspended all visa 573 The borders with India and China are Database services until 7 May. 578 50 closed until further notice. https://github.com/CSSE The Logistics Cluster GISandData/COVID-19 0 Domestic movement restricted will provide storage Epidemiology and between municipalities, districts, service for medical Disease Control and provinces. supplies at three Division Weekly 2 Deaths – 427 confirmed cases as of 20 MAY Humanitarian Staging Emergency responders, security Bulletin: https://reliefweb.int/rep Areas (HSAs): forces, and UN staff are exempt ort/nepal/epidemiology- https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html 579 Kathmandu, Nepalgunj from the lockdown order. and-disease-control- and Dhangadhi division-early-warning- Hotel Association Nepal will keep all Airports.574 and-reporting-system- affiliated hotels shut until mid- ewars-40 OCT.580

Disaster Risk: The INFORM Global Risk Index’s overall ranking for Nepal is 44 out of 191 countries (lower number indicates higher risk) for disasters and humanitarian crises. Additionally, INFORM has a new COVID Risk Index, which identifies “countries at risk from health and humanitarian impacts of COVID-19 that could overwhelm current national response capacity.” Nepal is assessed as being in the High COVID risk class, based on a COVID risk of 5.1 on a scale of 1-10, where a higher number indicates higher risk. 581

National organization response: The High-Level Coordination Committee on Prevention and Control of Novel Coronavirus under the leadership of the Deputy Prime Minister and Defense Minister has established a COVID-19 Crisis Management Centre (CMC). Key function of the CMC is to deliver rapid responses to COVID-19.

572 https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/5-3-magnitude-earthquake-hits-nepal/articleshow/75710871.cms 573 http://www.nepalimmigration.gov.np/ 574 https://reliefweb.int/report/nepal/nepal-national-logistics-cluster-standard-operating-procedure-transport-and-storage 575 https://np.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 576 https://thehimalayantimes.com/business/time-card-system-implemented-from-sunday-delivery-services-comes-to-standstill/ 577 https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/covid19-nepal-extends-international-domestic-flight-ban-till-june-14/1841020 578 https://reliefweb.int/report/nepal/covid19-nepal-response-situation-report-no-vi-11-may-2020-banke-bardia-kailali 579 https://reliefweb.int/report/nepal/wfp-nepal-country-brief-march-2020 580 https://reliefweb.int/report/nepal/covid19-nepal-response-situation-report-no-vi-11-may-2020-banke-bardia-kailali 581 https://data.humdata.org/dataset/inform-covid-analysis-v01

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Ministry of Health Epidemiology and Control Division has released an SOP for case investigation and contact tracing: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1X_xo6Pgc8DLEJ97OAH3aF0pavBAwhmvV/view Coronavirus Prevention, Control and Treatment Fund (CPCTF) established by the federal government has been receiving funds from various organizations and individuals. The Ministry of Finance, on 27 April, introduced the second phase of a stimulus relief package for the public and businesses affected by the pandemic.582 With officials expanding testing, more cases are being reported from across the country. The government anticipates a rise in Covid-19 cases, 1,000 within a week and around 2,000 in 10 days. According to the Health Ministry, so far, 35,494 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests and 75,072 Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) have been carried out.583 According to the government’s early warning and reporting system (EWARS) weekly bulletin (17 May) nine cases of dengue were reported (five from Myagdi, three from Kaski and one from Kathmandu). Additionally, 113 cases of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) have been reported (these are separate from COVID-19 cases).584 According to a report by the Government of Finland, in 2019, remittances in Nepal accounted for some 26% of the country's GDP. The World Bank estimates that in 2020 remittances to Nepal may fall by 14% (approximately US$1.2 billion). According to the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the number of Nepalese migrant workers in Malaysia, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait is estimated to be 1.5 million. An estimated 3–4 million are working in India.585 With the country under lockdown, routine measles immunization programs have been affected in several districts. The MOHP suspended measles-rubella vaccination drives for an indefinite period after the lockdown. Due to the rise in cases, the Ministry has begun asking local health facilities to resume regular vaccination programs.586 WFP, as the lead of the Logistics Cluster, is coordinating closely with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Health Directorate on the possibility of consolidating shipments of COVID-19 related health supplies from China planned by the government and other partners. The Cluster has also finalized a health facility assessment in six provinces.587 The government said it will restrict people’s movement into Kathmandu valley, but despite the lockdown, there are reports that hundreds of people are entering from various parts of the country, according to a report by The Tribune India.588 Nepal on 8 May began a new session of its parliament as the country entered the 46th day of a nationwide lockdown. The previous day, health workers took samples of lawmakers to conduct lab tests as a precautionary measure.589 A report from the Kathmandu Post says that some Nepali officials are worried that hundreds of crews and cargo trucks being let in from India to deliver supplies to Nepal might result in further spread of COVID-19. The concerns come after the government relaxed some lockdown measures, allowing factories to resume production. According to the mayor of Birgunj Metropolitan City, the number of cargo trucks entering the country via the Birgunj- Raxaul border point has reached around 700 daily and each truck carries at least two to three people. Hundreds of cargo trucks are also entering the country via several other border entries such as in Bhairahawa and Nepalgunj.590 Almost 4,500 tourists are still stranded in Nepal according to the Nepal Tourism Board (NTB). Around 10,000 tourists were in the country at the beginning of the lockdown, but around 5,500 have since returned. All flights have been suspended since March 22 and only flights with special permission from the Civil Aviation Authority are allowed to fly.591

582 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/DCA_SITREP%20%23V%20_4%20May%2C%202020_Final.padf 583 https://kathmandupost.com/health/2020/05/20/nepal-s-covid-19-tally-reaches-427-after-the-confirmation-of-25-new-cases 584 https://reliefweb.int/report/nepal/epidemiology-and-disease-control-division-early-warning-and-reporting-system-ewars-43 585 https://reliefweb.int/report/nepal/vital-remittances-nepal-risk-due-coronavirus-outbreak-says-ambassador-pertti-anttinen 586 https://reliefweb.int/report/nepal/measles-outbreaks-reported-five-districts-including-kathmandu-and-lalitpur-last-one 587 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/WFP-0000114431.pdf 588 https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/covid-19-pandemic-nepal-extends-lockdown-till-may-18-81177 589 https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/nepal-begins-parliament-session-amid-covid-19-lockdown/1833923 590 https://kathmandupost.com/national/2020/05/10/officials-warn-rise-in-number-of-cargo-trucks-entering-nepal-raises-the-risk-of- coronavirus 591 http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-05/11/c_139048365.htm

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The government has released its “National Policy and Strategic Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction and Management 2018-2030.”The document can be found here: https://reliefweb.int/report/nepal/national-policy-and- strategic-action-plan-disaster-risk-reduction-and-management-2018 (Not directly COVID-19 related but is a key national disaster risk reduction document that details the key priority actions in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction priorities for action [SFDRR]). The related National Policy for Disaster Risk Reduction 2018 can be found here: https://reliefweb.int/report/nepal/national-policy-disaster-risk-reduction-2018-enne Information on disaster management is available in CFE-DM’s Nepal DM Reference Handbook: https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=YydG2a5IWvY%3d&portalid=0

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) The National Logistics Cluster (NLC) has released a document which explains the scope of the logistics services provided by the NLC: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/nepal_national_logistics_cluster_covid-19_sop_200419.pdf The Swiss government on 8 May gave the government 30,000 PCR tests.592 The Nepali Times reported on 8 May, two Chinese flights taking back Chinese tourists stranded in Nepal brought in medical equipment including 10,000 KN95 masks, 338,000 disposable surgical masks and 9,000 PPE donated by the Chinese Embassy and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China.593 World Vision International Nepal (WVIN) has developed a response plan to support the government’s efforts. Children’s interests are the main focus of the plan, and the response will be initially implemented across 14 districts.594 WVIN has also donated PPEs and hygiene kits.595 The UN in Nepal has released “Rumours and Facts on COVID-19” brochures to help combat misinformation on COVID-19. The latest issue can be found here: http://un.org.np/sites/default/files/rumour-tracking_Issue3.pdf The World Bank has approved a fast-track US$29 million COVID-19 Emergency Response and Health Systems Preparedness Project to help Nepal prevent, detect, and respond to the COVID-19 pandemic and strengthen its public health preparedness.596 On 6 May the International Monetary Fund (IMF) approved a US$214 Million Disbursement.597 UNICEF warns that as the pandemic continues to weaken the health system, an estimated 4,000 children could die in Nepal in the next six months without urgent action. The number of children dying before their fifth birthdays is going to increase for the first time in decades if action not taken, UNICEF warns.598 UNICEF Report on COVID-19 response in South Asia: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UNICEF%20ROSA%20COVID- 19%20Situation%20Report%20No.%205%20-%2031%20March-7%20April%202020.pdf On 4 May, the UN released its “Strategic Summary 2019” for Nepal. (While not directly COVID-19 related, the plan gives a good overview of the UN strategic plan towards development in Nepal): https://reliefweb.int/report/nepal/strategic-summary-2019 Nepal Red Cross Society is responding to COVID-19 with ambulance and blood transfusion services, ensuring Personal Protective Equipment for front line workers, psychological support, and Red Cross Emergency Clinics.599 NRCS Emergency Operation Centre (EOC) was activated on 6 February. Community Based Health and First Aid

592 https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/nepal-confirms-three-new-coronavirus-cases-total-infections-reach-102-health- ministry/articleshow/75629816.cms 593 https://www.nepalitimes.com/latest/swiss-pcrs-for-nepal-covid-19-testing/ 594 https://reliefweb.int/report/nepal/nepal-covid-19-response 595 https://reliefweb.int/report/nepal/world-vision-international-nepal-supported-1000-personal-protective-equipment-ppes-and 596 https://reliefweb.int/report/nepal/government-nepal-and-world-bank-sign-29-million-financing-agreement-nepal-s-covid-19 597 https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/05/07/pr20209-nepal-imf-executive-board-approves-us-million-disbursement-address-covid-19- pandemic 598 https://reliefweb.int/report/nepal/covid19-nepal-response-situation-report-no-vii-18-may-2020-banke-bardia-kailali 599 https://reliefweb.int/report/nepal/covid19-nepal-response-situation-report-no-vi-11-may-2020-banke-bardia-kailali

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(CBHFA) volunteers are on the ground in Palpa and Arghakhanchi districts with the financial support of the Australian Red Cross doing COVID-19 related awareness activities.600 On 17 May India gave Nepal 30,000 PCR test kits.601 DanChurchAid (DCA) is providing food aid, medical and hygiene supplies in central and western Nepal.602

Country-specific planning considerations

Quarantine Centers: Established in various parts of Nepal, centers lack basic facilities (bedding, toilet, drinking water) including safety gear (PPE) for health practitioners deployed to those locations. (Source: Preliminary report on the epidemic of corona virus, Informal Sector Service Center [INSEC]).

Displaced Populations: According to the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), there are 29,000 IDP (2019) in Nepal.603

Health: Local governments in more remote regions of Nepal have asked Tribhuvan University for help in carrying out tests. The university has sent testing equipment, experts and volunteers to help in at least three provinces.604 The GoN has designated a total of 25 hospitals across the country for the treatment of COVID-19.605 Including the National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), Teku, COVID-19 lab test services has been expanded to 19 other institutions across the country, with at least one lab in each province.606 On 12 May, Nepal recorded its largest single-day spike in COVID-19 infections with 83 new cases. Nepal has increased testing, performing more rapid diagnostic tests that only test for antibodies than Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests. The lockdown implemented 24 March stranded people at the border, including many migrant Nepalis who entered informally.607 Total 1,029 ICU beds and 552 ventilators are available in the country. Of this, 278 ICU beds and 250 ventilators are in Kathmandu Valley and 751 ICU beds and 302 ventilators in other districts (Source: Ministry of Health and Population (SITREP#51). Severe shortages of health care professionals. Infection control measures not in place. 84 government hospitals / 5,025 beds total. Increased concern for pregnant women facing limited access to maternal health care due to movement restrictions, transportation challenges and anxiety over exposure to the virus.608 A 50-bed Special Hospital has been established in Dhangadhi, Sudurpaschim Province.609

Security: According to the Nepal Police Headquarters, sexual assault and domestic violence have increased. Over the 40 days through 1 May, at least 158 girls and women have reported sexual assault, 272 people have committed suicide, and 182 other cases of domestic violence including child abuse, have been reported.610 The Hindustan Times reported that a group of Chinese nationals stranded in Nepal due to the lockdown clashed with police as they tried to reach the Prime Minister’s Office in Kathmandu. Nepal police said 45 had been arrested.611 Several people harassed a health worker traveling in a car at Nagdhunga check post 16 May, resulting in one being arrested.612 Return to TOC

600 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/NRCS-COVID-19-Prepardness-and-Response-situation-updateSitrep-74.pdf 601 https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/nepal-thanks-india-for-providing-medical-supplies-to-fight-covid-19/article31606721.ece 602 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/DCA_COVID-19_SITREP%20%23VII_18%20May%2C%202020.pdf 603 https://www.internal-displacement.org/countries/nepal 604 https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20200508091926245 605 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ADRANepal_COVID-19_SitRep_03.pdf 606 https://reliefweb.int/report/nepal/covid19-nepal-response-situation-report-no-vii-18-may-2020-banke-bardia-kailali 607 https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/nepals-covid-19-struggle-continues-amid-a-concerning-surge/ 608 https://reliefweb.int/report/nepal/nepal-covid-19-turning-pregnancy-excitement-fear 609 https://reliefweb.int/report/nepal/covid19-nepal-response-situation-report-no-vii-18-may-2020-banke-bardia-kailali 610 https://reliefweb.int/report/nepal/covid19-nepal-response-situation-report-no-v-may-4-2020-banke-bardia-kailali-kanchanpur 611 https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/45-chinese-nationals-in-nepal-demand-flights-to-go-home-throw-stones/story- IHVldc3ZR9gMTF3dFEcZmJ.html 612 https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/one-held-for-harassing-health-worker/

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NEW ZEALAND Return to TOC

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All travelers entering New New Zealand declared a Government of New Zealand must go into 14-day State of National Emergency Zealand website: New Zealand COVID-19 managed isolation in a on 25 March 2020 due to https://www.govt.nz/ government-provided (hotel) COVID-19 and extended it Total Case Trend facility or if exhibiting COVID- weekly thereafter. Edict Government of New 1560 19 symptoms, go to a covers all of New Zealand, Zealand COVID-19 site: quarantine facility (hospital). including the Chatam Islands, https://covid19.govt.nz/ 1540 Individuals may not self- Stewart Island and other includes Travel updates, 1520 isolate at home or take a offshore islands. Alerts, best practices and

1500 domestic flight until 14-day video & transcripts of period is complete. On 28 April, New Zealand daily media conferences. 1480 During Level 4 Alert, reduced its Restriction Level 1460 domestic travel is only from 4 to 3, and 400,000 Overview of Alert Levels New Zealanders (75% of the 1440 permitted to transport in New Zealand: economy) are returning to 1420 passengers performing https://covid19.govt.nz/ essential services and work. Testing continues with alert-system/covid-19- 1400 capacity to test 8000 per transport of freight. 614 alert-system/#covid-19- Foreign nationals in NZ can day. It will hold Level 3 for alert-system travel via air to return to two weeks and then plans to their home country. review cases with intent to COVID-19 Case Database reopen businesses and https://github.com/CSSE 21 Deaths – 1,503 confirmed cases as of 20 MAY 615 Scheduled flights available schools after 11 May. GISandData/COVID-19 from Auckland, Wellington, Government has tested https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html Christchurch, Dunedin and New Zealand Emergency Nelson. 74,401 people to date with plans to expand pool of Preparedness Site, ‘GET No ferries are available at testing. READY’: this time.613 https://getready.govt.nz/

Disaster Risk: New Zealand’s overall INFORM model risk ranking is 162 out of 191 countries (a lower number indicates higher risk). Disaster risk in the last three years has been stable.616 Cyclone season runs from November to April.617 The country is exposed to natural hazards including volcanoes, earthquakes, damaging winds, tsunamis, floods, snow, landslides, storm surges and coastal erosion.618 Additionally, INFORM has a new COVID-19 Risk Index, which assesses “countries at risk from health and humanitarian impacts of COVID-19 that could overwhelm current national response capacity.” New Zealand is in the “low” COVID risk class, based on its risk score of 2.1/10 (10 being highest risk).619

National organization response The National Crisis Management Centre activated a national response to COVID-19 including an Operational Command Centre for day-to-day coordination of response activities across the nation. Additionally, the COVID-19

613 https://covid19.govt.nz/ 614 https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/28/asia/new-zealand-coronavirus-outbreak-elimination-intl-hnk/index.html 615 https://covid19.govt.nz/latest-updates/new-zealand-be-at-alert-level-3-from-tuesday-28-april/ 616 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/Results-and-data/INFORM-2019-Results-and-data 617 https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/10/new-zealanders-warned-to-prepare-as-cyclone-season-bears-down-on-the-country.html 618 https://www.rnz.co.nz/collections/natural-hazards/natural-hazards-in-new-zealand 619 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Epidemic

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Ministerial Group (CVD) was established by Cabinet to coordinate and direct the government response to the pandemic. On 25 March the Government declared a State of Emergency and issued an Epidemic Management Notice (COVID-19) 2020. The National Action Plan for COVID-19 response was published 1 April 2020.620 Additionally, the NZ Government announced a $12.1 billion NZ dollar economic package to include $500 million for health, $8.7 billion in support of businesses and jobs and $2.8 billion for income support and boosting consumer spending.621 The Ministry of Health also made provisions for financial medical assistance to individuals and families.622 Additionally, the Civil Defence Emergency Management Group set up a dedicated Healthline for COVID-19 related issues, 0800-358-5453 for those struggling to secure food, medication, and/or supplies. Civil Defense information is at: https://www.civildefence.govt.nz/resources/news-and-events/news/cdem-group-0800-numbers-for-supporting- communities/ The National Emergency Management Agency is the managing body for risk reduction and response.623

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the New Zealand Red Cross is providing essential and support services including: delivering 11,000 meals via Meals on Wheels program; delivering medical supplies from pharmacies to vulnerable people advised not to leave their homes; providing daily remote check-ins to over 350 former refugee families across the country; translating the Ministry of Health’s COVID-19 messaging into 13 different languages; Assisting health professionals at COVID-19 testing centers; Sharing safety messages with communities as part of a nationwide effort; and providing emotional and social wellbeing support.624 Additionally, The United Nations Children’s Fund New Zealand (UNICEF NZ) and The Salvation Army have collaborated to assist New Zealanders who are facing unemployment due to the COVID-19 Level 4 lock down and may struggle to provide their families with food. The organizations are providing urgent food and hygiene supplies and accepting donations via, The Salvation Army’s Foodbank Project.625

Country-specific planning considerations New Zealand’s ‘Get Ready’ website details emergency preparation and prevention for all communities, with information regarding all aspects of hazards and available assistance. https://getready.govt.nz/. Health: New Zealand reported no new cases of the coronavirus on 4 May 2020, marking the first time since the outbreak took hold in mid-March that the country has reported zero new cases. Director-General of Health Ashley Bloomfield said it was encouraging, but it won’t be known until later this week if new cases continue to emerge.626 New Zealand took an aggressive approach early on by closing borders and imposing a month-long lockdown in late March when there were only about 100 confirmed cases in the country.627New Zealand has 40 public hospitals and (additional private hospitals) providing care for emergency, medical, surgical, and maternity services. The country counts 3,500 general practitioner doctors throughout New Zealand.628 Quarantine Facilities: Over 150 people were held at the Whangaparaoa Military Training Facility in February for 2 weeks after returning to NZ via airplane after evacuating from Wuhan, China. The military training base located in north Auckland.629 Subsequently, the Government have recommended self-isolation at home or in a hotel for returning travelers or symptomatic persons. Security: In New Zealand, medical staff are increasingly reporting being spat at by members of the public during the lockdown.630 Return to TOC

620 https://covid19.govt.nz/assets/resources/legislation-and-key-documents/COVID-19-national-action-plan-2-issued-1-April.pdf 621 https://shorthand.radionz.co.nz/coronavirus-timeline/index.html 622 https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/409753/people-struggle-to-find-places-to-self-quarantine-amid-coronavirus-outbreak 623 https://www.civildefence.govt.nz/ 624 https://www.redcross.org.nz/what-we-do/in-new-zealand/covid-19/ 625 https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/414145/unicef-teams-with-the-salvation-army-to-support-nz-children-in-need 626 https://apnews.com/eac93d97ca3d30cd114eb57584d1dc05 627 https://apnews.com/2aad9ddddce1492f4e2068c092e65fa7 628 https://www.newzealandnow.govt.nz/living-in-nz/healthcare/healthcare-services 629 https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/409831/coronavirus-quarantine-at-whangaparaoa-military-base-ends-for-first-group-of-evacuees 630 http://insecurityinsight.org/

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NORTH KOREA (DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA) Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Planning Considerations Affected State Measures/Access Information Case Trend Resources

As of 20 May, North Korea intelligence is difficult to obtain, North Korea is at a level 4: Do Not COVID-19 Confirmed North Korea U.S. and South Korean intelligence have Travel advisory. This is due to the Cases https://github.com/C (DPRK) has not struggled to create an accurate picture of serious risk of arrest and long-term what is happening within its borders.631 SSEGISandData/COVI reported any detention of U.S. nationals and the D-19

634 COVID-19 cases. 632 global impact of COVID-19. The population is 25 million and the Flight Restrictions: country shares a 930-mile border with China, Flight Restrictions: North Korea shut https://travel.state.go where the coronavirus emerged. down its border with China (all flights v/content/travel/en/t

and trains) in January and has raveladvisories/travel The country is vulnerable to epidemics cancelled flights. advisories/north- korea-travel- because of the poor public health system and advisory.html the international sanctions imposed over its DPRK reports 740 coronavirus tests

nuclear weapons and ballistic missile returned negative and thousands https://coronavirus.j programs, which make it hard to ship aid released from quarantine.635 hu.edu/map.html there.633

Disaster Risk Overall INFORM model risk ranking for North Korea is 55 out of 191 countries. (Lower number indicates higher risk.)636 Recurrent natural disasters, such as droughts and floods, significantly impacts farming, food production, and affects overall food security. In July-August of 2018, there was a severe heat wave (up to 11 degrees hotter than average) in the provinces considered to be the ‘food basket’ of the country. Typhoons and tropical storms also affect the country although less frequently. In August 2018, brought heavy rains to South Hamgyong and Kangwon provinces, as well as flash floods to North and South Hwanghae provinces.637 In September 2019, Tropical Cyclone Lingling made landfall as a category one cyclone and affected the population.638 According to a new Global Health Security Index, North Korea is among the least prepared states to handle an epidemic or pandemic outbreak.639 Additionally, North Korea’s INFORM COVID-19 risk is 4.7/10 indicating medium risk (10 being the highest).640

National organization response Disaster management in the country is not very transparent and there is no official national response system.641 A Bureau for Disaster Management was created in 2013 under the State Planning Committee. At the same time Departments for Disaster Management (DDM) were established. In 2014 a DPRK Law on Disaster Prevention, Rescue and Rehabilitation, was created. The Bureau for Disaster Management was integrated in the State

631 https://www.newsweek.com/who-kim-jong-uns-sister-north-korea-leaders-reported-health-problems-push-kim-yo-jong-focus-1499135 632 https://www.who.int/countries/prk/en/ 633 https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/21/world/asia/coronavirus-north-korea-trump-kim.html 634 https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/north-korea-travel-advisory.html 635 https://www.foxnews.com/world/north-korea-claims-740-coronavirus-tests-come-back-negative 636 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/Results-and-data/INFORM-2019-Results-and-data 637 https://www.undp.org/content/dam/unct/dprk/docs/DPRK_NP_2019_Final.pdf 638 https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-peoples-republic-korea/dpr-korea-needs-and-priorities-2020-issued-april-2020 639 https://www.ghsindex.org/ 640 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Epidemic 641 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6717143/

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Committee on Emergencies and Disaster Management (SCDEM), which since then took the lead in overlooking the DRM system at the national level.642 There is a community-based disaster preparedness (CBDP) program in the country which has helped establish early warning systems and evacuation plans.643 Related non- governmental organizations (NGOs), such as the Korea Disaster Safety Network, the Korea Disaster Relief Association, the Community Chest of Korea, and others, have been set up.644 The DPRK Red Cross is a member of the cabinet-level National Disaster Coordinating Commission (NDCC), which oversees the coordinated response in major emergencies, and of the province-level disaster management working groups, working alongside representatives of the government departments. The Red Cross Society of the DPRK has a disaster management mandate in the country as the only non-governmental agency auxiliary to the government in disaster response. In 1998 it established a separate disaster management department to focus on preparing individuals and communities for natural disasters and, where they occur, to reduce their impact. The Red Cross has pre- positioned emergency stocks for 27,000 families in seven warehouses, for immediate deployment in case of disaster.645

North Korea has closed its borders. The head of U.S. forces in South Korea said in mid-March that North Korea had its military forces on lockdown for about 30 days and had recently resumed training.646 (Note: North Korea’s leader Kim Jong Un has had recent health conditions, undergoing cardiovascular surgery this week, that have brought him out of the public temporarily but North Korea’s military status has remained unchanged.)647

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) Response to COVID-19: Basic medical equipment and supplies as well as trainings for emergency care providers and surgeons are sorely lacking, and half of the country’s health facilities lack sufficient access to water and sanitation. Since January, the regime reportedly reached out discreetly to China, Russia, NGOs, and UN agencies for equipment to limit COVID-19, and received donations of personal protective equipment, other medical supplies, and 1,500 testing kits from Russia.648 This week, the Red Cross called for a sanctions exemption that would let it transfer money to its office in North Korea.649 The UN Humanitarian Country Team, in conjunction with the Government, has developed a Country Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan (SPRP) for COVID-19 and aims to ensure continual prioritization of food security, nutrition, health, water, sanitation and hygiene interventions, are covered.650 The World Health Organization (WHO) is receiving “weekly updates” from North Korea’s health ministry and reported that the country had the capacity to test coronaviruses in its national reference laboratory in the capital Pyongyang. The WHO has sent supplies of protective equipment.651

Response to Other Health Needs: WHO provides technical guidance and logistical support to strengthen health facilities. UNFPA provides medicines, supplies, equipment, training, and emergency obstetric care to improve reproductive health, including maternal health and newborn survival. UNICEF provides equipment, medicine, vaccines, and capacity building of health facilities to support the Ministry of Public Health in maternal and child health. TGH supports the Korean Federation for Care of the Aged (KFCA) with training and capacity building for

642 https://dprkorea.un.org/sites/default/files/2019- 08/unct_kp_FAO%20DRR.Final%20draft_Roadmap_Enhancing%20Institutional%20Capacities%20in%20DRM%20for%20food%20security%20in%20the%20 DPRK.010615.pdf 643 https://www.ifrc.org/Global/Publications/disasters/reducing_risks/201300-North-Korea-Case-Study.pdf 644 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6717143/ 645 https://www.ifrc.org/Global/Publications/disasters/reducing_risks/201300-North-Korea-Case-Study.pdf 646 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-northkorea/north-korea-testing-quarantining-for-covid-19-still-says-no-cases-who- representative-idUSKBN21P3C2 647 https://www.newsweek.com/north-korea-admits-hardships-kim-jong-un-missing-1499557 648 https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/04/20/how-us-support-for-north-koreas-dire-medical-system-could-help-build-trust/ 649 https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/14/world/asia/coronavirus-north-korea-sanctions.html?action=click&module=RelatedLinks&pgtype=Article 650 https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-peoples-republic-korea/dpr-korea-needs-and-priorities-2020-issued-april-2020 651 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-northkorea/north-korea-testing-quarantining-for-covid-19-still-says-no-cases-who- representative-idUSKBN21P3C2

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improved elder care. Humanity & Inclusion (formerly Handicap International) collaborates with the Korean Federation for the Protection of the Disabled to support 11 health facilities and mobile camps to improve rehabilitation access and conditions for persons with disabilities, and provides assistive devices and training.652

Country-specific planning considerations Health: Despite the presence of health facilities throughout North Korea, there are critical shortages in essential medical equipment and life-saving medicines. The needs analysis estimates 8.7 million people have limited access to quality health services.653 According to the State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2019 report, almost half of the population is undernourished (47.8 % or 12.2 million people).654 Almost 10 million people do not have access to safe drinking water and 16% of people do not have access to basic sanitation facilities. This enhances the risk of high rates of disease, as well as malnutrition and also places increased pressure on the health system which lacks the essential equipment and medicines to address them.655

Quarantine: North Korea has reported nothing about how many people it may have quarantined or tested for the virus. However, the country has suspended international tourism and extended the quarantine period for people with coronavirus symptoms, from 14 days to 30 days.656 Reports do suggest that North Korea’s leadership has imposed quarantine measures as part of strict prevention measures.657 In response to past crisis like SARS and Ebola, North Korea has utilized quarantine measures to reduce exposure to international public health threats.658 Other reports suggest that there has been COVID-19 positive cases and potential deaths.659

Security: Some reports say that North Korean authorities had drastically stepped up border controls, even ordering guards to fire at those attempting to cross the border illegally.660 The U.S. State Dept. website advises that you do not travel to North Korea due to the serious risk of arrest and long-term detention of U.S. nationals. Individuals cannot use a U.S. passport to travel to, in, or through North Korea without a special validation from the Department of State. The U.S. government is unable to provide emergency services to U.S. citizens in North Korea as it does not have diplomatic or consular relations with North Korea. Sweden serves as the protecting power for the U.S. in North Korea, providing limited emergency services. The North Korean government routinely delays or denies Swedish officials’ access to detained U.S. citizens.661

USG: While North Korea reports that there are no confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the country, the U.S. had greenlit the delivery of certain goods to the largely closed-off country in an effort to ensure the country had access to critical supplies. The U.S. has also expressed alarm, and it encouraged American and international aid groups to help the North counter and contain the virus.662 In March, President Trump sent a letter to North Korea’s leader, Kim Jong Un, expressing his willingness to help the North battle the coronavirus.663 The U.S. also facilitated the approval of assistance from U.S. and international aid and health organizations.664 Return to TOC

652 https://data.humdata.org/dataset/hrp-projects-prk? 653 https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-peoples-republic-korea/dpr-korea-needs-and-priorities-2020-issued-april-2020 654 http://www.fao.org/3/ca5162en/ca5162en.pdf 655 https://www.undp.org/content/dam/unct/dprk/docs/DPRK_NP_2019_Final.pdf 656 https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/14/world/asia/coronavirus-north-korea-sanctions.html?action=click&module=RelatedLinks&pgtype=Article 657 https://thediplomat.com/2020/03/north-korea-flies-out-foreign-diplomats-amid-covid-19-concerns/ 658 https://www.cfr.org/blog/north-koreas-coronavirus-quarantine-more-effective-sanctions 659 https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/22/opinion/kim-jong-un-coronavirus-north-korea.html 660 https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/14/world/asia/coronavirus-north-korea-sanctions.html?action=click&module=RelatedLinks&pgtype=Article 661 https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/north-korea-travel-advisory.html 662 https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/14/world/asia/coronavirus-north-korea-sanctions.html?action=click&module=RelatedLinks&pgtype=Article 663 https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/04/20/how-us-support-for-north-koreas-dire-medical-system-could-help-build-trust/ 664 https://www.newsweek.com/us-fast-tracks-humanitarian-aid-help-north-korea-fight-coronavirus-1499032

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PALAU Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Planning Affected State Information Resources Case Trend Considerations Measures/Access

As of 20 May, Palau Typhoon season runs Government strongly discourages Palau government’s COVID-19 twice weekly situation has no confirmed June 1 – Nov. 30 large gatherings of more than 50 briefings can be found on the government’s Facebook people between 18 March and 30 page: COVID-19 cases. Dengue outbreak May.665 https://www.facebook.com/PalauPresident started Dec 2018. As of Sep 2019, 586 cases International flights have been WHO Country Cooperation Strategy 2018-2022 : and 2 deaths suspended until further notice.666 Palau: https://iris.wpro.who.int/handle/10665.1/13952 Small UN and INGO Health screening continues at Palau presence; Palau Red International Airport for chartered WHO Western Pacific COVID-19 page https://www.who.int/westernpacific/emergencies/co Cross and private aircrafts. Health screening vid-19 at Malakal seaport continues for USG with USAID/OFDA incoming vessels.667 COVID-19 Dashboard for the Western Pacific Region as lead likely to be a https://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/wprocovid19/ primary responder Suspected cases being treated at Belau National Hospital. Health information systems in the Pacific at a glance USARPAC Pacific 2016: Pathways program Palau had stopped all flights into the https://iris.wpro.who.int/handle/10665.1/13644 https://coronavirus.jhu.e continuing with island as of 26 March and prepared du/map.html Palauan Security Forces quarantine sites. MOH 24-hour COVID-19 Hotline for public inquiries: +680-488-0555.

Disaster Risk: Overall INFORM model risk ranking is 124 out of 191 countries (lower number indicates higher risk). A 3-yr trend indicates stable overall risk. INFORM also has a new COVID Risk Index, which identifies “countries at risk from health and humanitarian impacts of COVID-19 that could overwhelm current national response capacity.” Palau is assessed as being in the Medium COVID risk class, based on a COVID risk of 3.9 on a scale of 1-10, where a higher number indicates higher risk. 668

National organization response The National Emergency Management Office (NEMO) is lead DM agency. NEMO acts with the counsel of and in concert with the National Emergency Committee (NEC). The National Disaster Coordinator (NDC) is the coordinator of NEMO and assumes the overall control and coordination responsibilities of the National Emergency Committee (NEC). The Ministry of Health (MOH) is leading the COVID-19 response. The MOH Emergency Operations Center (EOC) activated on 22 January 2020.669 “Presidential Directive No. 20-39 –Imposing a moratorium on government travel to reduce the risk of COVID– 19 infection” was in effect until 30 April. The Directive ordered that no employee of the Executive Branch of the National Government shall undertake official international travel between March 18 and April 30, 2020, and that any employee who had traveled overseas should self-quarantine for 14 days upon return.670

665 https://pw.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 666 https://pw.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 667 http://www.palauhealth.org/2019nCoV_SitRep/MOH-COVID-19%20Daily%20Update.pdf 668 https://data.humdata.org/dataset/inform-covid-analysis-v01 669 http://www.palauhealth.org/2019nCoV_SitRep/MOH-COVID-19%20Daily%20Update.pdf 670 https://www.palaugov.pw/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Presidential-Directive-No.-20-39.pdf

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Palau is closed to tourism until the end of May. The government is arranging a United Airlines flight this month to allow stranded citizens and residents to return home. Scheduled for 21 May, the flight will fly from Guam and also facilitate the repatriation of stranded tourists and foreign workers from Palau.671 The Ministry of Community and Cultural Affairs (MCCA), Palau Visitors Authority (PVA), and the Social Security Administration (SSA) have been appointed to launch the 2020 Pandemic Re-employment Program (PREP) “to allow tourism-industry workers who have lost their employment due to COVID-19 to access temporary work improving Palau’s tourism infrastructure.”672 Information on DM in Palau is available in CFE-DM’s Palau Disaster Management Reference Handbook: https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BY6k6Au4FgU%3d&portalid=0 Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) WHO—Palau is part of the WHO Western Pacific team. (https://www.who.int/palau) The Taiwan government provided medical supplies and grants to Palau. Onsite testing is available in Palau due to the assistance of Taiwan through test kits, a PCR machine and medical training.673 A team of Taiwan health experts also assisted the country. Health Minister Emais Roberts said Palau was increasing its testing capabilities as more test kits were expected to arrive. "Somewhere along the line, we can test everybody," he said. Palau has a population of around 18,000.674 The COVID-19 Joint Incident Management Team (IMT), coordinated by WHO in the Pacific, and based out of Suva, Fiji. has developed and are implementing a six-month Pacific Action Plan for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Preparedness and Response. The WHO Information Network for Epidemics (EPI-WIN) is targeting tailored information for health care, travel and tourism, business, food and agriculture sectors and is planning to expand audiences over the coming weeks. (https://www.epi-win.com/)

Country-specific planning considerations Health: On-island testing for COVID-19 commenced on 14 April for priority groups. Belau National Hospital (BNH) has reduced non-essential services and clinics and is prepared for critically ill suspected cases. For ventilators, BNH has a 19 total expected capacity. An Alternative Care Site (ACS) is currently being prepared.675 Palau is still dealing with a dengue outbreak in the country. Ministry of Health’s Emergency Response Team was activated to respond to dengue outbreak. From December 1, 2018 - September 8, 2019 Palau recorded 586 dengue cases. In late January dengue outbreak was described as worsening (2073 cases as of Jan. 21). In response to the first laboratory-confirmed case of dengue fever in Majuro, the Ministry of Health and Human Services late Friday curtailed all passenger travel to remote outer islands. Hospitals: Health services are available at the Belau National Hospital, four community centers also known as super dispensaries, and four additional satellite dispensaries. Belau National Hospital is the country’s main health facility. The 80-bed hospital has been upgrading its facilities to mitigate vulnerability to disasters. The four community health centers (CHCs) – Northern CHC in Ngarchelong, Eastern CHC in Melekeok, Western CHC in Ngaremlengui, and Southern CHC in Peleliu – are overseen by the Division of Primary and Preventive Health Services. As of 2013 Palau was served by 26 physicians, and as of 2010 there were 120 nurses and midwives USAID/OFDA and FEMA: USAID/OFDA lead USG agency with funding from FEMA. In August 2019, USAID announced it would increase staff in Palau. DOD: Andersen AFB's 554th RED HORSE and 36th Civil Engineer Squadron Airmen deployed to Palau earlier this year to repair infrastructure and introduce plumbing so residents can have access to fresh water. In addition, medical Airmen from around the Pacific theater deployed to improve the overall health of the Palauans. Security: No reports of security incidents or unrest at this time. Return to TOC

671 https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/415672/who-s-exclusion-of-taiwan-endangers-covid-19-fight-palau 672 https://www.facebook.com/PalauPresident 673 https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/415672/who-s-exclusion-of-taiwan-endangers-covid-19-fight-palau 674 https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/415672/who-s-exclusion-of-taiwan-endangers-covid-19-fight-palau 675 http://www.palauhealth.org/2019nCoV_SitRep/MOH-COVID-19%20Daily%20Update.pdf

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PAPUA NEW GUINEA Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Case Trend Planning Affected State Information Considerations Measures/Access Resources

Cyclone season runs State of Emergency continues Flight & border restrictions: Papua New Guinea November to April, until 2 JUN. Parliament will https://pg.usembassy.gov/co COVID-19 Total Case Trend though a tropical cyclone meet a week prior to discuss vid-19-information/ 20 could form at any time. any extension.676 PNG COVID-19 site: 18 Flight restrictions and Inbound international flights https://covid19.info.gov.pg/ 16 curfew in effect. restricted 21 MAR. Quarantine site: 14 12 Quarantine site: Outbound international https://postcourier.com.pg/b Bomana Immigration omana-detention-centre- 10 flights only conducted by Air Centre being vetted as Niugini to Brisbane, Cairns, mooted-for-quarantine-site/ 8 main quarantine facility. and Singapore, as of 26 MAR. General Safety & Security: 6 4 General Safety & All domestic air travel within https://www.gov.uk/foreign- Security: travel-advice/papua-new- 2 Papua New Guinea Serious crime is usually prohibited, as of 23 MAR. guinea/safety-and-security 0 high in the (capital), Lae, and Mt. Nightly curfew in capital lifted Domestic Hotline Hagen. Walking after as of 4 MAY.677 1 800 200 dark is particularly https://www.facebook.com/ 0 Deaths – 8* confirmed cases as of 20 MAY dangerous in urban Land border closed to West PNGNDOH/

centers. Papua, Indonesia. *No new confirmed cases since 22 APR COVID-19 Cases Database https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html Visits of cruise ships and https://github.com/CSSEGISa yachts carrying more than 15 ndData/COVID-19 passengers are banned.

Disaster Risk:

The INFORM (Index for Risk Management) ranking for Papua New Guinea (PNG) is 26 out of 191 countries (lower number indicates higher risk). Disaster risk in the last three years has been stable.678 The INFORM global risk index annually measures the risk of disasters and humanitarian crises for 191 countries. PNG is highly exposed to earthquake and tsunami hazards, and also significantly exposed to flood hazards.679 INFORM also has a new COVID Risk Index, which identifies “countries at risk from health and humanitarian impacts of COVID-19 that could overwhelm current national response capacity.” Papua New Guinea is assessed as being in the High COVID risk class, based on a COVID risk of 5.7 on a scale of 1-10, where a higher number indicates higher risk. 680

In South Bougainville’s Bana area, more than 300 families need food aid after flooding, per a 1 MAY report. Extensive flooding two weeks prior took out the community’s gardens.681

676 https://covid19.info.gov.pg/index.php/2020/05/13/update-by-soe-controller-david-manning-on-government-response-to-covid-19/ 677 https://www.msn.com/en-xl/australasia/top-stories/curfew-lifted-in-png-capital/ar-BB13yXHD 678 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/Results-and-data/INFORM-2019-Results-and-data 679 https://www.unocha.org/asia-and-pacific-roap/papua-new-guinea 680 https://data.humdata.org/dataset/inform-covid-analysis-v01 681 https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/415609/hundreds-need-aid-after-floods-in-south-bougainville

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Papua New Guinea COVID-19 Forecast Historical Events: Major events: Feb. 2018: M7.5 earthquake 6 PNG NEW CASE struck the Highlands affecting over 544,000 people.682

5 2017: Violence and political unrest since the 2017 elections.683 4 Nov. 2016: Landslide in the 3 southern highlands leaves at least 40 dead.684

2 Nov. 2000: M8.0 earthquake in New Ireland region; 2 killed.685 1 July 1998: M7.0 earthquake and tsunami leaves at least 0 1,600 dead on the Aitape coast.686 -1 Recent events: Feb 2020 – Present: Flooding -2 and landslides across PNG. March 2020, Dec. 2018: -3 Manam volcano eruptions. The volcano has been active -4 off and on over the past 15 years.687688

2018: Polio outbreak.689

4/2/2020 4/6/2020 5/4/2020 5/8/2020 6/1/2020 6/5/2020 6/9/2020 7/3/2020 7/7/2020 3/21/2020 3/25/2020 3/29/2020 4/10/2020 New4/14/2020 Cases4/18/2020 4/22/2020 4/26/2020 4/30/2020 5/12/2020 5/16/2020 5/20/2020 5/24/2020 5/28/2020 Forecast6/13/2020 6/17/2020 6/21/2020 6/25/2020 6/29/2020 7/11/2020 January 2018: Kadovar volcano eruption.690 Lower Forecast Range Upper Forecast Range INDOPACOM Response: N/A

National organization response

The National Operations Centre in the capital Port Moresby is now in lockdown, following a staffperson tested positive for COVID-10. All workers and visitors to the center in the past seven days are being tested – including the Prime Minister, Mr. James Marape, Papua New Guinea’s Police Minister and journalists. Samples are sent daily to Brisbane, Australia for testing, due to low test kit stocks in PNG.691

The National Disaster Centre (NDC) is the lead agency for disaster risk management in Papua New Guinea.692 Each level of Government is responsible for developing and maintaining a disaster risk management plan,

682 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=Hcbz81c1u-4%3d&portalid=0 683 https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/papua-new-guinea 684 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=Hcbz81c1u-4%3d&portalid=0 685 https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000a3qq/impact 686 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/day-papua-new-guinea-tsunami-1998 687 https://reliefweb.int/report/papua-new-guinea/papua-new-guinea-manam-volcano-eruption-dg-echo-media-echo-daily-flash-27 688 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=Hcbz81c1u-4%3d&portalid=0 689 https://www.who.int/westernpacific/emergencies/papua-new-guinea-poliovirus-outbreak 690 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=Hcbz81c1u-4%3d&portalid=0 691 https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-17/papua-new-guinea-coronavirus-centre-lockdown-confirmed-covid-19/12156768 692 https://pngndc.gov.pg/

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appropriate to their hazard profile and resource capacity. Disaster Management Committees are structured at the national, provincial, district and local levels.693

The Communications Plan for COVID-19, released 29 April, is available at: https://covid19.info.gov.pg/files/May%202020/01052020/PNG%20COVID- 19%20Communications%20Plan%20(NDOH%20ver04)%202020-04-24.pdf

Country DM information can be found in CFE-DM’s Papua New Guinea Disaster Management Reference Handbook: https://www.cfe-dmha.org/DMHA-Resources/Disaster-Management-Reference-Handbooks

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society)

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is working with the local authorities and Papua New Guinea Red Cross Society in the Highlands and Bougainville by providing personal protective equipment, handwashing stations, and hygiene and awareness material to health facilities to build capacity.694

The UN Country Team in Papua New Guinea has been supporting national efforts to prepare and respond to COVID-19 through technical and capacity building and delivering essential health supplies. With lead UN coordination by the UN Resident Coordinator (RC), UN agencies, funds and programs supporting the PNG government include the FAO, IOM, OHCHR, UN Women, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNDSS, UNICEF, UNFPA, UNOPS, UN Volunteers, WFP, and WHO.695

Country-specific planning considerations

Quarantine Centers: Work is underway at Mount Hagen Hospital to set up a triage and 12-bed isolation ward, as of 23 APR. The detention facilities of Port Moresby, Highlands and Bougainville are highly vulnerable when it comes to any outbreak.696 In Port Moresby, the Rita Flynn Netball Complex was declared a quarantine center, among other PNG Sport Foundation-run facilities. Bomana Immigration Centre has been inspected with the intent to be used as the main isolation and quarantine facility for the government’s COVID-19 operations. Police Minister Kramer announced on 25 March that World Health Organization (WHO) and PNG government officials visited the Australian-funded detention center, which was initially planned to hold refugees transferred from Manus Processing Centre, to vet the suitability of using the facility for quarantine. The government will decide pending WHO’s recommendation, but Police Minister Kramer stated, “This is a ready-to-go facility.”697

Displaced Populations: As of 14 April, about 60,000 people in Gulf province were displaced by floods, with many now in informal encampments along the main road connecting Gulf and Central provinces. The governor estimates another 25,000 people in highland areas of the province may also be displaced by landslide.698

Health: Papua New Guinea, has 500 doctors and around 5,000 hospital beds in the country, with a population estimated at over 8 million. Remotely located health facilities have greater resource challenges. According to the head nurse of rural Warangoi clinic, “We struggle with drug shortages…We don’t have proper equipment to treat patients with, our bedding is not in good condition, we don’t have proper instruments or disinfectants to

693 https://pngndc.gov.pg/?page_id=100 CFE-DM. https://www.cfe-dmha.org/DMHA-Resources/Disaster-Management-Reference-Handbooks 694 https://reliefweb.int/report/papua-new-guinea/covid-19-icrc-enhances-support-hospitals-and-detention-facilities-papua-new 695 https://papuanewguinea.un.org/en/40513-un-assistance-covid-19-preparedness-and-response-papua-new-guinea 696 https://reliefweb.int/report/papua-new-guinea/covid-19-icrc-enhances-support-hospitals-and-detention-facilities-papua-new 697 https://postcourier.com.pg/bomana-detention-centre-mooted-for-quarantine-site/ 698 https://reliefweb.int/report/papua-new-guinea/papua-new-guinea-floods-dg-echo-pmt-echo-daily-flash-14-april-2020

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sanitize our instruments - if coronavirus comes here, we will be disabled. We have nothing to disinfect with.”699 "If we are not aggressive to stop the virus from spreading through stopping people moving around, then our hospitals and health systems don't have the capacity to deal with the outbreak," the PM warned.700

Security: A state of emergency was declared effective 24 March 2020, following the first confirmed case in the country.701 The government of PNG has issued a national "emergency order", enacting a nightly curfew between the hours of 8:00pm and 6:00am except for emergencies, and prohibiting most gatherings.702

Amid the liquor ban instituted as part of COVID-19 emergency regulations, Police Senior Inspector Tovere was killed 10 May when responding to reports of illegal alcohol sales and assaulted by off-duty PNG Defence Force personnel when intervening between them and a beer shop owner. This raised tensions between PNG police and military, and brings increased pressure on Police Commissioner David Manning, who was also under scrutiny for his role managing the COVID-19 crisis as State of Emergency Controller.703 Following the fatal attack, Manning stated that security in the capital was under control.704

On 13 May, the UN Deputy Secretary-General Amina Mohammed briefed the Peacebuilding Commission on the Joint Mission to Papua New Guinea. She emphasized the COVID-19 pandemic increases risks to peace and sustainable development in PNG. She underscored the critical role women’s groups played in resolving conflict in Bougainville and other parts of PNG, while also noting PNG still experiences among the highest levels of violence against women and girls.705

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699 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/11/we-have-nothing-papua-new-guineas-broken-health-system-braces-for-covid-19 700 https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-17/papua-new-guinea-coronavirus-centre-lockdown-confirmed-covid-19/12156768 701 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/23/papua-new-guinea-declares-state-of-emergency-after-first-coronavirus-case 702 https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-17/papua-new-guinea-coronavirus-centre-lockdown-confirmed-covid-19/12156768 703 https://www.abc.net.au/radio-australia/programs/pacificbeat/png-manning-pressure/12237268 704 https://www.msn.com/en-xl/australasia/top-stories/security-in-png-capital-under-control-after-attack/ar-BB13SXqx 705 https://reliefweb.int/report/papua-new-guinea/women-play-key-role-crafting-peaceful-sustainable-future-papua-new-guinea

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PHILIPPINES Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Case Trend Planning Affected State Information Considerations Measures/Access Resources

TC Vongfong struck Philippine Government announce Daily SITREPS - Philippines COVID-19 Total Case Trend Eastern 14 May. modified ECQ for , http://www.ndrrmc.gov.p Strong to Gale Winds Laguna and City through 31 h/ 14,000 Advisory issued.706 May.708 OCHA COVID-19 3W 13,000 Typhoon season is JUN As of 1 May, Internal movement https://data.humdata.org/ 1 – NOV 30. restrictions were partially lifted in dataset/philippines-covid- the provinces of Sarangani and 19-response-who-does- 12,000 42 organizations (UN, South Cotabato, with partial what-where NGOs) supporting 11,000 transportation allowed, but city COVID-19 response PHL – Evacuation Centers and provincial borders remain efforts. 709 https://dromic.dswd.gov.p 10,000 closed. h/evacuation-centers/ More than 200K IDPs in Davao airport only accepting 9,000 , from conflict Dashboard Philippines humanitarian and essential and earthquake https://www.dashboardph 8,000 goods. ilippines.com/ ASEAN AHA Centre Coast Guard and Navy activated maintains relief supply PHL DoH COVID-19 Tracker to patrol during depot at Camp https://www.doh.gov.ph/c quarantine Aguinaldo ovid19tracker 842 Deaths – 13,221 confirmed cases as of 20 MAY Police providing escorts for Manila’s Int’l airport COVID-19 Response Plan https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html health workers following attacks resumed flights on 11 https://reliefweb.int/repor May operating with a Ongoing Public Health Emergency t/philippines/philippines- cap on passenger of International Concern (PHEIC) covid-19-response-plan- arrivals and flying on a Polio outbreak in Philippines – 03-april-2020 truncated schedule.707 total cases remain at 17. No new COVID-19 Cases Database cases since February 2020.710 https://github.com/CSSEGI SandData/COVID-19

SPECIAL SECTION – Tropical Cyclone (TC) Vongfong (Ambo) made landfall on 14 May in province with sustained winds of up to 150km per hour and crossing , Masbate, Quezon province and central before it weakened due to land interaction. 181,100 people were pre-emptively evacuated and have been returned home. It destroyed 3,000 homes, damaged 16,900 and partially damaged 13,900 homes and caused US$30.8 million in damage to agriculture. 382,700 people were affected and 23 health facilities were damaged. The typhoon did not cross through Government designated coronavirus hotspots and continued efforts were made to maintain minimum health standards in evacuation centers.711

Philippines COVID-19 Forecast Historical Events:

706 http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/ 707 https://www.garda.com/crisis24/news-alerts/341506/philippines-modified-enhanced-community-quarantine-to-be-imposed-in-high-risk-areas-from- may-16-update-19 708 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/bangladesh-india-brace-amphan-largest-cyclone-20-years-200520022755647.html 709 https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1101594 710 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/PolioSitRep20_final_May6.pdf 711

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Major events: Nov 2013: Typhoon 1,200 Haiyan left 6,000 dead, 14 million affected.

1,000 Recent events: Jan 2020: eruption of Taal Volcano affected 501,908 people.712 800 Dec 2019: left 57 people dead. 600 PACOM Response: June 1991: Mount 400 Pinatubo Eruption February 2006: Landslide June 2008: Typhoon 200 Fengshen September 2009: Tropical Storm Ketsana 0 October 2010: December 2012: 3/7/2020 4/4/2020 4/8/2020 5/2/2020 5/6/2020 6/3/2020 6/7/2020 7/1/2020 7/5/2020 7/9/2020

3/11/2020 3/15/2020 3/19/2020 3/23/2020 3/27/2020 3/31/2020 4/12/2020 4/16/2020 4/20/2020 4/24/2020 4/28/2020 5/10/2020 5/14/2020 5/18/2020 5/22/2020 5/26/2020 5/30/2020 6/11/2020 6/15/2020 6/19/2020 6/23/2020 6/27/2020 7/13/2020 7/17/2020 7/21/2020 7/25/2020 7/29/2020 November 2013: New Cases Forecast Lower Forecast Range Upper Forecast Range Epi Curve December 2014: Typhoon Hagupit713

Disaster Risk: Overall INFORM model risk ranking is 29 out of 191 countries (lower number indicates higher risk) for natural disasters. INFORM has a new COVID Risk Index, which assesses “countries at risk from health and humanitarian impacts of COVID-19 that could overwhelm current national response capacity.” The Philippines is assessed in the Medium COVID risk class, based on a COVID risk of 4.7 on a scale of 1-10, where 10 indicates highest risk. 714 The U.S. government is providing US$5.9 million to support the Philippines’ fight against COVID-19 bringing total amount of U.S. aid to US$15.2 million to promote effective crisis management and implement response plans in the hardest hit areas of the country. Funds will support emergency supplies, strengthen capacities and support local business recovery and food supply.715

National organization response : High risk metro areas such as Manila, Cebu city, and Laguna province were placed under a modified enhanced community quarantine (ECQ) starting 16 May and running through 31 May, relaxing the original stay-at-home order. Individuals in these areas may only move around for essential

712 https://www.adrc.asia/view_disaster_en.php?NationCode=608&Lang=en&Key=2368 713 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=twwMY081NH8%3d&portalid=0 714 https://data.humdata.org/dataset/inform-covid-analysis-v01 715 https://ph.usembassy.gov/us-provides-php298-million-in-new-covid-19-assistance-to-the-philippines/

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services.716 The Philippines has a testing capacity of 7,000 a day and the government aims to test 30,000 a day by the end of May.717 As of 4 May, a total of 394,128 family food packs are stockpiled in the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) warehouses nationwide. Clusters locally activated for response to COVID-19 include Health, Law and Order, Food and Non-food items, Governance, and Management of the Dead.718 An Inter-Agency Task Force has been established with support from Regional Task Forces. Information on disaster management in the Philippines can be found in CFE-DM’s Philippines DM Reference Handbook: https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=TAbF2w1Kghw%3d&portalid=0

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) There are at least 42 organizations supporting COVID-19 response efforts; however, many of these activities are limited to community engagement activities. There are only a handful of organizations that appear to have significant operations related to COVID-19. These include NGOs such as Action Against Hunger, World Vision, OXFAM, and International Medical Corps (IMC). UNICEF is one of the few UN agencies with robust COVID-19 operations. Several other organizations are performing other more traditional humanitarian operations but are limited operationally due to travel restrictions and other government-implemented measures (curfews, etc). The Philippines National Red Cross Society is an exception and have been highly active performing COVID-19 operations. Across all countries in Asia, Red Cross/Red Crescent national societies have been among the most active aid organizations in response to the COVID-19 crisis. If a large-scale natural disaster would occur, international organizations would be handicapped in their ability to send additional supplies and personnel to the Philippines unless travel and other quarantine restrictions are relaxed. Same would be true for ASEAN’s AHA Centre (Jakarta), though there are many AHA- trained Emergency Response Assessment Team (ERAT) members that live in the Philippines. Plan International Philippines is distributing food packs, hygiene kits, and PPEs for hundreds of families in Valenzuela, Manila, Maikina, Taguig, and Quezon and supporting the needs of COVID-19 affected communities in 22 provinces and 1,055 villages. Additionally, Plan is collaborating with the DoH to develop the Knowledge Informs Responsible Action (KIRA) which enables users to request information and advice regarding their preliminary COVID-19 symptoms and classification. It improves response effectiveness to communities and allows quick response via mobile phones. Plan also works with child rights organizations in country to protect children and girls neglected in the COVID-19 lockdown/quarantine measures which put some children at risk.719

Country-specific planning considerations Displaced Populations: Since the COVID-19 outbreak, 26,300 individuals (5,300 families) have been displaced across Mindanao due to intercommunal fighting.720 These displacements and tensions are potentially straining the country’s capacity to manage the coronavirus outbreak. There is still a significant number of displaced people (more than 200,000) in the Mindanao region affected by conflict since 2017, as well as a recent earthquake. Many of these IDPs are living with host communities/relatives, but nearly 30,000 are living in evacuation centers. Humanitarian organizations have limited access to this area. Evacuation Centers: Philippines has a pre-determined list of evacuation centers in case of internal displacement during disasters. This list is managed by the Department of Social Welfare and Development, but at the field level they are managed by local government units. (https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1097774)

716 https://www.garda.com/crisis24/news-alerts/341506/philippines-modified-enhanced-community-quarantine-to-be-imposed-in-high-risk-areas-from- may-16-update-19 717 http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-05/11/c_139047840.htm 718http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/4036/sitrep_no35_re_national_task_force_for_coronavirus_disease_2019_issued_5_may_2020_12NN.pdf 719 https://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/plan-international-philippines-fights-infodemic-targets-vulnerable-sectors 720 https://www.globalprotectioncluster.org/2020/04/29/covid-19-protection-risks-responses-situation-report-no-4-as-of-29-april-2020/

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Quarantine: 3,125 quarantine control points are operated by the Philippines National Police; 2,605 operated by Joint Task Force Shield; 126 at airports; and 362 at seaports, as of 4 May 2020.721 The city of Pampanga will use five public schools as temporary patient care centers for confirmed/suspected coronavirus cases.722

Health: 1,224 Hospitals / 2,587 rural health centers / 64% of hospitals are Level 1 with average capacity of 41 beds / 10% are Level 3 medical centers with average capacity of 318 beds. There are 23 licensed RT-PCR laboratories in country for COVID-19 testing as of 5 May.723Over 5,200 hospital workers and community health workers have been trained online in Infection Prevention and Control (IPC). The Department of Health warns against stigmatizing healthcare workers.724 Movement restrictions to contain COVID-19 are inadvertently interrupting polio and measles vaccinations, tuberculosis treatment, and health and nutrition services for children.725

Security: Philippine Supreme Court announced an order releasing approximately 10,000 inmates from country’s 7 national prisons and 900 local jails to contain spread of virus in crowded penal system which is reportedly at over 450% over occupancy. Approximately 330 inmates have tested positive for COVID-19.726 The Communist Party of the Philippines ordered its armed wing, the New People’s Army, to observe a ceasefire aimed at “fighting the COVID-19 pandemic”. Philippine President also declared his own unilateral ceasefire.727 On 30 APR, the ceasefire expired with the Community Party saying it would resume “an offensive posture.”728 Additionally, the Philippines has one of the highest incidences of poverty in ASEAN and social distancing and teleworking are luxuries for a small elite and middle class leaving many struggling in poverty in overcrowded areas, lost daily income and erratic delivery of government assistance. President Duterte threatened to shoot demonstrators demanding food on 1 APR.729

USG: The U.S. Government has spent approximately US$15.5 million in aid to the Philippines to combat the coronavirus pandemic. On 20 May, U.S. military working in collaboration with the , army, marines, and air force delivered approximately US$203,000 of medical supplies and PPE to frontlines for COVID- 19 across the country.730

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721 http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/4036/sitrep_no35_re_national_task_force_for_coronavirus_disease_2019_issued_5_may_2020_12NN.pdf 722 https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1102076 723 https://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/beat-covid-19-today-philippines-situationer-issue-9-06-may-2020 724 https://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/philippines-coronavirus-disease-covid-19-situation-report-27-4-may-2020 725 https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2020/05/07/coronavirus-humanitarian-aid- response?utm_source=The+New+Humanitarian&utm_campaign=4014b09a5b- EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_05_7_2020_DAILY&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_d842d98289-4014b09a5b-75574133#philippines 726 https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/05/05/850513762/as-covid-19-fears-grow-10-000-prisoners-are-freed-from- overcrowded-philippine-ja 727 https://cpp.ph/statement/ceasefire-order-00-00h-of-26-march-2020-to-23-59h-of-15-april-2020/ 728 https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2020/05/07/coronavirus-humanitarian-aid- response?utm_source=The+New+Humanitarian&utm_campaign=4014b09a5b- EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_05_7_2020_DAILY&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_d842d98289-4014b09a5b-75574133#philippines 729 https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/opinion/article/3083119/dutertes-shoot-them-all-approach-covid-19-threatens-his-legacy 730 https://www.army-technology.com/news/covid-19-us-ppe-medical-supplies-philippines/

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REPUBLIC OF MARSHALL ISLANDS (RMI) Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Planning Affected State Measures/Access Information Resources Case Trend Considerations

As of 20 May, RMI Typhoon season runs RMI extended suspension of international Ministry of Health and Human Services: has no confirmed June 1 – Nov. 30 passenger arrivals until 5 June.731 Facebook (posts COVID SitReps): COVID-19 cases. https://www.facebook.com/rmimoh/ All domestic passenger air travel between USG with USAID/OFDA Email: [email protected] as lead likely to be a Kwajalein and Majuro is suspended on WHO Marshall Islands: primary responder international airlines. Air travel between Kwajalein and Majuro is only permitted on Air https://www.who.int/marshallislands

732 Marshall Island Red Marshall Islands. WHO Western Pacific COVID-19 page Cross likely to be a https://www.who.int/westernpacific/emergen lead agency in All cruise ships and yachts are suspended cies/covid-19 response until further notice; fishing vessels that have COVID-19 Dashboard for the Western Pacific transited through or departed COVID-19 Region Ongoing dengue infected countries are suspended from entering ports. All passengers arriving and https://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/wprocovi outbreak, AmeriCares residents departing RMI must show proof of d19/ https://coronavirus.jh and Team Rubicon 733 u.edu/map.html assisting. measles vaccination. COVID-19 Cases Database https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19

Disaster Risk: Overall INFORM model risk ranking is 60 out of 191 countries (lower number indicates higher risk). A 3-yr trend indicates stable overall risk. INFORM also has a new COVID Risk Index, which identifies “countries at risk from health and humanitarian impacts of COVID-19 that could overwhelm current national response capacity.” The Republic of the Marshall Islands is assessed as being in the High COVID risk class, based on a COVID risk of 5.4 on a scale of 1-10, where 10 indicates highest risk. 734

Typhoon season runs June 1 – Nov. 30.

National organization response The National Disaster Committee (NDC) is the lead national disaster management organization. The National Disaster Response Plan (2016) defines the measures to be taken at all government levels to ensure that effective disaster preparedness, response, relief and recovery are carried out. Ongoing dengue (serotype-3) outbreak in RMI, which began in May 2019 in Ebeye. As of 6 May, there have been 3,368 dengue-like cases of which 1,562 were laboratory confirmed. Two deaths were reported since June 2019. The MOH is monitoring the situation through active surveillance.735

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) The World Bank provided a US$2.5 million COVID-19 Emergency Response Project Grant to prevent and respond to the threat posed by COVID-19 and strengthen national systems for public health preparedness.736

731 https://mh.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 732 https://mh.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 733 https://mh.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 734 https://data.humdata.org/dataset/inform-covid-analysis-v01 735 https://reliefweb.int/report/marshall-islands/pacific-syndromic-surveillance-system-weekly-bulletin-syst-me-de-5 736 https://reliefweb.int/report/marshall-islands/marshall-islands-covid-19-emergency-response-project

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To assist with the Dengue outbreak, an AmeriCares medical team of one doctor and several nurses arrived to work at Majuro hospital in February. Earlier, a Team Rubicon group arrived in November to assist at the hospital. Taiwan and other donors have been assisting by providing medical supplies to help resupply the hospital. According to Radio New Zealand, an influenza outbreak had hit in November and December, further burdening the health system.737738 Pacific Humanitarian Team will lead any regional response. RMI is working with the World Health Organization on guidance and support for COVID-19 response. Marshall Islands Red Cross Society likely to play a major role in response.

Country-specific planning considerations Quarantine Centers: RMI government announced on 15 February the construction of a new eight-bed isolation unit.739

Displaced Populations: None

Health: There are two hospitals in RMI, one in Majuro, the capital, and one in Ebeye. RMI has a Ministry of Health and Human Services that runs the health care system. The Deputy Secretary for Health located in Ebeye is the national government representative for health care in Ebeye and is in charge of the Ebeye Hospital. Ventilators: As of 29 April, Majuro has 3 in use. Ebeye has 2 in; received 10 new ventilators but need air compressors – two will be shipped to Ebeye.740

USAID/OFDA and FEMA: Developed an Operational Blueprint to provide a framework for USG disaster response and reconstruction in FSM and RMI, under which USAID maintains FEMA’s previous commitment to supplement host government disaster response efforts in the aftermath of significant disasters. USAID/OFDA collaborates closely with FEMA, as well as with USAID/Philippines and USAID’s Asia Bureau, to provide humanitarian assistance in FSM and RMI. USAID/OFDA assisted with drought (funding) in March 2016. NOAA, the University of Hawaiʻi, and the had been assisting RMI with climate change and health issues.

Security: No reports of security incidents or unrest at this time

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737 https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/408749/marshalls-gets-us-medical-team-support-with-dengue-treatment 738 https://reliefweb.int/report/marshall-islands/team-rubicon-launching-mission-assist-republic-marshall-islands-dengue-fever 739 https://mh.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 740 RMI MOHHS SitRep 17. https://www.facebook.com/rmimoh/photos/pb.454228858072832.-2207520000../1554906328005074/?type=3&theater

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SAMOA Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Case Planning Considerations Affected State Measures/Access Information Resources Trend

As of 20 May, Samoa Recent measles outbreak with Measles State On 4 May, the Samoa government extended Government of Samoa website: has no confirmed of Emergency ending Dec. 28; Ongoing the State of Emergency by another 4 weeks www.samoagovt.ws situation being monitored. with some amendments. Some restrictions Twitter: @samoagovt COVID-19 cases. have been eased, for example, schools re- Regional foreign ministers agreed to establish opened on 4 May, until further notice.744 Official government website for a “Pacific Humanitarian Pathway on COVID-19 COVID-19: (PHP-C),” a mechanism for regional On 15 April, Samoa eased some restrictions http://www.samoagovt.ws/cate 741 cooperation for response. including reopening inter-island travel, gory/novel-coronavirus-covid- public transport, and restaurants745 19/ Interruption of supply chains raise concern for the region’s food security. International travel to/from Samoa by plane Ministry of Health (MOH): are mostly halted, with some exceptions. On https://www.health.gov.ws/ Travelers from countries with cases of the 1 May, the government supported the coronavirus are required to get medical opening of 1 AirNZ flight from Auckland- Ministry of Health Facebook

clearance within 3 days before traveling to Apia-Auckland for transport of supplies and Page: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/ Samoa.742 A 14-day quarantine before visiting to repatriate New Zealanders that were in https://www.facebook.com/pub map.html Samoa and an additional 14-day quarantine Samoa.746 lichealthsamoa/?ref=py_c after arriving in Samoa has been added to amended orders.743 Ship access to port of Apia is limited.747 Health Emergency Operations Call Centre: 800-6440

Disaster risk: Overall INFORM model risk ranking is 124 out of 191 countries (lower number indicates higher risk). A 3-yr trend indicates stable risk.748 Additionally, Samoa’s INFORM COVID-19 risk is 3.3/10 (higher number indicates higher risk) and its COVID-19 risk class is “low.”749

National organization response: On 4 May, the government extended the State of Emergency by another 4 weeks. Details of the order with some amendments can be found here: https://www.samoagovt.ws/2020/05/amended-state-of- emergency-orders-for-coronavirus-covid-19-1-may-2020/ The Disaster Management Office – Samoa (DMO), within the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, is the national disaster management organization for Samoa. (Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/DMOSamoa/) According to the DMO, the National Emergency Operations Center (NEOC) has been activated for the Coronavirus response.

741 https://reliefweb.int/report/world/pacific-islands-forum-foreign-ministers-agree-establish-pacific-humanitarian-pathway 742 https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/traveler/none/samoa 743 https://www.samoagovt.ws/2020/05/amended-state-of-emergency-orders-for-coronavirus-covid-19-1-may-2020/ 744 https://www.samoagovt.ws/ 745 https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/414255/samoa-eases-some-state-of-emergency-restrictions 746 https://www.samoagovt.ws/ 747 http://www.samoagovt.ws/2020/03/amended-state-of-emergency-orders-for-coronavirus-covid-19-26th-march-2020/ 748 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index 749 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Epidemic

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On 23 April, government teams offloaded supplies from an Air New Zealand cargo plane bringing COVID- 19 preparation and response supplies. Emergency response teams under the NEOC were present which included personnel from the Ministry of Health, Ministry for Customs and Revenue, Airport Authority, Fire and Emergency Services Authority, Ministry of Finance, Audit Office, Quarantine Division and the NEOC Logistics and Public Information Management teams.750 Measles: A recent measles outbreak, attributed to low vaccination rates, started in October of last year. A mass vaccination campaign ensued, and the government officially declared an end to the Measles State of Emergency at the end of December. The outbreak caused a significant impact on the population and strained the public health system. As of Feb. 1, 2020, there were 5,707 total cases and 83 deaths.751 COVID-19: The Health Emergency Operations Committee (HEOC) has shifted focus from measles to COVID-19. The HEOC is a 40-plus member multidisciplinary team chaired by the Ministry of Health (MOH), which has put in place several prevention measures. This includes screening at all ports of entry, tracing movements from affected countries and providing prevention advice.752 Active surveillance for early detection of COVID-19 cases in Samoa is ongoing and the public will be updated regularly.753 New Zealand Defence Force Joint Intelligence Fusion Centre Product on Samoa: https://www.cfe-dmha.org/DMHA-Resources/Disaster-Management-Reference-Handbooks Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) World Bank has approved funding of US$3.4 million to further support Samoa’s efforts. The funds are in addition to US$5.1 million approved earlier.754 The ADB has given a $US2.9 million grant.755 The International Monetary Fund (IMF) approved US$22.03 million in emergency financing for Samoa due to the COVID-19 crisis. According to the IMF, the emergency financing was granted since Samoa suffered from a measles outbreak in late 2019 which resulted in a much larger economic contraction than past disasters. The pandemic has exacerbated the economic downturn as Samoa depends heavily on tourism and remittances.756 WHO continues to support Samoa with preparations for COVID-19 (WHO Samoa website: https://www.who.int/samoa/our-work) Through the COVID-19 Pacific Joint Incident Management Team (JIMT), WHO is coordinating with partners to bring together resources and assist readiness.757 The Pacific Community (SPC) and WHO to provide webinar training for health professionals.758 The Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) Pacific Humanitarian Pathway on COVID-19 (PHP-C), is the region’s mechanism between member countries in preparing for and responding to COVID-19.759 The Samoa Red Cross Society is promoting hygiene and health communication.760 The World Bank Asia-Pacific supported the government with the recent construction of the new “climate-resilient” Mali’oli’o Bridge and access road on Savai'i Island which is described as a vital connection for thousands. Before the completion, the crossing has been described as frequently impassable for up to 12 hours, and after a major weather event or tropical cyclone, has been impassable for days. According to the WB “the

750https://twitter.com/samoagovt/status/1253603819918745600?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Eembeddedtimeline%7Ctwterm%5Eprofile%3Asam oagovt%7Ctwcon%5Etimelinechrome&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.samoagovt.ws%2F 751 https://reliefweb.int/report/american-samoa/no-new-confirmed-cases-measles-american-samoa 752 https://reliefweb.int/report/samoa/who-helps-samoa-and-tokelau-prepare-covid-19 753 https://www.health.gov.ws/ 754 https://reliefweb.int/report/samoa/world-bank-provides-additional-34-million-samoa-s-fight-against-covid-19 755 https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/414679/adb-boosts-covid-19-response-in-tonga-and-samoa 756 https://reliefweb.int/report/samoa/imf-executive-board-approves-us2203-million-disbursement-samoa-address-covid-19 757 https://www.who.int/westernpacific/emergencies/covid-19/pacific 758 https://www.policyforum.net/covid-19-the-pacific-response-15-april/ 759 https://www.un.int/tuvalu/news/pacific-islands-forum-agrees-establish-pacific-humanitarian-pathway-covid-19 760 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/MDR00005OU2.pdf

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new bridge will provide safer and more reliable access, particularly during severe weather events.” The government intends to keep the existing crossing as a back-up.761

Country-specific planning considerations Evacuation Centers: A number of hotels in Apia are being used as quarantine facilities.762 Displaced Populations: No significant displaced populations. Hospitals: There are two major hospitals supported by district hospitals and health centers. Samoa’s national hospital, the Tupua Tamasese Meaole Hospital, is located at Motootua, in Apia.763 The other major hospital is the Malietoa Tanumafili II Hospital at Tuasivi on Savaii.764 Health: According to the WHO, the dangers of emerging and re-emerging communicable diseases, including dengue, chikungunya, measles and Zika, calls attention to an ongoing vulnerability to outbreaks. Security: Close to 300 people have been arrested and charged in Samoa for breaches of the Emergency Orders which came into effect 21 March. Police Commissioner Fuiavailili Egon Keil has warned there will be more if people don't heed the orders. Most of the arrests have been in Apia.765 Return to TOC

761 https://www.facebook.com/worldbankpacific/posts/1586647098168055 762 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/08/coronavirus-in-the-pacific-weekly-briefing 763 http://www.commonwealthhealth.org/pacific/samoa/health_systems_in_samoa/ 764 https://ws.usembassy.gov/u-s-citizen-services/local-resources-of-u-s-citizens/doctors/ 765 https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/414619/close-to-300-arrested-in-samoa-for-breaking-covid-19-orders

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SINGAPORE Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Case Trend Planning Affected State Measures/Access Information Considerations Resources

Singapore had seen Singapore continues phased plan to ease Entry Singapore COVID-19 Total Case Trend a dramatic spike in lockdown restrictions. 19 May will continue restrictions: new cases primarily 3rd transition of government plan to reopen https://www.aljaze 35,000 era.com/news/202 among foreign businesses, schools. Mosques, dine-in 0/03/coronavirus- 30,000 workers in establishments and public sports to remain travel-restrictions- dormitories. New closed.769 border-shutdowns- 25,000 cases have now country- Since 7 April ‘Circuit Breaker’ restriction 200318091505922. decreased to an 772 20,000 measures implemented reduced html average of 4/day.766 transmission numbers with expectations of Singapore 15,000 Singapore initially gradually resuming normal activities 1 government 770 COVID-19 10,000 closed its borders to June. short-term visitors website: Anyone going outside must wear a mask, on 23 March.767. https://www.gov.s else face a 300SGD (212USD) fine for first g/article/covid-19- 771 cases-in-singapore Official offense. 22 Deaths – 29,364 confirmed cases as of 20 MAY postponement of Entry restrictions: COVID-19 Cases https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html 900 Singaporean Database Singapore residents and pass-holders will pilgrims’ plans to https://github.com be quarantined or asked to self-isolate for travel to Mecca for /CSSEGISandData/ 14 days. Singapore closed its borders to COVID-19 Haj moved to short term visitors on 23 March. 2021.768

Disaster Risk: The INFORM (Index for Risk Management) ranking for Singapore is 191 out of 191 countries (lower number indicates higher risk) marking Singapore as the lowest risk of all countries. Disaster risk has remained stable in the last three years. Singapore is an island city-state with extremely low exposure to natural hazards. INFORM also has a new COVID Risk Index, which identifies “countries at risk from health and humanitarian impacts of COVID-19 that could overwhelm current national response capacity.” Singapore is assessed as being in the Low COVID risk class, based on a COVID risk of 2.4 on a scale of 1-10, where a higher number indicates higher risk. 773

National organization response On 12 May, Singapore moved into phase 2 of 3 partial lockdown continuing to reopen with strict health measures in place. Despite almost 800 current COVID-19 cases, the vast majority among foreign workers living in dormitories, the government says transmission in the local community has dropped as it commences with a phased reopening of the economy.774 The Inter-agency Task Force has initiated the safe and gradual resumption of business activities and testing and clearing 60,000 migrant workers (20% of all dormitory residents) living in the dormitories. To ensure residents are healthy and prepared to resume work, ‘Safe Living’ protocols will be

766 https://www.moh.gov.sg/news-highlights/details/1-275-more-cases-discharged-793-new-cases-of-covid-19-infection-confirmed 767 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/singapore-closes-borders-virus-bay-shutdown- 200322061359901.html?utm_source=website&utm_medium=article_page&utm_campaign=read_more_links 768 https://www.muis.gov.sg/Media/Media-Releases/15-May-20-Media-Release-on-Deferment-of-Haj-2020-for-Singaporean-Pilgrims 769 https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/singapore-eases-covid-19-lockdown-businesses-can-operate/ 770 https://www.gov.sg/article/how-will-businesses-gradually-resume-activities-after-1-june-2020 771 https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/coronavirus-asia-asean-live-updates-by-country/ 772 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/coronavirus-travel-restrictions-border-shutdowns-country-200318091505922.html 773 https://data.humdata.org/dataset/inform-covid-analysis-v01 774 https://www.moh.gov.sg/news-highlights/details/1-275-more-cases-discharged-793-new-cases-of-covid-19-infection-confirmed

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implemented to keep workplaces ‘COVID-Safe’ and continue to reduce the spread or risk subsequent waves of disease. A ‘Requirements for Safe Management Measures at the workplace’ guideline has been published. Rooms and dorm blocks set aside for recovered workers are being cleaned and prepared and by 18 May they aim to have 5,400 beds available for workers. Entry and exit controls, and intermingling restrictions will be implemented to maintain safety measures for residents.775 The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) is the primary authority responsible at the strategic level for disaster management, emergency preparedness and civil defense in Singapore.776 The Ministry of Trade and Industry released Guidelines for gradual resumption of business operations on 6 May: https://www.mti.gov.sg/-/media/MTI/Newsroom/Press-Releases/2020/05/UPDATED-Press-Statement--- Guidelines-for-gradual-resumption-of-business-operations-v2.pdf

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) The Singapore Red Cross (SRC) is providing relief domestically in the COVID-19 outbreak, including customized care packages and psychosocial support calls for seniors living alone. On 3 April, SRC announced it would contribute more than S$800,000 (US$560,000) in relief to Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Timor Leste, Vietnam, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Maldives, North Korea and Iran.777 In February, SRC launched a public appeal and donated $2.26 million (US$1.58 million) to China, including medical and protective equipment for Hubei province, where Wuhan is the capital.778 Singapore non-governmental organizations that work with foreign migrants, including Transient Workers Count Too (TWC2) and Humanitarian Organization for Migration Economics (HOME),779 had earlier raised concerns about that population’s vulnerability to COVID-19.780 Singapore is a regular resource contributor to UN agencies, especially UNDP, which established the newest of its six UNDP Global Policy Centres in Singapore as a joint initiative with the government.781

Country-specific planning considerations

Displaced Populations: As of 2016, Singapore had 1,411 stateless persons living there, the majority of whom migrated to Singapore though many were also born in the city-state.782 Although not displaced, foreign migrant workers number almost 1 million people, out of a total population of 5.7 million in Singapore.783 About 95% of Singapore’s new COVID-19 cases are among foreign workers.

Health: As of 13 May, the Ministry of Health confirmed an additional 675 cases of COVID-19, of whom 671 were foreign Work Permit holders residing in dormitories, and 4 were among the Singaporean community.784 Singapore announced plans on 12 May to test all 323,000 migrant workers living in dormitories, where the majority of confirmed COVID-19 cases are. Some 32,000 foreign workers in dormitories have been tested, and it will take several weeks to test all.785 The first migrant worker case was recorded in early February.786 Return to TOC

775 https://www.mom.gov.sg/newsroom/press-releases/2020/0515-safe-working-and-safe-living 776 https://www.adrc.asia/countryreport/SGP/SGPeng98/ ; https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/disaster-mgmt-ref-hdbk-singapore.pdf 777 https://www.redcross.sg/media-centre/press-releases/841-covid-19-singapore-red-cross-rolls-out-more-support-for-communities-in-singapore-and- the-asia-pacific.html 778 https://www.redcross.sg/media-centre/press-releases/832-coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-singapore-red-cross-relief-operations-in-china- commences-expected-to-reach-100-000-healthcare-workers-and-residents.html 779 http://twc2.org.sg/ ; https://www.home.org.sg/ ; 780 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/surge-coronavirus-cases-singapore-forces-lockdown-extension-200422060906200.html 781 https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/funding/core-donors/Singapore.html 782 https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/1411-stateless-people-living-singapore-mha?cid=h3_referral_inarticlelinks_03092019_todayonline 783 https://www.singstat.gov.sg/modules/infographics/population 784 https://www.moh.gov.sg/news-highlights/details/958-more-cases-discharged-675-new-cases-of-covid-19-infection-confirmed 785 https://news.yahoo.com/singapores-health-ministry-confirms-884-071741067.html 786 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-21/how-singapore-flipped-from-virus-hero-to-cautionary-tale

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SOLOMON ISLANDS Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Case Trend Planning Considerations Affected State Information Resources Measures/Access

As of 20 May, the Solomon TC Harold made landfall on 4 State of Emergency declared TC Harold SITREP: Islands had no confirmed April causing flooding resulting in on 25 March; extended to July Details of damage affecting Solomon COVID-19 cases. 0 deaths. to prevent disease from Islands: https://reliefweb.int/report/vanuatu/tro reaching the country. Strict flight restrictions banning pical-cyclone-harold-challenges-disaster- entry of any person from Country’s Emergency Powers and-public-health-management

countries with confirmed cases of Act gives authorizes 787 Situation Report – 15 April 2020: coronavirus. Government actions regarding Heavy rain causing flash flooding in COVID-19 but does not Government guidance requiring resulted in evacuation of over 600 people to return to their villages require “total lock down” of students, and causing a landslide 790 highlights necessity of the country. resulting in a village totally buried and 8 confirmed deaths. information sharing and access to Limited health care resources rural/village populations.788 http://www.ndmo.gov.sb/index.php/situ could make a COVID-19 ation-report/278-wx420-situation-report-

outbreak could severely affect 1-bad-weather-2 Cyclone Season runs November the country.791 789 to April. COVID-19 Cases Database https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COV https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html ID-19

SPECIAL SECTION – Tropical Cyclone Harold Despite weather warnings, 27 people seeking refuge from fear of COVID-19 outbreak boarded a ferry to their home villages and were washed overboard and drowned amid rough seas caused by Category 1 Cyclone Harold, on 4 April 2020.792 Impacts to the cyclone included heavy rains, river flooding, coastal flooding and storm surges but no other deaths were caused as a direct result of the cyclone. Humanitarian supplies donated by Australia are being distributed in the Solomon Islands in response to TC Harold and to mitigate against COVID-19 risk, according to the Australian High Commissioner who met with partners on 22 April. The NDMO and Oxfam are distributing 450 kitchen kits – including pots, pans, bowls and cutlery – as part of the TC Harold response to affected communities in western . The supplies also include 150 hygiene kits – including buckets, water purification tablets, antibacterial soap and detergent – which the NDMO and Live and Learn are distributing in to boost community preparedness for COVID-19.793

Disaster Risk: Overall INFORM model risk ranking is 49 out of 191 countries. (Lower number indicates higher risk.) Disaster risk in last three years has been stable.794 Additionally, its INFORM COVID-19 risk index is 5.6/10 indicating high risk (10 being highest risk).795

787 http://www.ndmo.gov.sb/index.php/disaster-alerts-warnings/276-solomon-islands-travel-advisory-3-for-coronavirus-2019 788 https://devpolicy.org/covid-19-and-solomon-islands-the-first-casualties-and-possible-ramifications-20200409/ 789 https://www.met.gov.sb/solomon-islands-climate-in-brief 790 https://www.solomontimes.com/news/governor-general-declare-state-of-public-emergency-in-solomon-islands/9655 791 http://www.solomonislandsinfocus.com/the-si-national-health-strategic-plan-2016-20.html 792 https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/hawaii/articles/2020-04-08/27-dead-on-solomon-islands-ferry-did-it-follow-virus-order 793 https://www.solomontimes.com/news/australian-humanitarian-aid-reaches-communities/9762 794 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/Results-and-data/INFORM-2019-Results-and-data 795 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Epidemic

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National organization response The National Disaster Management Office (http://www.ndmo.gov.sb/) handles natural disasters and oversees disaster and climate risk reduction. A Joint Travel Advisory dated 13 March 2020 including the Ministry of Health and Medical Services (MHMS) restricted travel to the country to limit exposure to COVID-19. The MHMS is responsible for providing public, maternal and child health services, family planning, school-based outreach, dental, mental and vaccination and immunization.796 The National Emergency Operations Centers (NEOC) provide coordinated support to the Provincial Disaster Committee (PDC) to access damage assessments in country. The NDMO has a Disaster Alert portal at (http://www.ndmo.gov.sb/index.php/disaster-operations) which carries news and information including alerts, warnings, Situation Reports, and Hazard Monitors for COVID-19 and other emergency situations. The Asian Development Bank provided US$6 million to respond to Coronavirus pandemic, support the response efforts and economic impact.797

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) The WHO in the Western Pacific is based in Manila, with a country office in the Solomon Islands.798 The WHO in the Pacific coordinates the COVID-19 Joint Incident Management Team (IMT), which developed and is implementing a six-month Pacific Action Plan for COVID-19 Preparedness and Response.799 NGOs and faith based organizations provide significant funding and service contributions in Solomon Islands. The Solomon Islands Red Cross Society is located in the capital, Honiara. Information about services is available at: https://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/where-we-work/asia-pacific/solomon-islands-red-cross/ The ICRC donated eleven mobile phones to the Corrections Service of the Solomon Islands (CSSI) for its six facilities and will continue to pay costs of weekly calls between detainees and their loved ones and lawyers, throughout the crisis. The ICRC also donated a tent to the CSSI which is set up at the entrance of Rowe Correctional Institution in Honiara to screen incoming detainees and prison staff for symptoms of COVID-19.800

Country-specific planning considerations Evacuation Centers: None. The Chief of Lilisiana urged authorities on 15 April to build evacuation centers, after a tsunami warning led many in Auki Township to spend the night unsheltered on higher ground.801

Hospitals: 8 out of 9 provinces have access to a public hospital and most have access to a health network including health centers and workers. The National Referral Hospital in the capital, Honiara is the largest with 300-400 beds and specialized departments. Remaining provincial hospitals have between 25 and 150 beds.802

Quarantine Facilities: As of 24 April, the two COVID-19 isolation centers at National Referral Hospital (NRH) are almost fully equipped, with the delivery of medical supplies and equipment worth more than SBD$400,000 (US$47,200) by the WHO with support from the Australian Government. Isolation Facility 1, at the former diabetes clinic, was opened by the Prime Minister on 20 April. The TB Isolation Ward, built by the WHO last year, was repurposed and refurbished by the New Zealand government as the second isolation facility.803 Return to TOC

796 https://apps.searo.who.int/PDS_DOCS/B5322.pdf 797 https://www.adb.org/news/adb-provides-6-million-assistance-solomon-islands-covid-19-response 798 https://www.who.int/solomonislands/our-work 799 https://www.who.int/westernpacific/about/how-we-work/pacific-support/news/detail/21-02-2020-pacific-steps-up-preparedness-against-covid-19 800 https://www.icrc.org/en/document/covid-19-detainees-solomon-islands-can-now-call-their-loved-ones 801 http://www.solomonstarnews.com/index.php/news/national/item/12139-call-for-evacuation-centers 802 https://apps.searo.who.int/PDS_DOCS/B5322.pdf 803 https://www.solomontimes.com/news/who-supports-hospital-isolation-centres/9764

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SOUTH KOREA Return to TOC COVID-19 Total Case Trend Planning Affected State Information Resources Considerations Measures/Access Korea Air expects to South Korea delayed reopening Republic of Korea Official resume some flights to schools. Start of on-site classes website: North America, Europe postponed by one week from 13 http://www.korea.net/ SOUTH KOREA COVID-19 and Asia in June.804 May.807 Total Case Trend Korean government official April 1, the Republic of Social distancing rules relaxed on 6 website on COVID-19: 11,200 Korea (ROK) implemented May allowing phased re-opening of http://ncov.mohw.go.kr/en 11,150 mandatory 14-day businesses. New guidance to stay 11,100 quarantine on short term home 3-4 days if feeling unwell and Flattening the Curve on COVID- 11,050 travel at government remain arm’s length in public 19 The Korean Experience: 11,000 designated facility at own spaces.808 http://www.korea.net/koreanet 10,950 expense. /fileDownload?fileUrl=pdfdata/ 10,900 Smartphone apps flagging infection 2020/04/Flattening_the_curve_ 10,850 South Korean health hot spots with text and alerting on_COVID-19.pdf 10,800 authorities require all population to risk and response 10,750 inbound travelers to reduced community spread.809 U.S. Forces Korea website: 10,700 download and respond to https://www.usfk.mil/ daily questions via Self- South Korea’s experience with Diagnosis Mobile App for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome The Arirang TV website 14 days. Violators may be (MERS) in 2015 guided quick provides live streaming twice subject to fine, arrest, or response to COVID-19. Tracing, daily press briefings re: COVID- 264 Deaths – 11,110 confirmed cases as of 20 MAY deportation. 805 testing and quarantining 19 (www.arirang.com) approximately 17,000 people over https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html United States Forces the 2 months, ultimately flattened Korea Center for Disease Korea (USFK) and Korea the curve. ROK utilizing a similar Control and Prevention CDC overseeing contact strategy for COVID-19. Privacy laws treatment hotline: 1339 or tracing to detect implemented to allow data gathering 1345(English). individuals who may have in case of national emergency. been exposed to infected Koreans receive notifications on cell COVID-19 Case Database personnel.806 phones advising of possible contact https://github.com/CSSEGISand with infected persons. Data/COVID-19

Disaster Risk

The Republic of Korea has an overall INFORM model risk ranking of 169 out of 191 countries (a lower number indicates higher risk) and shows decreasing risk in the last three years.810 Additionally, its INFORM COVID-19 risk index is 2.9/10 indicating low risk (10 being highest risk).811 The country is prone to earthquakes and occasional typhoons that bring high winds and flooding.812 Previous disasters such as the Gyeongju earthquake (2016) and

804 https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/coronavirus-asia-asean-live-updates-by-country/ 805 https://kr.usembassy.gov/022420-covid-19-information/ 806 https://www.armytimes.com/news/coronavirus/2020/03/24/us-contractor-at-camp-humphreys-tests-positive-for-covid-19-after-visiting-base- starbucks-golf-course-restaurant/ 807 https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/05/12/854407305/south-korea-delays-reopening-schools-as-coronavirus-cases-resurge 808 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-southkorea/south-korea-to-relax-social-distancing-rules-further-starting-may-6- idUSKBN22F06C 809 http://www.korea.net/koreanet/fileDownload?fileUrl=pdfdata/2020/04/Flattening_the_curve_on_COVID-19.pdf 810 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/Results-and-data/INFORM-2019-Results-and-data 811 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Epidemic 812 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ks.html

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the Gangneung forest fire (2017) sharpened emergency alert system strategies utilized during the current COVID-19 response.813

National organization response

On 30 January, the Ministry of Health and Welfare announced an Epidemic Prevention Budget of $20.8 billion KRW to ensure preemptive epidemic prevention.814 On 23 February, the ROK government raised the country’s infectious disease alert level to (Highest) and assembled the Central Disaster and Safety Countermeasures Headquarters (CDSCHQ) to bolster government response to COVID-19.815

ROK’s success containing COVID-19 included an early and expansive testing program and extensive efforts to isolate infected people, and trace and quarantine their contacts. The country has tested over 270,000 people to date. In 2017, the Korean government, under the Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Act (IDCP Act), introduced the Advancement of Smart Quarantine Information System which utilizes overseas roaming data to conduct investigation on possible infectious disease outbreak to quickly identify transmission routes and places infected persons visited using real time analysis of data such as GPS, mobile information, and credit card transaction history. From these multiple data points, the system can detect incidents of cluster infection and show the source of transmission. The system protects privacy and provides only relevant data to users. This technology became the Self-quarantine Safety Application App currently used to track and collect data on the infected, exposed, and quarantined and monitor their symptoms and compliance to quarantine rules.816

South Korea delayed reopening schools, postponing the start of on-site classes by one week from 13 May, in response to concerns of increasing COVID-19 cases. Dozens of new COVID-19 cases were linked to nightclubs, with 102 infections confirmed as of 13 May in the cluster from a club patron testing positive 6 May.817 More than 36% of the new cases are asymptomatic, stated Seoul Mayor Park Won-soon.818 Some 8,500 police officers have been deployed to trace potential contacts of newly confirmed COVID-19 patients.819 South Korea had responded to an exponential rise in new cases in February to March of hundreds per day, bringing the number of new daily cases down to the single digits, until the nightclub-related cluster.

United States Forces Korea (USFK)

USFK, comprised of approximately 28,500 American troops, went on high alert and imposed restrictions and guidance including DoD travel restrictions. The Daegu Army Garrison comprising a population of 9,000 over several installations went on high alert due and largely closed facilities, confining U.S. military families and civilian employees in the battles to keep virus off-post.820 Only one US service member has been confirmed to have the virus in South Korea.821

813 http://www.korea.net/koreanet/fileDownload?fileUrl=pdfdata/2020/04/Flattening_the_curve_on_COVID-19.pdf 814 https://www.csis.org/analysis/timeline-south-koreas-response-covid-19 815http://ncov.mohw.go.kr/en/baroView.do?brdId=11&brdGubun=111&dataGubun=&ncvContSeq=&contSeq=&board_id= 816 https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/coronavirus-cases-have-dropped-sharply-south-korea-whats-secret-its-success 817 https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/05/12/854407305/south-korea-delays-reopening-schools-as-coronavirus-cases-resurge 818 https://www.newsweek.com/south-korea-coronavirus-second-wave-hits-over-100-cases-country-struggles-contain-new-outbreak-1503475 819 https://qz.com/1855878/8000-police-in-south-korea-mobilized-to-quash-itaewon-covid-19-cluster/?utm_source=YPL&yptr=yahoo 820 https://www.stripes.com/news/pacific/us-military-community-gets-creative-in-coping-with-coronavirus-fears-in-south-korea-1.621042 821 https://www.stripes.com/news/pacific/us-forces-korea-confirms-another-coronavirus-case-on-camp-humphreys-for-overall-total-of-11-1.623753

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Country-specific planning considerations

Health: Cancer is the main cause of mortality at 153 deaths per 100,000 people, followed by heart disease at 58.2/100k, and cerebrovascular disease (ie. stroke) at 45.8/100k.822 Some local authorities have installed Artificial Intelligence (AI) devices at medical sites to relieve the burden of health care workers and improve the efficiency of diagnosis.823 The country’s public health system is being reviewed for expansion in response to inadequate relevant equipment and isolation units available in private hospitals which make up 90% of available hospital beds.824

Hospitals: There are 635 designated screening clinics (602 centers able to directly collect and test specimens) and 43 drive through stations. Walk-thru testing is also available and allows quick collection of samples and minimal contact. Diagnosis is carried out in 118 clinics and daily testing capacity has increased to 15,000 as of March 2020.825 A list of hospitals/clinics is available here: (https://www.mohw.go.kr/react/popup_200128.html).

Quarantine Centers: Individuals with moderate symptoms are sent to quarantine centers for basic medical support and observation. Those with minimal or no symptoms have monitored self-quarantine for 2 weeks.826

Security: Quarantine violators face up to $3 million won fines. A new bill was introduced to increase fine to $10 million won and up to 1 year in jail.827 Return to TOC

822 https://www.mohw.go.kr/eng/hs/hs0102.jsp?PAR_MENU_ID=1006&MENU_ID=100602 823 http://www.korea.net/koreanet/fileDownload?fileUrl=pdfdata/2020/04/Flattening_the_curve_on_COVID-19.pdf 824 https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/how-south-korea-stopped-covid19-early-by-myoung-hee-kim-2020-04 825 http://english.seoul.go.kr/covid/countermeasures/ 826 http://www.korea.net/koreanet/fileDownload?fileUrl=pdfdata/2020/04/Flattening_the_curve_on_COVID-19.pdf 827 https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/coronavirus-cases-have-dropped-sharply-south-korea-whats-secret-its-success

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SRI LANKA Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Case Trend Planning Considerations Affected State Information Resources Measures/Access

Sri Lanka has two international Partial reopening 11 May, as a SL MOH Epidemiology Unit: Sri Lanka airports, Bandaranaike limited number of employees http://www.epid.gov.lk/web/in COVID-19 Total Case Trend International Airport Colombo are allowed to start work. dex.php?lang=en 1,100 located in Katunayake and Mattala Schools, restaurants and MOH daily sit reps (cases by 1,050 Rajapaksha Airport in Hambantota. entertainment places remain shut.830 district): 1,000 Sri Lanka has two monsoon http://www.epid.gov.lk/web/in 950 seasons: the southeastern On 17 March the government dex.php?option=com_content& monsoon between May-Sept.; announced that all view=article&id=225&lang=en 900 and, The northeastern monsoon international airports in Sri MOH Quarantine Unit 850 from Oct.-Jan. Inter-monsoonal Lanka will be closed to arriving period during October and the first international passenger flights. Facebook: 800 half of November, with rain and Departing passengers are still https://www.facebook.com/pag es/category/Health---Wellness- 750 thunderstorms. allowed to travel. Website/Quarantine-Unit- 700 Dengue fever is widespread in Sri Any passenger with symptoms Ministry-of-Health-Sri-Lanka- Lanka’s Western Province, where will be transported to a local 108503734050398/ Colombo is located.828 hospital and held in isolation for further screening.831 WHO Sri Lanka website: Demonstrations in Colombo are https://www.who.int/srilanka 9 Deaths – 1,028 confirmed cases as of 20 MAY normal. Most are peaceful, On April 5, the government however, some are violent.829 extended the suggested WHO-Sri Lanka annual report: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html quarantine period from 2 to 4 Easter Sunday Terrorist Attacks on weeks.832 /10665/272610 21 April 2019.

Disaster risk:

Overall INFORM model risk ranking is 97 out of 191 countries (lower number indicates higher risk). A 3-yr trend indicates stable overall risk.833 The most common natural hazards to affect Sri Lanka include floods, landslides, cyclones, droughts, wind storms, tsunamis, and sea surges. Additionally, Sri Lanka’s INFORM COVID-19 risk is 4.3/10 indicating medium risk (10 being the highest).834

National organization response

Sri Lanka relaxed its lockdown of almost two months with a partial reopening on 11 May, allowing government and private sector institutions to start work with a limited number of employees. Sri Lanka had been on continuous lockdown since 20 March, a week after the first local COVID-19 case was reported. All restaurants,

828 https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/international-travel/International-Travel-Country-Information-Pages/SriLanka.html#_blank 829 https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/international-travel/International-Travel-Country-Information-Pages/SriLanka.html#_blank 830 https://www.india.com/news/world/coronavirus-sri-lanka-prepares-to-end-lockdown-with-partial-opening-4025287/ 831 https://lk.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 832 https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/sri-lanka-quarantine-four-weeks-positive-covid-19-coronavirus-12612286 833 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index 834 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Epidemic

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places of entertainment and schools will continue to be shut.835 The Colombo Stock Exchange briefly opened 11 May for the first time since the 52-day shutdown, but shut 38 seconds after opening, following a plunge in share prices triggering a circuit breaker. Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, the economy was struggling to recover from deadly Easter Sunday bombings in April 2019.836

The national disaster management organization for Sri Lanka is the National Council for Disaster Management (NCDM). It is chaired by the President and vice-chaired by the Prime Minister and is composed of different ministries involved in disaster management. The Council’s main implementing body is the Ministry of Disaster Management and Human Rights. The Ministry houses the Disaster Management Centre, which is the secretariat of the Disaster Management Council.837 For more information see CFE-DM handbook: https://www.cfe- dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=EKlBTfSZHdc%3d&portalid=0

Sri Lanka, using WHO guidance, implemented a Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan.838 The Ministry of Health and Indigenous Medical Services (MOH) in collaboration with the WHO Country Office, is closely monitoring the situation and strengthening preparedness.839

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society)

On 11 May, the UN World Health Organization (WHO) said Sri Lanka is on the right track to contain COVID-19 through increased tracking, testing, isolation, and treatment strategy. On 5 May, the WHO delivered a donation of essential laboratory equipment, hospital equipment, and personal protective equipment.840

The Sri Lanka Red Cross Society (SLRCS) is assisting the government with an ongoing disinfection program.841 The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in Sri Lanka is supporting national authorities in efforts to protect the public and detainee population against the spread of COVID-19.842 Organizations that work with Sri Lanka to build health capacity include the WHO, UNICEF, WFP, ILO, IOM, UNDP, UNFPA, World Bank, Asian Development Bank (ADB), and foreign aid agencies.

The Australian government provided the MOH with a contribution to work with WHO to support preparedness and response efforts for COVID-19.843 World Bank approved a US$128.6 million Sri Lanka COVID-19 Emergency Response and Health Systems Preparedness Project.844 ADB provided a US$100,000 grant for emergency medical supplies purchased through UNICEF.845 USAID committed an additional US$4.5 million in COVID-19 assistance to Sri Lanka on 6 May, bringing the US contribution to US$5.8 million.846 India handed over to Sri Lanka the fourth consignment of COVID-19 medical supplies, as India’s High Commissioner-designate flew to Colombo on 8 May with the 12.5 tons of supplies.847

835 https://www.india.com/news/world/coronavirus-sri-lanka-prepares-to-end-lockdown-with-partial-opening-4025287/ 836 https://www.msn.com/en-xl/asia/srilanka/sri-lanka-trading-halted-soon-after-reopen-from-lockdown/ar-BB13TU1R 837 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=EKlBTfSZHdc%3d&portalid=0 838 https://www.who.int/srilanka/news/detail/20-03-2020-government-of-australia-and-who-partner-to-support-covid-19-preparedness-and-response-in-sri-lanka 839 https://www.who.int/srilanka/covid-19 840 https://www.gulf-times.com/story/663025/Lanka-on-right-track-to-contain-Covid-19-WHO 841 https://www.facebook.com/srilankaredcross/ 842 https://www.icrc.org/en/document/sri-lanka-supporting-authorities-protect-detainees-and-public-health-during-covid-19 843 https://www.who.int/srilanka/news/detail/20-03-2020-government-of-australia-and-who-partner-to-support-covid-19-preparedness-and-response-in-sri-lanka 844 https://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/world-bank-fast-tracks-128-million-covid-19-coronavirus-support-sri-lanka 845 https://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/adb-unicef-join-forces-supply-emergency-medical-equipment-support-sri-lanka-s-covid 846 https://www.msn.com/en-xl/news/other/us-commits-2458-million-in-covid-19-assistance-to-sri-lanka/ar-BB13H4O5 847 https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-envoy-designate-to-sri-lanka-flies-to-colombo-with-medical-supplies/story-A7revOj3aiCsuRWPhh2lOP.html

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Quarantine Centers: There are 50 quarantine centers of which 35 are operational.848 Quarantined individuals are also placed in local hospitals and the Army manages several facilities.849

Displaced Populations: Some 35,000 in camps awaiting resettlement.850 Many of the country’s civil war displaced have already been resettled.

Health: The primary causes of mortality and morbidity in Sri Lanka are cardiovascular disease, suicide, and cancer. There is a high risk of infection and transmission of communicable diseases, including HIV/AIDS, Dengue Fever, Tuberculosis and Leprosy. Sri Lanka has a network of public health units and hospitals across the country, managed by the MOH.851 There are six large hospitals in the Colombo area, including four with emergency trauma service: Asiri Surgical Hospital; Lanka Hospital; Central Hospital; and the government-run National Hospital. Facilities outside Colombo are limited. The U.S. Embassy maintains a list of health care facilities and physicians available: https://photos.state.gov/libraries/sri-lanka/5/pdfs/Doctor_s_List_2013.pdf852 The ratio of doctors is 1 for every 3,000 people; the ratio for hospitals is 9 for every 3,000 people.853

Security: In Kalwanchikudy town in Batticaloa district, rioters attacked an ambulance and tried to disrupt the transportation of patients with COVID-19. On 2 April, local residents protested at Mulleriyawa town in Kolonnawa, Colombo district, over the funeral of an infected person.854 The government and international NGOs continue to locate and dispose of landmines in the north, but some areas remain mined.855 Return to TOC

848 https://www.newsfirst.lk/2020/04/21/more-than-1000-residents-of-bandaranayake-mawatha-to-be-sent-for-quarantine/ 849 https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/sri-lanka-quarantine-four-weeks-positive-covid-19-coronavirus-12612286 850 https://www.state.gov/clearing-the-path-for-displaced-peoples-in-sri-lanka-a-decade-after-civil-war/ 851 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=EKlBTfSZHdc%3d&portalid=0 852 https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/international-travel/International-Travel-Country-Information-Pages/SriLanka.html#_blank 853 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=EKlBTfSZHdc%3d&portalid=0 854 http://insecurityinsight.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Bulletin-2-Aid-Security-and-COVID-19-.pdf 855 https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/international-travel/International-Travel-Country-Information-Pages/SriLanka.html#_blank

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TAIWAN (REPUBLIC OF CHINA) Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Case Trend Planning Affected State Information Resources Considerations Measures/Access

Flight restrictions. Most foreign nationals See footnotes for all. Taiwan COVID-19 Total Case Trend barred from entering Movement restrictions. Restrictions: Taiwan as of 19 March. 450 https://www.boca.gov.tw/ Typhoon (tropical 445 Other inbound travelers mp-2.html 440 cyclone) season is June from high-risk areas will https://www.cdc.gov.tw/En 435 to October. be quarantined. /Bulletin/Detail/_usu_p9uy 430 Taiwan is not 9pWaRNNj8cLnw?typeid=1 425 diplomatically recognized Masks are required in 58 420 by most nations. It is not most public facilities. 415 a member-state of the COVID-19 Cases Database https://github.com/CSSEGIS 410 United Nations, thus is andData/COVID-19 405 not a member of the UN 400 World Health Organization (WHO), which has affected 7 Deaths – 440* confirmed cases as of 20 MAY information sharing. *No new confirmed cases since 7 MAY https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html ; www.cdc.gov.tw/en Disaster Risk: The INFORM (Index for Risk Management) Global Risk Index does not include Taiwan.856 From 1980-2010, natural disasters caused 4,056 deaths, and affected 3.8 million people.857 The five major natural hazards confronting Taiwan are: typhoons, earthquakes, landslides, floods, and debris flow. About 73% of Taiwan’s land and population is exposed to three or more hazards.858

National organization response Per the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, 50,703 people have been tested for COVID-19, of whom 395 were confirmed positive, 6 died, and 137 recovered.859 Taiwan’s Central Weather Bureau has a cell-phone based early warning system, which sends earthquake, thunderstorm, typhoon, and tsunami alerts.860 The Office of Disaster Management (ODM), under Disaster Prevention & Response Communities (DPRCM), now oversees emergency management policies and actions across Taiwan. in 2009 significantly impacted Taiwan and prompted reconsideration of disaster management.861 The Republic of China Armed Forces, or Taiwanese military, are also a key domestic responder in larger-scale disasters.

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) As Taiwan is not a UN member-state, UN agencies do not have a working presence in Taiwan.

856 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/Results-and-data/INFORM-2019-Results-and-data 857 https://www.jef.or.jp/journal/pdf/185th_cover03.pdf 858 https://training.fema.gov/hiedu/downloads/compemmgmtbookproject/comparative%20em%20book%20-%20em%20in%20taiwan.pdf 859 https://www.cdc.gov.tw/En 860 https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3297115 861 https://training.fema.gov/hiedu/downloads/compemmgmtbookproject/comparative%20em%20book%20-%20em%20in%20taiwan.pdf

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The Red Cross Society of the Republic of China (Taiwan Red Cross) was established in 1904, and though it is not officially recognized by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) there are some cooperative interactions.862 The Taiwan Red Cross (TRC) has been active in the domestic COVID-19 response by procuring and delivering personal protective equipment to fire departments and hospitals across Taiwan, as well as and delivering soap and food parcels to disadvantaged families, nursing homes, and children’s homes in partnership with the Andrew Charity Foundation NGO.863 The TRC has responded internationally by providing medical devices to the Italian Red Cross.864 Taiwan’s largest NGO is the Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu-Chi Foundation. Tzu Chi donated 4,000 masks to the Vatican.865 Tzu Chi is the largest Taiwan-based relief organization with offices in 47 countries.866 Another large NGO, Taiwan Root Medical Peace Corps, has been conducting medical missions domestically.867

Country-specific planning considerations Most foreign nationals are barred from entering Taiwan as of 19 March.868 Inbound travelers will be quarantined if in last 14 days they have passed through high-risk, which will include Europe and the Americas starting 18 April.869 Masks are required to be worn in most public facilities, including public transportation systems and post offices, with banks to be included starting 20 April. People not wearing a mask on public transport can be fined NT$3,000-15,000 (US$100-500).870 Quarantine: Taiwan quarantined 700 navy officers, servicemen and cadets for testing, following 24 members testing positive for COVID-19.871 Health Facilities: Taiwan has 483 hospitals, as of 2018,872 with an estimated population of 23.7 million people. As part of the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, the Central Epidemic Command Center (CECC) has been key to Taiwan responding early and proactively to COVID-19. The CECC Response Team was set up on 2 January. On 20 January the CECC declared Level 3 to respond to COVID-19 by integrating government, academic, medical, and private sector resources, with the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control Dr. Jih-Haw Chou serving as commander. On 23 January, CECC moved up to Level 2 following the first confirmed COVID-19 case in Taiwan. On 27 February, the CECC established Level 1 in response to the epidemic spreading globally. Minister of Health and Welfare Dr. Shih-Chung Chen was designated the commander to coordinate cross-ministry resources.873

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862 http://www.redcross.org.tw/english/index.jsp IFRC https://www.ifrc.org/Docs/ExcelExport/NS_Directory.pdf 863 http://www.redcross.org.tw/english/home.jsp?pageno=201402140002 864 http://www.redcross.org.tw/english/home.jsp?pageno=201402140002&acttype=view&dataserno=202003300003 865 https://cruxnow.com/church-in-asia/2020/04/taiwan-donates-food-medical-supplies-to-vatican-amid-virus-outbreak/ 866 https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/taiwans-humanitarian-aiddisaster-relief-wither-or-prosper/ 867 http://taiwanroot.org/?l=en# 868 https://www.boca.gov.tw/cp-220-5081-c06dc-2.html 869 https://www.cdc.gov.tw/En/Bulletin/Detail/_usu_p9uy9pWaRNNj8cLnw?typeid=158 870 https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3916612 871 https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2020/04/19/2003734882 872 https://www.statista.com/statistics/934717/taiwan-number-of-hospitals/ 873 https://www.cdc.gov.tw/En/Category/Page/wqRG3hQfWKFdAu-haoOIAQ

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THAILAND Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Case Trend Planning Affected State Information Considerations Measures/Access Resources

U-Tapao Airfield a critical Thailand began lifting Department of Disease Thailand COVID-19 Total Case Trend Intermediate Staging restrictions on lockdown 3 May Control Dashboard Base for nearly every opening restaurants and other http://covid19.th- 3,100 stat.com/en DoD FDR operation in public spaces. Specific details 3,080 Indo-Pacific vary by province.875 3,060 Thailand – ReliefWeb Country Page 3,040 USARPAC Pathways National Security Council program has concluded. announced 31 May State of https://reliefweb.int/countr 3,020 y/tha#disasters U.S. troops remain in Emergency unlikely to be 3,000 2,980 country awaiting extended due to downward Thailand Health Facilities – 876 2,960 redeployment trend of new cases. https://data.humdata.org/d ataset/thailand-healthsites 2,940 ≈ U.S. troops billeted in Temporary closure of all (9) 2,920 U-Tapao area as border checkpoints Thai Ministry of Public 2,900 Logistics/C2 element International arrivals by air Health - coordinating the http://covid19.th- banned until April 18. retrograde stat.com/en Repatriation and inbound

56 Deaths – 3,034 confirmed cases as of 20 MAY More than 90K refugees official military/state flights COVID-19 Cases Database in 9 camps bordering allowed https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html https://github.com/CSSEGIS Myanmar andData/COVID-19 Most domestic flights halted Phuket Airport to remain Curfew imposed from 2200 – closed until 15 May.874 0400, enforced by military

≈ 80% of trains cancelled

Disaster Risk: Overall INFORM model risk ranking is 79 out of 191 countries (lower number indicates higher risk) for natural disasters. INFORM also has a new COVID Risk Index, which identifies “countries at risk from health and humanitarian impacts of COVID-19 that could overwhelm current national response capacity.” Thailand is assessed as being in the Medium COVID risk class, based on a COVID risk of 3.8 on a scale of 1-10, where a higher number indicates higher risk. 877 Since January’s outbreak of coronavirus 2,747 patients have recovered and 187 are still hospitalized.878 National organization response Nation-wide Curfew: a nation-wide curfew is in effect from 10:00 p.m. to 4:00 a.m. Several provinces have begun restricting entry into or travel through their provinces. These restrictions may be implemented with little or no advance notice and can include a thorough inspection of travelers, mandatory quarantines, or outright prohibition on entry for non-residents. These restrictions will make domestic travel between provinces increasingly difficult.

874 https://th.usembassy.gov/u-s-citizen-services/covid-19-information/ 875 https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/coronavirus-thailand-begins-easing-lockdown-measures 876 http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-05/11/c_139048416.htm 877 https://data.humdata.org/dataset/inform-covid-analysis-v01 878 https://news.yahoo.com/thailand-reports-one-coronavirus-case-052821992.html

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Thailand COVID-19 Forecast Historical Events: Major events: 300 Dec 2004: Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami left 8,221 people dead and around 58,550 people were 250 affected.

July 2011: Flooding left around 200 19,000 houses destroyed and around 1.9 million affected.879

Recent events: 150 Aug 2019: Following Tropical Storm PODUL and Tropical Depression KAJIKI, 35 people were killed and 100 1.68 million people were affected.880

50 PACOM Response: December 2004: Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami.

0 October 2011: Floods

June 2018: Cave Rescue881 3/1/2020 3/4/2020 3/7/2020 4/3/2020 4/6/2020 4/9/2020 5/3/2020 5/6/2020 5/9/2020 3/10/2020 3/13/2020 3/16/2020 3/19/2020 3/22/2020 3/25/2020 3/28/2020 3/31/2020 4/12/2020 4/15/2020 4/18/2020 4/21/2020 4/24/2020 4/27/2020 4/30/2020 5/12/2020 5/15/2020 5/18/2020 5/21/2020 5/24/2020 5/27/2020 5/30/2020 New Cases Forecast Lower Forecast Range Upper Forecast Range Epi Curve

Projections: Thailand’s standard deviation (std.) for new cases is 49.88 and a daily average std. of 12.63. This low daily average indicates that Thailand’s curve is stable. Thailand’s forecast line is angled slightly downward indicating their curve is expected to break and flatten over the next 30- 60 days. Thailand needs to experience at least 14-days of new cases below the std. of 49 to crest their curve and begin flattening. Thailand is not projected to exhaust their medical capabilities during this curve or subsequent spikes. Thailand has extended their lockdown until 31 May. Their re-spike is not expected to grow faster than their initial wave and is not expected to exceed their largest spike by double. The projection is any spike will plateau and carry on longer that the previous wave.

National organization response continued: Thailand has highest suicide per capita rate in Southeast Asia and covid-19 lockdown and job loss related attempts since the end of March have numbered 38 and actual deaths 28. Concerns that suicides will eclipse the number of COVID-19 deaths which number 56 are mounting with Health Officials reported unprecedented number of calls (600 compared to just 20 and 40 respectively in previous months).882

879 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=twwMY081NH8%3d&portalid=0 880 https://www.adrc.asia/view_disaster_en.php?NationCode=764&Lang=en&Key=2349 881 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=twwMY081NH8%3d&portalid=0 882 https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/thailand-the-coronavirus-suicides/

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Phuket International Airport Closure: The Provincial Government of Phuket confirmed the closure of the Phuket International Airport from 12:01 a.m. on 10 April to 11:59 p.m. on April 30. Effective 1 April, the Royal Thai Government expanded the ban on foreign nationals entering Thailand to include transiting passengers at international airports. The Civil Aviation Authority of Thailand confirmed the previous exemption for most transit passengers expired on March 31 and would not be extended. Very limited transit exemptions remain in place for foreign cargo carriers, crew, and pilots, provided they promptly depart Thailand after fulfilling their duties. The Government has approved more than 4 Billion Baht for the National Health Security Office to support the costs of prevention, treatment and compensation for COVID-19 patients. These funds will help provide support for free laboratory screening tests for all Thai people who meet the surveillance criteria. The funds will also be used to purchase protective equipment for ambulance services and healthcare workers. Thailand DM handbook: https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=PByJshZKjc4%3d&portalid=0 Additionally, the Government of Thailand issued a third stimulus package of $US58 billion to mitigate the economic impact of the COVID-19 outbreak for businesses, households, and the financial services sector. Two previous packages were released in March providing small and medium business relief and tax incentives.883 Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) WHO Thailand remains in frequent direct contact with the Royal Thai Government through the Ministry of Public Health, sharing information on key developments, guidelines and scientific updates. ASEAN countries will collaborate on joint investment in vaccine development and research on COVID-19.884 Country-specific planning considerations Hospitals: 823 hospitals / 7,115 ICU beds On 8 April, 111 new cases of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 were announced by the Ministry of Public Health of Thailand, bringing the total number of cases to 2,369. Of the newly reported cases, 42 cases were identified in people returning from a religious gathering in Indonesia. 67 of 77 provinces have reported laboratory-confirmed cases of COVID-19. Quarantine Centers: 85 cases have been detected in people held in local/state quarantine facilities and 60 additional cases were confirmed among immigrants being held in the Songkhla immigration detention center.885 Recent COVID related security incidents Insurgents resumed attacks on 3 MAY in Thailand’s ethnic-Malay dominated southern border region, following security forces killing three members of the main separatist group Barisan Revolusi Nasional (BRN) on 30 APR. This ended the ceasefire BRN unilaterally called on 3 APR, citing a need to focus on the COVID-19 outbreak.886 Regionally, the COVID-19 related ceasefire in the Philippines was also short-lived. In Bang Bon neighborhood, Bangkok city, Central Thailand region, protestors demanded the removal of COVID-19 patients from a local hospital, citing health concerns. http://insecurityinsight.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Bulletin-2-Aid-Security-and-COVID-19-.pdf USARPAC Pathways program has concluded. 1,400 troops remain in country awaiting redeployment. Approx. 170 troops are billeted in the Utapao area as Logistics / C2 element coordinating the retrograde. Remaining troops are at RTA bases in Korat and Kanchanaburi. Redeployment expected to occur 12-18 Apr.

883 https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/thailand-issues-third-covid-19-stimulus-package/ 884 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/2020-05-07-tha-sitrep-74-covid19-final.pdf 885 https://reliefweb.int/report/thailand/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-who-thailand-situation-report-6-may-2020 886 https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/thailand-killings-insurgents-ends-southern-separatist-ceasefire

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TIMOR-LESTE Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Case Trend Planning Affected State Information Considerations Measures/Access Resources

WHO working closely A State of Emergency was Timor-Leste Ministry of Timor-Leste COVID-19 Total Case Trend with TL Ministry of extended and is in effect Health (MOH) Facebook Health (MoH) through May 27.887 page: 40 https://www.facebook.com TL confirmed its first F-FDTL, PNTL, and MOH /MinisteriodaSaudeTL?_rdc 35 case on March 21 officials have established check =1&_rdr

30 points to enforce travel Flight and movement restrictions and social WHO Timor-Leste site: 25 restrictions distancing policies.888 https://www.who.int/timorl este/ 20 FRANZ partners likely to Public transportation services 15 provide primary disaster are suspended. WHO COVID-19 Situation Reports for Timor-Leste 10 response Meetings or demonstrations of https://www.who.int/timorl 5 Foreigners are no longer more than five people are este/emergencies/novel- coronavirus-2019/novel- 0 authorized to enter TL, prohibited with exceptions coronavirus-(2019-ncov)- including transport of Schools suspended March 22 situation-reports goods International arrivals banned, WHO Timor-Leste Facebook 0 Deaths – 24* confirmed cases as of 20 MAY Authorizations, including 14-day mandatory quarantine page: visas granted to for returnees https://www.facebook.com *No new confirmed cases since 25 APR foreigners, will remain /WHOTL/?_rdc=1&_rdr https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html valid for as long as the Vera Cruz Community Health The MoH has established a State of Emergency Centre (CHC) is the one hotline number – 119 – for operational isolation center; 30 people to get any COVID-19 other sites identified.889 related information.

Disaster risk:

The INFORM (Index for Risk Management) risk assessment ranking (lower number indicates higher risk) for Timor-Leste is 60 out of 191 countries (lower number indicates higher risk) for disasters and humanitarian crises, with a 3-year disaster risk trend indicating decreasing risk.890 Additionally INFORM has a separate COVID-19 Risk Index, which assesses “countries at risk from health and humanitarian impacts of COVID-19 that could overwhelm current national response capacity.” Timor Leste’s COVID-19 risk is 5.5/10 (10 indicating highest risk), giving it a “High” COVID-19 risk class.891 Common natural hazards include cyclones, earthquakes, tsunami, flooding.

887 https://tl.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 888 https://tl.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 889 https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/searo/timor-leste/13-04-2020-tls-sitrep-24-ncov-eng.pdf?sfvrsn=d3b99de6_2 890 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/Portals/0/InfoRM/2019/Inform%202019%20WEB%20spreads%20(3).pdf?ver=2019-02-07-113610-123 891 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Epidemic

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Timor-Leste COVID-19 Forecast Historical Events: Major events: 2015 – 2017: Severe TIMOR LESTE NEW CASE drought due to El Niño.892 14 2014: Dengue outbreak in .893

12 Feb 2008: 2-month state of emergency after assassination attempts on PM and President.894 10 2007-2008: Flooding and landslides across the country.895 8 2007: Continued civil unrest leaves 10,000 displaced.896

6 April 2006: Civil unrest leaves 100,000 displaced.897

1999: Independence 4 referendum leads to violence. Up to 2,000 killed and 70% of infrastructure 2 destroyed.898

Recent Events: Dec. 2019: Drought affected 0 36 percent (210,000 ha) of crops.899

May 2019: Flooding due to

4/2/2020 4/5/2020 4/8/2020 5/2/2020 5/5/2020 5/8/2020 6/1/2020 6/4/2020 6/7/2020 7/1/2020 7/4/2020 7/7/2020 900

3/21/2020 3/24/2020 3/27/2020 3/30/2020 4/11/2020 4/14/2020 4/17/2020 4/20/2020 4/23/2020 4/26/2020 4/29/2020 5/11/2020 5/14/2020 5/17/2020 5/20/2020 5/23/2020 5/26/2020 5/29/2020 6/10/2020 6/13/2020 6/16/2020 6/19/2020 6/22/2020 6/25/2020 6/28/2020 7/10/2020 7/13/2020 . New Cases Forecast Lower Forecast Range Upper Forecast Range INDOPACOM Response: N/A

National organization response The Ministries of Interior and of Social Solidarity have joint responsibility for disaster response. The Ministry of Social Solidarity (MSS) is responsible for coordinating preparation and response.901 A joint Ministry of Health (MoH) and WHO team along with partners provided support to improve health facility preparedness and response. Official external partners of MoH include the WHO and UNICEF. A dedicated surveillance hub has been established to expand contact tracing capability. WHO and MoH developed an online tool for contact tracing, which provides real time information.902

892 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=XZGcUuRhJG4%3d&portalid=0 893 https://reliefweb.int/report/timor-leste/timor-leste-dengue-outbreak-dref-operation-n-mdrtp003-update-no-1 894 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0F2096467870CA66C12575A6003A5E73-Full_Report.pdf 895 https://reliefweb.int/report/timor-leste/timor-leste-flooding-and-landslides-dref-operation-no-mdrtp002-final-report 896 https://reliefweb.int/report/timor-leste/timor-leste-flooding-and-landslides-dref-operation-no-mdrtp002-final-report 897 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/EB7BA347846D3BB44925744C0002EDDC-Full_Report.pdf 898 https://www.timorleste.tl/east-timor/about/history/ 899 https://reliefweb.int/report/timor-leste/wfp-timor-leste-country-brief-december-2019 900 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=XZGcUuRhJG4%3d&portalid=0 901 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=XZGcUuRhJG4%3d&portalid=0 902 https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/searo/timor-leste/13-04-2020-tls-sitrep-24-ncov-eng.pdf?sfvrsn=d3b99de6_2

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Suspected cases are referred to the COVID-19 Isolation Centre in Dili, where patients are tested and isolated pending test results; and contacts are traced and isolated. A working group of doctors, nurses, and midwives from the MOH and NGOs has designed a screening and triage framework.903 People not in isolation, do not have a job, or exempted from working must remain in their residence; Persons leaving their residence must travel alone, maintain a distance of one meter, and avoid gatherings. Everyone must wash or sanitize their hands before entering commercial establishments and wear a mask. Additionally, individuals will be prevented from entering a premise if they have a temperature of 38 degrees Celsius or above, and the establishment is required to report any such individuals to health authorities.904 TL reported its first health care worker confirmed to have COVID-19. The positive test was confirmed by a laboratory in Darwin, Australia, which has been conducting some virus tests on behalf of TL.905 CFE-DM Disaster Management Reference Handbook on Timor-Leste: https://www.cfe- dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=XZGcUuRhJG4%3d&portalid=0

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) A Cuban medical team is assisting TL in the fight against COVID-19.906 Australian doctors from the Menzies School of Health Research, based in Darwin, are assisting TL. The Australian Federal Police have also helped establish temporary police stations at quarantine facilities.907 WHO strategy to combat COVID-19 in TL is as follows: • Prevent local transmission. Currently there is no reported local transmission. • Train and equip health workers and health facilities to manage large number of cases. • Communicate risk and event information to all communities and counter misinformation. • Minimize social and economic impact through multi-sectoral partnerships908

Country-specific planning considerations Evacuation Centers: The Vera Cruz Community Health Centre (CHC) is now functional as an isolation facility; 30 other facilities have been identified by the MoH for quarantining people returning to TL.909 Displaced Populations: No current significant displaced populations. Hospitals: There are 12 hospitals in TL. Guido Valadares National Hospital Located in Bidau, appears to be the main hospital and has Emergency Room services and basic medical imaging. Health: Widespread poverty and high malnutrition rates increase the population’s susceptibility to other diseases. Prevalent health challenges include high maternal and child mortality rates, malnutrition, malaria, tuberculosis, dengue, and parasitic infections. Mountainous terrain and lack of transport pose challenges.910 Security: Timor-Leste Defense Force (F-FDTL), Police (PNTL), and MOH officials have established check points across the country to enforce travel restrictions and social distancing policies. PNTL is also enforcing social distancing rules at checkpoints within Dili.911 The Asia Foundation warns that TL has some of the highest rates of gender-based violence in the world and the Covid-19 crisis, with restrictions on movement, could affect vulnerable women and children.912 Return to TOC

903 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30183-1/fulltext 904 https://tl.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 905 https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-timor/east-timor-has-first-medical-worker-infected-with-covid-19-idUSL3N2CC2OG 906 https://www.plenglish.com/index.php?o=rn&id=54949&SEO=cuban-doctors-fight-covid-19-in-timor-leste 907 https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-16/australian-doctors-help-stop-covid-timor-leste/12147180 908 https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/searo/timor-leste/13-04-2020-tls-sitrep-24-ncov-eng.pdf?sfvrsn=d3b99de6_2 909 https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/searo/timor-leste/13-04-2020-tls-sitrep-24-ncov-eng.pdf?sfvrsn=d3b99de6_2 910 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=XZGcUuRhJG4%3d&portalid=0 911 https://tl.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ 912 https://reliefweb.int/report/timor-leste/timor-leste-dangers-staying-home

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TONGA Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Planning Considerations Affected State Information Resources Case Trend Measures/Access

As of 20 May, Flight Restrictions: Tonga has National COVID-19 See footnotes for all. Tonga has no announced entry restrictions restrictions were Government of Tonga: confirmed requiring international travelers renewed on 24 April. Ministry of Health: http://www.health.gov.to/ Prime Minister’s Office: http://pmo.gov.to/ COVID-19 (except Tongan citizens, permanent residents, and immediate family Tropical Cyclone Harold cases. COVID-19 Confirmed Cases: members) who either traveled from struck Tonga on 9. Over https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19 or through a specific list of countries 323 evacuees had

to spend at least 14 days in self- sheltered in 17 Flight Restrictions: quarantine in a country free of https://fj.usembassy.gov/u-s-citizen-services/covid- evacuation centers. All coronavirus prior to entering Tonga. 19-information/

but 1 family returned to http://www.health.gov.to/drupal/sites/default/files/ https://coronavirus.j Cyclone season is November to April. 913 COVID-19%20TRAVEL%20ADVISORY%20NO.5.pdf hu.edu/map.html their homes (13 APR).

SPECIAL SECTION – Tropical Cyclone Harold Two days after Tropical Cyclone (TC) Harold hit the Vanuatu island of Santo as a category 5 cyclone on 7 April, and one day after striking Fiji as a category 4 cyclone on 8 April, TC Harold then moved towards Tonga, entering Tongan waters on 9 April 2020. The category 4 cyclone impacted the whole of Tonga. There was no reported loss of life, but 429 houses were damaged or destroyed and coastal areas were inundated affecting wharves and coastal roads. Two days prior to the cyclone striking Tonga waters, the Fua’amotu Tropical Cyclone Warning Center (FTCWC) activated a ‘Tropical Cyclone Advisory’ to trigger preparedness and response, and the Government of Tonga declared a ‘State of Emergency’ the next day on 8 April.914 The National Emergency Management Office (NEMO) started distributing relief items to TC Harold affected communities on 15 April. Together with its partners – Mainstreaming of Rural Development Innovation Tonga (MORDI), Caritas and Tonga National Youth Council (TNYC) – NEMO distributed relief to the districts of Hihifo, Vaheloto, Vahe Vaini, Vahe Tatakamotonga, Kolomotu’a and Kolofo’ou, and planned to complete distribution in Vahe Hahake on 22 April. Relief included tents, tarpaulin covers, hygiene kits, shelter kits, jerry cans, solar lights and kitchen sets. Relief items including shelter kits were also shipped to ‘Eua on 13 April 2020 on the VOEA Neiafu, and on 15 April on the VOEA Ngahau Koula. 915 The worst damage seemed to be inflicted by an up to three metre sea surge which had inundated a lot of coastal areas in both and 'Eua. More than 900 houses were damaged.916 Response operations included road clearance by the His Majesty’s Armed Forces (HMAF) and Tonga Police. NEMO with Tonga Police and Tonga Geology distributed 4 tents, 4 Hygiene kits, 8 Water container (Jerry- cans) and 12 solar lights to ‘Atataa and Pangaimotu village in Tongatapu. The Relief Team arrived in ‘Eua on 13 April with relief items (400 litres fuel, 20 pack drinking water, 40 Hygiene kits, 30 containers etc.). The Tonga Red Cross, Tonga National Youth Congress and Caritas are also providing relief items to the damaged houses as per need identified by IDA.917

913 https://reliefweb.int/report/tonga/tc-harold-situation-report-3 914 http://www.gov.to/press-release/tc-harold-sit-rep-no-1/ 915 http://www.gov.to/press-release/distribution-of-relief-items-from-tropical-cyclonetc-harold-damage/ 916 https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/415062/cyclone-harold-said-to-cost-tonga-more-than-us111m 917 https://reliefweb.int/report/tonga/tc-harold-situation-report-3

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Australia provided immediate assistance of AUD 100,000 to support Tonga’s National Emergency Management Office (NEMO) with procurement of essential supplies for those impacted by TC Harold. Through the FRANZ trilateral disaster relief arrangement, Australia is also working with New Zealand and France to support relief efforts to affected countries.918

Disaster Risk: Overall INFORM model risk ranking is 97 out of 191 countries. (Lower number indicates higher risk.) Disaster risk in last three years has been stable.919 Additionally, Tonga’s INFORM COVID-19 risk is 4.0/10 indicating medium risk (10 being the highest).920

National organization response On 24 April, the Prime Minister announced the renewal of national COVID-19 restrictions, which includes continuing closures of clubs, bars, and kava clubs and prohibiting sporting and recreational events, and mandating social distancing of 1.5 m (~5 feet) and use of protective clothing (e.g. masks).921 The National Emergency Management Office (NEMO) has the specific responsibility for the co- ordination of resources during a disaster or emergency situation. This function will be performed in conjunction with Central Control Group (CCG) deliberations, with the coordinator located within the National Emergency Operation Centre (NEOC).922 The NEOC was activated on 20th March, 2020 as a result of Tonga’s declaration of ‘State of Emergency’ for COVID 19, and on 8 April the Government of Tonga declared a ‘State of Emergency’ for the preparedness and response to TC Harold.923 The Ministry of Health (http://www.health.gov.to) posts news and information on the COVID-19 situation including travel advisories and diversion orders.924

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) The WHO in the Pacific is based in Suva, Fiji, and coordinates the COVID-19 Joint Incident Management Team, which has developed and is implementing a six-month Pacific Action Plan for 2019 COVID-19.925

Country-specific planning considerations Health Facilities: Health services are provided by a network of 34 maternal and child health clinics, 14 health centers, three district hospitals (Prince Wellington Ngu Hospital in ‘Eu with 16 beds; Niu’ui Hospital in Ha’apai with 28 beds, and Niu’eki Hospital in ‘Eua with 16 beds), and the tertiary referral hospital, Vaiola Hospital located in the capital city of Nuku’alofa with 191 beds.926 There are 2.6 hospital beds per 1,000 population.927 Isolation Facilities: There are no confirmed COVID-19 cases in Tonga as of 15 April 2020; however, a quarantine site at the HMAF Taliai Army Camp in Fua'amotu had already been used for several suspected cases.928 As of 27 March 2020, there were a total of eight suspected cases, and they have all come back negative after testing. Tests are currently being sent to Australia, but the Tonga Ministry of Health has placed an order for a machine and CoViD-19 test kits so that they can test in Tonga.929 Security: A curfew is in effect from 9:00pm to 5:00am.930 Return to TOC

918 https://reliefweb.int/report/tonga/australia-s-immediate-response-tonga-following-tropical-cyclone-harold 919 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/Results-and-data/INFORM-2019-Results-and-data 920 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Epidemic 921 http://pmo.gov.to/index.php/2020/04/24/renewal-of-national-covid-19-restrictions-notice/ 922 https://logcluster.org/sites/default/files/documents/national_disaster_management_plan_and_emergency_procedures 923 http://www.gov.to/press-release/national-emergency-management-committee-and-national-task-force-emergency-response-covid-19-and-tc-harold/ 924 http://www.health.gov.to/ 925 https://www.who.int/westernpacific/about/how-we-work/pacific-support/news/detail/21-02-2020-pacific-steps-up-preparedness-against-covid-19 926 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/208225 927 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tn.html 928 https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2020/03/25/1099153/pacific-story-template 929 https://matangitonga.to/2020/03/27/negative-covid-19-tests-good-news-tonga-critical-time 930 http://pmo.gov.to/index.php/2020/04/17/national-covid-19-restrictions-notice/

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TUVALU Return to TOC

COVID-19 Planning Considerations Affected State Measures/Access Information Resources Total Case Trend As of 20 May, Flight Restrictions: The The Tuvalu Government convened a See footnotes for all. Tuvalu has no Government of Tuvalu COVID-19 Health Taskforce in late COVID-19 Confirmed Cases https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19 confirmed announced specific January. In March, the government restrictions prohibiting COVID-19 declared a State of Emergency. entry to Tuvalu. Health Flight and Movement Restrictions: cases. Tuvalu passed emergency screening will be conducted https://fj.usembassy.gov/u-s-citizen-services/covid- at Funafuti airport and regulations which saw borders 19-information/ seaport and may also be closed to all flights and vessels, conducted at Nausori (Fiji) except where exempted for essential https://devpolicy.org/how-is-tuvalu-securing- Airport and Tarawa supplies of food, medicine, fuel, against-covid-19-20200406/ (Kiribati) Airport. cargo, or humanitarian assistance. Demographic information: Cyclone season runs from Tuvalu is recovering from Tropical https://iris.wpro.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665. November to mid-May, which tore through the 1/13958/WPRO-2017-DPM-024-tuv-eng.pdf

though most occur from country on 17 January 2020. Half of Tropical Cyclone Tino: late December to early the population of 11,000 people https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific- https://coronavirus. April. news/408085/tuvalu-to-declare-state-of- jhu.edu/map.html were affected. emergency-after-cyclone-tino

SPECIAL SECTION – Tropical Cyclone Tino Tropical Cyclone Tino hit Tuvalu on 17 January 2020 as a category 3 cyclone. A state of emergency was issued on 24 January 2020. The country’s disaster management office reported that few of the country’s 14 islands were spared damage. Two hundred people were evacuated on the main island of Funafuti alone, and there is significant damage to infrastructure.931 According to the Government, half of the country's population of 11,000 people was severely affected. Plantations on most of the islands were badly damaged and as a result, food security remains a major concern.932 Recovery work will include rebuilding of homes and buildings, and lifeline infrastructure including power, communications and water facilities. Supplies including food rations have been distributed using boats while the patrol boats were utilized by the assessment teams.933

Disaster Risk – Tuvalu’s overall INFORM model risk ranking is 101 out of 191 countries. (Lower number indicates higher risk.)934 Due to Tuvalu’s low elevation, the island nation is vulnerable to tropical cyclones, flooding and rising sea levels. It is also vulnerable to drought conditions. The population of approximately 11,000 are spread out over a number of small islands and due to this geographic isolation even small disasters can overwhelm the countries local response capability. It is likely that Tuvalu is able to minimize loss of life and infrastructure, due to the disaster management organizations and warning systems in place; however, Tuvalu is almost entirely dependent on external assistance during a disaster.935 Additionally, Tuvalu’s INFORM COVID-19 risk is 5.1/10 indicating medium risk (10 being the highest).936

931 https://reliefweb.int/report/tuvalu/adb-provides-3-million-tuvalu-cyclone-relief 932 https://reliefweb.int/report/tuvalu/tuvalu-state-emergency-following-cyclone-tino-dg-echo-media-echo-daily-flash-3 933 https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/programmes/datelinepacific/audio/2018733024/tuvalu-tino-recovery-gets-dollarus6m-boost 934 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/Results-and-data/INFORM-2019-Results-and-data 935 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/DMHA-Resources/Disaster-Management-Reference-Handbooks 936 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Epidemic

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National organization response for disaster: The National Disaster Committee is coordinated by the National Disaster Management Office (NDMO) which is housed in the Office of the Prime Minister. The Minister responsible to Government on all disaster related matters ensures that all government agencies have taken adequate measures to mitigate, prepare, respond to and recover from disasters, and fosters the participation of non-government agencies (NGOs) in disaster risk management and arrangements taken by government.937

National organization response for COVID-19: The Tuvalu Government convened a COVID-19 Health Taskforce in late January, and in March risk management measures were tightened again, with the declaration of a State of Emergency triggered by the first case of COVID-19 being confirmed in Fiji, the main point of departure for Tuvalu’s incoming flights and boats. The country passed emergency regulations closing all flights and vessels, except where exempted for essential supplies of food, medicine, fuel, cargo, or humanitarian assistance. Enforced are mandatory medical checks and two-week quarantine for any arrivals, and restrictions were placed on public gatherings, including church services. Schools have been closed. If a case is confirmed, the government intends to introduce a complete lockdown and implement martial law, as well as seek external assistance. Border control is being strengthened by new initiatives, such as involving the police force in border operations. 938 The Ministry of Health of Tuvalu is the point of contact for medical response to COVID-19. It puts out travel restrictions to include the one posted on 24 February 2020.939

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) The WHO in the Pacific is based in Suva, Fiji, and coordinates the COVID-19 Joint Incident Management Team, which has developed and is implementing a six-month Pacific Action Plan for COVID-19.940 The Tuvalu Red Cross Society has branches on each of the country’s islands. They provide health services and training regarding climate change and disaster management through resilience projects.941

Country-specific planning considerations Health Facilities: Tuvalu has one hospital located on the main island of Funafuti; two health clinics on Funafuti; and eight health centers covering outer islands.942 The health system is preparing for a possible outbreak, with new initiatives such as the establishment of quarantine areas, surveillance, public health communication, and mobilization of volunteers to help address nursing shortages, being organized.943 Isolation Facilities: N/A due to no confirmed COVID-19 cases in Tuvalu as of 16 April 2020. Mobile clinics: N/A due to no confirmed COVID-19 cases in Tuvalu as of 16 April 2020. Security: Tuvalu has no military, although it has a small police force which is spread out over the islands. The police are first to respond and they are largely reliant on international assistance during times of crisis. The total strength of the Tuvaluan police force is 56 members. 944 Return to TOC

937 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/DMHA-Resources/Disaster-Management-Reference-Handbooks 938 https://devpolicy.org/how-is-tuvalu-securing-against-covid-19-20200406/ 939 https://tuvalu.highcommission.gov.au/files/FNFU/TUVALU%20Revised%20Travel%20Advisory_24%20February%20(3).pdf 940 https://www.who.int/westernpacific/about/how-we-work/pacific-support/news/detail/21-02-2020-pacific-steps-up-preparedness-against-covid-19 941 https://www.ifrc.org/en/news-and-media/news-stories/asia-pacific/tuvalu/building-resilience-in-vulnerable-communities-in-tuvalu-73924/ 942 https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/136914/ccsbrief_tuv_en.pdf;jsessionid=8F011606E424E2BBABF1C6CE9E5A2141?sequence=1 943 https://devpolicy.org/how-is-tuvalu-securing-against-covid-19-20200406/ 944 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/DMHA-Resources/Disaster-Management-Reference-Handbooks

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VANUATU Return to TOC

COVID-19 Total Planning Considerations Affected State Measures/Access Information Resources Case Trend

As of 20 May, Vanuatu hit by Cyclone Harold Vanuatu is currently under a State of Emergency, (first enacted COVID-19 Pacific Situation Vanuatu has no on April 6; Extensive damage 26 March) during which national and provincial governments Reports: reported—Sanma is the worst have enacted various measures to prevent COVID-19. https://www.who.int/westernpaci confirmed affected province fic/emergencies/covid- COVID-19 cases. Vanuatu’s ports of entry are closed and there are no 19/pacific/situation-reports Access a challenge with not all international commercial air routes into our out of the airports and ports fully country.946 COVID-19 in the Pacific: operational; roads in many https://www.who.int/westernpaci areas not accessible Following TC Harold striking 6 April, Vanuatu requested fic/emergencies/covid-19/pacific international assistance Communities cut off because WHO Vanuatu site: of flooding and road damage Any personnel wanting to enter Vanuatu, needs to go into 14- https://www.who.int/countries/vu 947 day quarantine. t/en/ Due to COVID-19 concerns, foreign personnel not allowed International borders remain closed except for aid deliveries; WHO health country profile: into Vanuatu except to unload Most deliveries to main airport at Port Vila https://www.who.int/gho/countri relief es/vut/country_profiles/en/ Supplies arriving in Vanuatu are subject to stringent measures: A NZ MFAT flight carrying relief all imported goods must enter via Bauerfield Airport, in Port Vanuatu Ministry of Health: items and a helicopter arrived in Vila; once removed from the plane, all items are unpacked and https://covid19.gov.vu/ Port Vila on 11 April; Australia disinfected; items are stored in containers for three days has also delivered relief; China before onward journey.948 COVID-19 Cases Database has delivered medical supplies https://github.com/CSSEGISandDa for COVID-19 response To facilitate the movement of aid, the Government has eased ta/COVID-19 in-country travel restrictions and lifted restrictions on domestic A new Government was formed air and sea operations https://coronavirus.j on 20 April, with a number of hu.edu/map.html changes to ministerial Total evacuation centers unclear but some schools are being portfolios.945 used.

SPECIAL SECTION – Tropical Cyclone Harold TC Harold made landfall in Vanuatu on April 6 on the island of , before affecting the Solomon Islands, Fiji and Tonga. Local media reported 2 people killed.949 The northern province of Sanma is most affected, where 80-90% of the population has lost their homes due to the cyclone.950 15 Emergency Medical Teams (EMTs) have been deployed across Sanma, Penama and Malampa Provinces to provide basic health care and – together with the Food and Nutrition Cluster – to assess the nutrition situation and distribute nutrition supplements.951 "Vanuatu has maintained that foreigners will not be allowed entry out of fear the virus could be introduced and all humanitarian cargo will have to undergo strict health protocols before

945 https://reliefweb.int/report/vanuatu/pacific-humanitarian-team-tropical-cyclone-harold-situation-report-9-21-april-2020 946 947 https://reliefweb.int/report/vanuatu/pacific-humanitarian-team-tropical-cyclone-harold-situation-report-9-21-april-2020 948 https://reliefweb.int/report/vanuatu/pacific-humanitarian-team-tropical-cyclone-harold-situation-report-12-final-7-may 949 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vanuatu-australia-china/australia-aid-plane-to-vanuatu-delayed-as-chinese-plane-was-parked-at-port-vila-airport- idUSKCN21W10Q 950 https://reliefweb.int/report/fiji/tropical-cyclone-harold-and-covid-19-double-blow-pacific-islands 951 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ROAP_Snapshot_200428.pdf

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being offloaded," said UNICEF Pacific Representative Sheldon Yett.952 The Directors of the National Disaster Management Office (NDMO) and Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) say immediate priorities are Communication/ETC, Shelter, Food Security and WASH, while the biggest challenge are COVID-19 restrictions on movement.953 The NDMO has organized 12 shipments of food and non-food items to affected areas since 10 April.954 The Pacific Humanitarian Team (PHT) reports response by all sectors is ongoing throughout the most affected areas. However, due to coordination and logistical challenges, a comprehensive assessment of needs and gaps needs to be established. PHT estimates that only some 10 – 15% of people in need in Priority 1 areas have received assistance.955 Radio New Zealand reports that around 18,000 people are still being housed in 272 evacuation centers.956 The government says there are enough ships available to bring items to most affected areas in- country and to distribute relief, however, the importing of relief items is taking longer due to COVID-19. The government says the biggest challenge to this is the lack of testing capacity. The Director of the NDMO clarified that the National Disaster Committee defines the policy directions, the NDMO is the implementing body for relief, while MFA controls international assistance.957 Rehabilitation efforts are continuing, according to the Pacific Humanitarian Team (PHT). In , the second biggest town in Vanuatu, water access has been restored in some areas, electricity has been partially restored (some 60%), and telecommunications reestablished.958 The National Disaster Management Office (NDMO) has created eight on site Emergency Operation Centers (EOCs) within the affected provinces to support the NEOC in Port Vila.959 The National Disaster Management Office (NDMO), is currently coordinating response to two other disaster events, the Tanna Ash Fall, and Teouma Flooding. Tanna Yasur Volcano ashfall: The NDMO has sent a first shipment of food supplies to the island of Tanna. The area has experienced ash fall as an ongoing disaster over the past fifteen years. Over 28,000 people are affected. The Tanna Yasur Volcano is currently at Alert Level 2 according to the Vanuatu Meteorological and Geo-Hazards Department (VMGD).960 Teouma Flooding: Heavy rainfall over the last weekend caused flooding and affected the livelihood of people around Teouma Valley.961

Disaster risk: The overall INFORM model risk ranking is 79 out of 191 countries (lower number indicates higher risk), with the three-year trend indicating Vanuatu’s risk has remained stable with natural disasters. Vanuatu is particularly exposed to cyclones, earthquakes, tsunami, and flooding.962 Additionally, INFORM has released a new COVID Risk Index, which identifies “countries at risk from health and humanitarian impacts of COVID-19 that could overwhelm current national response capacity.” Vanuatu is assessed as being in the “high” COVID risk class, based on a COVID-19 risk of 5.2 on a scale of 1-10, where a higher number indicates higher risk.963

952 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-52268119 953 https://reliefweb.int/report/vanuatu/pacific-humanitarian-team-tropical-cyclone-harold-situation-report-9-21-april-2020 954 https://reliefweb.int/report/vanuatu/pacific-humanitarian-team-tropical-cyclone-harold-situation-report-12-final-7-may 955 https://reliefweb.int/report/vanuatu/pacific-humanitarian-team-tropical-cyclone-harold-situation-report-12-final-7-may 956 https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/416040/thousands-of-cyclone-victims-still-in-evacuation-centres-in-vanuatu 957 https://reliefweb.int/report/vanuatu/pacific-humanitarian-team-tropical-cyclone-harold-situation-report-9-21-april-2020 958 https://reliefweb.int/report/vanuatu/pacific-humanitarian-team-tropical-cyclone-harold-situation-report-9-21-april-2020 959 https://reliefweb.int/report/vanuatu/ndmo-creates-site-emergency-operation-centers-eocs-assist-response-tc-harold 960 https://reliefweb.int/report/vanuatu/ndmo-sends-first-shipment-food-supplies-tanna-ash-fall-victims 961 https://reliefweb.int/report/vanuatu/pacific-humanitarian-team-tropical-cyclone-harold-situation-report-9-21-april-2020 962 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Epidemic 963 https://data.humdata.org/organization/inform

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National organization response Vanuatu’s National Disaster Management Office (NDMO): https://ndmo.gov.vu/ The National Disaster Management Office (NDMO) is lead on the coordination of the COVID19 response while the Health Cluster leads the medical aspects of the operation.964 New Zealand Joint Intelligence Fusion Center (JIFC) Contingency Summary on Vanuatu is accessible with a CAC: https://www.cfe-dmha.org/DMHA-Resources/Disaster-Management-Reference-Handbooks

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) As of 28 April, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) is appealing for US$4 million to respond to urgent needs in Vanuatu in the aftermath of Category 5 TC Harold, which directly impacted over half of the country’s 272,000 residents.965 The UN released US$2.5 million from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) to aid the countries affected by TC Harold, including Vanuatu.966 UNICEF provided two 6,000 liter water bladders, two 1,500 water bladders, 1,800 collapsible water containers, dignity kits for 500 households, as well as 11 rolls of tarpaulin; $40,000 funds and deployed a WASH engineer.967 World Vision is in-country and expressing concerns that donations to Vanuatu for cyclone relief will decrease due to worldwide situation regarding the pandemic. Foreign Response: A New Zealand MFAT flight carrying relief supplies and a helicopter arrived on April 11 in Port Vila, followed by a plane from China, carrying medical equipment, including rapid test kits, donated by Guangdong province. A Royal Australian Air Force plane arrived on April 13, delivering relief supplies, as part of a US$2.6 million package.968

Country-specific planning considerations

Evacuation Centers: Unclear how many at this time. Some schools are being utilized, but with many damaged, it is not clear what other structures could be used as evacuation centers in affected areas and how these would be managed with additional COVID-19 concerns. Schools used as evacuation centers may require additional support, including messaging and Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS), according to the PHT. GoV’s evacuation center guidelines can be found here: https://ndmo.gov.vu/resources/downloads/category/17-evacuation-centre-guidelines

Displaced Populations: An estimated 80,000 people have been displaced in Vanuatu.969 Initial findings from an assessment by the Provincial Emergency Operation Center of indicate that an estimated 80 – 90% of the population lost their houses, and some 60% of schools and 20% of health centers may be damaged.970 IOM will utilize its Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) to collect critical information on demographics and living conditions of displaced households, in order to prioritize assistance to the most vulnerable – children, the elderly, disabled people, and female-headed households.971

Hospitals: 5 public hospitals. About 25 percent of health centers damaged from Harold, according to the UN.

964 https://reliefweb.int/report/vanuatu/pacific-humanitarian-team-tropical-cyclone-harold-situation-report-9-21-april-2020 965 https://reliefweb.int/report/vanuatu/iom-supports-vanuatu-response-dual-challenge-category-5-cyclone-covid-19 966 https://reliefweb.int/report/vanuatu/un-emergency-funding-released-response-tropical-cyclone-harold 967 https://reliefweb.int/report/vanuatu/pacific-humanitarian-team-tropical-cyclone-harold-situation-report-6-13-april-2020 968 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vanuatu-australia-china/australia-aid-plane-to-vanuatu-delayed-as-chinese-plane-was-parked-at-port-vila-airport- idUSKCN21W10Q 969 https://www.internal-displacement.org/expert-opinion/tropical-cyclone-harold-and-covid-19-a-double-blow-to-the-pacific-islands 970 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/PHT%20Sitrep%206_TC%20Harold_13042020.pdf 971 https://reliefweb.int/report/vanuatu/iom-supports-vanuatu-response-dual-challenge-category-5-cyclone-covid-19

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No bed information for hospitals, however, older WHO information shows 1.70 beds per 1,000. Extrapolated to the current population of 276,244 = approximately 470 beds.

Health: Small community-based system with mostly primary and preventative care. TC Harold: Medical teams have been deployed to perform assessments, conduct repairs of health centers and provide assistance. Teams have been deployed to Malo and inland Santo. Four Integrated Emergency Health kits (IEHK)-basic (1 kit for 1,000 people) and four midwifery kits have been distributed to Santo, Pentecost and Ambrym.972 There are still risks of outbreaks of malaria and dengue as it is currently mosquito breeding season.

Security: According to the Pacific Humanitarian Team, there are concerns over the risk of domestic violence, theft, and lack of lighting in bathrooms to provide security to women and children in evacuation centers. Overcrowding in shelters and homes increases the risk of domestic violence. Additionally, Gender-based violence and sexual reproductive health services in/around evacuation centers should be conducted in gender segregation rooms for privacy. There is a need for female health staff. Return to TOC

972 https://reliefweb.int/report/vanuatu/pacific-humanitarian-team-tropical-cyclone-harold-situation-report-6-13-april-2020

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VIETNAM Return to TOC COVID-19 Total Case Trend Planning Affected State Information Considerations Measures/Access Resources

Monsoon season is from Social isolation measures lifted 22 MOH COVID-19 web Vietnam COVID-19 Total Case Trend May to October. April with continued precautions site: (masks, limited # gatherings). https://ncov.moh.gov.v 400 Vietnam has experience Businesses/Public buses n/ dealing with SARS in resume.975 Immigration offices 380 2003. opened 23 April. UNICEF Vietnam: 360 https://www.unicef.org 340 As of March 22, the The Prime Minister issued /vietnam/covid-19 320 government suspended Directive No. 19 on April 25 on entry to foreigners; Health Cooperation 300 measures to cope with COVID- Travelers who arrived 19.976 Program for 2018-2019 280 prior have been subjected https://apps.who.int/iri 260 to 14-day quarantine. Schools reopened 4 May.977 s/bitstream/handle/106 240 65/180224/ccsbrief_vn As of March 7, a health m_en.pdf;jsessionid=C0 220 Ho Chi Minh City allowed gyms to declaration is mandatory B6C45E103388FBC7C5F 200 reopen. The public gathering limit for all passengers was raised from 20 to 30 people. 6A6A83E4C41?sequenc entering; Government Schools in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh e=1 began testing for all City are expected to gradually people who have arrived WHO Vietnam resume classes from May 4.978 0 Deaths – 324 confirmed cases as of 20 MAY from outside the country https://www.who.int/vi

since March 8.973 etnam https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html High-risk localities consist of 12 All people in Vietnam provinces and cities: Ha Noi, Lao WHO Vietnam health

must wear face masks in Cai, Quang Ninh, Bac Ninh, Ninh profile public places and on Binh, Da Nang, Quang Nam, Binh https://www.who.int/c public transportation. 974 Thuan, Khanh Hoa, Ho Chi Minh ountries/vnm/en/ City and Tay Ninh, and Ha Tinh.979

Disaster risk: Overall INFORM model risk ranking is 91 out of 191 countries (lower number indicates higher risk). A 3-yr trend indicates stable risk. Additionally, Vietnam’s INFORM COVID-19 risk is 3.8/10 (higher number indicates higher risk) and its COVID-19 risk class is “medium.”980 Common natural hazards include flooding, landslides, droughts, typhoons, volcanoes, and earthquakes.981 Since 22 April 2020, heavy rain, strong winds, and thunderstorms have been affecting north and central Vietnam, triggering floods. 3 people have died, 13 have been injured, and about 6,000 houses have been damaged, with Ha Giang Province being the worst-affected.982 Since late 2019, severe drought and saltwater intrusion conditions have significantly affected people in the Mekong Delta region.983

973 https://vn.usembassy.gov/u-s-citizen-services/covid-19-information/ 974 https://vn.usembassy.gov/u-s-citizen-services/covid-19-information/ 975 https://www.vietnam-briefing.com/news/how-vietnam-sucessfully-contained-covid-19.html/ 976 https://vn.usembassy.gov/u-s-citizen-services/covid-19-information/ 977 https://finance.yahoo.com/news/asia-today-no-cases-n-023134743.html 978 https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/coronavirus-asia-asean-live-updates-by-country/ 979 http://news.chinhphu.vn/Home/Govt-extends-social-distancing-for-at-least-one-week-in-28-localities/20204/39735.vgp 980 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Epidemic 981 https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index 982 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ROAP_Snapshot_200428.pdf 983 https://reliefweb.int/report/viet-nam/viet-nam-drought-and-saltwater-intrusion-office-resident-coordinator-flash-update-1

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National organization response Ha Noi ended 28 day lock down on 6 May to contain transmission of resident confirmed positive. The country has reported zero new transmission cases for past 20 days.984 The Ministry of Health (MOH) has positioned 90,000 doctors (existing and retired) and 125,000 nurses for the COVID-19 response. Up to 3,000 ventilators have been equipped at medical facilities across the nation.985 The government has also called upon 1,800 final year medical university students to assist.986

The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) is the lead Disaster Management Agency and presides over the Vietnam Disaster Management Authority (VNDMA). MARD is the Chairman of the Central Committee for Natural Disaster Prevention and Control (CCNDPC). The National Committee for Incident, Disaster Response, Search and Rescue (VINASARCOM) is responsible to conduct Search and Rescue (SAR) operations and is the Military Unit in Vietnam for Incident Command in the event that the disaster requires military support.987

On 1 April, Vietnam’s PM declared a national pandemic and launched a nation-wide social distancing campaign. On 15 April, the social distancing was extended for another week in 12 cities and provinces categorized as high- risk. While social distancing measures have been loosened in other localities, all residents are still required to wear masks, avoid mass gathering and practice strict hygiene standards.988

Schools reopened 4 May, with students required to wear masks and have their temperatures checked before entry.989 Total confirmed COVID-19 cases have held relatively steady in the 268-271 range since 16 April.990 Additionally, public beaches in several cities and provinces reopened with social distancing restrictions and some tourism activities have resumed.991 On 7 May, the health ministry reported 17 new cases, all of which were imported with repatriating Vietnamese citizens.992

The U.S. has provided an aid package to combat COVID-19 of US$9.5 million.993

CFE-DM Vietnam Disaster Management Reference Handbook: https://www.cfe- dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=A_0GcYgID20%3d&portalid=0

Humanitarian community response (UN, NGOs, IFRC/Red Cross National Society) UNICEF coordinates closely with WHO and other UN agencies in planning and implementation of the UNCT COVID-19 Support Plan. UNICEF also is also reaching out to international multilateral agencies including the World Bank, IMF and ADB for joint work on the rapid assessment, monitoring surveillance and sectoral responses.994 On 3 APR, UN Population Fund (UNFPA) delivered supplies, including 7,000 bottles of sanitizers, to the MOH, which health officials distributed in Hanoi.995 The WHO provided an outbreak investigation tool for field

984 http://news.chinhphu.vn/Home/Ha-Noi-lifts-lockdown-on-COVID19-hotspot/20205/39998.vgp 985 http://news.chinhphu.vn/Home/Health-sector-mobilizes-all-medical-staffs-for-COVID19-combat/20203/39323.vgp 986 https://reliefweb.int/report/viet-nam/novartis-contributes-275000-usaid-s-improving-access-curriculum-and-teaching-medical 987 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=A_0GcYgID20%3d&portalid=0 988 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UNICEF%20Viet%20Nam%20COVID-19%20Situation%20Report%20No.2%20-%206- 22%20April%202020.pdf 989 https://finance.yahoo.com/news/asia-today-no-cases-n-023134743.html 990 https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19 991 https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/coronavirus-asia-asean-live-updates-by-country/ 992 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-vietnam-idUSKBN22J1RG 993 https://vovworld.vn/en-US/news/us-grants-vietnam-95-million-usd-to-combat-covid19-855524.vov 994 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UNICEF%20Viet%20Nam%20COVID-19%20Situation%20Report%20No.2%20-%206- 22%20April%202020.pdf 995 https://reliefweb.int/report/viet-nam/infection-control-supplies-delivered-viet-nam-maternal-health-facilities-amid-covid

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data collection during outbreaks of infectious diseases;996 launched two eLearning courses on the management of coronavirus;997 and provided laboratory supplies required to detect COVID-19.998 UNICEF Viet Nam (VCO) has developed a cross-sectoral preparedness and response plan to support the Government which covers 5 priority areas.999 Viet Nam Red Cross (VNRC): Partnering with government and business to raise funds to purchase health equipment for doctors and policemen.1000USAID through WHO recently contributed new resources for laboratory strengthening, allowing more than 20 laboratories the capability of testing COVID-19 specimens.1001 As of 13 MAY, VNRC has raised 30 billion VND (1.27 million USD) for COVID-19 response, and distributed over 2,479,555 medical masks, 362,815 soaps and hand sanitizers, 5,540 PPE clothing and cash to 8,912 people.1002

Country-specific planning considerations

Evacuation Centers: Exact numbers and locations are unknown. Military-run centers across the country host tens of thousands of returnees. Those with symptoms are sent to hospitals, others are required to stay in the centers for 14 days. Foreigners are quarantined in state-run facilities or hotels.10031004 Vietnam’s military is expanding its facilities to house 60,000 people. Ho Chi Minh City is converting dormitories at Vietnam National University into a 20,000-bed quarantine zone, which will increase the municipality’s capacity to 23,800 people, including 1,500 beds at two facilities under the military.1005

Displaced Populations: No current data available. In 2017, 633,000 were displaced by disasters.1006

Hospitals: US Embassy list of clinics and hospitals in Hanoi: https://vn.usembassy.gov/wp- content/uploads/sites/40/LIST-OF-HOSPITALS.pdf; List of clinics and hospitals in Ho Chi Minh City: https://vn.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/40/List-of-Clinics-and-Hospitals.pdf National Hospital for Tropical Diseases: http://benhnhietdoi.vn/

Health: On 14 MAY, Vietnam reported 24 new COVID-19 cases, bringing the total to 312. All the new cases were imported, involving Vietnamese citizens returning from Russia, who were placed in quarantine. As of 14 MAY, Vietnam has gone 29 days with no domestically transmitted infections, per the health ministry.1007 On 13 MAY, Vietnam had reported 252 of its COVID-19 patients had recovered with no deaths.1008 The healthcare system has a mixture of public and private services. Private hospitals are increasing and they provide more than 60% of outpatient services. Healthcare facilities in Vietnam are divided into four levels: Level I hospitals include central hospitals owned by the MOH and city hospitals owned by municipalities. Level II, III, and IV hospitals are owned by local provincial governments.1009 Vietnam battles vaccine preventable diseases such as measles, diphtheria, pertussis, and hepatitis B. Epidemic surveillance and response systems need improvement. Vietnam is also affected by dengue, malaria, and Japanese encephalitis.1010 Return to TOC

996 https://www.who.int/vietnam/news/detail/23-03-2020-viet-nam-adopts-who-outbreak-investigation-tool-for-covid-19-other-infectious-diseases 997 https://www.who.int/vietnam/news/detail/20-03-2020-who-offers-free-online-covid-19-courses-in-vietnamese 998 https://www.who.int/vietnam/news/detail/25-02-2020-who-backs-viet-nam-s-laboratory-resources-for-covid-19-detection 999 https://reliefweb.int/report/viet-nam/unicef-viet-nam-country-office-covid-19-situation-report-no-1-reporting-period-1 1000 https://www.vir.com.vn/sendo-and-vietnam-red-cross-join-hands-to-beat-covid-19-75408.html 1001 https://reliefweb.int/report/viet-nam/usaid-s-sustained-support-enables-covid-19-ready-public-health-laboratories-vietnam 1002 https://reliefweb.int/report/viet-nam/vietnam-red-cross-covid-19-response-weekly-update-6-13-may-2020 1003 https://theaseanpost.com/article/tourists-quarantined-vietnam-virus-spreads 1004 https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/health-environment/article/3076734/coronavirus-life-inside--army-run-quarantine 1005 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-19/vietnam-is-increasing-quarantine-capacity-to-house-60-000-people 1006 https://www.refworld.org/topic,50ffbce526e,50ffbce5274,5b28b7392,0,,,VNM.html 1007 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-vietnam-idUSKBN22R03R 1008 https://reliefweb.int/report/viet-nam/vietnam-red-cross-covid-19-response-weekly-update-6-13-may-2020 1009 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=A_0GcYgID20%3d&portalid=0 1010 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=A_0GcYgID20%3d&portalid=0

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General Planning Considerations Return to TOC

COVID-19 has added another layer of complexity and threatens to exacerbate current humanitarian situations:

• South-East Asia is approaching hurricane season. Usually persons affected by hurricanes would flee to overcrowded temporary shelters, community centers and schools -- which would contradict social distancing and lockdowns under COVID-19, leaving response weakened and making early warning systems vital. • Travel restrictions, humanitarian staff downsizing, and worries over duty of care (there are no medevac guarantees), make responding to “a sudden-onset emergency a real concern” for humanitarian actors. • Local NGOs and informal groups of citizens are taking action and supporting their communities. Humanitarians are working to track rumors in various contexts, this is being done to ensure understanding on how the virus is being understood within communities and develop messaging to tackle misinformation that can put communities at harm. • Many governments are closing air and land borders to all but military personnel and cargo. The suspension of both commercial and cargo flights to and from the countries is likely to impact humanitarian operations. • Confinement and administrative barriers to movement to limit the spread of COVID-19 has in several operations stigmatized foreign aid workers to be perceived as virus transmitters. • Armed groups are taking advantage of COVID-19 and scaling up attacks, forcing people to flee and critically reducing humanitarian access. Several operations are reporting fears that temporary measures to respond to the virus are being, or could be, used to restrict humanitarian access. • Cyber attacks on COVID-19 medical facilities have started and could continue. Attacks on medical staff have been noted in India and the Philippines. • Applying basic COVID-19 precautions in internal displacement camps and sites is proving very challenging due to overcrowding, makeshift shelters, lack of adequate health, water, sanitation and difficulty in implementing physical distancing. Moreover, management of isolation and shielding centers, in line with the health and shelter guidelines, is proving to be a major challenge in many operations. • One challenge is how to avoid stigmatization and discrimination affecting those being tested or admitted to the centers. The risk of children being separated from their parents in relation to isolation processes. • Some donors and supporters have been quick to reinforce their sustained support and commitment to enabling the work of NGOs and other actors. • Banned public transport nationwide and restrictions on travel to and from towns and cities with confirmed cases have also been introduced, leaving aid groups unsure how they are going to access people in need. • Limited and discriminatory access to services, including health, is reported across several operations, as well as stigmatization of people and communities accused of carrying the virus. • Many operations reported that women and children continue to face risks of physical and domestic violence due to lockdowns and curfews.

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Return to TOC

• The UN World Food Programme (WFP) warns that COVID-19 could almost double the number of people facing hunger in the world. The socio-economic impact of COVID-19 could push an additional 130 million people into crisis levels of hunger. That would be in addition to 135 million who are already facing crisis levels of hunger due to droughts, flooding and violence limiting their access to food. • Using a new clause in its grant agreements, the US Agency for International Development (USAID) will require aid agencies to get prior approval to buy key items of personal protective equipment (PPE) or ventilators, according to a 29 April report.1011

Logistical Considerations

Access Diplomatic Clearances? – J43 to expedite with US Embassy Expedited customs processes? – RFI to J43 for assistance Are there any port (sea or air) operational limitations due to manning or facility operating statuses? (Fuel ops, MHE, daylight/nighttime ops, etc.) Do U.S. forces need to provide own support? – K-Loaders, generators, light sets, CL IV barrier material for security.

Logistics Approved ports of entry – air and sea Prioritize or designate purpose if more than one What capability exists at ports of entry: Storage (Covered, refrigerated and/or controlled (CL VIII) medical supplies, and open cargo yard) Security of space provided Material Handling Equipment (MHE) – what and how much is available? Operational status if available. Are there competing requirements for this equipment? Recommend MHE be prioritized in first lifts – to support movement and organization of throughput. Lighting Power – both generated and available (transformer requirements) Communication CL III Bulk and packaged – are facilities operational? What capacity and percentage of availability? Disaster remains pouches – are they needed? Refrigerated containers (existing or built) for expeditionary morgue requirements? Ground movement support routes – from ports to key operational sites. Security requirements? Operational Contract Support (OCS) requirements – the INDOPACOM OCS Working Group (BRWG event) – is it operational? Need to leverage them. Life Support Requirements – base ops at air and seaports. LSA requirements – tents, cots, water, wastewater management, electricity, security, field sanitation, etc. (to include dis-infecting LSA and workspaces). Engineer requirements. Is the Joint Engineer Working Group (JEWG) operational? What is the guidance for HAZWASTE management?

1011 https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2020/04/29/USAID-bans-masks-and-gloves-NGO- grants?utm_source=The+New+Humanitarian&utm_campaign=ca37d3bd90- EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_04_29_2020_DAILY&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_d842d98289-ca37d3bd90-75574133

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UNCLASSIFIED

Disposition instructions for property book equipment that is contaminated and cannot be effectively sanitized/cleaned. SDDC – port access, capacity, and status. Joint Port Opening (JPO) – is it needed or available – sea and/or port ops.

Refer to the Logistics Cluster website for latest updates from UN and NGOs (https://logcluster.org/COVID-19)

CDC Level 3 Travel Health Notice: Widespread ongoing transmission with entry restrictions to the U.S. CDC recommends that travelers avoid all nonessential travel to the following destinations. Most foreign nationals who have been in one of these countries during the previous 14 days will not be allowed to enter the U.S.

WHO definition: Hospital beds include inpatient beds available in public, private, general, and specialized hospitals and rehabilitation centers. In most cases beds for both acute and chronic care are included. WHO has little information on the “capability” of these beds. A “bed” by the U.S. standard is not the same by international standards.

General References

COVID-19 case trends source data: https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19

IATA global travel restrictions: https://www.iatatravelcentre.com/international-travel-document- news/1580226297.htm

Coronavirus: Travel restrictions, border shutdowns by country – Al Jazeera listing: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/coronavirus-travel-restrictions-border-shutdowns-country- 200318091505922.html

UN WFP travel restrictions dashboard: http://unwfp.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/db5b5df309ac4f10bfd36145a6f8880e

Agility global shipping restriction updates: https://www.agility.com/insights/COVID19/homepage/

Operational Considerations for Managing COVID-19 Cases or Outbreak in Aviation: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/331488/WHO-2019-nCoV-Aviation-2020.1-eng.pdf

COVID-19 Live Global Case Tracker: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/

PDC Global COVID-19 Dashboard: https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/5a1a5e640d844571a29f346f0ae0eefa

CFE-DM case study on Medical diplomacy: US Military medicine in HADR: https://www.cfe- dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=JvsqZxzkdMo%3d&portalid=0

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